Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1282 98154 77549 2026-05-16T09:06:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q62076988}} '''Audrey Maame Esi Swatson''' (dem born am February 23, 1997)<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/22-year-old-Audrey-Esi-Swatson-is-Ghana-s-youngest-commercial-female-pilot-791266 "22-year-old Audrey Esi Swatson is Ghana's youngest commercial female pilot"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. 20 October 2019. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</ref><ref>Ghnewslive (16 January 2022). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220520233724/https://www.ghnewslive.com/2022/01/16/meet-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-first-black-female-pilot-from-ghana-who-owns-her-own-airline-company/ "Meet Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, First Black Female Pilot From Ghana Who Owns Her Own Airline Company. - Ghnewslive"]. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</ref> be de youngest Ghanaian female pilot wey get commercial license.<ref name=":0">Effah, K. (10 January 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220301231606/https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html "Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot"]. ''Yen.com.gh – Ghana news''. Archived from [https://yen.com.gh/121058-meet-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot.html the original] on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</ref> == Ein early life == Swatson dey comot from Saltpond, town wey sa be de capital of Mfantsiman Municipal District wey dey Central Region. She go basic school for University of Ghana Basic School den Senior High Education for Ghana Christian International School (Dodowa) where she go learn General Science.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.universnewsroom.com/news/photos-ug-basic-school-honors-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot-audrey-swatson/ "&#x5B;Photos&#x5D; UG Basic School honors Ghana's youngest female pilot, Audrey Swatson"]. ''Radio Univers 105.7FM''. 18 January 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</ref> She plete Senior High School na she dey 18 years, she get admission for Mach1 Aviation Academy for Johannesburg (South Africa) so say she go chase ein dream as pilot.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111145250/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 "Meet Ghana's youngest female pilot; 21-year-old Audrey who almost ditched her dream"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Archived from [https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Meet-Ghana-s-youngest-female-pilot-21-year-old-Audrey-who-almost-ditched-her-dream-713936 the original] on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2019.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132626/http://www.businessworldghana.com/at-21-audrey-esi-swatson-is-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ "At 21, Audrey Esi Swatson Is Ghana's Youngest Female Commercial Pilot"]. ''Business World Ghana''. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 20 July 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221216111036/https://myinfo.com.gh/2021/04/all-about-audrey-maame-esi-swatson-ghanas-youngest-female-commercial-pilot/ "All about Audrey Maame Esi Swatson, Ghana's youngest female commercial pilot"]. ''www.myinfo.com.gh''. 11 April 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2022.</ref> == Ein career == Maame Esi get ein first solo flight plus Mach1 Aviation Academy for 4 April 2016 insyd as na she dey 19.<ref name=":1" /> She now get commercial pilot license wey be South African Civil Aviation Authority dema standard.<ref name=":1" /> She fly total of 210 hours for de duration de tym wey she dey school till she obtain ein commercial license.<ref name=":3">[https://www.pulse.com.gh/bi/tech/meet-audrey-esi-ghanas-youngest-female-pilot/t8f66t0 "Meet Audrey Esi, Ghana's youngest female pilot"]. ''www.pulse.com.gh''. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref> Swatson set up aviation company wey dem dey bell am Excel Aviation Company.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> As of 2019, she be first officer plus Passion Air for Ghana insyd, wey she dey operate De Havilland Canada Dash 8 aircraft.<ref>[https://thebftonline.com/2020/09/28/meet-audrey-swatson-a-young-female-pilot-changing-the-aviation-narrative/ "Meet Audrey Swatson: a young female pilot changing the aviation narrative"]. Business and Financial Times. 20 September 2020.</ref> == Ein honors == Ministry of Aviation celebrate Audrey Esi Swatson.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190904205920/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/media-center/news/5397-government-celebrates-youngest-ghanaian-female-pilot "Government celebrates youngest Ghanaian Female Pilot – Government of Ghana"]. ''www.ghana.gov.gh''. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref> For 2016 insyd she attend sum conference wey International Women for Aviation insyd wey dey USA insyd sponsor am as de first African female pilot.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221018132626/https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/university-basic-school-ubs-legon-celebrates-ghana%E2%80%99s-youngest-female-commercial-pilot-audrey "University Basic School (UBS) Legon Celebrates Ghana's Youngest Female Commercial Pilot, Audrey Esi Swatson | University of Ghana"]. ''www.ug.edu.gh''. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref> Dem nominate den honour am for De Future Awards Africa Prize for Young Person of De Year (Ghana).<ref>[https://ghanaguardian.com/the-future-awards-africa-unveils-50-outstanding-young-ghanaians "The Future Awards Africa unveils 50 Outstanding Young Ghanaians"]. ''The Ghana Guardian News''. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.pulse.com.gh/news/business/ghanas-new-tribe-the-future-awards-africa-unveils-50-outstanding-young-ghanaians/h14zv67 "Ghana's New Tribe: The Future Awards Africa unveils 50 outstanding young Ghanaians"]. ''Pulse Gh''. 3 February 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref><ref>[https://awards.thefutureafrica.com/the-future-awards-africa-prize-for-young-person-of-the-year-ghana/ "The Future Awards Africa Prize for Young Person of the Year (Ghana)"]. ''The Future Awards Africa''. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.</ref> == References == [[Category:Ghanaian aviators]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:1997 births]] 0qi2iv1lf3iy7olj81h9srzaj11j58k 0 11186 98153 46090 2026-05-16T05:57:16Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdelkhader Houamel''' (August 17, 1936 – July 11, 2018) be an Algerian painter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf7VAAAAMAAJ&q=houamel+abdelkader|title=Le livre des peintres algériens: dictionnaire biographique|last=Cheurfi|first=Achour|date=2004|publisher=Edition ANEP|isbn=9789961756645|language=fr}}</ref> Dem born am insyd N'Gaous, dem consider am he be among de founders of contemporary Algerian painting.<ref>L'art et le monde moderne de René Huyghe, Jean Rudel, Thérèse Burollet</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeZMAAAAIAAJ&q=houamel|title=Italian Books and Periodicals|date=1967|publisher=Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Information and Copyright Services|language=it}}</ref> Na between 1955 den 1960, Abdelkhader Houamel be active member of de National Liberation Front as part of ein socialist den anti-colonialist beliefs. Insyd 1960, na dem feature Houamei ein work insyd ein first solo exhibition, for de Salon des Arts insyd Tunis. Dey follow dat he begin study for de Academy of Fine Arts insyd Rome. Insyd 1963, he receive a gold medal insyd Arabian art,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Df29XKh8Y7YC&q=houamel+Abdelkader&pg=PA12|title=Dictionnaire des artistes algériens: 1917–2006|last=Abrous|first=Mansour|date=2006-12-01|publisher=Editions L'Harmattan|isbn=9782296159136|language=fr}}</ref> wey since 1967 he be de subject of chaw international exhibitions.<ref>Title Abdelkader Houamel (Mostra A Roma), Renato Guttuso, Palazzo Barberini, cat d'Arte, 1982</ref> Insyd 1972, na dem decorate Houamei by Former Presido of Algeria, Houari Boumedienne. He live insyd Italy since 1960. == References == <references /> == Bibliography == * Mohammed Hardi, Benjamin Stora, ''La Guerre d'Algérie'', édition Robert Laffont, Paris, 2004 * Dario Micacchi, Galleria La Nuova Pesa. Roma. * Title Abdelkader Houamel (Mostra A Roma), Renato Guttuso, Palazzo Barberini, cat d'Arte, 1982. * D.Micacchi, presentazione in cartella di 5 litografie a colori ''Algérie Algérienne'', Ed. Cantini. * La personale di Houamel Abdelkader : Bottega dei Crociferi, Roma, cat Della mostra., 1962 == External links == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20241219183946/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/105377 Djazaires, Liberte news] (insyd French) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050731/http://www.lexpressiondz.com/article/0/0-0-0/60760.htm L'expression News paper] {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Houamel, Abdelkader}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Algerian people]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:20th-century Algerian painters]] [[Category:21st-century Algerian painters]] [[Category:Algerian abstract artists]] [[Category:Chaoui artists]] [[Category:People wey komot Batna Province]] [[Category:Abstract painters]] [[Category:Algerian expatriates insyd Italy]] [[Category:Artists wey komot Rome]] mnntcu8k18fc712zzaeerp66nim2u0b 0 18962 98129 76618 2026-05-15T19:35:00Z Der-Wir-Ing 4707 -linkspam 98129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Van Leuven Mensah''' (wey people dey call am '''J.V.L. Mensah''') be Ghanaian accountant, public servant, banker, plus politician.<ref>{{Cite web|title=james van leuven mensah|url=https://leuvenmensah.remembered.com/|access-date=2024-11-10|website=leuvenmensah.remembered.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Van Leuven Mensah: 传记|url=https://boo.world/zh-Hans/database/profile/1156261/james-van-leuven-mensah-personality-type|access-date=2024-11-10|website=Boo|language=zh-Hans}}</ref> == Early life den education == Na dem born am for Kengen, Ghana, to Joseph Mensah plus Yanke Adela on 8 February 1937. Ein poppie come from Nkroful. After dem settle for Kengen, Joseph name ein son after one Dutch missionary wey he work plus am, Fr. Van Leuven, for de local Saint Mary's Catholic Church. Mensah go de local school insyd den write de Common Entrance Examination for Axim. After interview for Cape Coast, dem admit am go Achimota School. He complete de Cambridge Overseas School Certificate GCE Ordinary Level equivalent for 1955. He go College of Technology, Kumasi for 1956. In 1962, he attend School of Administration, Achimota, wey he study ACCA Intermediate Accountancy. In 1965, he go England go complete ein ACCA Final in Accountancy for Balham and Tooting College of Commerce wey he come become member of ACCA dat same year. He turn Fellow (FCCA) for 1973. Insyd 1 983, while he dey UK, he enroll for one inter LLB course for Charts University College London. He later transfer go University of Buckingham wey dem award am honours degree for 1985. He go US go start Masters in Law for Penn State Law for 1986. == Career den public life == Mensah work plus United Africa Company (UAC) from 1957 go 1965 as management trainee den trainee accountant before e travel go UK. As e dey there, e too work for United Africa Company. Wen e return come Ghana after ein studies, e start work plus Bank of Ghana as internal auditor. Later, dem make am Chief Internal Auditor den Bank Examiner. Insyd May 1975, Mensah take position as Managing Director<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Ghana Supply Commission v. New England Power Co., 83 F.R.D. 586|url=https://casetext.com/case/ghana-supply-commission-v-new-england-power-co|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204135152/https://casetext.com/case/ghana-supply-commission-v-new-england-power-co|archive-date=4 December 2021|access-date=2021-12-04|website=Casetext Search + Citator}}</ref> for de then-Ghana Supply Commission (wey now be Ghana Supply Company Limited). As Managing Director, e represent de Commission both insyd de country den abroad, den e handle administrative plus legal matters on behalf of de Commission. E try collect debt wey Trefalcon<ref name="auto4">{{Cite book|last1=Twomey|first1=David P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LngcCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA482|title=Business Law: Principles for Today's Commercial Environment|last2=Jennings|first2=Marianne M.|last3=Greene|first3=Stephanie M.|date=2016-01-01|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-88765-7|page=482|language=en}}</ref> — one company wey dey deal plus de Commission — owe de Commission den de Government of Ghana but dem no pay. As e dey work for Ghana Supply Commission, e protect de best interest of de Government of Ghana against foreign businesses through legal proceedings, den by doing dat, e set legal precedents wey now dem dey use well-well insyd commercial law, textbooks, den law studies.<ref name="auto4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reich v. the Republic of Ghana, 98 Civ. 7862 (BSJ)|url=https://casetext.com/case/reich-v-the-republic-of-ghana/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117025242/https://casetext.com/case/reich-v-the-republic-of-ghana/|archive-date=17 November 2021|access-date=2021-11-17|website=Casetext Search + Citator}}</ref> == Political life == Mensah ein political career short small. For 1979, dem elect am give de seat for Jomoro (Ghana parliament constituency) (Nzema West), den e become Member of Parliament for dat area under de People's National Party wey Hilla Limann dey lead. As Member of Parliament, dem report say e advise de youth of de Jomoro area make dem refrain from chieftaincy affairs for one fundraising ceremony wey de youth organise for Tikobo Number 2 insyd January 1981 but make dem rather direct demma efforts towards development of de area. Ein contribution cut short by de coup of 31 December 1981 wey carry Jerry Rawlings plus de Provisional National Defence Council come power for Ghana. == Rural banking work == Wen e return come Ghana after some time wey e spend for England, USA, plus Ivory Coast, e work plus ein local Jomoro Rural Bank for Tikobo 1, wey e play key role set up insyd 1981, as Chairman of de Board of Directors. As e dey address de 12th Annual General Meeting of shareholders for 2008, e talk say e run de bank well even though competition hard plus dem lose some customers to traditional den foreign banks wey dey de area. E increase net profit by 47.90 percent from GH¢14,000 for de previous year go GH¢27,630 for de year wey dem dey review. De bank ein investments rise from GH¢744,149 for 2006 go GH¢808,242 for 2007, den loans wey dem give out rise from GH¢512,872 to GH¢652,292, wey be 21.27 percent increase. He fight bank fraud wey lead to de prosecution for Sekondi High Court of three syndicate members wey chop de bank ein money for April 2007.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|date=23 June 2008|title=Incidence of fraud killing rural banks|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/incidence-of-fraud-killing-rural-banks/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|title=Incidence of fraud killing rural banks|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/171076/incidence-of-fraud-killing-rural-banks.html|access-date=2021-12-05|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Ein life matter == Mensah get five daughters plus two sons. He die for ein house for Kengen on 29 October 2021, aged 84. == References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Mensah, James Van Leuven}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2021 deaths]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaian bankers]] [[Category:Ghanaian MPs 1979–1981]] [[Category:People's National Party (Ghana) politicians]] [[Category:Alumni of de University of Buckingham]] [[Category:Pennsylvania State University alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Western Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Alumni of Achimota School]] [[Category:Politicians wey komot Western Region (Ghana)]] oraadsuhmab1t76xkx9gf59vkf8o0dk 0 26849 98134 98022 2026-05-15T22:54:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''François Bozizé Yangouvonda''' (dem born am 14 October 1946)<ref>{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2010 |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61535-329-3 |page=40 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521142729/https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=21 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> be Central African politician wey be Presido of de Central African Republic from 2003 to 2013. He be de only Central African presido born for modern-day Gabon insyd. Bozizé rise to becam a high-ranking army officer for de 1970s insyd, under de rule of Jean-Bédel Bokassa. After dem oust Bokassa, Bozizé serve for de government insyd as Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 den as Minister of Information from 1981 to 1982. He participate for a failed 1982 coup attempt insyd against Presido André Kolingba den subsequently flee de country. Years later, he serve as Army Chief of Staff under Presido Ange-Félix Patassé, but begin a rebellion against Patassé for 2001 insyd. Bozizé ein forces capture de capital, Bangui, for March 2003 insyd, while Patassé dey outside de country, den Bozizé take power, wey e usher for a transitional period of government insyd. He win de March–May 2005 presidential election for a second round of voting insyd, den dem re-elect am for de January 2011 presidential election insyd, wey e win de vote for de first round insyd. For December 2012 insyd, de CAR was plunged into an uprising by rebel forces wey condemn de Bozizé government give no dey honor peace agreements after de Central African Bush War for 2007 insyd. For 24 March 2013 top, Bozizé flee to Cameroon via de Democratic Republic of de Congo after de rebel forces attack Bangui den take control of de presidential palace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/africa/leader-of-central-african-republic-francois-bozize-is-in-cameroon.html|title=Leader of Central African Republic Fled to Cameroon, Official Says|author=Lydia Polgreen|work=The New York Times|date=25 March 2013|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135349/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/africa/leader-of-central-african-republic-francois-bozize-is-in-cameroon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=British Broadcasting Corporation |author-link=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=24 March 2013 |title=Central African Republic: President Bozize flees Bangui |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627113933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> There, Paul Biya house am, presido of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=Centrafrique: Bozizé au Cameroun |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/25/97001-20130325FILWWW00471-centrafrique-bozize-refugie-au-cameroun.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227041550/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/25/97001-20130325FILWWW00471-centrafrique-bozize-refugie-au-cameroun.php |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=lefigaro.fr |publisher=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2013 |title=Centrafrique : Paris envoie 300 soldats en renfort après la fuite de Bozizé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/03/24/tirs-detonations-journee-decisive-a-bangui_1853392_3212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129221123/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/03/24/tirs-detonations-journee-decisive-a-bangui_1853392_3212.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Looting and gunfire in captured CAR capital |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324125650/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html |archive-date=24 March 2013 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> For 29 May 2013 top, de Central African Republic issue an international arrest warrant against Bozizé.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAR issues arrest warrant for ex-president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/06/20136145514922218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227040946/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/06/20136145514922218.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=aljazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=RCA: François Bozizé visé par un mandat d'arrêt international |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130601-rca-bozize-mandat-arret-international-bangui/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227045824/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130601-rca-bozize-mandat-arret-international-bangui/ |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=rfi.fr |publisher=RFI}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{citation|editor1-last=Appiah|editor1-first=K. Anthony|editor1-link=Kwame Anthony Appiah|editor2-last=Gates|editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr. |editor2-link=Henry Louis Gates Jr.|year=1999|title=[[Encyclopedia Africana|Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience]]|publisher=[[Basic Books]]|location=New York|edition=1st|isbn=0-465-00071-1|oclc=41649745}} * Aractingi, Jean-Marc (2006), ''La Politique à mes trousses'' (Politics at my heels), Paris: Editions l'Harmattan, Central Africa Chapter, {{ISBN|978-2-296-00469-6}} * {{cite book|url={{google books|aSxIDAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}}|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|first1=Richard|last1=Bradshaw|first2=Juan|last2=Fandos-Rius|year=2016|pages=816|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-810-87992-8}} * {{citation|last=Kalck|first=Pierre|year=2005|edition=3rd English|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=0-8108-4913-5}} *{{citation|last=Mehler|first=Andreas|contribution=The Shaky Foundations, Adverse Circumstances, and Limited Achievements of Democratic Transition in the Central African Republic|editor1-last=Villalón|editor1-first=Leonardo Alfonso|editor2-last=VonDoepp|editor2-first=Peter|title=The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions|year=2005|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=Bloomington, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fateofafricasdem0000unse/page/126 126–152]|isbn=0-253-34575-8|oclc=57414663|url=https://archive.org/details/fateofafricasdem0000unse/page/126}} * {{citation|last=Titley|first=Brian|year=1997|title=Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=0-7735-1602-6}} {{Authority control}} p36y8bdd17wz9jfniy7xnv9b1gf6rip 98135 98134 2026-05-15T22:59:47Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 98135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''François Bozizé Yangouvonda''' (dem born am 14 October 1946)<ref>{{cite book |author=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2010 |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. |isbn=978-1-61535-329-3 |page=40 |access-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521142729/https://books.google.com/books?id=kd2bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=21 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> be Central African politician wey be Presido of de Central African Republic from 2003 to 2013. He be de only Central African presido born for modern-day Gabon insyd. Bozizé rise to becam a high-ranking army officer for de 1970s insyd, under de rule of Jean-Bédel Bokassa. After dem oust Bokassa, Bozizé serve for de government insyd as Minister of Defense from 1979 to 1981 den as Minister of Information from 1981 to 1982. He participate for a failed 1982 coup attempt insyd against Presido André Kolingba den subsequently flee de country. Years later, he serve as Army Chief of Staff under Presido Ange-Félix Patassé, but begin a rebellion against Patassé for 2001 insyd. Bozizé ein forces capture de capital, Bangui, for March 2003 insyd, while Patassé dey outside de country, den Bozizé take power, wey e usher for a transitional period of government insyd. He win de March–May 2005 presidential election for a second round of voting insyd, den dem re-elect am for de January 2011 presidential election insyd, wey e win de vote for de first round insyd. For December 2012 insyd, de CAR was plunged into an uprising by rebel forces wey condemn de Bozizé government give no dey honor peace agreements after de Central African Bush War for 2007 insyd. For 24 March 2013 top, Bozizé flee to Cameroon via de Democratic Republic of de Congo after de rebel forces attack Bangui den take control of de presidential palace.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/africa/leader-of-central-african-republic-francois-bozize-is-in-cameroon.html|title=Leader of Central African Republic Fled to Cameroon, Official Says|author=Lydia Polgreen|work=The New York Times|date=25 March 2013|access-date=19 February 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202135349/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/26/world/africa/leader-of-central-african-republic-francois-bozize-is-in-cameroon.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=British Broadcasting Corporation |author-link=British Broadcasting Corporation |date=24 March 2013 |title=Central African Republic: President Bozize flees Bangui |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627113933/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21915901 |archive-date=27 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2018 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> There, Paul Biya house am, presido of Cameroon.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 March 2013 |title=Centrafrique: Bozizé au Cameroun |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/25/97001-20130325FILWWW00471-centrafrique-bozize-refugie-au-cameroun.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227041550/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/03/25/97001-20130325FILWWW00471-centrafrique-bozize-refugie-au-cameroun.php |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=lefigaro.fr |publisher=Le Figaro}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 March 2013 |title=Centrafrique : Paris envoie 300 soldats en renfort après la fuite de Bozizé |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/03/24/tirs-detonations-journee-decisive-a-bangui_1853392_3212.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129221123/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/03/24/tirs-detonations-journee-decisive-a-bangui_1853392_3212.html |archive-date=29 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021 |website=Le Monde.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Looting and gunfire in captured CAR capital |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324125650/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/03/201332481729584103.html |archive-date=24 March 2013 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=aljazeera.com |publisher=Aljazeera}}</ref> For 29 May 2013 top, de Central African Republic issue an international arrest warrant against Bozizé.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAR issues arrest warrant for ex-president |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/06/20136145514922218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227040946/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/06/20136145514922218.html |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=aljazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=31 May 2013 |title=RCA: François Bozizé visé par un mandat d'arrêt international |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130601-rca-bozize-mandat-arret-international-bangui/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227045824/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20130601-rca-bozize-mandat-arret-international-bangui/ |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=27 February 2015 |website=rfi.fr |publisher=RFI}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{citation|editor1-last=Appiah|editor1-first=K. Anthony|editor1-link=|editor2-last=Gates|editor2-first=Henry Louis Jr. |editor2-link=|year=1999|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|edition=1st|isbn=0-465-00071-1|oclc=41649745}} * Aractingi, Jean-Marc (2006), ''La Politique à mes trousses'' (Politics at my heels), Paris: Editions l'Harmattan, Central Africa Chapter, {{ISBN|978-2-296-00469-6}} * {{cite book|url={{google books|aSxIDAAAQBAJ|plainurl=y}}|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|first1=Richard|last1=Bradshaw|first2=Juan|last2=Fandos-Rius|year=2016|pages=816|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-810-87992-8}} * {{citation|last=Kalck|first=Pierre|year=2005|edition=3rd English|title=Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic|publisher=The Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=0-8108-4913-5}} *{{citation|last=Mehler|first=Andreas|contribution=The Shaky Foundations, Adverse Circumstances, and Limited Achievements of Democratic Transition in the Central African Republic|editor1-last=Villalón|editor1-first=Leonardo Alfonso|editor2-last=VonDoepp|editor2-first=Peter|title=The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions|year=2005|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, Indiana|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fateofafricasdem0000unse/page/126 126–152]|isbn=0-253-34575-8|oclc=57414663|url=https://archive.org/details/fateofafricasdem0000unse/page/126}} * {{citation|last=Titley|first=Brian|year=1997|title=Dark Age: The Political Odyssey of Emperor Bokassa|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal|isbn=0-7735-1602-6}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bozize, Francois}} [[Category:1946 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Central African Republic people]] [[Category:People wey komot Ngounié Province]] [[Category:Gbaya people]] [[Category:Central African Republic Pentecostals]] [[Category:National Convergence "Kwa Na Kwa" politicians]] [[Category:Heads of state of de Central African Republic]] [[Category:Defense ministers of de Central African Republic]] [[Category:Central African Republic military personnel]] [[Category:Leaders wey take power by coup]] [[Category:Leaders dem oust by a coup]] [[Category:Central African Republic exiles]] [[Category:Heads of state den government wey dem later imprison]] [[Category:Central African Republic people dem imprison abroad]] [[Category:Central African Republic torture victims]] [[Category:Prisoners den detainees of Benin]] [[Category:Central African Republic Bush War]] [[Category:People of de Central African Republic Civil War]] fo5o2qb9kzm4oon9dzr4phomgud1671 0 26854 98124 98059 2026-05-15T16:53:42Z DaSupremo 9 Revert edit 98124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hantavirus infection''' anaa '''hantavirus disease''' be an infectious disease of humans wey viruses insyd de ''Orthohantavirus'' genus of viruses cause. E fi result in hemorrhagic fever plus renal syndrome (HFRS) anaa [[hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]] (HPS).<ref name="CDC2021">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/ |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=25 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=28 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128235900/http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/virology.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HFRS generally dey include headache, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, bleeding, den kidney failure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS">{{cite web |title=CDC - Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) - Hantavirus |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=29 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=16 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116234245/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hfrs/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Symptoms of HPS dey include tiredness, fever, muscle pain, cough, den shortness of breath.<ref name="CDC2016Sym">{{cite web |title=Signs & Symptoms {{!}} Hantavirus {{!}} DHCPP {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |website=www.cdc.gov |access-date=28 March 2021 |language=en-us |date=22 February 2019 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320001311/https://www.cdc.gov/hantavirus/hps/symptoms.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Onset of initial symptoms generally be 1 to 8 weeks dey follow exposure.<ref name="CDC2021HFRS" /><ref name="CDC2016Sym" /> HFRS be secof Old World hantaviruses while HPS be secof New World hantaviruses.<ref name=CDC2021/> More dan 28 specific hantaviruses dey cause disease insyd humans.<ref name="Av20192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M |date=2019 |title=Hantavirus infections. |journal=Clin Microbiol Infect |volume=21S |pages=e6–e16 |doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291 |pmid=24750436 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De disease typically be spread wen people breathe in air wey be contaminated by rodent droppings.<ref name="Av20192" /> De underlying mechanism of both forms of de disease dey involve low platelets den leaky blood vessels.<ref name="Av20192" /> Diagnosis be based on blood tests, typically serology.<ref name="Av20192" /> Treatment primarily be supportive care.<ref name=Av2019>{{cite journal|vauthors=Avšič-Županc T, Saksida A, Korva M|date=2019|title=Hantavirus infections.|journal=Clin Microbiol Infect|volume=21S|pages=e6–e16|doi=10.1111/1469-0691.12291|pmid=24750436|doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis fi include oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, anaa platelet transfusions.<ref name=Av2019/> Ribavirin fi be useful if dem give am early insyd HFRS.<ref name=Av2019/> De risk of death be around 12% plus HFRS den around 40% plus HPS.<ref name=Av2019/> About 100,000 cases of HFRS dey occur a year, while about 1,000 cases of HPS be identified since dem first detect am insyd 1993.<ref name=Av2019/> While descriptions of wat be believed to be hantavirus infections dey date back to around 1000 AD,<ref name=Av2019/> de virus wey dey cause de disease dem no discover am til 1976, insyd de Hantan River area of South Korea.<ref name=Av2019/><ref name=ICTV9>{{cite web |title=ICTV 9th Report (2011) – Negative Sense RNA Viruses – Bunyaviridae |url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |access-date=31 January 2019 |language=en |quote=Hanta: from Hantaan, river in South Korea near where type virus was isolated. |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010501/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_9th_report/negative-sense-rna-viruses-2011/w/negrna_viruses/205/bunyaviridae |url-status=live }}</ref> Insyd April 2026, an outbreak of hantavirus infection wey de Andes virus cause [[Hantavirus infection#2026 MV Hondius hantavirus outbreak|dem identify am on de Dutch cruise ship MV ''Hondius'']].<ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2026 |title=A suspected outbreak of the rare hantavirus on a cruise ship in the Atlantic kills 3 people |url=https://apnews.com/article/hantavirus-south-africa-cruise-ship-who-4c9215a2bd7cd34a743b2a31323c7e18 |access-date=4 May 2026 |website=AP News}}</ref> == Diagnosis == In terms of de evaluation of dis infection dem dey do de following:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moore |first1=Ross A. |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |title=StatPearls |last2=Griffen |first2=David |date=2021 |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |chapter=Hantavirus Syndrome |pmid=30020615 |access-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320052331/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513243/#article-22568.s7 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> * Chest X-ray (pulmonary edema) * Blood workup (thrombocytopenia) * Immunofluorescent anaa immunoblot assay (ELISA utilizing IgM) == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2026-DON599 Hantavirus] [[Category:Animal viruses]] [[Category:Hantavirus infections| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r10p65ahdy3xyzw01w7xwgv27eyz0ys 0 26870 98107 98106 2026-05-15T13:46:03Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polio vaccine''' be a vaccine dem use to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).<ref name="WHO20162">{{cite journal |date=2016 |title=Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=145–68 |hdl=10665/254399 |pmid=27039410 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 25 | pages = 277–300 | date = 2022 | hdl=10665/357168 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> Two types be used: an inactivated poliovirus wey be given by injection (IPV) den a weakened poliovirus wey be given by mouth (OPV).<ref name="WHO20162" /> De World Health Organization (WHO) dey recommend all kiddies be fully vaccinated against polio.<ref name="WHO20162" /> De two vaccines eliminate polio from chaw of de world,<ref name="Aylward_2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|year=2006|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–413|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354|pmid=16899145|s2cid=25327986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|year=1984|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 | issue = Suppl 2|pages=S424–S426|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424|pmid=6740085|doi-access=free}}</ref> wey dem reduce de number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 insyd 1988 to 33 insyd 2018.<ref name="gwp2013">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|title=Global Wild Poliovirus 2014–2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085212/http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|title=Does polio still exist? Is it curable?|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529121019/http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> De inactivated polio vaccines be very safe.<ref name=WHO2016/> Mild redness anaa pain fi occur at de site of injection.<ref name=WHO2016/> Oral polio vaccines dey cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.<ref name=WHO2016/> Dis dey compare plus 5,000 cases per million wey be paralysed dey follow a polio infection.<ref name="WHO2017Fs114">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|title=Poliomyelitis|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status = live|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Both types of vaccine generally be safe to give during [[pregnancy]] den insyd those wey get [[HIV/AIDS]], buh be otherwise well.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | hdl=10665/254399 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, de emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of de vaccine virus wey be reverted to causing poliomyelitis, lead to de development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), wich dey aim to make de vaccine safer den thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV.<ref name="GPEI-nOPV2">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-nOPV2|url=https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211943/https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine be by Hilary Koprowski insyd 1950, plus a live attenuated virus wey people drink.<ref name="Kowproski_obit">{{cite web | vauthors = Fox M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De vaccine no be approved for use insyd de [[United States]], buh na e be used successfully elsewhere.<ref name="Kowproski_obit"/> Na de success of an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine, wey Jonas Salk develop, be announced insyd 1955.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bazin H |title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Anoda attenuated live oral polio vaccine, wey Albert Sabin develop, cam into commercial use insyd 1961.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|date=2005|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–116|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|pmid=16422178|doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] d7tib0exvcmve73fheq4p9l89taexm0 98108 98107 2026-05-15T13:50:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polio vaccine''' be a vaccine dem use to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).<ref name="WHO20162">{{cite journal |date=2016 |title=Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=145–68 |hdl=10665/254399 |pmid=27039410 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 25 | pages = 277–300 | date = 2022 | hdl=10665/357168 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> Two types be used: an inactivated poliovirus wey be given by injection (IPV) den a weakened poliovirus wey be given by mouth (OPV).<ref name="WHO20162" /> De World Health Organization (WHO) dey recommend all kiddies be fully vaccinated against polio.<ref name="WHO20162" /> De two vaccines eliminate polio from chaw of de world,<ref name="Aylward_2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|year=2006|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–413|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354|pmid=16899145|s2cid=25327986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|year=1984|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 | issue = Suppl 2|pages=S424–S426|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424|pmid=6740085|doi-access=free}}</ref> wey dem reduce de number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 insyd 1988 to 33 insyd 2018.<ref name="gwp2013">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|title=Global Wild Poliovirus 2014–2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085212/http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|title=Does polio still exist? Is it curable?|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529121019/http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> De inactivated polio vaccines be very safe.<ref name=WHO2016/> Mild redness anaa pain fi occur at de site of injection.<ref name=WHO2016/> Oral polio vaccines dey cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.<ref name=WHO2016/> Dis dey compare plus 5,000 cases per million wey be paralysed dey follow a polio infection.<ref name="WHO2017Fs114">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|title=Poliomyelitis|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status = live|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Both types of vaccine generally be safe to give during [[pregnancy]] den insyd those wey get [[HIV/AIDS]], buh be otherwise well.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | hdl=10665/254399 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, de emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of de vaccine virus wey be reverted to causing poliomyelitis, lead to de development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), wich dey aim to make de vaccine safer den thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV.<ref name="GPEI-nOPV2">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-nOPV2|url=https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211943/https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine be by Hilary Koprowski insyd 1950, plus a live attenuated virus wey people drink.<ref name="Kowproski_obit">{{cite web | vauthors = Fox M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De vaccine no be approved for use insyd de [[United States]], buh na e be used successfully elsewhere.<ref name="Kowproski_obit"/> Na de success of an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine, wey Jonas Salk develop, be announced insyd 1955.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bazin H |title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Anoda attenuated live oral polio vaccine, wey Albert Sabin develop, cam into commercial use insyd 1961.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|date=2005|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–116|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|pmid=16422178|doi-access=free}}</ref> Polio vaccine dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | title=Polio Vaccine Information Statement | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/polio.html }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm52sa.html 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952'] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) * [https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Poliovirus+Vaccines Poliovirus Vaccines] at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] skh4rn2fp8p65qtv57y1h5rni2k2yat 98109 98108 2026-05-15T13:53:04Z DaSupremo 9 /* Read further */ Improve article 98109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polio vaccine''' be a vaccine dem use to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).<ref name="WHO20162">{{cite journal |date=2016 |title=Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=145–68 |hdl=10665/254399 |pmid=27039410 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 25 | pages = 277–300 | date = 2022 | hdl=10665/357168 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> Two types be used: an inactivated poliovirus wey be given by injection (IPV) den a weakened poliovirus wey be given by mouth (OPV).<ref name="WHO20162" /> De World Health Organization (WHO) dey recommend all kiddies be fully vaccinated against polio.<ref name="WHO20162" /> De two vaccines eliminate polio from chaw of de world,<ref name="Aylward_2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|year=2006|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–413|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354|pmid=16899145|s2cid=25327986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|year=1984|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 | issue = Suppl 2|pages=S424–S426|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424|pmid=6740085|doi-access=free}}</ref> wey dem reduce de number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 insyd 1988 to 33 insyd 2018.<ref name="gwp2013">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|title=Global Wild Poliovirus 2014–2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085212/http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|title=Does polio still exist? Is it curable?|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529121019/http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> De inactivated polio vaccines be very safe.<ref name=WHO2016/> Mild redness anaa pain fi occur at de site of injection.<ref name=WHO2016/> Oral polio vaccines dey cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.<ref name=WHO2016/> Dis dey compare plus 5,000 cases per million wey be paralysed dey follow a polio infection.<ref name="WHO2017Fs114">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|title=Poliomyelitis|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status = live|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Both types of vaccine generally be safe to give during [[pregnancy]] den insyd those wey get [[HIV/AIDS]], buh be otherwise well.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | hdl=10665/254399 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, de emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of de vaccine virus wey be reverted to causing poliomyelitis, lead to de development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), wich dey aim to make de vaccine safer den thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV.<ref name="GPEI-nOPV2">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-nOPV2|url=https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211943/https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine be by Hilary Koprowski insyd 1950, plus a live attenuated virus wey people drink.<ref name="Kowproski_obit">{{cite web | vauthors = Fox M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De vaccine no be approved for use insyd de [[United States]], buh na e be used successfully elsewhere.<ref name="Kowproski_obit"/> Na de success of an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine, wey Jonas Salk develop, be announced insyd 1955.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bazin H |title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Anoda attenuated live oral polio vaccine, wey Albert Sabin develop, cam into commercial use insyd 1961.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|date=2005|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–116|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|pmid=16422178|doi-access=free}}</ref> Polio vaccine dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book | title = Immunisation against infectious disease | chapter = Polio: the green book, chapter 26 | chapter-url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/polio-the-green-book-chapter-26 | publisher = Public Health England | veditors = Ramsay M | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book | year = 2013 | location = London | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 12 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191112005859/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pneumococcal-the-green-book-chapter-25 | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | veditors = Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S | edition = 14th | location = Washington D.C. | year = 2021 | chapter = Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-18-poliomyelitis.html | url = https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/ | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 30 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Routh JA, Oberste MS, Patel M | chapter = Chapter 12: Poliomyelitis | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-12-poliomyelitis.html | veditors = Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MH | title = Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | location = Atlanta, Georgia | url = https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/index.html | year = 2018 | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 1 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801192220/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/ | url-status = live }} == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | title=Polio Vaccine Information Statement | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/polio.html }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm52sa.html 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952'] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) * [https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Poliovirus+Vaccines Poliovirus Vaccines] at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4udi9k5waye7s842dkb0fat1nc2wlbe 98110 98109 2026-05-15T13:54:10Z DaSupremo 9 Add categories 98110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Polio vaccine''' be a vaccine dem use to prevent poliomyelitis (polio).<ref name="WHO20162">{{cite journal |date=2016 |title=Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 |journal=Weekly Epidemiological Record |volume=91 |issue=12 |pages=145–68 |hdl=10665/254399 |pmid=27039410 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=WHO2022>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – June 2022 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 97 | issue = 25 | pages = 277–300 | date = 2022 | hdl=10665/357168 | hdl-access = free}}</ref> Two types be used: an inactivated poliovirus wey be given by injection (IPV) den a weakened poliovirus wey be given by mouth (OPV).<ref name="WHO20162" /> De World Health Organization (WHO) dey recommend all kiddies be fully vaccinated against polio.<ref name="WHO20162" /> De two vaccines eliminate polio from chaw of de world,<ref name="Aylward_2006">{{cite journal|vauthors=Aylward RB|year=2006|title=Eradicating polio: today's challenges and tomorrow's legacy|journal=Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology|volume=100|issue=5–6|pages=401–413|doi=10.1179/136485906X97354|pmid=16899145|s2cid=25327986}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Schonberger LB, Kaplan J, Kim-Farley R, Moore M, Eddins DL, Hatch M|year=1984|title=Control of paralytic poliomyelitis in the United States|journal=Reviews of Infectious Diseases|volume=6 | issue = Suppl 2|pages=S424–S426|doi=10.1093/clinids/6.Supplement_2.S424|pmid=6740085|doi-access=free}}</ref> wey dem reduce de number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 insyd 1988 to 33 insyd 2018.<ref name="gwp2013">{{cite web|url=http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|title=Global Wild Poliovirus 2014–2019|access-date=3 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085212/http://polioeradication.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/global-wild-poliovirus-2013-2018-20190201.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|title=Does polio still exist? Is it curable?|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|access-date=21 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529121019/http://www.who.int/features/qa/07/en/|url-status=live}}</ref> De inactivated polio vaccines be very safe.<ref name=WHO2016/> Mild redness anaa pain fi occur at de site of injection.<ref name=WHO2016/> Oral polio vaccines dey cause about three cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis per million doses given.<ref name=WHO2016/> Dis dey compare plus 5,000 cases per million wey be paralysed dey follow a polio infection.<ref name="WHO2017Fs114">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|title=Poliomyelitis|website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418105535/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs114/en/|archive-date=18 April 2017|url-status = live|access-date=25 April 2017}}</ref> Both types of vaccine generally be safe to give during [[pregnancy]] den insyd those wey get [[HIV/AIDS]], buh be otherwise well.<ref name=WHO2016>{{cite journal | title = Polio vaccines: WHO position paper – March, 2016 | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | volume = 91 | issue = 12 | pages = 145–68 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27039410 | hdl=10665/254399 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> However, de emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV), a form of de vaccine virus wey be reverted to causing poliomyelitis, lead to de development of novel oral polio vaccine type 2 (nOPV2), wich dey aim to make de vaccine safer den thus stop further outbreaks of cVDPV.<ref name="GPEI-nOPV2">{{Cite web|title=GPEI-nOPV2|url=https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727211943/https://polioeradication.org/nopv2/|url-status=live}}</ref> Na de first successful demonstration of a polio vaccine be by Hilary Koprowski insyd 1950, plus a live attenuated virus wey people drink.<ref name="Kowproski_obit">{{cite web | vauthors = Fox M | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | title = Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96 | work = [[The New York Times]] | date = 20 April 2013 | access-date = 8 September 2017 | archive-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170825133630/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/21/us/hilary-koprowski-developed-live-virus-polio-vaccine-dies-at-96.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De vaccine no be approved for use insyd de [[United States]], buh na e be used successfully elsewhere.<ref name="Kowproski_obit"/> Na de success of an inactivated (killed) polio vaccine, wey Jonas Salk develop, be announced insyd 1955.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Bazin H |title=Vaccination: A History|date=2011|publisher=John Libbey Eurotext|isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2|page=395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|url-status = live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908183608/https://books.google.com/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&pg=PA395|archive-date=8 September 2017}}</ref> Anoda attenuated live oral polio vaccine, wey Albert Sabin develop, cam into commercial use insyd 1961.<ref name=WHO2016/><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith DR, Leggat PA|date=2005|title=Pioneering figures in medicine: Albert Bruce Sabin – inventor of the oral polio vaccine|journal=The Kurume Medical Journal|volume=52|issue=3|pages=111–116|doi=10.2739/kurumemedj.52.111|pmid=16422178|doi-access=free}}</ref> Polio vaccine dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO24th">{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list | year = 2025 | hdl = 10665/382243 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | hdl-access = free | doi = 10.2471/B09474 | doi-access = free | id = License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book | title = Immunisation against infectious disease | chapter = Polio: the green book, chapter 26 | chapter-url = https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/polio-the-green-book-chapter-26 | publisher = Public Health England | veditors = Ramsay M | url = https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book | year = 2013 | location = London | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 12 November 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191112005859/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/pneumococcal-the-green-book-chapter-25 | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | title = Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases | veditors = Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S | edition = 14th | location = Washington D.C. | year = 2021 | chapter = Chapter 18: Poliomyelitis | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/chapter-18-poliomyelitis.html | url = https://www.cdc.gov/pinkbook/hcp/table-of-contents/ | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 30 December 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001534/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/index.html | url-status = live }} * {{cite book | vauthors = Routh JA, Oberste MS, Patel M | chapter = Chapter 12: Poliomyelitis | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/table-of-contents/chapter-12-poliomyelitis.html | veditors = Roush SW, Baldy LM, Hall MH | title = Manual for the surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases | publisher = U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | location = Atlanta, Georgia | url = https://www.cdc.gov/surv-manual/php/index.html | year = 2018 | access-date = 23 December 2019 | archive-date = 1 August 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801192220/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/ | url-status = live }} == External links == {{Commons}} * {{cite web | title=Polio Vaccine Information Statement | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/polio.html }} * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm52sa.html 'People and Discoveries: Salk Produces Polio Vaccine 1952'] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) * [https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Poliovirus+Vaccines Poliovirus Vaccines] at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Polio Vaccine}} [[Category:Polio vaccines| ]] [[Category:1952 insyd biology]] [[Category:1955 introductions]] [[Category:American inventions]] [[Category:Inactivated vaccines]] [[Category:Live vaccines]] [[Category:Vaccines]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines (vaccines)]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 529pa2ddii6e65mo0r5loo09tczqljf 14 26875 98111 2026-05-15T13:54:51Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98111 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26876 98112 2026-05-15T13:55:02Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98112 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26877 98113 2026-05-15T13:55:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98113 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26878 98114 2026-05-15T13:55:37Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98114 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26879 98115 2026-05-15T14:04:02Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458512|Ectopic pregnancy]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98115 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98116 98115 2026-05-15T14:15:49Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectopic pregnancy''' be a complication of pregnancy insyd wich de embryo dey attach outsyd de uterus.<ref name="Kirk_20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T |year=2014 |title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047 |pmid=24101604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis complication sanso be referred to as an '''extrauterine pregnancy''' (a.k.a. EUP).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=183 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> Signs den symptoms classically dey include abdominal pain den vaginal bleeding, buh fewer dan 50 percent of affected women get both of dese symptoms.<ref name="Crochet20132">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV |date=April 2013 |title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=16 |pages=1722–1729 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914 |pmid=23613077 |s2cid=205049738}}</ref> De pain fi be described as sharp, dull, anaa crampy.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Pain sanso fi be spread to de shoulder if bleeding into de abdomen occur.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Severe bleeding fi result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], fainting, anaa shock.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /><ref name="Crochet20132" /> Plus very rare exceptions, de fetus be unable to survive.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q | title = Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–141 | date = 2008 | pmid = 17957101 | doi = 10.1159/000110015 | s2cid = 35923100 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 076pajeq3tek34iscg8zlhxug6ni8ma 98117 98116 2026-05-15T14:28:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectopic pregnancy''' be a complication of pregnancy insyd wich de embryo dey attach outsyd de uterus.<ref name="Kirk_20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T |year=2014 |title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047 |pmid=24101604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis complication sanso be referred to as an '''extrauterine pregnancy''' (a.k.a. EUP).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=183 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> Signs den symptoms classically dey include abdominal pain den vaginal bleeding, buh fewer dan 50 percent of affected women get both of dese symptoms.<ref name="Crochet20132">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV |date=April 2013 |title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=16 |pages=1722–1729 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914 |pmid=23613077 |s2cid=205049738}}</ref> De pain fi be described as sharp, dull, anaa crampy.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Pain sanso fi be spread to de shoulder if bleeding into de abdomen occur.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Severe bleeding fi result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], fainting, anaa shock.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /><ref name="Crochet20132" /> Plus very rare exceptions, de fetus be unable to survive.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q | title = Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–141 | date = 2008 | pmid = 17957101 | doi = 10.1159/000110015 | s2cid = 35923100 }}</ref> Overall, ectopic pregnancies annually dey affect less dan 2% of pregnancies worldwide.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy dey include pelvic inflammatory disease, often secof chlamydia infection; tobacco smoking; [[endometriosis]]; prior tubal surgery; a history of infertility; den de use of assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Cec20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J |date=September 2014 |title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=290 |issue=3 |pages=417–423 |doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9 |pmid=24791968 |s2cid=26727563}}</ref> Those wey previously get an ectopic pregnancy be at much higher risk of having anoda one.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Chaw ectopic pregnancies (90%) dey occur insyd de fallopian tube, wich be known as tubal pregnancies,<ref name="Cec20142" /> buh implantation sanso fi occur on de cervix, ovaries, [[Caesarean section|caesarean]] scar, anaa within de abdomen.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Detection of ectopic pregnancy typically be by blood tests give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) den ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Dis fi require testing on more dan one occasion.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Oda causes of similar symptoms dey include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, den acute appendicitis.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 3deotf5lq0fkt7dfv45dai6ngvak20p 98118 98117 2026-05-15T16:25:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectopic pregnancy''' be a complication of pregnancy insyd wich de embryo dey attach outsyd de uterus.<ref name="Kirk_20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T |year=2014 |title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047 |pmid=24101604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis complication sanso be referred to as an '''extrauterine pregnancy''' (a.k.a. EUP).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=183 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> Signs den symptoms classically dey include abdominal pain den vaginal bleeding, buh fewer dan 50 percent of affected women get both of dese symptoms.<ref name="Crochet20132">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV |date=April 2013 |title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=16 |pages=1722–1729 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914 |pmid=23613077 |s2cid=205049738}}</ref> De pain fi be described as sharp, dull, anaa crampy.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Pain sanso fi be spread to de shoulder if bleeding into de abdomen occur.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Severe bleeding fi result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], fainting, anaa shock.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /><ref name="Crochet20132" /> Plus very rare exceptions, de fetus be unable to survive.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q | title = Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–141 | date = 2008 | pmid = 17957101 | doi = 10.1159/000110015 | s2cid = 35923100 }}</ref> Overall, ectopic pregnancies annually dey affect less dan 2% of pregnancies worldwide.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy dey include pelvic inflammatory disease, often secof chlamydia infection; tobacco smoking; [[endometriosis]]; prior tubal surgery; a history of infertility; den de use of assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Cec20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J |date=September 2014 |title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=290 |issue=3 |pages=417–423 |doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9 |pmid=24791968 |s2cid=26727563}}</ref> Those wey previously get an ectopic pregnancy be at much higher risk of having anoda one.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Chaw ectopic pregnancies (90%) dey occur insyd de fallopian tube, wich be known as tubal pregnancies,<ref name="Cec20142" /> buh implantation sanso fi occur on de cervix, ovaries, [[Caesarean section|caesarean]] scar, anaa within de abdomen.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Detection of ectopic pregnancy typically be by blood tests give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) den ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Dis fi require testing on more dan one occasion.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Oda causes of similar symptoms dey include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, den acute appendicitis.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Prevention be by decreasing risk factors, such as chlamydia infections, thru screening den treatment.<ref name="Nama20092">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I |date=April 2009 |title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3 |pmid=18665380 |s2cid=22538462}}</ref> While sam ectopic pregnancies go miscarry widout treatment,<ref name="Cec20142" /> de standard treatment give ectopic pregnancy be a procedure to either remove de embryo from de fallopian tube anaa to remove de fallopian tube altogether. De use of de medication methotrexate dey work as well as surgery insyd sam cases.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Specifically, e dey work well wen de beta-HCG be low, den de size of de ectopic be small.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Surgery such as a salpingectomy still typically be recommended if de tube rupture, der be a fetal heartbeat, anaa de woman ein vital signs be unstable.<ref name="Cec20142" /> De surgery fi be laparoscopic anaa thru a larger incision, dem know as a laparotomy.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Maternal morbidity den mortality be reduced plus treatment.<ref name="Cec20142" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e0jawul3x6yryg6f238bu4ve7gqrsgy 98119 98118 2026-05-15T16:31:00Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectopic pregnancy''' be a complication of pregnancy insyd wich de embryo dey attach outsyd de uterus.<ref name="Kirk_20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T |year=2014 |title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047 |pmid=24101604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis complication sanso be referred to as an '''extrauterine pregnancy''' (a.k.a. EUP).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=183 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> Signs den symptoms classically dey include abdominal pain den vaginal bleeding, buh fewer dan 50 percent of affected women get both of dese symptoms.<ref name="Crochet20132">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV |date=April 2013 |title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=16 |pages=1722–1729 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914 |pmid=23613077 |s2cid=205049738}}</ref> De pain fi be described as sharp, dull, anaa crampy.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Pain sanso fi be spread to de shoulder if bleeding into de abdomen occur.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Severe bleeding fi result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], fainting, anaa shock.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /><ref name="Crochet20132" /> Plus very rare exceptions, de fetus be unable to survive.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q | title = Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–141 | date = 2008 | pmid = 17957101 | doi = 10.1159/000110015 | s2cid = 35923100 }}</ref> Overall, ectopic pregnancies annually dey affect less dan 2% of pregnancies worldwide.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy dey include pelvic inflammatory disease, often secof chlamydia infection; tobacco smoking; [[endometriosis]]; prior tubal surgery; a history of infertility; den de use of assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Cec20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J |date=September 2014 |title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=290 |issue=3 |pages=417–423 |doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9 |pmid=24791968 |s2cid=26727563}}</ref> Those wey previously get an ectopic pregnancy be at much higher risk of having anoda one.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Chaw ectopic pregnancies (90%) dey occur insyd de fallopian tube, wich be known as tubal pregnancies,<ref name="Cec20142" /> buh implantation sanso fi occur on de cervix, ovaries, [[Caesarean section|caesarean]] scar, anaa within de abdomen.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Detection of ectopic pregnancy typically be by blood tests give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) den ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Dis fi require testing on more dan one occasion.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Oda causes of similar symptoms dey include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, den acute appendicitis.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Prevention be by decreasing risk factors, such as chlamydia infections, thru screening den treatment.<ref name="Nama20092">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I |date=April 2009 |title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3 |pmid=18665380 |s2cid=22538462}}</ref> While sam ectopic pregnancies go miscarry widout treatment,<ref name="Cec20142" /> de standard treatment give ectopic pregnancy be a procedure to either remove de embryo from de fallopian tube anaa to remove de fallopian tube altogether. De use of de medication methotrexate dey work as well as surgery insyd sam cases.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Specifically, e dey work well wen de beta-HCG be low, den de size of de ectopic be small.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Surgery such as a salpingectomy still typically be recommended if de tube rupture, der be a fetal heartbeat, anaa de woman ein vital signs be unstable.<ref name="Cec20142" /> De surgery fi be laparoscopic anaa thru a larger incision, dem know as a laparotomy.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Maternal morbidity den mortality be reduced plus treatment.<ref name="Cec20142" /> De rate of ectopic [[pregnancy]] be about 11 to 20 per 1,000 live births insyd developed countries, though e fi be as high as 4% among those wey dey use assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> E be de most common cause of death among women during de first trimester at approximately 6–13% of de total.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Insyd de developed world outcomes improve while insyd de developing world dem often remain poor.<ref name="Nama20092" /> De risk of death among those insyd de developed world be between 0.1 den 0.3 percent while insyd de developing world e be between one den three percent.<ref name="Mignini_2007">{{Cite web | vauthors = Mignini L | title = Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy | date = 26 September 2007 | url = http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/ | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | access-date = 12 March 2015 | website = who.int | publisher = The WHO Reproductive Health Library }}</ref> De first known description of an ectopic pregnancy be by Al-Zahrawi insyd de 11th century.<ref name="Nama20092" /> De word ''ectopic'' dey mean 'out of place'.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Cornog MW | title = Merriam-Webster's vocabulary uilder | location = Springfield, Mass. | page = 313 | date = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313 | publisher = Merriam-Webster | isbn = 978-0-87779-910-8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181336/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313 | archive-date = 2017-09-10 | url-status = live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] bwk92mh93klh0vjjo66bgezsthqnpaf 98120 98119 2026-05-15T16:41:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ectopic pregnancy''' be a complication of pregnancy insyd wich de embryo dey attach outsyd de uterus.<ref name="Kirk_20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kirk E, Bottomley C, Bourne T |year=2014 |title=Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location |journal=Human Reproduction Update |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=250–261 |doi=10.1093/humupd/dmt047 |pmid=24101604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dis complication sanso be referred to as an '''extrauterine pregnancy''' (a.k.a. EUP).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Logan's Medical and Scientific Abbreviations |vauthors=Logan CM, Rice MK |publisher=[[J. B. Lippincott & Co.|J. B. Lippincott]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-397-54589-4 |page=183 |type=Hardbound book}}</ref> Signs den symptoms classically dey include abdominal pain den vaginal bleeding, buh fewer dan 50 percent of affected women get both of dese symptoms.<ref name="Crochet20132">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crochet JR, Bastian LA, Chireau MV |date=April 2013 |title=Does this woman have an ectopic pregnancy?: the rational clinical examination systematic review |journal=JAMA |volume=309 |issue=16 |pages=1722–1729 |doi=10.1001/jama.2013.3914 |pmid=23613077 |s2cid=205049738}}</ref> De pain fi be described as sharp, dull, anaa crampy.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Pain sanso fi be spread to de shoulder if bleeding into de abdomen occur.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Severe bleeding fi result in a [[tachycardia|fast heart rate]], fainting, anaa shock.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /><ref name="Crochet20132" /> Plus very rare exceptions, de fetus be unable to survive.<ref>{{Cite journal | vauthors = Zhang J, Li F, Sheng Q | title = Full-term abdominal pregnancy: a case report and review of the literature | journal = Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation | volume = 65 | issue = 2 | pages = 139–141 | date = 2008 | pmid = 17957101 | doi = 10.1159/000110015 | s2cid = 35923100 }}</ref> Overall, ectopic pregnancies annually dey affect less dan 2% of pregnancies worldwide.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy dey include pelvic inflammatory disease, often secof chlamydia infection; tobacco smoking; [[endometriosis]]; prior tubal surgery; a history of infertility; den de use of assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Cec20142">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Cecchino GN, Araujo Júnior E, Elito Júnior J |date=September 2014 |title=Methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy: when and how |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=290 |issue=3 |pages=417–423 |doi=10.1007/s00404-014-3266-9 |pmid=24791968 |s2cid=26727563}}</ref> Those wey previously get an ectopic pregnancy be at much higher risk of having anoda one.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Chaw ectopic pregnancies (90%) dey occur insyd de fallopian tube, wich be known as tubal pregnancies,<ref name="Cec20142" /> buh implantation sanso fi occur on de cervix, ovaries, [[Caesarean section|caesarean]] scar, anaa within de abdomen.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Detection of ectopic pregnancy typically be by blood tests give human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) den ultrasound.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Dis fi require testing on more dan one occasion.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Oda causes of similar symptoms dey include: miscarriage, ovarian torsion, den acute appendicitis.<ref name="Crochet20132" /> Prevention be by decreasing risk factors, such as chlamydia infections, thru screening den treatment.<ref name="Nama20092">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nama V, Manyonda I |date=April 2009 |title=Tubal ectopic pregnancy: diagnosis and management |journal=Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics |volume=279 |issue=4 |pages=443–453 |doi=10.1007/s00404-008-0731-3 |pmid=18665380 |s2cid=22538462}}</ref> While sam ectopic pregnancies go miscarry widout treatment,<ref name="Cec20142" /> de standard treatment give ectopic pregnancy be a procedure to either remove de embryo from de fallopian tube anaa to remove de fallopian tube altogether. De use of de medication methotrexate dey work as well as surgery insyd sam cases.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Specifically, e dey work well wen de beta-HCG be low, den de size of de ectopic be small.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Surgery such as a salpingectomy still typically be recommended if de tube rupture, der be a fetal heartbeat, anaa de woman ein vital signs be unstable.<ref name="Cec20142" /> De surgery fi be laparoscopic anaa thru a larger incision, dem know as a laparotomy.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> Maternal morbidity den mortality be reduced plus treatment.<ref name="Cec20142" /> De rate of ectopic [[pregnancy]] be about 11 to 20 per 1,000 live births insyd developed countries, though e fi be as high as 4% among those wey dey use assisted reproductive technology.<ref name="Kirk_20142" /> E be de most common cause of death among women during de first trimester at approximately 6–13% of de total.<ref name="Cec20142" /> Insyd de developed world outcomes improve while insyd de developing world dem often remain poor.<ref name="Nama20092" /> De risk of death among those insyd de developed world be between 0.1 den 0.3 percent while insyd de developing world e be between one den three percent.<ref name="Mignini_2007">{{Cite web | vauthors = Mignini L | title = Interventions for tubal ectopic pregnancy | date = 26 September 2007 | url = http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121902/http://apps.who.int/rhl/gynaecology/lmcom2/en/ | archive-date = 2 April 2015 | access-date = 12 March 2015 | website = who.int | publisher = The WHO Reproductive Health Library }}</ref> De first known description of an ectopic pregnancy be by Al-Zahrawi insyd de 11th century.<ref name="Nama20092" /> De word ''ectopic'' dey mean 'out of place'.<ref>{{Cite book | vauthors = Cornog MW | title = Merriam-Webster's vocabulary uilder | location = Springfield, Mass. | page = 313 | date = 1998 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313 | publisher = Merriam-Webster | isbn = 978-0-87779-910-8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181336/https://books.google.com/books?id=cyD059eY2RYC&pg=PA313 | archive-date = 2017-09-10 | url-status = live }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * [http://www.claripacs.com/case/CL0019 CT of the abdomen showing abdominal ectopic pregnancy] *[https://www.safeabortionrx.com/blog/early-signs-of-ectopic-pregnancy/ Complete Guide on Signs of Ectopic Pregnancy] *[https://www.9mfertility.com/blog/what-is-ectopic-pregnancy-essential-information-and-warning-signs/ Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Ectopic pregnancy| ]] [[Category:Wikipedia articles plus sections dem publish insyd WikiJournal of Medicine]] [[Category:Medical emergencies]] [[Category:Health issues insyd pregnancy]] [[Category:Acute pain]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Women's health]] ir0bczdcvyb1neexadceepd2hlx21wv 14 26880 98121 2026-05-15T16:42:59Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98121 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 26881 98122 2026-05-15T16:43:14Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98122 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26882 98123 2026-05-15T16:45:47Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1474379|Type 2 diabetes]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98125 98123 2026-05-15T17:25:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2">{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Symptoms often dey develop slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Cause" /> Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.<ref name="WHO20242">{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.<ref name="Pas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}</ref><ref name="Fas2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0fq1c0873qf8kecoid8cn3gjshzhy9o 98126 98125 2026-05-15T17:40:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2">{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Symptoms often dey develop slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Cause" /> Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.<ref name="WHO20242">{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.<ref name="Pas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}</ref><ref name="Fas2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of [[obesity]] den lack of exercise.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.<ref name= NIH2014Cause/> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hm5yvz4yz3hp0hb68cissymqmbkdwdg 98127 98126 2026-05-15T17:57:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2">{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Symptoms often dey develop slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Cause" /> Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.<ref name="WHO20242">{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.<ref name="Pas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}</ref><ref name="Fas2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of [[obesity]] den lack of exercise.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.<ref name= NIH2014Cause/> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes be largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, den eating a healthy diet (a popular example be a diet high insyd fruits den vegetables den low insyd sugar den saturated fat).<ref name= WHO2024/> Treatment dey involve exercise den dietary changes.<ref name= WHO2024/> If blood sugar levels no be adequately lowered, de medication [[metformin]] be typically recommended.<ref name= Ann2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S | title = Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 11 | pages = 740–51 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27088241 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2650 | s2cid = 32016657}}</ref><ref name= "Metformin2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B | title = Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD012906 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32501595 | pmc = 7386876 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group}}</ref> Chaw people sanso fi eventually require insulin injections.<ref name="Kre2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}</ref> Insyd those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as thru a continuous glucose monitor) be advised; however, dis no fi be needed insyd those wey no be on insulin therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD | title = Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | article-number = CD005060 | date = January 2012 | issue = 5 | pmid = 22258959 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3 | pmc = 11984800 | hdl = 1871/48558 | s2cid = 205176936 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/733717bc-2021-43dc-ad10-540cdca45380 }}</ref> Bariatric surgery often dey improve diabetes insyd those wey be obese.<ref name= "Cet2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S | title = Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works | journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–9 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26090370 | pmc = 4468896 | doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW | title = Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective | journal = [[Journal of Biomedical Research]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25859264 | pmc = 4389109 | doi = 10.7555/JBR.29.20140127 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 41ncxb84e1jzfzlvglq8daibih99x8q 98128 98127 2026-05-15T18:06:10Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2">{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Symptoms often dey develop slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Cause" /> Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.<ref name="WHO20242">{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.<ref name="Pas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}</ref><ref name="Fas2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of [[obesity]] den lack of exercise.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.<ref name= NIH2014Cause/> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes be largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, den eating a healthy diet (a popular example be a diet high insyd fruits den vegetables den low insyd sugar den saturated fat).<ref name="WHO20242" /> Treatment dey involve exercise den dietary changes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> If blood sugar levels no be adequately lowered, de medication [[metformin]] be typically recommended.<ref name= Ann2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S | title = Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 11 | pages = 740–51 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27088241 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2650 | s2cid = 32016657}}</ref><ref name= "Metformin2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B | title = Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD012906 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32501595 | pmc = 7386876 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group}}</ref> Chaw people sanso fi eventually require insulin injections.<ref name="Kre2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}</ref> Insyd those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as thru a continuous glucose monitor) be advised; however, dis no fi be needed insyd those wey no be on insulin therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD | title = Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | article-number = CD005060 | date = January 2012 | issue = 5 | pmid = 22258959 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3 | pmc = 11984800 | hdl = 1871/48558 | s2cid = 205176936 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/733717bc-2021-43dc-ad10-540cdca45380 }}</ref> Bariatric surgery often dey improve diabetes insyd those wey be obese.<ref name= "Cet2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S | title = Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works | journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–9 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26090370 | pmc = 4468896 | doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW | title = Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective | journal = [[Journal of Biomedical Research]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25859264 | pmc = 4389109 | doi = 10.7555/JBR.29.20140127 }}</ref> Rates of type&nbsp;2 diabetes increase markedly since 1960 insyd parallel plus obesity.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Moscou S |chapter= Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement | veditors = Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB |title=Public health nursing: practicing population-based care|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn= 978-1-4496-4660-8 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=kgA8xfbxIRwC&pg=PA317 317] |edition=2nd |oclc= 758391750}}</ref> As of 2015,der be approximately 392&nbsp;million people dem diagnose plus de disease compared to around 30&nbsp;million insyd 1985.<ref name= GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = [[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref><ref name=Epi2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smyth S, Heron A | title = Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–80 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16397575 | doi = 10.1038/nm0106-75 | s2cid = 1042625 }}</ref> Typically, e dey begin insyd middle anaa older age,<ref name=NIH2014Cause/> although rates of type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey increase insyd young people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tfayli H, Arslanian S | title = Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the evolving chameleon | journal = Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–74 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19466209 | pmc = 2846552 | doi = 10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, Lawrence JM, Liese AD, Liu LL, Mayer-Davis EJ, Rodriguez BL, Standiford D | author-link5=Dana Dabelea|title = Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth | journal = Diabetes Care| volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 2515–20 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23173134 | pmc = 3507562 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-0669 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes be associated plus a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.<ref name= Will2011>{{cite book | veditors = Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher= Elsevier/Saunders |pages=1371–1435| edition=12th|year=2011 | location= Philadelphia| isbn= 978-1-4377-0324-5}}</ref> Diabetes be one of de first diseases dem ever describe, wey dey date back to an Egyptian manuscript from {{circa|1500}}&nbsp;[[Common Era|BCE]].<ref name=Rip2011>{{cite book |chapter=Diabetes | vauthors = Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher= CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8|page = 25 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25 |edition=2nd|date=2011 |oclc=725919496 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;1 den type&nbsp;2 diabetes be identified as separate conditions insyd 400–500&nbsp;CE plus type&nbsp;1 associated plus youth den type&nbsp;2 plus being overweight.<ref name="History20102">{{cite book |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus |vauthors=Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-09840-1 |veditors=Poretsky L |edition=2nd |location=New York |pages=3–16 |chapter=The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus |oclc=663097550 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3}}</ref> De importance of insulin insyd de disease be determined insyd de 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ | title = Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 92 | issue = 1084 | pages = 63–9 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26621825 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281 | s2cid = 28169759 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r06pffqxsc56oimq1aa4bv9ir7w8gc9 98130 98128 2026-05-15T22:44:54Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Type 2 diabetes''' ('''T2D'''), dem formerly know as '''adult-onset diabetes''', be a form of diabetes mellitus wey be characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, den relative lack of insulin.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{cite web|title= Causes of Diabetes|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/symptoms-causes?dkrd=hispt0015|website= niddk.nih.gov | publisher= National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|access-date=10 February 2016|date=June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083725/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/causes-diabetes/Pages/index.aspx }}</ref> Common symptoms dey include increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue den unexplained weight loss.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2">{{cite web |date=June 2014 |title=Diagnosis of Diabetes and Prediabetes |url=http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306174631/http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/Diabetes/diagnosis-diabetes-prediabetes/Pages/index.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=niddk.nih.gov |publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Oda symptoms dey include increased hunger, having a sensation of pins den needles, den sores (wounds) wey dey heal slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Symptoms often dey develop slowly.<ref name="NIH2014Cause" /> Long-term complications from high blood sugar dey include heart disease[[stroke|; stroke]]; diabetic retinopathy, wich fi result in blindness; kidney failure; den poor blood flow insyd de lower limbs, wich fi lead to amputations.<ref name="WHO20242">{{cite web |date=14 November 2024 |title=Diabetes |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> A sudden onset of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state fi occur; however, ketoacidosis be uncommon.<ref name="Pas2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Pasquel FJ, Umpierrez GE | title = Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: a historic review of the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment | journal = [[Diabetes Care]] | volume = 37 | issue = 11 | pages = 3124–31 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25342831 | pmc = 4207202 | doi = 10.2337/dc14-0984 }}</ref><ref name="Fas2008">{{cite journal | vauthors = Fasanmade OA, Odeniyi IA, Ogbera AO | title = Diabetic ketoacidosis: diagnosis and management | journal = African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences | volume = 37 | issue = 2 | pages = 99–105 | date = June 2008 | pmid = 18939392 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes primarily dey occur as a result of [[obesity]] den lack of exercise.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Sam people be genetically more at risk dan odas.<ref name= NIH2014Cause/> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey make up about 90% of cases of diabetes, plus de oda 10% secof primarily to type 1 diabetes den gestational diabetes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> Diagnosis of diabetes be by blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, anaa glycated hemoglobin (A1c).<ref name="NIH2014Diag2" /> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes be largely preventable by staying at a normal weight, exercising regularly, den eating a healthy diet (a popular example be a diet high insyd fruits den vegetables den low insyd sugar den saturated fat).<ref name="WHO20242" /> Treatment dey involve exercise den dietary changes.<ref name="WHO20242" /> If blood sugar levels no be adequately lowered, de medication [[metformin]] be typically recommended.<ref name= Ann2016>{{cite journal | vauthors = Maruthur NM, Tseng E, Hutfless S, Wilson LM, Suarez-Cuervo C, Berger Z, Chu Y, Iyoha E, Segal JB, Bolen S | title = Diabetes Medications as Monotherapy or Metformin-Based Combination Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 11 | pages = 740–51 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27088241 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2650 | s2cid = 32016657}}</ref><ref name= "Metformin2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B | title = Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 6 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD012906 | date = June 2020 | pmid = 32501595 | pmc = 7386876 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2 | doi-access = free | collaboration = Cochrane Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group}}</ref> Chaw people sanso fi eventually require insulin injections.<ref name="Kre2005">{{cite journal | vauthors = Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ | title = Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus | journal = Drugs | volume = 65 | issue = 3 | pages = 385–411 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15669880 | doi = 10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005 | s2cid = 29670619 }}</ref> Insyd those on insulin, routinely checking blood sugar levels (such as thru a continuous glucose monitor) be advised; however, dis no fi be needed insyd those wey no be on insulin therapy.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Malanda UL, Welschen LM, Riphagen II, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Bot SD | title = Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | article-number = CD005060 | date = January 2012 | issue = 5 | pmid = 22258959 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD005060.pub3 | pmc = 11984800 | hdl = 1871/48558 | s2cid = 205176936 | url = https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/733717bc-2021-43dc-ad10-540cdca45380 }}</ref> Bariatric surgery often dey improve diabetes insyd those wey be obese.<ref name= "Cet2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cetinkunar S, Erdem H, Aktimur R, Sozen S | title = Effect of bariatric surgery on humoral control of metabolic derangements in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: How it works | journal = World Journal of Clinical Cases | volume = 3 | issue = 6 | pages = 504–9 | date = June 2015 | pmid = 26090370 | pmc = 4468896 | doi = 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i6.504 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ganguly S, Tan HC, Lee PC, Tham KW | title = Metabolic bariatric surgery and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an endocrinologist's perspective | journal = [[Journal of Biomedical Research]] | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25859264 | pmc = 4389109 | doi = 10.7555/JBR.29.20140127 }}</ref> Rates of type&nbsp;2 diabetes increase markedly since 1960 insyd parallel plus obesity.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Moscou S |chapter= Getting the word out: advocacy, social marketing, and policy development and enforcement | veditors = Truglio-Londrigan M, Lewenson SB |title=Public health nursing: practicing population-based care|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, Massachusetts |isbn= 978-1-4496-4660-8 |page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=kgA8xfbxIRwC&pg=PA317 317] |edition=2nd |oclc= 758391750}}</ref> As of 2015,der be approximately 392&nbsp;million people dem diagnose plus de disease compared to around 30&nbsp;million insyd 1985.<ref name= GBD2015Pre>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = [[Lancet (journal)|Lancet]] | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1545–1602 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733282 | pmc = 5055577 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 }}</ref><ref name=Epi2006>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smyth S, Heron A | title = Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics | journal = Nature Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 75–80 | date = January 2006 | pmid = 16397575 | doi = 10.1038/nm0106-75 | s2cid = 1042625 }}</ref> Typically, e dey begin insyd middle anaa older age,<ref name=NIH2014Cause/> although rates of type&nbsp;2 diabetes dey increase insyd young people.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tfayli H, Arslanian S | title = Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth: the evolving chameleon | journal = Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 165–74 | date = March 2009 | pmid = 19466209 | pmc = 2846552 | doi = 10.1590/s0004-27302009000200008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Imperatore G, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Case D, Dabelea D, Hamman RF, Lawrence JM, Liese AD, Liu LL, Mayer-Davis EJ, Rodriguez BL, Standiford D | author-link5=Dana Dabelea|title = Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050: dynamic modeling of incidence, mortality, and population growth | journal = Diabetes Care| volume = 35 | issue = 12 | pages = 2515–20 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23173134 | pmc = 3507562 | doi = 10.2337/dc12-0669 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;2 diabetes be associated plus a ten-year-shorter life expectancy.<ref name= Will2011>{{cite book | veditors = Melmed S, Polonsky KS, Larsen PR, Kronenberg HM |title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher= Elsevier/Saunders |pages=1371–1435| edition=12th|year=2011 | location= Philadelphia| isbn= 978-1-4377-0324-5}}</ref> Diabetes be one of de first diseases dem ever describe, wey dey date back to an Egyptian manuscript from {{circa|1500}}&nbsp;BCE.<ref name=Rip2011>{{cite book |chapter=Diabetes | vauthors = Leutholtz BC, Ripoll I |title=Exercise and disease management|publisher= CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-1-4398-2759-8|page = 25 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eAn9-bm_pi8C&pg=PA25 |edition=2nd|date=2011 |oclc=725919496 }}</ref> Type&nbsp;1 den type&nbsp;2 diabetes be identified as separate conditions insyd 400–500&nbsp;CE plus type&nbsp;1 associated plus youth den type&nbsp;2 plus being overweight.<ref name="History20102">{{cite book |title=Principles of diabetes mellitus |vauthors=Zajac J, Shrestha A, Patel P, Poretsky L |publisher=Springer |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-387-09840-1 |veditors=Poretsky L |edition=2nd |location=New York |pages=3–16 |chapter=The Main Events in the History of Diabetes Mellitus |oclc=663097550 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0qojvF1SpUC&pg=PA3}}</ref> De importance of insulin insyd de disease be determined insyd de 1920s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zaccardi F, Webb DR, Yates T, Davies MJ | title = Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 90-year perspective | journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal | volume = 92 | issue = 1084 | pages = 63–9 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26621825 | doi = 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133281 | s2cid = 28169759 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Sister project links|display=Diabetes mellitus}} * [https://diabetesatlas.org/ IDF Diabetes Atlas 2021] * [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases] * [https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] * [https://diabetesjournals.org/care/issue/48/Supplement_1 ADA's Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes 2025] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Diabetes Mellitus Type 2}} [[Category:Aging-associated diseases]] [[Category:Types of diabetes]] [[Category:Medical conditions wey relate to obesity]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] nijs0prh3vdf4oqpcqsj25tpv0kmgai 14 26883 98131 2026-05-15T22:45:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98131 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 26884 98132 2026-05-15T22:47:20Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1456364|Albinism in humans]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98145 98132 2026-05-15T23:19:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Albinism be a congenital condition characterized insyd humans by de partial anaa complete absence of pigment insyd de skin, hair den eyes. Albinism be associated plus a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, den [[amblyopia]]. De visual abnormalities wey dey regard albinism be mainly caused by reduced melanin during optic development, wey dey lead to misrouting of optic nerve fibers den underdevelopment of de fovea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=Magella M. |last2=Padhy |first2=Srikanta Kumar |last3=Ramamurthy |first3=Srishti |last4=Takkar |first4=Brijesh |last5=Jalali |first5=Subhadra |last6=Cp |first6=Deepika |last7=Padhi |first7=Tapas Ranjan |last8=Robson |first8=Anthony G. |date=2022-05-24 |title=Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives |url=https://www.dovepress.com/ophthalmological-manifestations-of-oculocutaneous-and-ocular-albinism--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |language=English |volume=16 |pages=1569–1587 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S329282 |pmc=9148211 |pmid=35637898}}</ref> Lack of skin pigmentation dey make for more susceptibility to sunburn den skin cancers. Insyd rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism fi be associated plus deficiencies insyd de transportation of melanin granules. Dis sanso dey affect essential granules present insyd immune cells, wey dey lead to increased susceptibility to infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J. |last2=De Domenico |first2=I. |last3=Ward |first3=D. M. |date=2008 |title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=Current Opinion in Hematology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce |pmid=18043242 |s2cid=43243529}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == lsyupg56f8wfjmfv6ekx04zwsa4heli 98146 98145 2026-05-15T23:25:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Albinism be a congenital condition characterized insyd humans by de partial anaa complete absence of pigment insyd de skin, hair den eyes. Albinism be associated plus a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, den [[amblyopia]]. De visual abnormalities wey dey regard albinism be mainly caused by reduced melanin during optic development, wey dey lead to misrouting of optic nerve fibers den underdevelopment of de fovea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=Magella M. |last2=Padhy |first2=Srikanta Kumar |last3=Ramamurthy |first3=Srishti |last4=Takkar |first4=Brijesh |last5=Jalali |first5=Subhadra |last6=Cp |first6=Deepika |last7=Padhi |first7=Tapas Ranjan |last8=Robson |first8=Anthony G. |date=2022-05-24 |title=Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives |url=https://www.dovepress.com/ophthalmological-manifestations-of-oculocutaneous-and-ocular-albinism--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |language=English |volume=16 |pages=1569–1587 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S329282 |pmc=9148211 |pmid=35637898}}</ref> Lack of skin pigmentation dey make for more susceptibility to sunburn den skin cancers. Insyd rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism fi be associated plus deficiencies insyd de transportation of melanin granules. Dis sanso dey affect essential granules present insyd immune cells, wey dey lead to increased susceptibility to infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J. |last2=De Domenico |first2=I. |last3=Ward |first3=D. M. |date=2008 |title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=Current Opinion in Hematology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce |pmid=18043242 |s2cid=43243529}}</ref> Albinism dey result from inheritance of recessive gene alleles wey be known to affect all vertebrates, wey dey include humans. Chaw genes now be known to cause oculocutaneous albinism, wey include TYR, OSA2, TYRP1,SLC45A2, SLC24AB, den C10orf11, all of wich dey affect both melanin synthesis den melanosome function.<ref>Montoliu, L., Grønskov, K., Wei, A. H., Martínez-García, M., Fernández, A., Arveiler, B., Morice-Picard, F., Riazuddin, S., Suzuki, T., Ahmed, Z. M., Rosenberg, T., & Li, W. (2014). Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism. Pigment cell & melanoma research, 27(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12167</ref> Unlike humans, oda animals get multiple pigments den for dese albinism be considered to be a hereditary condition wey de absence of melanin characterise, in particular insyd de eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers anaa cuticle.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Albinism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12993/albinism |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> While an organism plus complete absence of melanin be called an albino, an organism plus a diminished amount of melanin per be described as leucistic anaa albinoid.<ref name="Tietz">{{Cite journal |last=Tietz |first=W. |date=1963 |title=A Syndrome of Deaf-Mutism Associated with Albinism Showing Dominant Autosomal Inheritance |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–264 |pmc=1932384 |pmid=13985019}}</ref> De term be from de Latin ''albus'', "white". == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 1wsb6lwypwxewhe9d5auqvpi34bk1p9 98147 98146 2026-05-15T23:39:59Z DaSupremo 9 /* Comorbidities */ Improve article 98147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Albinism be a congenital condition characterized insyd humans by de partial anaa complete absence of pigment insyd de skin, hair den eyes. Albinism be associated plus a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, den [[amblyopia]]. De visual abnormalities wey dey regard albinism be mainly caused by reduced melanin during optic development, wey dey lead to misrouting of optic nerve fibers den underdevelopment of de fovea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=Magella M. |last2=Padhy |first2=Srikanta Kumar |last3=Ramamurthy |first3=Srishti |last4=Takkar |first4=Brijesh |last5=Jalali |first5=Subhadra |last6=Cp |first6=Deepika |last7=Padhi |first7=Tapas Ranjan |last8=Robson |first8=Anthony G. |date=2022-05-24 |title=Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives |url=https://www.dovepress.com/ophthalmological-manifestations-of-oculocutaneous-and-ocular-albinism--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |language=English |volume=16 |pages=1569–1587 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S329282 |pmc=9148211 |pmid=35637898}}</ref> Lack of skin pigmentation dey make for more susceptibility to sunburn den skin cancers. Insyd rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism fi be associated plus deficiencies insyd de transportation of melanin granules. Dis sanso dey affect essential granules present insyd immune cells, wey dey lead to increased susceptibility to infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J. |last2=De Domenico |first2=I. |last3=Ward |first3=D. M. |date=2008 |title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=Current Opinion in Hematology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce |pmid=18043242 |s2cid=43243529}}</ref> Albinism dey result from inheritance of recessive gene alleles wey be known to affect all vertebrates, wey dey include humans. Chaw genes now be known to cause oculocutaneous albinism, wey include TYR, OSA2, TYRP1,SLC45A2, SLC24AB, den C10orf11, all of wich dey affect both melanin synthesis den melanosome function.<ref>Montoliu, L., Grønskov, K., Wei, A. H., Martínez-García, M., Fernández, A., Arveiler, B., Morice-Picard, F., Riazuddin, S., Suzuki, T., Ahmed, Z. M., Rosenberg, T., & Li, W. (2014). Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism. Pigment cell & melanoma research, 27(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12167</ref> Unlike humans, oda animals get multiple pigments den for dese albinism be considered to be a hereditary condition wey de absence of melanin characterise, in particular insyd de eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers anaa cuticle.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Albinism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12993/albinism |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> While an organism plus complete absence of melanin be called an albino, an organism plus a diminished amount of melanin per be described as leucistic anaa albinoid.<ref name="Tietz">{{Cite journal |last=Tietz |first=W. |date=1963 |title=A Syndrome of Deaf-Mutism Associated with Albinism Showing Dominant Autosomal Inheritance |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–264 |pmc=1932384 |pmid=13985019}}</ref> De term be from de Latin ''albus'', "white". == Comorbidities == Albinism sanso fi be a feature alongside several syndromes:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albinism (Concept Id: C0001916) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/182 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> * ABCD syndrome * Albinism-hearing loss syndrome *Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, insyd partial albinism <ref>{{Citation |last=Ajitkumar |first=Anitha |title=Chediak-Higashi Syndrome |date=2026 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507881/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939658 |last2=Zeppieri |first2=Marco}} </ref> * Deafness, congenital, plus total albinism * Ermine phenotype insyd partial albinism * Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 1 to 11 (wey dey exclude 9) * Microcephaly-albinism-digital anomalies syndrome * Ocular albinism plus late-onset sensorineural deafness * Ocular albinism, type II * Oculocutaneous albinism types 1B, 3 to 7 * Tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism * Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism * Vici syndrome * Waardenburg syndrome, type 2A == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] orodg60idqbexy2nwkqr44v5p2mdwed 98148 98147 2026-05-15T23:47:30Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Albinism be a congenital condition characterized insyd humans by de partial anaa complete absence of pigment insyd de skin, hair den eyes. Albinism be associated plus a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus, den [[amblyopia]]. De visual abnormalities wey dey regard albinism be mainly caused by reduced melanin during optic development, wey dey lead to misrouting of optic nerve fibers den underdevelopment of de fovea.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Neveu |first=Magella M. |last2=Padhy |first2=Srikanta Kumar |last3=Ramamurthy |first3=Srishti |last4=Takkar |first4=Brijesh |last5=Jalali |first5=Subhadra |last6=Cp |first6=Deepika |last7=Padhi |first7=Tapas Ranjan |last8=Robson |first8=Anthony G. |date=2022-05-24 |title=Ophthalmological Manifestations of Oculocutaneous and Ocular Albinism: Current Perspectives |url=https://www.dovepress.com/ophthalmological-manifestations-of-oculocutaneous-and-ocular-albinism--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OPTH |journal=Clinical Ophthalmology |language=English |volume=16 |pages=1569–1587 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S329282 |pmc=9148211 |pmid=35637898}}</ref> Lack of skin pigmentation dey make for more susceptibility to sunburn den skin cancers. Insyd rare cases such as Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, albinism fi be associated plus deficiencies insyd de transportation of melanin granules. Dis sanso dey affect essential granules present insyd immune cells, wey dey lead to increased susceptibility to infection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaplan |first1=J. |last2=De Domenico |first2=I. |last3=Ward |first3=D. M. |date=2008 |title=Chediak-Higashi syndrome |journal=Current Opinion in Hematology |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=22–29 |doi=10.1097/MOH.0b013e3282f2bcce |pmid=18043242 |s2cid=43243529}}</ref> Albinism dey result from inheritance of recessive gene alleles wey be known to affect all vertebrates, wey dey include humans. Chaw genes now be known to cause oculocutaneous albinism, wey include TYR, OSA2, TYRP1,SLC45A2, SLC24AB, den C10orf11, all of wich dey affect both melanin synthesis den melanosome function.<ref>Montoliu, L., Grønskov, K., Wei, A. H., Martínez-García, M., Fernández, A., Arveiler, B., Morice-Picard, F., Riazuddin, S., Suzuki, T., Ahmed, Z. M., Rosenberg, T., & Li, W. (2014). Increasing the complexity: new genes and new types of albinism. Pigment cell & melanoma research, 27(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12167</ref> Unlike humans, oda animals get multiple pigments den for dese albinism be considered to be a hereditary condition wey de absence of melanin characterise, in particular insyd de eyes, skin, hair, scales, feathers anaa cuticle.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Albinism |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12993/albinism |access-date=27 January 2015}}</ref> While an organism plus complete absence of melanin be called an albino, an organism plus a diminished amount of melanin per be described as leucistic anaa albinoid.<ref name="Tietz">{{Cite journal |last=Tietz |first=W. |date=1963 |title=A Syndrome of Deaf-Mutism Associated with Albinism Showing Dominant Autosomal Inheritance |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=259–264 |pmc=1932384 |pmid=13985019}}</ref> De term be from de Latin ''albus'', "white". == Comorbidities == Albinism sanso fi be a feature alongside several syndromes:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albinism (Concept Id: C0001916) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/182 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |language=en}}</ref> * ABCD syndrome * Albinism-hearing loss syndrome *Chédiak–Higashi syndrome, insyd partial albinism <ref>{{Citation |last=Ajitkumar |first=Anitha |title=Chediak-Higashi Syndrome |date=2026 |work=StatPearls |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507881/ |access-date=2026-05-15 |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |pmid=29939658 |last2=Zeppieri |first2=Marco}} </ref> * Deafness, congenital, plus total albinism * Ermine phenotype insyd partial albinism * Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome 1 to 11 (wey dey exclude 9) * Microcephaly-albinism-digital anomalies syndrome * Ocular albinism plus late-onset sensorineural deafness * Ocular albinism, type II * Oculocutaneous albinism types 1B, 3 to 7 * Tyrosinase-negative oculocutaneous albinism * Tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism * Vici syndrome * Waardenburg syndrome, type 2A == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q24975362|c=Category:People with albinism|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=albino|species=no}} * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1232/ GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 2] * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1510/ GeneReview/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Oculocutaneous Albinism Type 4] * Dunning, Brian (29 July 2014). [https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4425 "Skeptoid #425: Albinism Facts and Fiction"]. ''Skeptoid''. [[Category:Albinism| ]] [[Category:Autosomal recessive disorders]] [[Category:Dermatologic terminology]] [[Category:Disturbances of human pigmentation]] [[Category:Human skin color]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] lo8fmu1rdgn2oncw8gxx9f4ce0o9oet 0 26885 98133 2026-05-15T22:48:31Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1496156|Breast cancer]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98133 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98151 98133 2026-05-15T23:54:58Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == recjkpmq2pfbtkz84zs4mpzi45lsd61 98152 98151 2026-05-16T00:00:18Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> Risk factors for developing breast cancer dey include [[obesity]], a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having kiddies late insyd life (anaa not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, den a family history of breast cancer.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name="WCR2014">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 5.2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fakhri N, Chad MA, Lahkim M, Houari A, Dehbi H, Belmouden A, El Kadmiri N | title = Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | article-number = 197 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36071255 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-022-01804-x }}</ref> About five to ten percent of cases be de result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> wey dey include ''BRCA'' mutations among odas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer most commonly dey develop insyd cells from de lining of milk ducts den de lobules wey supply dese ducts plus milk.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Cancers wey dey develop from de ducts be known as ductal carcinomas, while those wey dey develope from lobules be known as lobular carcinomas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Der be more dan 18 oda sub-types of breast cancer.<ref name=WCR2014 /> De diagnosis of breast cancer be confirmed by taking a biopsy of de concerning tissue.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Once dem make de diagnosis, further tests be carried out to determine if de cancer spread beyond de breast den wich treatments be most likely to be effective.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == bf78nbv0nusl4d4ve9wj6lb2v1wpuqn 98155 98152 2026-05-16T11:11:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> Risk factors for developing breast cancer dey include [[obesity]], a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having kiddies late insyd life (anaa not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, den a family history of breast cancer.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name="WCR2014">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 5.2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fakhri N, Chad MA, Lahkim M, Houari A, Dehbi H, Belmouden A, El Kadmiri N | title = Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | article-number = 197 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36071255 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-022-01804-x }}</ref> About five to ten percent of cases be de result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> wey dey include ''BRCA'' mutations among odas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer most commonly dey develop insyd cells from de lining of milk ducts den de lobules wey supply dese ducts plus milk.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Cancers wey dey develop from de ducts be known as ductal carcinomas, while those wey dey develope from lobules be known as lobular carcinomas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Der be more dan 18 oda sub-types of breast cancer.<ref name=WCR2014 /> De diagnosis of breast cancer be confirmed by taking a biopsy of de concerning tissue.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Once dem make de diagnosis, further tests be carried out to determine if de cancer spread beyond de breast den wich treatments be most likely to be effective.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer screening fi be instrumental, given say de size of a breast cancer den ein spread be among de most critical factors in predicting de prognosis of de disease. Breast cancers dem find during screening typically be smaller den less likely to have spread outsyd de breast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Cancer Society |date=9 September 2024 |title=American Cancer Society Recommendations for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Training health workers make dem do clinical breast examination fi get potential to detect breast cancer at an early stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sayed |first1=Shahin |last2=Ngugi |first2=Anthony K |last3=Nwosu |first3=Nicole |last4=Mutebi |first4=Miriam C |last5=Ochieng |first5=Powell |last6=Mwenda |first6=Aruyaru S |last7=Salam |first7=Rehana A |date=18 April 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Breast Cancer Group |title=Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=4 |article-number=CD012515 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012515.pub2 |pmc=10122521 |pmid=37070783}}</ref> A 2013 Cochrane review find say na e be unclear whether mammographic screening dey do more harm dan good, in dat a large proportion of women wey test positive turn out dem no get de disease.<ref name="Got2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ | title = Screening for breast cancer with mammography | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD001877 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23737396 | pmc = 6464778 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 }}</ref> A 2009 review for de US Preventive Services Task Force find evidence of benefit insyd those 40 to 70 years of age,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors= Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, Humphrey L|title= Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]|date= November 2009| pmid = 20722173 |journal= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses|location= Rockville, MD|publisher= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|id=Report No.: 10-05142-EF-1}}</ref> den de organization dey recommend screening every two years insyd women ages 50 to 74.<ref name="USPSTFScreen2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL | title = Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26757170 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2886 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r3wzrq6a8nbihy2qfinvymnv6dderdw 98156 98155 2026-05-16T11:19:42Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> Risk factors for developing breast cancer dey include [[obesity]], a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having kiddies late insyd life (anaa not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, den a family history of breast cancer.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name="WCR2014">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 5.2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fakhri N, Chad MA, Lahkim M, Houari A, Dehbi H, Belmouden A, El Kadmiri N | title = Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | article-number = 197 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36071255 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-022-01804-x }}</ref> About five to ten percent of cases be de result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> wey dey include ''BRCA'' mutations among odas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer most commonly dey develop insyd cells from de lining of milk ducts den de lobules wey supply dese ducts plus milk.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Cancers wey dey develop from de ducts be known as ductal carcinomas, while those wey dey develope from lobules be known as lobular carcinomas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Der be more dan 18 oda sub-types of breast cancer.<ref name=WCR2014 /> De diagnosis of breast cancer be confirmed by taking a biopsy of de concerning tissue.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Once dem make de diagnosis, further tests be carried out to determine if de cancer spread beyond de breast den wich treatments be most likely to be effective.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer screening fi be instrumental, given say de size of a breast cancer den ein spread be among de most critical factors in predicting de prognosis of de disease. Breast cancers dem find during screening typically be smaller den less likely to have spread outsyd de breast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Cancer Society |date=9 September 2024 |title=American Cancer Society Recommendations for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Training health workers make dem do clinical breast examination fi get potential to detect breast cancer at an early stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sayed |first1=Shahin |last2=Ngugi |first2=Anthony K |last3=Nwosu |first3=Nicole |last4=Mutebi |first4=Miriam C |last5=Ochieng |first5=Powell |last6=Mwenda |first6=Aruyaru S |last7=Salam |first7=Rehana A |date=18 April 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Breast Cancer Group |title=Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=4 |article-number=CD012515 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012515.pub2 |pmc=10122521 |pmid=37070783}}</ref> A 2013 Cochrane review find say na e be unclear whether mammographic screening dey do more harm dan good, in dat a large proportion of women wey test positive turn out dem no get de disease.<ref name="Got2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ | title = Screening for breast cancer with mammography | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD001877 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23737396 | pmc = 6464778 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 }}</ref> A 2009 review for de US Preventive Services Task Force find evidence of benefit insyd those 40 to 70 years of age,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors= Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, Humphrey L|title= Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]|date= November 2009| pmid = 20722173 |journal= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses|location= Rockville, MD|publisher= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|id=Report No.: 10-05142-EF-1}}</ref> den de organization dey recommend screening every two years insyd women ages 50 to 74.<ref name="USPSTFScreen2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL | title = Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26757170 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2886 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De medications tamoxifen anaa raloxifene fi be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer insyd those wey be at high risk of developing am.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Surgical removal of both breasts be anoda preventive measure insyd sam high risk women.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Insyd those wey be diagnosed plus cancer, several treatments fi be used, wey dey include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, den targeted therapy.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Types of surgery dey vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |date = 26 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110521/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Breast reconstruction fi take place at de time of surgery anaa at a later date.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Insyd those in whom de cancer spread to oda parts of de body, treatments be mostly aimed at improving quality of life den comfort.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] o7yg5g43lqu0rsq9ng3tyypyyaaeeme 98157 98156 2026-05-16T11:27:41Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> Risk factors for developing breast cancer dey include [[obesity]], a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having kiddies late insyd life (anaa not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, den a family history of breast cancer.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name="WCR2014">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 5.2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fakhri N, Chad MA, Lahkim M, Houari A, Dehbi H, Belmouden A, El Kadmiri N | title = Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | article-number = 197 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36071255 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-022-01804-x }}</ref> About five to ten percent of cases be de result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> wey dey include ''BRCA'' mutations among odas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer most commonly dey develop insyd cells from de lining of milk ducts den de lobules wey supply dese ducts plus milk.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Cancers wey dey develop from de ducts be known as ductal carcinomas, while those wey dey develope from lobules be known as lobular carcinomas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Der be more dan 18 oda sub-types of breast cancer.<ref name=WCR2014 /> De diagnosis of breast cancer be confirmed by taking a biopsy of de concerning tissue.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Once dem make de diagnosis, further tests be carried out to determine if de cancer spread beyond de breast den wich treatments be most likely to be effective.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer screening fi be instrumental, given say de size of a breast cancer den ein spread be among de most critical factors in predicting de prognosis of de disease. Breast cancers dem find during screening typically be smaller den less likely to have spread outsyd de breast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Cancer Society |date=9 September 2024 |title=American Cancer Society Recommendations for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Training health workers make dem do clinical breast examination fi get potential to detect breast cancer at an early stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sayed |first1=Shahin |last2=Ngugi |first2=Anthony K |last3=Nwosu |first3=Nicole |last4=Mutebi |first4=Miriam C |last5=Ochieng |first5=Powell |last6=Mwenda |first6=Aruyaru S |last7=Salam |first7=Rehana A |date=18 April 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Breast Cancer Group |title=Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=4 |article-number=CD012515 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012515.pub2 |pmc=10122521 |pmid=37070783}}</ref> A 2013 Cochrane review find say na e be unclear whether mammographic screening dey do more harm dan good, in dat a large proportion of women wey test positive turn out dem no get de disease.<ref name="Got2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ | title = Screening for breast cancer with mammography | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD001877 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23737396 | pmc = 6464778 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 }}</ref> A 2009 review for de US Preventive Services Task Force find evidence of benefit insyd those 40 to 70 years of age,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors= Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, Humphrey L|title= Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]|date= November 2009| pmid = 20722173 |journal= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses|location= Rockville, MD|publisher= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|id=Report No.: 10-05142-EF-1}}</ref> den de organization dey recommend screening every two years insyd women ages 50 to 74.<ref name="USPSTFScreen2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL | title = Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26757170 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2886 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De medications tamoxifen anaa raloxifene fi be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer insyd those wey be at high risk of developing am.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Surgical removal of both breasts be anoda preventive measure insyd sam high risk women.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Insyd those wey be diagnosed plus cancer, several treatments fi be used, wey dey include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, den targeted therapy.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Types of surgery dey vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |date = 26 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110521/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Breast reconstruction fi take place at de time of surgery anaa at a later date.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Insyd those in whom de cancer spread to oda parts of de body, treatments be mostly aimed at improving quality of life den comfort.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Outcomes give breast cancer dey vary dey depend on de cancer type, de extent of disease, den de person ein age.<ref name=NCI2014TxProf /> De five-year survival rates insyd [[United States]] den insyd de UK be over 90%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web |title = SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Breast Cancer |url = http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html |website = NCI |access-date = 8 January 2026 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=CRUK>{{Cite web |title=Survival for breast cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/survival |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |language=en}}</ref> In developing countries, five-year survival rates be lower.<ref name=WCR2014 /> Worldwide, breast cancer be de leading type of cancer insyd women, wey dey account for 25% of all cases.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 1.1 }}</ref> Insyd 2018, e result in two million new cases den 627,000 deaths.<ref name=Bra2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A | title = Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries | journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–424 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30207593 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21492 | doi-access = free}}</ref> E be more common insyd developed countries,<ref name=WCR2014 /> wey be more dan 100 times more common insyd women dan insyd men.<ref name="WCR2008">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=World Cancer Report |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232417/http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Male Breast Cancer Treatment |website= [[Cancer.gov]] |year = 2014 |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140704182515/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional |archive-date = 4 July 2014 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 5gk436bhovs0lnijrme3hbdnx6m0lw3 98158 98157 2026-05-16T11:41:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Breast cancer''' be a [[cancer]] wey dey develop from breast tissue.<ref>{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140625232947/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/breast |archive-date = 25 June 2014 |date = January 1980 }}</ref> Signs of breast cancer fi include: a lump insyd de breast, a change insyd breast shape, dimpling of de skin, milk rejection, fluid dey cam from de nipple, a newly inverted nipple, anaa a red anaa scaly patch of skin.<ref name="NCI2014Pt">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |date = 23 May 2014 |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110404/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/Patient/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Insyd those plus distant spread of de disease, der fi be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, anaa yellow skin.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Saunders C, Jassal S |title = Breast cancer |date = 2009 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford |isbn = 978-0-19-955869-8 |page = Chapter 13 |edition = 1. |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123 |archive-date = 25 October 2015 }}</ref> Risk factors for developing breast cancer dey include [[obesity]], a lack of physical exercise, alcohol consumption, [[hormone replacement therapy]] during [[menopause]], ionizing radiation, an early age at first menstruation, having kiddies late insyd life (anaa not at all), older age, having a prior history of breast cancer, den a family history of breast cancer.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /><ref name="WCR2014">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 5.2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fakhri N, Chad MA, Lahkim M, Houari A, Dehbi H, Belmouden A, El Kadmiri N | title = Risk factors for breast cancer in women: an update review | journal = Medical Oncology | volume = 39 | issue = 12 | article-number = 197 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36071255 | doi = 10.1007/s12032-022-01804-x }}</ref> About five to ten percent of cases be de result of an inherited genetic predisposition,<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> wey dey include ''BRCA'' mutations among odas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer most commonly dey develop insyd cells from de lining of milk ducts den de lobules wey supply dese ducts plus milk.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Cancers wey dey develop from de ducts be known as ductal carcinomas, while those wey dey develope from lobules be known as lobular carcinomas.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Der be more dan 18 oda sub-types of breast cancer.<ref name=WCR2014 /> De diagnosis of breast cancer be confirmed by taking a biopsy of de concerning tissue.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Once dem make de diagnosis, further tests be carried out to determine if de cancer spread beyond de breast den wich treatments be most likely to be effective.<ref name=NCI2014Pt /> Breast cancer screening fi be instrumental, given say de size of a breast cancer den ein spread be among de most critical factors in predicting de prognosis of de disease. Breast cancers dem find during screening typically be smaller den less likely to have spread outsyd de breast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=American Cancer Society |date=9 September 2024 |title=American Cancer Society Recommendations for the Early Detection of Breast Cancer |url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/breast-cancer/screening-tests-and-early-detection/american-cancer-society-recommendations-for-the-early-detection-of-breast-cancer.html |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=American Cancer Society}}</ref> Training health workers make dem do clinical breast examination fi get potential to detect breast cancer at an early stage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sayed |first1=Shahin |last2=Ngugi |first2=Anthony K |last3=Nwosu |first3=Nicole |last4=Mutebi |first4=Miriam C |last5=Ochieng |first5=Powell |last6=Mwenda |first6=Aruyaru S |last7=Salam |first7=Rehana A |date=18 April 2023 |editor-last=Cochrane Breast Cancer Group |title=Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2023 |issue=4 |article-number=CD012515 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012515.pub2 |pmc=10122521 |pmid=37070783}}</ref> A 2013 Cochrane review find say na e be unclear whether mammographic screening dey do more harm dan good, in dat a large proportion of women wey test positive turn out dem no get de disease.<ref name="Got2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gøtzsche PC, Jørgensen KJ | title = Screening for breast cancer with mammography | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2013 | issue = 6 | article-number = CD001877 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23737396 | pmc = 6464778 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001877.pub5 }}</ref> A 2009 review for de US Preventive Services Task Force find evidence of benefit insyd those 40 to 70 years of age,<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors= Nelson HD, Tyne K, Naik A, Bougatsos C, Chan B, Nygren P, Humphrey L|title= Screening for Breast Cancer: Systematic Evidence Review Update for the US Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]|date= November 2009| pmid = 20722173 |journal= U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses|location= Rockville, MD|publisher= Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality|id=Report No.: 10-05142-EF-1}}</ref> den de organization dey recommend screening every two years insyd women ages 50 to 74.<ref name="USPSTFScreen2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Siu AL | title = Screening for Breast Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 164 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–96 | date = February 2016 | pmid = 26757170 | doi = 10.7326/M15-2886 | doi-access = free }}</ref> De medications tamoxifen anaa raloxifene fi be used in an effort to prevent breast cancer insyd those wey be at high risk of developing am.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Surgical removal of both breasts be anoda preventive measure insyd sam high risk women.<ref name="WCR2014" /> Insyd those wey be diagnosed plus cancer, several treatments fi be used, wey dey include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, den targeted therapy.<ref name="NCI2014Pt" /> Types of surgery dey vary from breast-conserving surgery to mastectomy.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf">{{cite web |title = Breast Cancer Treatment (PDQ) |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |website = NCI |access-date = 29 June 2014 |date = 26 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140705110521/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/breast/healthprofessional/page1/AllPages |archive-date = 5 July 2014 }}</ref> Breast reconstruction fi take place at de time of surgery anaa at a later date.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Insyd those in whom de cancer spread to oda parts of de body, treatments be mostly aimed at improving quality of life den comfort.<ref name="NCI2014TxProf" /> Outcomes give breast cancer dey vary dey depend on de cancer type, de extent of disease, den de person ein age.<ref name=NCI2014TxProf /> De five-year survival rates insyd [[United States]] den insyd de UK be over 90%.<ref name=SEER2026>{{cite web |title = SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Breast Cancer |url = http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/breast.html |website = NCI |access-date = 8 January 2026 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=CRUK>{{Cite web |title=Survival for breast cancer |url=https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/breast-cancer/survival |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=www.cancerresearchuk.org |language=en}}</ref> In developing countries, five-year survival rates be lower.<ref name=WCR2014 /> Worldwide, breast cancer be de leading type of cancer insyd women, wey dey account for 25% of all cases.<ref name="WCR2014Epi">{{cite book |title = World Cancer Report 2014 |date = 2014 |publisher = World Health Organization |isbn = 978-92-832-0429-9 |pages = Chapter 1.1 }}</ref> Insyd 2018, e result in two million new cases den 627,000 deaths.<ref name=Bra2018>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A | title = Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries | journal = CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians | volume = 68 | issue = 6 | pages = 394–424 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30207593 | doi = 10.3322/caac.21492 | doi-access = free}}</ref> E be more common insyd developed countries,<ref name=WCR2014 /> wey be more dan 100 times more common insyd women dan insyd men.<ref name="WCR2008">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=World Cancer Report |url=http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720232417/http://www.iarc.fr/en/publications/pdfs-online/wcr/2008/wcr_2008.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=26 February 2011 |publisher=[[International Agency for Research on Cancer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title = Male Breast Cancer Treatment |website= [[Cancer.gov]] |year = 2014 |url = http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional |access-date = 29 June 2014 |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140704182515/http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/malebreast/HealthProfessional |archive-date = 4 July 2014 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q128581|c=Category:Breast cancer|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Breast cancer|species=no}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Breast cancer}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Breast cancer| ]] [[Category:Hereditary cancers]] [[Category:Human female endocrine system]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] q3kj8fi4a9ho5z11evt7atsim91dci8 14 26886 98136 2026-05-15T23:00:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 98136 wikitext text/x-wiki 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