Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.2 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5414 98169 78431 2026-05-16T14:28:23Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Ethiopian Civil Service University | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Type | class="infobox-data" |Public |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Establish | class="infobox-data" |1993 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Presido | class="infobox-data" |Prof. Fikre Dessalegn |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Students | class="infobox-data" |7,000–7,999 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Postgraduates | class="infobox-data" |1,531 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Location | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="locality" style="display:inline">Addis Ababa</div>, <div class="country-name" style="display:inline">[[Ethiopia]]</div><br /><br /><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ethiopian_Civil_Service_University&params=9_01_23_N_38_49_56_E_type:edu_region:ET <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°01′23″N</span> <span class="longitude">38°49′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.02306°N 38.83222°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">9.02306; 38.83222</span></span></span>]</span></span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |Amharic |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141013152907/http://www.ecsu.edu.et/ www.ecsu.edu.et]</span> |} De '''Ethiopian Civil Service University''' ('''ECSU''') be public varsity insyd [[Ethiopia]]. Ein purpose be capacity building forde public sector insyd. Edey locate insyd de capital city of Addis Ababa wey dem found am insyd 1993.<ref>[https://www.unirank.org/et/uni/ethiopian-civil-service-university/ "Ethiopian Civil Service University | Ranking & Review"]. ''www.unirank.org''. Retrieved 2021-03-29.</ref> == Notable alumni == * Alemayehu Atomsa - politician den presido of de Oromia Region<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140306131800/http://www.awrambatimes.com/?p=11586 "Alemayehu Atomsa dies at age 45 after battle with "typhoid fever""]. ''Awramba Times''. 6 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2021.</ref> * Demitu Hambisa Bonsa - Ethiopian government minister.<ref>[https://odi.org/en/events/emerging-evidence-on-invisible-adolescent-girls-tackling-exploitation-and-promoting-resilience/ "Emerging evidence on 'invisible' adolescent girls: tackling exploitation and promoting resilience"]. ''odi.org''. Retrieved 2021-03-29.</ref> * Birtukan Ayano Dadi - judge den diplomat<ref>[https://tuckmagazine.com/2018/11/23/double-success-story-ambassador-birtukan-ayano/ "A woman with a double success story: Ambassador Birtukan Ayano – Tuck Magazine"]. 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2024-06-09.</ref> * Muktar Kedir - former presido of de Oromia Region * Ambachew Mekonnen - presido of de Amhara Region<ref>[https://www.ezega.com/News/NewsDetails/6991/Gedu-Andargachew-Resigns-Ambachew-Mekonnen-Elected-Chief-Administrator-of-Amhara-Region "Gedu Andargachew Resigns; Ambachew Mekonnen Elected Chief Administrator of Amhara Region"]. ''Ezega''. 8 March 2019. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</ref> * Muktar Kedir - former presido of de Oromia Region * Ahmed Shide - Minister of Finance of Ethiopia<ref>[http://live.worldbank.org/experts/ahmed-shide "Ahmed Shide Minister of Finance, Ethiopia"]. Retrieved 2021-05-31.</ref> == References == [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1993]] <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141013152907/http://www.ecsu.edu.et/ Ethiopian Civil Service University] [[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Ethiopia]] [[Category:Civil service colleges]] [[Category:1993 establishments insyd Ethiopia]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1993]] [[Category:Education insyd Addis Ababa]] 333g4qhh3alrhyzpshtgafe72gnbbwy 0 13080 98179 51668 2026-05-17T05:47:15Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sahrij Madrasa''' anaa '''Madrasa al-Sahrij'''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1736|title=Madrasa al-Sahrij|website=Archnet|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> (sam times sanso be '''Sihrij Madrasa'''<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last=Parker|first=Richard|title=A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco|publisher=The Baraka Press|year=1981|location=Charlottesville, VA|pages=144–145}}</ref>) (Arabic: مدرسة الصهريج, <small>romanized:</small> ''madrasat as-sahrij'') be a madrasa insyd Fez, [[Morocco]]. De madrasa dey locate insyd Fes el Bali, de old medina quarter of de city. De madrasa dey date back to de 14th century during de golden age of Fez under Marinid rule. De madrasa dey locate near Al Andalus Mosque wey e sanso connect to anoda, smaller, madrasa dem build for de same time, de Sba'iyyin Madrasa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Le Tourneau|first=Roger|title=Fès avant le protectorat: étude économique et sociale d'une ville de l'occident musulman|publisher=Société Marocaine de Librairie et d'Édition|year=1949|location=Casablanca|pages=69}}</ref> == History == === Historical background den function === [[File:Medersa_Sahridj_central_bassin.png|left|thumb|De Sahrij Madrasa circa 1922, before modern restorations]] Na Abu al-Hassan commission de madrasa insyd 1321, wey for dat time a prince den heir apparent to ein poppie, Sultan Abu Sa'id Uthman II.<ref name=":0"/> A foundation inscription dem carve onto an onyx plaque insyd de prayer hall dey record say na dem plete construction insyd Rabi' I 1323 wey teaching begin for dis time.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Salmon|first=Xavier|title=Fès mérinide: Une capitale pour les arts, 1276-1465|publisher=Lienart|year=2021|isbn=9782359063356|pages=146–156}}</ref> Abu al-Hasan reportedly build de madrasa insyd honour of ein poppie.<ref name=":12">Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Maghreb - Architecture" in Hattstein, Markus and Delius, Peter (eds.) ''Islam: Art and Architecture''. h.f.ullmann. p. 312.</ref> He go on cam turn sultan insyd 1331 wey na he be a prolific patron of mosques den madrasas insyd Fes.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070742/https://www.maghress.com/attajdid/107298 مدرسة الصهريج.. من أجمل المعالم التاريخية المرينية]. ''Maghress''. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</ref> According to ein foundation inscription, na dem originally know de madrasa as ''al-Madrasa al-Kubra'' (de "Greater Madrasa") secof na ebe larger dan de oda madrasas of de same era.<ref name=":5"/> E sanso mark a significant evolution insyd de richness of ein decoration, den dey feature sam of de earliest ''zellij'' (mosaic tilework) make dem find insyd any Moroccan madrasa.<ref name=":122"/><ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Marçais|first=Georges|title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident|publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques|year=1954|location=Paris|pages=287}}</ref> Na dem report say de madrasa ein construction cost 100,000 gold pieces.<ref name=":0"/> Later dem cam know am as de ''Madrasa as-Sahrij'' for de iconic s''ahrij'' (water basin) insyd de center of ein courtyard (''sahn''). Abu al-Hassan sanso build anoda smaller madrasa wey dey adjoin am, dem commission am insyd 1323 wey ebe initially known as de ''al-Madrasa es-Sughra'' (de "Lesser/Smaller Madrasa").<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmf.org/project/sahrij-and-sbaiyin-madrassa-complex|title=Sahrij and Sbaiyin Madrassa Complex|website=World Monuments Fund|language=en|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> Later dem cam know dat madrasa as de ''Madrasa as-Sba'iyyin'' (roughly: "Madrasa of those wey teach de Seven Recitations of de [[Quran|Qur'an]]"), de name wey e still get today, presumably secof de madrasa ein specialization insyd dis subject.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=189–190}}</ref> Together, dese two madrasas provide both lodging den teaching give students wey dey study for de nearby Andalus Mosque, much as de [[Saffarin Madrasa|Seffarine]] den [[Al-Attarine Madrasa|al-Attarine]] Madrasas serve students for de al-[[University of al-Qarawiyyin|Qarawiyyin Mosque]] across de river. Na dem sanso accompany de madrasas by anoda ''funduq'' anaa hospice, buh na e since disappear. Na dem assign de madrasa a ''faqih'' (judge den expert insyd Islamic jurisprudence) den a number of oda positions such as lecturers den Qur'an reciters, na all of whom dem provide plus accommodations den salaries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last1=Touri|first1=Abdelaziz|title=Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre|last2=Benaboud|first2=Mhammad|last3=Boujibar El-Khatib|first3=Naïma|last4=Lakhdar|first4=Kamal|last5=Mezzine|first5=Mohamed|publisher=Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers|year=2010|isbn=978-3902782311|edition=2}}</ref> Na dem fund de madrasa ein upkeep den operations insyd large part by charitable endowments dem designate under a ''habous'' anaa ''waqf'' (a trust under Islamic law).<ref name=":3"/> For addition to ein function as an educational institution, Marinid madrasas like dis one sanso fi serve as centers of community life, wey dey function as a mosque, guesthouse, den venue for local ceremonies. === Restorations === Na dem restore de madrasa chaw times, wey dey include during de Saadian period (16th-early 17th century) den again between 1917 den 1924 by de ''Service des Beaux-Arts'' under de French Protectorate.<ref name=":1"/> Na de madrasa complex eventually fall into neglect. Na der be initial efforts make dem repair den protect an insyd de 2000s, wey dey include from de World Monuments Fund, buh de madrasa suffer from further vandalism, wey dey include serious damage dem do to de adjoining Sba'iyyin Madrasa insyd 2009 secof looting.<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://readingmorocco.blogspot.com/2009/02/thieves-target-14th-century-world.html|title=Reading Morocco: Thieves Target 14th Century World Heritage Site Madrasa in Fez|last=Sumayya|date=2009-02-13|website=Reading Morocco|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> Na dem recently restore two madrasas by de local heritage agency ADER-Fès wey dem reopen am insyd 2017, as part of a wider program of rehabilitation for Fes el-Bali wich start insyd 2013.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://visitefes.com/la-magnifique-renovation-des-27-monuments-de-fes/|title=La magnifique rénovation des 27 monuments de Fès – Conseil Régional du Tourisme (CRT) de Fès|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapfes.ma/fr/les-medersas-de-fes-une-richesse-patrimoniale-et-civilisationnelle/|title=Les médersas de Fès, une richesse patrimoniale et civilisationnelle|date=2020-03-10|website=MapFes|language=fr-FR|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> Upon de restoration ein completion, na dem earmark de Sahrij Madrasa make e house students of de Qarawiyyin University den make e serve de university ein courses for Arabic calligraphy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LesEco.ma|date=2017-05-24|title=Fès renoue avec son passé de cité des médersas|url=https://leseco.ma/maroc/fes-renoue-avec-son-passe-de-cite-des-medersas.html|access-date=2023-02-22|website=LesEco.ma|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Madrasas insyd Fez, Morocco]] [[Category:14th-century establishments insyd Morocco]] [[Category:Marinid architecture]] [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] 8i7pr7dyzb09bnzwspm7vb5937na6qb 0 14568 98168 56146 2026-05-16T13:28:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eid al-Fitr''' (Arabic: عيد الفطر, romanized: ʿĪd al-Fiṭr, lit. 'Festival of Breaking de Fast') be de first of de two main festivals insyd Islam, de oda be [[Eid al-Adha]]. E dey fall on de first day of Shawwal, de tenth month of de Islamic calendar.Eid al-Fitr be celebrated by Muslims worldwide secof e dey mark de end of de [[Fasting in Islam|month-long dawn-to-dusk fasting (''sawm'')]] of [[Ramadan]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|title=Eid al-Fitr {{!}} Definition, Meaning, Celebration, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr|access-date=2022-05-01|website=www.britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501124730/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Eid-al-Fitr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barr|first1=Sabrina|title=Eid al-Adha 2019: When is it, How is it celebrated and How to Wish Someone Happy Eid|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html|work=Independent|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811153557/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html|archive-date=11 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> De holiday be known under chaw oda names insyd different languages den countries around de world. Eid al-Fitr get a particular ''[[salah]]'' wey dey consist of two [[Rak'a|''rakats'']] dem generally performed insyd an open field anaa large hall. E fi be perform for congregation insyd per (''jamāʿat'') wey dey feature six additional ''Takbirs'' (dey raise of de hands to de ears whilst dem dey recite de Takbir, dey say "Allāhu ʾAkbar", wey dey mean "God be de greatest"). Insyd de Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, der be three ''Takbirs'' for de start of de first ''rakat'' den three just before ''rukūʿ'' insyd de second ''rakat''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/eidshawwal.htm|title=Eid al-Fitr and the six supplementary fasts of Shawwal|website=Inter-islam.org|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726145842/http://www.inter-islam.org/Actions/eidshawwal.htm|archive-date=26 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda Sunni schools usually get 12 ''Takbirs'', dem similarly split insyd groups of seven den five. Insyd Shia Islam, de ''salat'' get six ''Takbirs'' insyd de first ''rakat'' for de end of ''Tilawa'', before ''rukūʿ'', den five insyd de second.<ref>{{Cite web|title=نماز عید فطر چگونه اقامه می‌شود؟|url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/news/5680037/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%AF|website=fa|date=13 February 2018|access-date=2025-04-06|language=fa}}</ref> Dey depend on de juristic opinion of de locality, dis ''salat'' be either ''farḍ'' ({{lang|ar|فرض}}, obligatory) anaa ''mustaḥabb'' (dem strongly recommend). After de ''salat'', Muslims dey celebrate de Eid al-Fitr insyd chaw ways plus chow be a central theme,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://islamfaith.com/the-beauty-of-eid-explained/|title=How Do Muslims Celebrate Eid? The Beauty of Eid Explained|date=21 August 2018|website=Islam Faith|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144107/https://islamfaith.com/the-beauty-of-eid-explained/|url-status=live}}</ref> wich sanso dey give de holiday de nickie "Sweet Eid" anaa "Sugar Feast".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/eid-al-fitr-muslim-festival-food-eat-fasting-ramadan-a9529361.html|title=What food is eaten during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Fitr?|website=Independent.co.uk|date=23 May 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=14 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114004124/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/eid-al-fitr-muslim-festival-food-eat-fasting-ramadan-a9529361.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4cmkmn|title=How is Eid al-Fitr celebrated around the world? – BBC Bitesize|publisher=BBC|date=|accessdate=2021-12-17|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510144720/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z4cmkmn|url-status=live}}</ref> == History == According to Muslim tradition, na [[Muhammad]] institute de celebration of Eid al-Fitr.<ref name="Britannica" /> According to a certain [[hadith]], na dem initiate dese festivals insyd Medina after de migration of Muhammad from [[Mecca]]. Na Anas ibn Malik, a companion of Muhammad, narrate dat wen Muhammad arrive insyd [[Medina]], na he find people wey dey celebrate two specific days insyd wich dem entertain demaselves plus recreation. Muhammad then remark dat na God fix two mandatory days of festivity: Eid al-Fitr dem [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Musnad, vol. 4, 141–142, (no. 13210).</ref> [[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]] == General rituals == Eid al-Fitr dey begin at sunset for de night of de first sighting of de crescent moon. De night for wich na dem sight de moon be celebrated as ''Chand Raat'' insyd countries like Bangladesh. If dem no observe de moon immediately after de 29th day of de previous lunar month (either secof clouds block ein view anaa secof de western sky be still too bright wen de moon dey set), then dem go celebrate de holiday de day wey dey follow.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adewunmi|first1=Bim|title=When is Eid 2014? It could be Monday or Tuesday, it might be Sunday|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/jul/25/when-is-eid-2014-ramadan-shawwal|website=The Guardian|date=25 July 2014|access-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726004152/http://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2014/jul/25/when-is-eid-2014-ramadan-shawwal|archive-date=26 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem dey celebrate Eid al-Fitr for one to three days, dey depend for de country top.<ref name="aljazeera/June">{{cite web|title=Eid al-Fitr 2019: Everything you need to know|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/eid-al-fitr-2019-190603070303923.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603215352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/eid-al-fitr-2019-190603070303923.html|archive-date=3 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Ebe forbidden make dem fast for de Day of Eid, wey dem dey nominate a specific prayer for dis day.<ref name="Deborah">{{cite book|last1=Heiligman|first1=Deborah|title=Celebrate Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr with Praying, Fasting, and Charity|year=2009|publisher=National Geographic Children's Books|isbn=978-0792259268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59YTCOcfU0MC&q=Eid+al-Fitr+prayer|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=4 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904055552/https://books.google.com/books?id=59YTCOcfU0MC&q=Eid+al-Fitr+prayer|url-status=live}}</ref> As an obligatory act of charity, dem dey bia money to de poor den de needy (''[[zakat al-Fitr]]'') before dem go perform de 'Eid prayer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicfinder.org/articles/article.php?id=405&lang|title=Articles and FAQs about Islam, Muslims|website=Islamicfinder.org|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828030557/http://www.islamicfinder.org/articles/article.php?id=405&lang|archive-date=28 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> === Eid prayer === [[File:Azeri_carpet_(Sirvan_group).jpg|left|thumb|Chaw Muslims often dey bring prayer rugs to de mosque on Eid al-Fitr.]] Dem dey perform de Eid prayer by de congregation insyd an open area such as a field, community center, anaa mosque.<ref name="aljazeera/June"/> Dem no dey give call to prayer for dis Eid prayer, den e dey consist of two [[Rak'a|rakaʿāt]] per, plus a variable amount of ''takbirs'' den oda prayer elements wey dey depend on de branch of Islam dem observe. De Eid prayer be followed by de khutbah den then a dua wey dey biz for God ein forgiveness, mercy, peace den blessings for all living beings across de world. De sermon sanso dey instruct Muslims as to de performance of rituals of Eid, such as de ''[[Zakat|zakāt.]]''<ref>Gaffney, Patrick D. "Khutba." ''Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World''. p. 394.</ref> De sermon of Eid dey take place after de Eid prayer, unlike Friday prayer wich dey cam first before prayer. Sam imams dey believe dat listening to de sermon for Eid be optional.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eid Gebete|url=https://diegebetszeiten.de/eid-gebete/|website=Diegebetszeiten.de|language=de-DE|date=7 January 2020|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=23 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623121927/https://diegebetszeiten.de/eid-gebete/|url-status=live}}</ref> After de prayers, Muslims visit dema relatives, friends, den acquaintances anaa hold large communal celebrations insyd homes, community centers, anaa rented halls. ==== Sunni procedure ==== As ritual dey dictate, Sunnis dey praise God insyd a loud voice while dem dey go to de Eid prayer: Recitation dey cease wen dem get to de place of Eid anaa once de Imam commence activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.albalagh.net/general/shawwal.shtml|title=Shawwal: On Eid Night, Eid Day, and During the Month|author=Mufti Taqi Usmani|website=Albalagh.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816064614/http://albalagh.net/general/shawwal.shtml|archive-date=16 August 2013|access-date=11 August 2013}}</ref> ==== Shia procedure ==== De prayer dey start plus de ''Niyyat'' follow by five ''Takbirs''. During every ''Takbir'' of de first ''rakat'', dem dey recite a special ''Dua.'' Then, de Imam recite ''Sūrat al-Fātiḥah'' den ''Surat Al-'A`lá'' den de congregation perform ''Ruku'' den ''Sujud'' as insyd oda prayers. Insyd de second ''Rakat'', de same above steps (five ''Takbeers, Sūrat al-Fātiḥah'' den ''Surat Al-'A`lá, Ruku'' den ''Sujud'') be repeated. After de prayer, ''Khutbah'' start.<ref>{{cite news|title=Eid al-Fitr prayer in Shia Islam|url=https://www.fardanews.com/fa/news/942394/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|newspaper=پایگاه خبری تحلیلی فردا &#124; Farda News|date=3 June 2019|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616114440/https://www.fardanews.com/fa/news/942394/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%B1-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA|archive-date=16 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> === Post-prayer celebration === During de Eid celebration, Muslims greet each oda by dem dey say ''Eid Mubarak'', wich be Arabic for "Blessed Eid". As e dey cam after a month of fasting, dem often dey prepare den consume sweet dishes den chows during de celebration. Muslims typically dey decorate dema homes, wey dem sanso be encouraged make dem forgive each oda den seek forgiveness. Insyd countries plus large Muslim populations, e be normally a public holiday wey chaw schools den businesses close for de day. Practices dey differ by country den region.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/what-is-eid-al-fitr-and-how-do-muslims-celebrate-it-6-questions-answered-118146|title=What is Eid al-Fitr and how do Muslims celebrate it? 6 questions answered|first=Ken|last=Chitwood|website=The Conversation|date=3 June 2019|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513082929/https://theconversation.com/what-is-eid-al-fitr-and-how-do-muslims-celebrate-it-6-questions-answered-118146|url-status=live}}</ref> == Practices den culture by country == [[File:Countries_where_Eid_al-Fitr_is_an_Official_Public_Holiday.jpeg|thumb|400x400px|Countries wer Eid al-Fitr be official public holiday]] === West Asia === ==== States of de Arabian Peninsula ==== [[File:فرحة_العيد_(edited).jpg|alt=Eid celebrations in Shibam, Yemen|thumb|Eid celebrations insyd Shibam, Yemen]] Insyd de Arab states of de Persian Gulf countries, men go typically buy new ''Thobe'' (traditional white long robe) anaa dye dema existing ''Thobe'' plus walnut oil. Women go wear special clothes for de occasion along plus special perfumes den braids. Most ''majlises'' go offer fruit, dates, tea anaa coffee to visitors. Those wey dey live insyd rural areas tend make dem celebrate more modestly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abudhabiculture.ae:443/en/discover/traditions/celebrating-eid|title=Celebrating Eid|date=1 February 2018|website=Abu Dhabi Culture|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512150343/https://abudhabiculture.ae/en/discover/traditions/celebrating-eid|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem go decorate buildings, shops, roads den houses insyd UAE cities insyd bright festive lights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/eid-al-fitr-celebrations-amid-covid-19-restrictions-in-uae-1.1620733529934|title=Eid Al Fitr celebrations amid COVID-19 restrictions in UAE|website=gulfnews.com|date=11 May 2021|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511131636/https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/eid-al-fitr-celebrations-amid-covid-19-restrictions-in-uae-1.1620733529934|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaw shows such as theatres sanso go occur.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/qatar/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-doha/|title=How to Celebrate Eid-al-Fitr in Doha|first=Farrah|last=Saville|website=Culture Trip|date=14 June 2018|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=11 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511211906/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/qatar/articles/how-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-doha/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== De Levant ==== After de Eid al-Fitr prayer, de people of Jerusalem go decorate de courtyards of de [[al-Aqsa Mosque]] plus toys give kiddies wey komot from all Palestinian areas make dem participate insyd de Eid al-Fitr prayer rituals. Chaw Palestinians go out make dem visit de families of Palestinian prisoners insyd Israel, visit de prisons demaselves, den visit graves make dem lay wreaths for dema top.<ref>{{cite web|title=When is Eid al-Fitr 2022? Here's everything you need to know about the celebration|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/eid-fitr-when-is-it-how-marked-celebration|access-date=2022-05-01|website=Middle East Eye|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503233759/https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/eid-fitr-when-is-it-how-marked-celebration|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma'amoul den Kahk be popular cookie treats baked wey be consumed during Eid insyd de region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://food-heritage.org/eid-al-fitr-celebration/|title=Eid Al-Fitr celebration &#124; Food Heritage Foundation|date=12 June 2018|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215205/https://food-heritage.org/eid-al-fitr-celebration/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Iraq ==== Insyd Iraq, kleicha (de traditional snack)<ref name="BBC"/> den lamb be popular foods.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rojas|first=Nicole|date=2018-06-14|title=Eid Al-Fitr 2018: Celebration marking the end of Ramadan brings feasts, new clothes and gifts|url=https://www.newsweek.com/eid-al-fitr-2018-celebration-marking-end-ramadan-brings-feasts-new-clothes-and-974779|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-10|website=Newsweek|language=en|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142503/https://www.newsweek.com/eid-al-fitr-2018-celebration-marking-end-ramadan-brings-feasts-new-clothes-and-974779}}</ref> De Iraqi Kurds tend make dem visit cemeteries make dem kai dema lost ones one day before de festival. After de prayers, Iraqi Kurdish families go gather togeda for large breakfasts of rice den stew, as well as candies, nuts den caffeinated beverages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/24495-Kurdistan-Region-to-celebrate-Ramadan-feast-on-Thursday|title=Kurdistan Region to celebrate Ramadan feast on Thursday|first=Halgurd|last=Sherwani|date=2021-05-12|website=www.kurdistan24.net|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512164051/https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/story/24495-Kurdistan-Region-to-celebrate-Ramadan-feast-on-Thursday|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Iran ==== [[File:Salat_Eid_al-Fitr_in_Qom_(1394042712061282).jpg|thumb|223x223px|A girlie plus henna for ein hand, during de Eid prayer]] Insyd Iran, wer de occasion be known as '''Eid-e-Fitr''' (Persian: عید فطر), chaw groups of experts wey dey represent de office of Ayatollah Khamenei go to de different zones of de country for de last days of Ramadan make dem determine de date of Eid.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wednesday announced as Eid al-Fitr in Iran|url=http://en.mehrnews.com/news/117876/Wednesday-announced-as-Eid-al-Fitr-in-Iran|agency=Mehr News Agency|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708054746/http://en.mehrnews.com/news/117876/Wednesday-announced-as-Eid-al-Fitr-in-Iran|archive-date=8 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Iranian Muslims dey take part insyd de Eid al-Fitr prayer den dem bia de ''[[Zakat al-Fitr]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iranians Celebrate Eid al-Fitr|url=http://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2016/07/06/1123394/iranians-celebrate-eid-al-fitr|agency=Tasnim News Agency|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707192146/http://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2016/07/06/1123394/iranians-celebrate-eid-al-fitr|archive-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> === Africa === [[File:Yawo_women_on_Eid.jpg|thumb|Group of Yao women wey dey share a meal of ugali during Eid ul-Fitr insyd [[Mozambique]]]] ==== Egypt ==== [[File:Colorful_plastic_ramadan_lanterns.jpg|thumb|Colorful Ramadan lanterns (''fanous'') at a ''souk'' insyd [[Egypt]]]] Egyptians spend de first day of Eid al-Fitr make dem gather all family members den celebrate de Eid at public gardens. Ebe customary for kiddies make dem sanso receive an ''Eidi'', a small sum of money make dem spend on activities thru out de Eid.<ref>{{cite web|title=Where Egyptians spend 1st day of Eid al-Fitr?|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/71252/Where-Egyptians-spend-1st-day-of-Eid-al-Fitr|website=Egypt Today|date=5 June 2019|access-date=5 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608033245/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/71252/Where-Egyptians-spend-1st-day-of-Eid-al-Fitr|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Egyptians like make dem celebrate plus odas, so de streets always be crowded during de days den nights of Eid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/eid.htm|title=Egypt's Eid: Celebration for the Young and Old|website=Tour Egypt|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024162545/http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/eid.htm|archive-date=24 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Nigeria ==== Eid be popularly known as Small Sallah insyd [[Nigeria]]. During de day, people generally greet each oda by dem dey say ''Barka Da Sallah'', wich wen dem translate dey mean "Greetings on Sallah" insyd de [[Hausa people|Hausa]] language. De celebrations dey last as long as three days.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/us/76874-shades-of-eid-celebration|title=Shades of Eid celebration|last=Magazine Desk|website=The News International|location=Pakistan|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142849/https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/us/76874-shades-of-eid-celebration|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Tunisia ==== [[Tunisia]] dey celebrate Eid for three days (plus preparations wey dey start chaw days earlier), two of wich be national holidays. Special Sweets den biscuits, wey dey include Baklava den chaw kinds of "ka'ak", marzipan, cookies be made anaa bought make dem give to friends den relatives on de day.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Canli|first1=Enes|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kaak-tunisias-quintessential-eid-al-fitr-dessert/1177227|title=Kaak: Tunisia's quintessential Eid al-Fitr dessert|publisher=Anadolu Agency|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127191419/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/kaak-tunisias-quintessential-eid-al-fitr-dessert/1177227|archive-date=27 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Kiddies receive gifts from parents den elderly relatives, usually money anaa even toys. Dem sanso dey invite close friends den relatives for de Eid dinner. After Eid dinner people love make dem sing den dance. ==== Somalia ==== Insyd [[Somalia]] den oda Islamic parts of de Horn region, dem dey observe Eid al-Fitr by de Muslim communities. Celebrations wey dey mark de event be typically accompanied by elaborate banquets, wer special dishes such as ''xalwo'' (halwo) den buskut (buskuit) be served.<ref>Barlin Ali, ''Somali Cuisine'' (AuthorHouse: 2007), p. 79</ref> ==== Tanzania ==== Muslims insyd [[Tanzania]] dey celebrate Eid al-Fitr, wen dem normally dey dress insyd fine clothes den decorate dema homes plus lights. Dem dey prepare den share special chows plus family den visitors, while kiddies receive gifts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/sound-living/this-is-how-tanzanians-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-2594118|title=This is how Tanzanians celebrate Eid ul-fitr|website=The Citizen|date=April 2021|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215204/https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/sound-living/this-is-how-tanzanians-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-2594118|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== South Africa ==== [[File:Eid_celebration_2014_in_Durban.jpg|thumb|Muslims insyd Durban during Eid al-Fitr prayers]] Insyd Cape Town, hundreds of Muslims—each plus sam thing make dem share plis odas at de time of de breaking of de fast—gather at Green Point insyd de evening of de last day of [[Ramadan]] for de sighting of de moon. ==== Morocco ==== [[File:Eid_in_Morocco.JPG|thumb|Eid al-Fitr mass prayer insyd [[Morocco]]]] '''Eid es-Seghir''' be de name of Eid al-Fitr among Moroccans. Chaw families get a tradition of make dem dey buy new clothes guve dema kiddies during de holiday. Common chow choices for eid dinner dey include couscous, lamb anaa beef brochettes den odas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/eid-al-fitr-in-morocco-2394820|title=Eid Al-Fitr Celebration in Morocco|website=The Spruce Eats|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143947/https://www.thespruceeats.com/eid-al-fitr-in-morocco-2394820|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de north, musicians play Andalusian music wey be accompanied by fast clapping.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://blog.atairbnb.com/celebrating-eid-al-fitr/|title=Eid for all: celebrating Eid-al-Fitr from Istanbul to Philly|date=25 July 2014|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512000845/https://blog.atairbnb.com/celebrating-eid-al-fitr/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Ethiopia ==== Eid be an important event give Muslims insyd [[Ethiopia]], wey form de largest Muslim community insyd East Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/05/24/no-mass-eid-prayers-but-festive-spirit-alive/|title=No Mass Eid Prayers but Festive Spirit Alive – Ethiopian Monitor|publisher=Ethiopianmonitor.com|date=24 May 2020|accessdate=2021-12-17|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512155048/https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2020/05/24/no-mass-eid-prayers-but-festive-spirit-alive/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Sudan ==== Insyd [[Sudan]], wer 97% of de population be Muslim,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/|title=About Sudan|date=9 January 2011|website=United Nations Development Programme|access-date=11 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123060255/http://www.sd.undp.org/content/sudan/en/home/countryinfo/|archive-date=23 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> preparations for Eid begin de last few days of Ramadan. For days, ''ka'ak'' (sugar powdered cookies), ''bettifour'' (dry baked goods wey dey include dainty biscuits, baked meringues den macaroons—wey dem derive ein name from de French ''petit four''), den popcorn be baked insyd large batches make dem serve to guests den to give to family den friends; dressy Eid clothes be either shopped for anaa sewn; girlies den women decorate dema hands den feet plus henna; den parts of de house even fi be painted. ==== Senegal ==== De holiday be widely called '''Korité''' insyd [[Senegal]] den elsewhere across [[West Africa]]. Ebe a national holiday, dem celebrate for three days, plus families normally get new clothes dem make give de holiday. Dem normally dey exchange gifts den donations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.createaction.org/blog/korite-celebrations/|title=Korité: Celebrating the end of Ramadan in both countries &#124; Blog Posts &#124; CREATE!|first=CREATE Field|last=Staff|date=8 July 2016|website=Create|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://www.createaction.org/blog/korite-celebrations/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Ivory Coast ==== Insyd de [[Ivory Coast]], Eid be a large feast among Muslims. De celebration dey last between two den ten days dey depend on region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|title=Côte d'Ivoire|isbn=9781502647351|last1=Duling|first1=Kaitlyn|last2=Sheehan|first2=Patricia|last3=Ong|first3=Jacqueline|year=2019|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512155045/https://books.google.com/books?id=MbfXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|url-status=live}}</ref> === Central Asia === ==== Tajikistan ==== Insyd Tajikistan de holiday be known as ''Idi Ramazon''<ref>{{cite web|title=Tajikistan – Cultural life|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005103136/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan|url-status=live}}</ref> wey ebe a national holiday.<ref>{{cite web|last=|date=2013-05-20|title=2012 International Religious Freedom Report – Tajikistan|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1029381.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-09-30|website=European Country of Origin Information Network|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930232439/https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1029381.html}}</ref> ==== Kyrgyzstan ==== Insys Kyrgyzstan de day be known as '''Orozo Ait''' (Kyrgyz: Орозо айт). De local population dey celebrate insyd chaw ways such as by partying, eating den singing. Festivals often dey feature long distance horse racing den oda horse-based sports. People go tend make dem wear fancy den bright clothes, while people go sing Jaramazan tunes den receive cooked bread, candy anaa cash in return.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Kyrgyzstan/sub8_5b/entry-4753.html|title=Holidays, Festivals and Funerals in Kyrgyzstan &#124; Facts and Details|first=Jeffrey|last=Hays|website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302045258/http://factsanddetails.com/central-asia/Kyrgyzstan/sub8_5b/entry-4753.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kyrgyz.net.my/festival.html|title=Festival – Discover Kyrgyzstan the blend of modern and traditional styles of living|website=www.kyrgyz.net.my|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215205/https://www.kyrgyz.net.my/festival.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Uzbekistan ==== '''Ramazon Hayit''' anaa '''Roʻza hayiti''' be a public holiday insyd Uzbekistan wey ebe widely celebrated. Dem dey prepare traditional pastry such as kush-tili, plov den chak-chak by Uzbek families de day before Eid al-Fitr for consumption. Businesses tend make dem sell a high range of candies den kiddies dema toys during dis period.<ref name="auto1"/> ==== Kazakhstan ==== Dem know am as '''Oraza Ait''' (Ораза айт) Kazakh Muslims tend make dem visit each oda during de celebration den dey hand out fried doughnuts such as baursaki to odas. However mutton, soup, tea den ''kymyz'' (horse milk) sanso be popular chow den drinks during de holiday.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls_3FGN8XyAC&pg=PA43|title=Ramadan|first=Amy Hackney|last=Blackwell|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438125749|via=Google Books|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204529/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ls_3FGN8XyAC&pg=PA43|url-status=live}}</ref> === South Asia === ==== Afghanistan ==== [[File:An_Afghan_child_eats_a_piece_of_candy_received_as_a_gift_during_a_celebration_of_the_Islamic_religious_holiday_of_Eid_al-Fitr_in_the_Garmsir_district_of_Helmand_province,_Afghanistan,_Aug_110831-M-ED643-011.jpg|thumb|An Afghan kiddie wey dey chop a piece of candy he receive as a gift on Eid al-Fitr]] Insyd de predominantly Sunni Muslim culture of [[Afghanistan]], Eid al-Fitr dey hold significant importance wey ebe celebrated widely for three days. E popularly dey involve special festivities give kiddies den de youngest members of families.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-10-most-delicious-eid-al-fitr-foods-and-dishes-from-around-the-world/|title=The 10 Most Delicious Eid al-Fitr Foods and Dishes From Around the World|first=Lauren|last=Cocking|website=Culture Trip|date=27 April 2017|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://theculturetrip.com/europe/united-kingdom/articles/the-10-most-delicious-eid-al-fitr-foods-and-dishes-from-around-the-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> De most common greeting be ''Akhtar mo Mubarak sha'' (Eid Mubarak) insyd de Pashto-speaking community. Afghans start dey prepare give de Eid al-Fitr festival up to ten days prior by dem dey clean dema homes (dem call ''Khana Takani'' insyd Dari).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pashto Dictionary|url=https://thepashto.com/word.php?roman=Akhtar%20mo%20mubarak%20sha|access-date=2024-04-11|website=thepashto.com}}</ref> Afghans dey visit dema local bazaars make dem buy new clothes, sweets, den snacks wey dey include ''Jalebi'', ''Shor-Nakhod'' (dem make plus chickpeas), ''Cake wa Kolcha'' (a simple cake, similar to pound cake). De traditional ''Bolani'' (vegetarian flatbreads) be a popular meal during Eid al-Fitr insyd Afghanistan. ==== India ==== [[File:Eid_al-Fitr_Namaz.jpg|thumb|Indian Muslims dey offer dema ‘Eid al-Fitr’ prayer for de [[Taj Mahal]], Agra, [[India]]]] Eid be a public holiday insyd [[India]]. De holiday dey begin after de sighting of de new moon for Chand Raat. On dat evening, people dey head to markets make dem fini dema shopping for Eid, for clothing den gifts, den begin dey prepare dema chow give de next day. Traditional Eid food often dey include biriyani, ''sheer khurma,'' den ''sivayyan'', a dish of fine, toasted sweet vermicelli noodles plus milk den dried fruit, among oda regionally-specific dishes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Food Events&nbsp;– Eid Celebrations|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/news_and_events/events_eid.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064141/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/news_and_events/events_eid.shtml|archive-date=11 January 2010|website=BBC Food Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Priyadarshini|date=2020-05-23|title=The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html|access-date=2022-04-18|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627130017/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Women den girlies sanso dey put henna on each oda dema hands. Insyd de morning wey dey follow, Muslims go to dema local mosque anaa Eidgah for Eid Namaz den give Eid [[zakat]] before dem return home. Afterwards, dem dey give kiddies Eidi (cash gifts) den friends den relatives visit each oda dema homes make dem chop den celebrate.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-04-22|title=Muslims across India celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr with prayers|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslims-across-india-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-with-prayers/articleshow/99682149.cms|access-date=2023-06-11|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611123323/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muslims-across-india-celebrate-eid-ul-fitr-with-prayers/articleshow/99682149.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Pakistan ==== [[File:Eid_prayers_at_the_Badshahi_Mosque.JPG|thumb|Eid prayers at Badshahi Mosque, insyd Lahore, Pakistan]] Insyd Pakistan, Eid al-Fitr sanso be referred to as 'de Lesser Eid' (Urdu: چھوٹی عید, chhoṭī īd, Punjabi: نکی عید, nikkī īd) anaa 'Sweet Eid' (Urdu: میٹھی عید, mīṭhī īd, Punjabi: مٹھی عید, miṭṭhī īd).<ref name="TheNation2020-06-30-01a">{{cite web|last=Niazi|first=M A|date=9 August 2013|title=A 'Lesser Eid'|url=https://nation.com.pk/09-Aug-2013/a-lesser-eid|access-date=30 June 2020|website=The Nation|publisher=The Nation|location=Pakistan|language=en|quote=In the subcontinent, this Eid, Eid-ul-Fitr, is known as 'Choti Eid', or the 'Lesser Eid'. This immediately sets up a contrast with 'Bari Eid', or the 'Greater Eid', which takes place just two months and a bit later. This distinction is also known in the Arab world, but by calling 'Bari Eid' bari, this Eid is already disadvantaged. It is the 'other Eid'.'Bari Eid', or Eid-ul-Azha, has the advantage of having two major rituals, as both have the prayer, but it alone has a sacrifice. 'Bari Eid' brings all Muslims together in celebrating Hajj, which is itself a reminder of the Abrahamic sacrifice, while 'Choti Eid' commemorates solely the end of the fasting of Ramazan.|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703142752/https://nation.com.pk/09-Aug-2013/a-lesser-eid|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Sri Lanka ==== Sri Lankan Muslims dey like make dem chop watalappam, falooda, samosa, gulab jamun, sheerkurma, oil cake den oda national den regional dishes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/811296/a-sri-lankan-eid-time-to-connect-with-ones-spirituality-family-and-friends|title=A Sri Lankan Eid: A time for family, friends and food|first=Adilah|last=Ismail|website=Scroll.in|date=6 July 2016|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512211746/https://scroll.in/article/811296/a-sri-lankan-eid-time-to-connect-with-ones-spirituality-family-and-friends|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Bangladesh ==== [[File:ঈদুল_ফিতরের_জামাত.jpeg|right|thumb|National eidgah dem decorate]] [[File:Eid_al-Fitr_In_Bangladesh.jpg|right|thumb|Eid prayers for Baitul Mukarram mosque insyd Dhaka, Bangladesh]] Insyd Bangladesh, dem dey celebrate Eid plus great pomp den festivities. De preparation for Eid insyd Bangladesh dey start from de last quarter of de holy month of [[Ramadan]]. De markets den shopping malls cam turn overwhelmed plus people. ==== Nepal ==== Eid be a national holiday insyd Nepal. Nepalese Muslims often dey consume de popular Nepalese dessert sewai (vermicelli pudding) make dem mark de occasion. Dem dey commemorate am thru out de country plus large prayers, dinners den social celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/pragya/article/download/34205/26905|title=Archived copy|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212191611/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/pragya/article/download/34205/26905|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Maldives ==== Celebration insyd de Maldives dey include cultural performances such as fire performances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat55/sub358/item1440.html|title=Ramadan Activities, Celebrations, Special Days and Eid-al-Fitr &#124; Facts and Details|first=Jeffrey|last=Hays|website=factsanddetails.com|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302041724/http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat55/sub358/item1440.html|url-status=live}}</ref> === Southeast Asia === ==== Indonesia ==== [[File:Sholat_Ied_di_Lereng_Sumbing.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Eid al-Fitr prayers on de slopes of Mount Sumbing den Sindoro, precisely at Garung Field, Butuh, Kalikajar District, Wonosobo Regency, Central Java, [[Indonesia]]. ]] [[File:Tradision_of_mandar_culture.jpg|right|thumb|''Pawai Obor'' anaa Torch festival insyd de eve of Eid insyd Majene Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mass exodus, dem locally know as ''mudik'', be well-known Eid culture insyd Indonesia as chaw people homecoming from urban den big cities to rural areas make dem celebrate de Eid.]] Eid be known insyd Indonesia as ''Hari Raya Idul Fitri,'' anaa more popularly as ''Lebaran'', wey ebe a national holiday.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web|url=http://investvine.com/idonesia-prepares-for-idul-fitri/|title=Indonesia prepares for Idul Fitri|first=Todd|last=Watson|date=4 August 2013|work=Inside Investor|access-date=7 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805165249/http://investvine.com/idonesia-prepares-for-idul-fitri/|archive-date=5 August 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd Indonesia, special dishes dey include ketupat, rendang, opor ayam den gulai be served plus gathering plus oda people den dey give sam money to dema relatives. ''Lebaran'' dey continue plus drumming den street parades.<ref name="auto3"/> ==== Malaysia den Singapore ==== Insyd Malaysia, Singapore, den [[Brunei]], Eid be more commonly known as ''Hari Raya Aidilfitri'' (Jawi: هاري راي عيدالفطري), ''Hari Raya Idul Fitri'', ''Hari Raya Puasa'', ''Hari Raya Fitrah'', ''Hari Lebaran'' and sometimes Aidilfitri. ''Hari Raya'' dey mean 'Great Day'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Moslems Hail a 'Great Day'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-city-times-moslems-hail-a/123189838/|newspaper=Oklahoma City Times|date=January 1, 1968|page=12|via=Newspapers.com|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420022949/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-oklahoma-city-times-moslems-hail-a/123189838/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Geylang_Serai_light_up.jpg|thumb|Street festival during Eid insyd Geylang, Singapore]] Insyd Malaysia, especially insyd de major cities, people dey take turns make dem set aside a time give ''open house'' wen dem stay for home make dem receive denentertain neighbours, family den oda visitors. Insyd Malaysia, dem dey give kiddies token sums of money, dem sanso know as "duit raya", from dema parents anaa elders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allmalaysia.info/msiaknow/festivals/rayapuasa.asp|title=Hari Raya Puasa|website=All Malaysia.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203022725/http://allmalaysia.info/msiaknow/festivals/rayapuasa.asp|archive-date=3 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yusof|first1=Mimi Syed|last2=Hafeez|first2=Shahrul|date=30 October 2005|title=When Raya was a bewildering experience|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-114678502.html|newspaper=New Straits Times|page=8|url-access=|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172547/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-114678502.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== Brunei ==== Insyd Brunei, dem dey make a special centrepiece to guests wey dey cam by young ladies of de family dem call de ''kepala meja'' ('head of se table') wer a decorated cake be presented so any man wey wish make he propose den take am for marriage go cut de cake in response. Hie sanso be wer special dishes unique to dis country be served, such as kelupis plus prawn anaa tahai (smoked sardinella) sambal den curry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/oh-the-good-old-raya/|publisher=Borneo Bulletin|title=Oh! The good old Raya|author=Lyna Mohammad|date=May 19, 2022}}</ref> ==== Thailand ==== Der be almost 3 million Muslims insyd Thailand. Insyd de southernmost provinces, wearing gold for Eid be a popular practice der along plus neighbouring Myanmar. Insyd sam parts of de country, Muslim residences go gbele dema homes plus food specialities to visitors.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1008001/embracing-ramadan-throughout-the-years|title=Embracing Ramadan throughout the years|newspaper=Bangkok Post|date=12 June 2016|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204535/https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/special-reports/1008001/embracing-ramadan-throughout-the-years|url-status=live|last1=Pitsuwan|first1=Vichaya}}</ref> ==== Cambodia den Vietnam ==== De Chams comprise de bulk of de Muslim population insyd both Cambodia den Vietnam, den de Eid sanso be known as "''Roya Haji''" among de Muslims der.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tào|first1=Đạt|last2=Danh|first2=Thành|title=Kiên Giang: Thăm, tặng quà đồng bào Chăm dịp kết thúc tháng chay Ramada và Tết Roya Haji|url=https://baodantoc.vn/kien-giang-tham-tang-qua-dong-bao-cham-dip-ket-thuc-thang-chay-ramada-va-tet-roya-haji-1743155235171.htm|website=Dân tộc và Phát triển|access-date=6 April 2025|language=vi|date=28 March 2025}}</ref> Eid sanso be celebrated by de much smaller Muslim community of Vietnam, wich dey make up less dan 0.1% of de population. De Muslim community insyd Vietnam be mostly of de same ethnic as de Cham people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-culture/23371-photos-how-vietnam-s-muslims-celebrate-ramadan,-eid-al-fitr-in-chau-doc|title=[Photos] How Vietnam's Muslims Celebrate Ramadan, Eid Al-Fitr in Chau Doc|last=Ibrahim|first=Abdelaziz|work=The Saigoneer|date=29 May 2019|access-date=20 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420042034/https://saigoneer.com/saigon-culture/23371-photos-how-vietnam-s-muslims-celebrate-ramadan,-eid-al-fitr-in-chau-doc|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Laos ==== Eid al-Fitr insyd Laos be celebrated by de small Muslim community, wey dey include Chams, Pakistani, Malay, den expatriate Muslims. Insyd cities like Vientiane den Savannakhet, Muslims gather for Eid prayers, follow by communal meals den [[Zakat al-Fitr]]. Dem dey share traditional spiced rice dishes den grilled meats, wey dey make de celebration a modest yet meaningful occasion wey dey foster unity den cultural diversity. ==== Myanmar ==== During Ramadan, insyd small towns den big villages plus significant Muslim populations, Burmese Muslim youth dey organize singing teams dem call Jago (wey dey mean "wake up"). Jago teams usually no dey use musical instruments apart from de occasional use of harmonica mouth organs.<ref>Neikbanzaw magazine, No. 1 & 2, December 1952 & 1953</ref> De roving groups of singers go take de tunes of popular Hindi movie songs, replace dem plus Burmese lyrics den invocations about fasting, de principles of Islam, den de benefits of Salat.<ref>Interview by Khin Khin Yie with Haji U Bar Bar @ U Win Maung, composer of Jago songs, 28x81 street Mandalay. Published in Prophet Muhammad's Day Golden Jubilee magazine page 88, column 2 paragraph 2</ref> ==== Philippines ==== Among Muslim Filipinos insyd de Philippines, Eid al-Fitr be commonly known as ''Hariraya'', ''Buka'', ''Hariraya Buka'', anaa ''Hariraya Buka Puasa''. Dem often dey replace "Eid al-" plus ''Eid'l'' insyd de country ein local English variant.<ref name="Lidasan">{{cite news|last1=Lidasan|first1=Mussolini S.|title=To Eid or not to Eid, again|url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cagayan-de-oro/20190610/281547997394831|access-date=15 January 2020|work=SunStar Cagayan de Oro|date=10 June 2019|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115180750/https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-cagayan-de-oro/20190610/281547997394831|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McKenna|first1=Thomas M.|title=Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520210165|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|access-date=31 October 2020|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204530/https://books.google.com/books?id=V68wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pendatun|first1=Datu Shariff Khaled Ada|title=What You Need to Know About Eid al Fitr|url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70536/what-you-need-to-know-about-eid-al-fitr-a1642-20170623|website=Spot.ph|access-date=15 January 2020|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174156/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/the-latest-news-features/70536/what-you-need-to-know-about-eid-al-fitr-a1642-20170623|url-status=live}}</ref> E sanso be known as ''Wakas ng Ramadan'' (lit. "End of Ramadan"), ''Araw ng Raya'' ("Feast Day"), anaa ''Pagtatapos ng Pag-aayuno'' ("End of de Fast") insyd Filipino. Na dem proclaim am a legal holiday for Muslim Filipinos insyd 1977 by Presidential Decree No. 1083. Insyd 2002, na dem upgrade dis to a public national holiday by Republic Act No. 9177. Dem sanso samtimes know am by ein Malay name "Hari Raya Puasa"; den by ein Indonesian name "Lebaran".<ref name="Tan">{{cite news|last1=Tan|first1=Nigel|title=Fast Facts: What you should know about Eid al-Fitr, end of Ramadan|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/64655-fast-facts-eid-al-fitr|access-date=15 January 2020|work=Rappler|date=5 June 2019|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174225/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/64655-fast-facts-eid-al-fitr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Vila|first1=Alixandra Caole|title=Celebrating Eid al-Fitr around the table|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/dish/2014/07/29/1351657/celebrating-eid-al-fitr-around-table|access-date=15 January 2020|work=PhilStar Global|date=29 July 2014|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115213810/https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/food/dish/2014/07/29/1351657/celebrating-eid-al-fitr-around-table|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Raslan">{{cite news|last1=Raslan|first1=Karim|title=OPINION: What it's like to celebrate Eid al-Fitr in a Muslim minority country|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/06/10/19/opinion-what-its-ike-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-a-muslim-minority-country|access-date=15 January 2020|work=ABS-CBN News|date=10 June 2019|archive-date=15 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174557/https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/06/10/19/opinion-what-its-ike-to-celebrate-eid-al-fitr-in-a-muslim-minority-country|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:President_Rodrigo_Duterte_interacts_with_participants_of_the_Mindanao_Hariraya_Eid’l_Fitr.jpg|left|thumb|President Rodrigo Duterte dey interact plus participants of de 2016 Eid al-Fitr celebrations insyd Davao City, Philippines.]] === East Asia === ==== China mainland ==== [[File:Hui_family_eid.jpg|thumb|An ethnic Hui family wey dey celebrate Eid al-Fitr insyd Ningxia]] Insyd mainland China, out of 56 officially ethnic groups dem recognise, Eid al-Fitr be celebrated by at least 10 ethnic groups wey be predominantly Muslim. Na dem say dese groups dey total 18&nbsp;million according to official statistics, buh sam observers say de actual number fi be much higher. E sanso be a public holiday insyd China insyd certain regions,wey dey include two Province Prefecture Level regions, Ningxia den Xinjiang. ==== Taiwan ==== De Eid al-Fitr prayer den celebration insyd Taiwan dey draw much attention from local media. Special features of de event be regularly carried out insyd de newspapers wey dem air for televisions top. Dese phenomena dey give a boost to de Islamic activities insyd Taiwan.<ref>{{cite news|last=Huang|first=Maggie|date=24 June 2017|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3195710|title=Eid al-Fitr celebration to kick off in Taipei on Sunday|newspaper=Taiwan News|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203073507/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3195710|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Staff writer with CNA|date=25 June 2017|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/06/25/2003673267|title=Taipei to celebrate end of month of Ramadan today|newspaper=Taipei Times|access-date=25 June 2017|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630155725/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2017/06/25/2003673267|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims, mostly Indonesian blue collar men den women, typically dey gather for Taipei Main Station make dem perform de prayer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/06/2003716437|title=Muslims gather at Taipei Railway Station for Eid al-Fitr – Taipei Times|date=6 June 2019|website=www.taipeitimes.com|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512084646/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2019/06/06/2003716437|url-status=live}}</ref> === Europe === ==== Turkey ==== [[File:Sultan_Ahmed_Mosque_mahya3.jpg|left|thumb|Traditional Bayram wishes from de Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, wey dey state "Let us love, Let us be loved", insyd de form of mahya lights dem stretch across de minarets of de Blue Mosque insyd Istanbul]] Insyd [[Turkey]], dem dey refer to nationwide celebrated holidays as ''bayram'', wey Eid al-Fitr be referred to as both {{lang|tr|Ramazan Bayramı}} ("Ramadan {{lang|tr|Bayram}}") den {{lang|tr|Şeker Bayramı}} ("{{lang|tr|Bayram}} of Sweets/Sugar"). Ebe a time for people make dem attend prayer services, put on dema best clothes (dem refer to as {{lang|tr|bayramlık}}, dem often purchase just for de occasion), dem go visit all dema loved ones (such as relatives, neighbors, den friends), den dey pay dema respects to de deceased plus organised visits to cemeteries. E sanso be customary give young kiddies make dem go around dema neighborhood, door to door, den wish everybro a "Happy {{lang|tr|Bayram}}", for wich dem go award dem candy, chocolates, traditional sweets such as baklava den Turkish delight, anaa a small amount of money for every door.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bayar|first1=Gozde|title=Turkey celebrates Eid al-Fitr|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-celebrates-eid-al-fitr/1496686|website=aaNews|access-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608051926/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-celebrates-eid-al-fitr/1496686|archive-date=8 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem tend dey light up mosques, minarets den public fountains give de occasion, wey dey go hold popular events such as Sufi music concerts, dervish dancing ceremonies, den shadow puppet shows insyd de nights.<ref name="auto3"/> [[File:Eid_al-Fitr_Ottoman_Greeting_card.jpg|thumb|late 19th anaa early 20th century Ottomon Eid card]] [[File:Ramazan_Bayram_-_5603235241.jpg|thumb|Pomaks dancing during Ramazan Bayram insyd a village centre insyd [[Bulgaria]]]] ==== Albania ==== Albanian Muslims generally dey celebrate de day as plus chaw oda countries. De day be known as ''Fitër Bajrami'' anaa ''Bajrami i Madh'' insyd Albania. Worshipers attend a dawn prayer den a sermon, after wich people visit each oda, plan gatherings den give gifts to kiddies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/25/c_136393645.htm|title=Albania's Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr – Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215202/http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-06/25/c_136393645.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Magiritsa (Greek Easter soup) den baklava be popularly consumed.<ref name="auto1"/> ==== Bosnia and Herzegovina ==== Insyd Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eid al-Fitr be locally known as Ramazanski bajram. Ebe a three-day public holiday. Like Albanians, worshipers attend a dawn prayer den a sermon, after wich people visit each oda, give gifts to kiddies, den popularly consume baklava.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ba.n1info.com/english/news/a348400-Muslims-celebrate-Eid-across-Bosnia-and-Herzegovina/|title=Muslims celebrate Eid across Bosnia and Herzegovina|date=4 June 2019|website=N1|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510100301/https://ba.n1info.com/english/news/a348400-muslims-celebrate-eid-across-bosnia-and-herzegovina/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=End of Ramadan in Bosnia and Herzegovina|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bosnia/eid-al-fitr|website=timeanddate|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512181720/https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/bosnia/eid-al-fitr|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Greece ==== Eid al-Fitr (i.e. Seker Bayram, Sugar Feast) (Greek: Σεκέρ Μπαϊράμ anaa Ιντ αλ-φιτρ) be celebrated insyd Greece mainly insyd de Western Thrace region from de local Muslim minority (Turks, Pomaks den Roma), along plus de oda two major celebrations, Kurban Bayram (Sacrifice Feast) (Greek: Κουρμπάν Μπαϊράμ anaa Ιντ αλ-αντχά) den Hıdırellez. For de day of de Bayram, family gather togeda, wear dema best clothes, den celebrate plus a common meal, after attending de morning prayer. ==== Russia ==== Insyd Russia wer 14 million Muslims reside as of 2017,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281196.pdf|title=RUSSIA 2017 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531085333/https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/281196.pdf|archive-date=31 May 2018}}</ref> dem often know Eid al-Fitr as Uraza Bayram (Russian: Ураза-байрам) wey ebe a public holiday insyd de republics of Adygea, Bashkortostan, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tatarstan den Chechnya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/society/1061584|title=Russian Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr marking the end of Ramadan|website=TASS|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510143904/https://tass.com/society/1061584|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Ukraine ==== Insyd Ukraine, Eid al-Fitr (Ukrainian: Рамазан-байрам) as well as [[Eid al-Adha]] be official state holidays since 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/two-islamic-festivals-to-become-state-holidays-in-ukraine.html|title=Two Islamic festivals to become state holidays in Ukraine &#124; KyivPost – Ukraine's Global Voice|date=18 May 2020|website=KyivPost|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140009/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/two-islamic-festivals-to-become-state-holidays-in-ukraine.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During de festival, Ukrainian Muslims (chaw of whom be Crimean Tatars) often gather plus loved ones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arab.news/648th|title=How Ukraine's Muslims celebrate Eid|date=24 May 2020|website=Arab News|access-date=10 May 2021|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217204615/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1679426/world|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== United Kingdom ==== Although Eid al-Fitr no be a recognized public holiday insyd de [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Bentley|first=David|date=2018-06-19|title=Should the UK Government make Eid a public holiday?|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/should-uk-government-make-eid-11535724|access-date=2020-06-06|website=birminghammail|language=en|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122926/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/should-uk-government-make-eid-11535724|url-status=live}}</ref> chaw schools, businesses, den organisations allow make dem take at least a day's leave for religious celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|title=How to handle holiday requests for staff celebrating Eid|url=https://www.peninsulagrouplimited.com/blog/handle-holiday-requests-staff-celebrating-eid/|access-date=2020-06-06|website=Peninsula UK|language=en-GB|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122929/https://www.peninsulagrouplimited.com/blog/handle-holiday-requests-staff-celebrating-eid/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bentley|first=David|date=2018-06-14|title=Can children take time off school for Eid? These are the rules|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/children-time-off-school-eid-14776996|access-date=2020-06-06|website=birminghammail|archive-date=6 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606122928/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/children-time-off-school-eid-14776996|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd de United Kingdom, individuals take part insyd prayers den play games for Eid al-Fitr.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-fitr-prayer-celebrations-park-ramadan-b2070288.html|title=How Muslims celebrated Eid Al-Fitr across the UK|work=The Independent|last=Javed|first=Saman|date=May 3, 2022|access-date=April 19, 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423020854/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-fitr-prayer-celebrations-park-ramadan-b2070288.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Na Blackburn Rovers F.C. do Eid prayer for dema pitch top insyd 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/blackburn-rovers-first-uk-football-club-eid-prayers-pitch|title=Blackburn Rovers become first UK football club to host Eid prayers on pitch|work=The Guardian|last=Cooney|first=Christy|date=May 2, 2022|access-date=April 19, 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420035639/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/02/blackburn-rovers-first-uk-football-club-eid-prayers-pitch|url-status=live}}</ref> === Americas === ==== United States ==== [[File:US_Army_51420_Soldiers_celebrate_end_of_Ramadan.jpg|thumb|Muslim US soldiers wey dey perform de Eid prayer]] Insyd New York City, dey dey suspend alternate side parking (street cleaning) regulations for Eid. Dey beginn insyd 2016, New York City public schools sanso remain closed for Eid.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McCarthy|first1=Tom|title=New York City adds two Muslim holidays to public school calendar|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/new-york-city-muslim-holidays-public-schools|access-date=17 July 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717204709/http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/mar/04/new-york-city-muslim-holidays-public-schools|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Oda school districts close for Eid, wey dey include Irvington New Jersey ein school district den Vermont ein Burlington School District.<ref>{{cite news|title=More U.S. public schools close for Islamic holiday Eid al-Fitr|url=https://www.upi.com/Voices/2022/05/02/public-schools-Islamic-holidays/5421651496785/|website=UPI.com|last=DeCuir|first=Amaarah|date=May 2, 2022|accessdate=April 19, 2023|archive-date=18 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518154106/https://www.upi.com/Voices/2022/05/02/public-schools-Islamic-holidays/5421651496785/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Trinidad and Tobago ==== De Muslim population of Trinidad and Tobago popularly eat sawine/vermicelli, a sweet dessert, make dem mark de celebration,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://disocaanalyst.com/2019/06/03/sawine-trinidad-eid-mubarak/|title=The most popular Eid sweet in the Caribbean|date=3 June 2019|website=Di Soca Analysts|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://disocaanalyst.com/2019/06/03/sawine-trinidad-eid-mubarak/|url-status=live}}</ref> buh de feast sanso dey consist of curries, rotis, den chicken den curry goat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2016/07/06/break-the-fast-with-these-sweet-treats-for-eid.html|title=Break the fast with these sweet treats for Eid|date=6 July 2016|website=thestar.com|access-date=9 May 2021|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215203/https://www.thestar.com/life/food_wine/2016/07/06/break-the-fast-with-these-sweet-treats-for-eid.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eid al-Fitr be a public holiday insyd Trinidad and Tobago, wey na dem declare am insyd 1962.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions|page=388|year=2013|editor-last1=Case|editor-first1=Frederick I.|editor-last2=Taylor|editor-first2=Patrick|publisher=University of Illinois Press}}</ref> ==== Suriname, Guyana ==== Eid al-Fitr be a public holiday insyd Suriname den Guyana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-134/eid-ul-fitr|title=Eid-ul-Fitr: The end of the fast|date=July 2015|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153411/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/issue-134/eid-ul-fitr|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Argentina ==== Insyd [[Argentina]], Eid (Spanish: ''Fiesta del Fin del Ayuno'') be officially a non-working holiday give Muslims.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Public Holidays in Argentina|url=https://www.angloinfo.com/how-to/argentina/moving/country-file/public-holidays|website=AngloInfo|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> === Oceania === ==== Australia ==== Australian Muslims celebrate Eid al-Fitr insyd a variety of ways wey dey depend on dema specific cultural background. Chaw local celebrations dey take place insyd community centers den mosques.<ref>{{Cite web|title=What are Ramadan and Eid and how are they celebrated in Australia?|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/en/podcast-episode/what-are-ramadan-and-eid-and-how-are-they-celebrated-in-australia/qn2gip0kn|access-date=2025-03-27|website=SBS Language|language=en-au}}</ref> == Insyd de Gregorian calendar == Although de date of Eid al-Fitr always be de same insyd de Islamic calendar, de date insyd de Gregorian calendar dey fall approximately 11 days earlier each successive year, since de Islamic calendar be lunar wey de Gregorian calendar be solar. Hence if de Eid falls insyd de first ten days of a Gregorian calendar year, der go be a second Eid insyd de last ten days of de same Gregorian calendar year, as e happen insyd 2000 CE. De Gregorian date fi vary between countries wey dey depend on de local visibility of de new moon. Some expatriate Muslim communities dey follow de dates as dem determine for de nearest Islamic country to dema country of residence, while odas dey follow de local dates of dema home country.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bentley|first1=David|title=Eid ul-Fitr 2024: Morocco set to sight moon soon|url=https://www.mylondon.news/news/uk-world-news/eid-ul-fitr-2024-morocco-28966955|access-date=10 April 2024|publisher=MyLondon|date=8 April 2024}}</ref> De table wey dey follow dey show predicted dates den dates dem announce based on new moon sightings give Saudi Arabia.<ref name="ummalqura">{{cite web|url=http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_adjust.htm|title=The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia – adjustment|first=R.H. van|last=Gent|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723031833/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura_adjust.htm|archive-date=23 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Recent dates of Eid al-Fitr insyd Saudi Arabia !Islamic year !Umm al-Qura predict !High Judiciary Council of Saudi Arabia announce |- |1420 |7 January 2000 |7 January 2000 |- |1421 |27 December 2000 |27 December 2000 |- |1422 |16 December 2001 |16 December 2001 |- |1423 |5 December 2002 |5 December 2002 |- |1424 |25 November 2003 |25 November 2003 |- |1425 |14 November 2004 |13 November 2004 |- |1426 |3 November 2005 |3 November 2005 |- |1427 |23 October 2006 |23 October 2006 |- |1428 |13 October 2007 |12 October 2007 |- |1429 |1 October 2008 |30 September 2008 |- |1430 |20 September 2009 |20 September 2009 |- |1431 |10 September 2010 |10 September 2010 |- |1432 |30 August 2011 |30 August 2011 |- |1433 |19 August 2012 |19 August 2012 |- |1434 |8 August 2013 |8 August 2013 |- |1435 |28 July 2014 |28 July 2014 |- |1436 |17 July 2015 |17 July 2015 |- |1437 |6 July 2016 |6 July 2016 |- |1438 |25 June 2017 |25 June 2017 |- |1439 |15 June 2018 |15 June 2018<ref>[https://gulfbusiness.com/saudi-confirms-start-eid-al-fitr/ Saudi confirms start Eid al-Fitr] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190230/https://gulfbusiness.com/saudi-confirms-start-eid-al-fitr/ Archived] 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Gulf Business</ref> |- |1440 |4 June 2019 |4 June 2019<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/uae/announced-eid-al-fitr-in-saudi-on-tuesday-1.1559211252195 Announced Eid al-Fitr in Saudi on Tuesday] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190604190239/https://gulfnews.com/uae/announced-eid-al-fitr-in-saudi-on-tuesday-1.1559211252195 Archived] 4 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Gulf News</ref> |- |1441 |24 May 2020 |24 May 2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Iran calendar|url=https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201399-Full.pdf|website=calendar.ut.ac|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525003250/https://calendar.ut.ac.ir/Fa/News/Data/Doc/Calendar%201399-Full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1442 |13 May 2021 |13 May 2021<ref>{{cite web|last=Bentley|first=David|date=2021-05-13|title=Eid 2021 LIVE updates – when is Eid ul Fitr in Saudi Arabia, UK, rest of world|url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/world-news/eid-2021-live-updates-when-20572898|access-date=2021-05-13|website=BirminghamLive|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513082708/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/world-news/eid-2021-live-updates-when-20572898|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1443 |2 May 2022 |2 May 2022<ref>{{cite web|author=Fatwa-Online Admin|url=https://www.fatwa-online.com/eed-al-fitr-1443-supreme-court-of-saudi-arabia/|title='Eed al-Fitr 1443 – Supreme Court of Saudi Arabia – Fatwa-Online &#124; eFatwa|publisher=Fatwa-online.com|date=30 April 2022|accessdate=2022-05-01|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524235351/https://www.fatwa-online.com/eed-al-fitr-1443-supreme-court-of-saudi-arabia/|url-status=live}}</ref> |- |1444 |21 April 2023 |21 April 2023 |- |1445 |10 April 2024 |10 April 2024<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=8 April 2024|title='Eid al Fitr 2024: Saudi Arabia, UAE confirm last day of Ramadan'|url=https://gulfbusiness.com/eid-al-fitr-2024-saudi-arabia-confirms-sighting-of-the-moon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408165032/https://gulfbusiness.com/eid-al-fitr-2024-saudi-arabia-confirms-sighting-of-the-moon/|archive-date=8 April 2024|accessdate=2024-04-08|website=Gulf Business|publisher=}}</ref> |- |1446 |30 March 2025 |30 March 2025<ref>[https://gulfnews.com/uae/ramadan/eid-al-fitr-2025-shawwal-crescent-moon-sighting-across-the-world-1.500076461 "Eid Al Fitr 2025: Shawwal crescent moon sighting across the world"]. ''Gulf News''. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.</ref> |- |1447 |20 March 2026 | |- |1448 |9 March 2027 | |- |1449 |26 February 2028 | |- |1450 |14 February 2029 | |- |1451 |3 February 2030 | |} Secof de Hijri year dey differ by about 11 days from de AD year, Eid al Fitr fi occur twice a year. De next occurrence of dis go be insyd 2033.<ref>{{cite news|title=There will be three Eids in a year in 2033|url=https://www.esquireme.com/news/52370-there-will-be-three-eids-in-a-year-in-2033|newspaper=Esquire Middle East – the Region's Best Men's Magazine|date=13 May 2021|access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Eid al-Fitr prayer, Bandar Torkaman - 26 June 2017 05.jpg|Eid al Fitr prayer, Torkaman, Iran 2017 File:Jama Maszid.jpg|Eid al-Fitr mass prayer for Delhi's Jama Masjid, India File:Muslims in Britain- Eid Ul Fitr Celebrations, 1941 D5129.jpg|British Muslims wey dey perform de Eid prayers for East London Mosque during de celebration, 1941 File:Muslims in Britain- Eid Ul Fitr Celebrations, 1941 D5141.jpg|British Muslim soldiers den merchant seamen from India, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Sudan, Palestine, Transjordan, Syria, Arabia, Aden den Somaliland, wey dey perform de Eid prayers for de East London Mosque insyd 1941 File:Eid celebration.jpg|Muslims insyd Singapore wey dey celebrate Eid al-Fitr File:Hidangan Lebaran.JPG|An Indonesian family wey dey celebrate ''lebaran'' plus chaw culinary dishes specific to dis holiday File:Celebrating Eid in Tajikistan 10-13-2007.jpg|Family wey dey celebrate Eid, Tajikistan File:Commercial Street, Bangalore (7870991636).jpg|Lit up Commercial Street insyd Bangalore, India during Eid al-Fitr </gallery> == References == <references /> == Sources == * Mittwoch, E. (1971). [[doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3473|"ʿĪd al-Fiṭr"]]. In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.'' Volume III: ''H–Iram''. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 1008. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3473|10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3473]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469525 495469525]. * {{cite book|editor-last1=Martin|editor-first1=Richard C.|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world|date=2004|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA: Thomson/Gale|location=New York|isbn=0028656032}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200621105742/http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm The Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia (with computed and announced dates for Eid al-Fitr)] == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q464458|c=Category:Eid al-Fitr|n=Category:Eid al-Fitr|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Eid al-Fitr|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Eid al-Fitr}} [[Category:Eid (Islam)|Fitr]] [[Category:Islamic terminology]] [[Category:Ramadan]] [[Category:Fasting insyd Islam]] [[Category:Shia days of remembrance]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Algeria]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Brunei]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Indonesia]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Malaysia]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Singapore]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd India]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Bangladesh]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Pakistan]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Turkey]] [[Category:Public holidays insyd Uzbekistan]] [[Category:Desserts]] [[Category:Sugar confectionery]] [[Category:Confectionery]] [[Category:Annual events]] [[Category:Islamic festivals]] 2u5li6p55ws8m8yq8q9hf7nuj21jsvx 0 16372 98178 79830 2026-05-17T04:54:38Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reparations for slavery''' be de application of de concept of reparations to victims of slavery or deir descendants. There are concepts give reparations insyd legal philosophy den reparations insyd transitional justice. Insyd de US, reparations for slavery have been both given by legal ruling insyd court den/or given voluntarily (without court rulings) by individuals den institutions.<ref>Medish, Mark; Lucichref, Daniel (August 30, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 "Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":0">Davis, Allen (May 11, 2020). [https://guides.library.umass.edu/reparations "An Historical Timeline of Reparations Payments Made From 1783 through 2020 by the United States Government, States, Cities, Religious Institutions, Colleges and Universities, and Corporations"]. University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> De first recorded case for reparations for slavery insyd de United States be to former slave [[Belinda Royall]] insyd 1783, insyd de form of a pension, den since then reparations continue to be proposed. To de present day, no federal reparations bills have been passed.<ref>[https://royallhouse.org/why-was-belindas-petition-approved/ "Why Was Belinda's Petition Approved?"]. ''The Royall House and Slave Quarters''. December 27, 2017. Retrieved October 29, 2020.</ref> De 1865 [[:en:Special_Field_Orders_No._15|Special Field Orders No. 15 ("Forty acres and a mule")]] be de most well known attempt to help newly freed slaves integrate into society den accumulate wealth.<ref name=":6">Darity, William (2020). ''From Here to Equality: Reparations for Black Americans in the Twenty-First Century''. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1469654973|978-1469654973]]</bdi>.</ref> However, President Andrew Johnson reversed this order, giving de land back to its former Confederate owners. Reparations have been a recurring idea insyd de politics of de United States, most recently insyd de 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.<ref>Lockhart, PR (March 19, 2019). [https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/11/18246741/reparations-democrats-2020-inequality-warren-harris-castro "The 2020 Democratic primary debate over reparations, explained"]. Vox.</ref> De call give reparations intensified insyd 2020, amidst de protests against police brutality den de COVID-19 pandemic, wey both kill Black Americans disproportionately.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/20/joe-biden-reparations-slavery-george-floyd-protests "Calls for reparations are growing louder. How is the US responding?"]. ''The Guardian''. June 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020. <q>Several states, localities and private institutions are beginning to grapple with issue, advancing legislation or convening taskforces to develop proposals for reparations.</q></ref> Calls give reparations give racism den discrimination insyd de US be often made by black communities den authors alongside calls give reparations give slavery.<ref>Cashin, Cheryll (June 21, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/reparations-for-slavery-arent-enough-official-racism-lasted-much-longer/2019/06/21/2c0ecbe8-9397-11e9-aadb-74e6b2b46f6a_story.html "Reparations for slavery aren't enough. Official racism lasted much longer"]. ''The Washington Post''.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200615185752/https://www.blackavldemands.org/ "Black Asheville Demands – Reparations Section"]. June 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref name=":5">Coates, Ta-Nehisi (June 1, 2014). [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/ "The Case for Reparations"]. ''The Atlantic''.</ref><ref>Marable, Manning. [https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/racism-and-reparations/ "Racism and Reparations: The time has come for whites to acknowledge the legacy of nearly 250 years of slavery and almost 100 years of legalized segregation"]. Retrieved September 18, 2020.</ref> De idea of reparations dey remain highly controversial, due to questions of how dem would be given, how much dem go give, who would pay dem, den who would receive dem.<ref>Alfred L. Brophy, The Cultural War over Reparations for Slavery, 53 DePaul Law Review 1181–1213, 1182–1184 (Spring 2004)</ref><ref name=":2">Jones, Thai (January 31, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/01/31/slavery-reparations-seem-impossible-many-places-theyre-already-happening/?arc404=true "Slavery reparations seem impossible. In many places, they're already happening"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Forms of reparations wey have been proposed insyd de United States by city, county, state, den national governments anaa private institutions dey include: individual monetary payments, settlements, scholarships, waiving of fees, den systemic initiatives to offset injustices, land-based compensation wey be related to independence, apologies den acknowledgements of de injustices, token measures (such as naming a building after someone)<ref name=":0" />, den de removal of monuments den streets named to slave owners den defenders of slavery.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Kepley-Steward, Kristy; Santostasi, Stephanie (July 10, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/vance-monument-robert-e-lee-confederate-monuments-downtown-asheville-removed-covered "Confederate monuments in downtown Asheville removed or covered"]. ''WLOS''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> Since further injustices den discrimination have continued since dem overlawed slavery insyd de US,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200624064531/https://time.com/5851855/systemic-racism-america/ "America's Long Overdue Awakening to Systemic Racism"]. ''Time''. June 11, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Jan, Tracy (March 28, 2020). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/03/28/redlining-was-banned-50-years-ago-its-still-hurting-minorities-today/ "Redlining was banned 50 years ago. It's still hurting minorities today"]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Mitchell, Bruce; Franco, Juan (March 20, 2018). [https://ncrc.org/holc/ "HOLC "redlining" maps: The persistent structure of segregation and economic inequality"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>Nelson, Libby; Lind, Dara (February 24, 2015). [http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775 "The school to prison pipeline, explained"]. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities/ "Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System"]. April 19, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> some black communities den civil rights organizations have called for reparations give those injustices sanso give reparations directly related to slavery.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Some suggest dat de U.S. prison system, starting plus de convict lease system den continuing through de present-day government-owned corporation Federal Prison Industries (UNICOR), wey be modern form of legal slavery dat still primarily den disproportionately affects black populations den oda minorities via de war on drugs den what has been criticized as a school-to-prison pipeline.<ref>Love, David; Das, Vijay (September 9, 2017). [https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2017/09/slavery-prison-system-170901082522072.html "Slavery in the US prison system"]. ''Al Jazeera''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> == U.S. ein historical context == '''Insyd colonial times''' De debate on reparations dey reach as far back as de eighteenth century. Quakers, wey were some of de first abolitionists insyd de United States, almost unanimously insisted dat freed slaves be entitled to compensation from their former owners. If an owner repented of ein sin of owning a chattel slave, he dey need to atone give am by making amends. Quakers cited de book of Deuteronomy, insyd wey owners were exhorted to share dema goods plus former slaves.<ref>Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice (2007). ''[https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice]'' (PDF). Brown University. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/301709830 301709830].</ref> During de Revolutionary War, Warner Mifflin advocated give restitution give freed ex-slaves as early as 1778, insyd de form of cash payments, land, den shared crop arrangements.<ref>Heller, Mike (March 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2397&context=qrt "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]. ''George Fox University''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref><ref>Polgar, Paul J. (December 1, 2018). [[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|"Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist"]]. ''Journal of American History''. '''105''' (3): 660–661. [[Doi (identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1093/jahist/jay310|10.1093/jahist/jay310]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723 0021-8723].</ref><ref>[https://hsp.org/calendar/fearless-and-forgotten-warner-mifflin-quaker-abolitionist-new-nation "The Fearless and Forgotten Warner Mifflin: Quaker Abolitionist of the New Nation"]. ''Historical Society of Pennsylvania''. Retrieved March 5, 2021.</ref> Gary B. Nash dey write dat, "he may fairly be called de father of American reparationism".<ref>Nash, Gary B. (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YIIuDwAAQBAJ Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist]''. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>978-0812294361</bdi>.</ref><ref>Heller, Mike (March 1, 2019). [https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/qrt/vol132/iss1/10 "Review of Gary Nash's Warner Mifflin: Unflinching Quaker Abolitionist (Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017)"]. ''Quaker Religious Thought''. '''132''' (1). [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5088 0033-5088].</ref> === Before de Civil War === Well before dem abolish slavery nationally insyd 1865, abolitionists presented suggestions on wat could anaa should be done to compensate de enslaved workers after their liberation. Early insyd 1859, insyd a book dem dedicate to "Old Hero" John Brown, James Redpath declared einself a "reparationist", den implies dat insyd ein view, de lands of de Confederacy should be given to de ex-slaves.<ref name=":3">Redpath, James (1859). ''[[iarchive:rovingeditorort00redpgoog/page/n10/mode/2up|The roving editor, or, Talks with Slaves in the Southern States]]''. New York: A. B. Burdick</ref> He sanso quotes an earlier poem, by William North, that dey refer to "the course of reparation".<ref name=":3" /> Later dat year, after Brown's execution, Redpath reported insyd de first biography of Brown dat he "was not merely an emancipationist, sana a reparationist. He believed, not only dat de crime of slavery should be abolished, sana dat reparation should be made give de wrongs dat had been done to de slave. What he believed, he practiced. On dis occasion [Missouri raid, 1859], after telling de slaves dat dem be free, he asked dem how much their services had been worth, den—having been answered—proceeded to take property to de amount thus due to de negroes."<ref>Redpath, James (1860). ''[[iarchive:publiclifecaptj02redpgoog/page/n8/mode/2up|The public life of Capt. John Brown]]''. Boston: Thayer and Eldridge.</ref> Dey call give permanent confiscation den redistribution of plantation lands had already been made by Representatives George W. Julian den Thaddeus Stevens, both of de Radical Republican faction.<ref>McKivigan, John R. (2008). ''[[iarchive:forgottenfirebra00mcki/page/n5/mode/2up|Forgotten firebrand : James Redpath and the making of nineteenth-century America]]''. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0801446733|978-0801446733]]</bdi>.</ref> === De Reconstruction period === De arguments surrounding reparations are based on de formal discussion about many different reparations, den actual land reparations wey African Americans receive am wey be later taken away. Insyd 1865, after de Confederate States of America be defeated insyd de American Civil War, General William Tecumseh Sherman issued Special Field Orders, No. 15 to both "assure de harmony of action insyd de area of operations"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120118190642/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA252324&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "Harmony of Action" – Sherman as an Army Group Commander]</ref> den to solve problems wey de masses of freed slaves cause am, a temporary plan granting each freed family forty acres of tillable land insyd de sea islands den around Charleston, South Carolina give de exclusive use of black people who had been enslaved. De army sanso had a number of unneeded mules wey be given to freed slaves. Around 40,000 freed slaves be settled for 400,000 acres (1,600 km²) top insyd Georgia den South Carolina. However, President Andrew Johnson reversed de order after Lincoln was assassinated, de land was returned to ein previous owners, den black people be forced to leave. Insyd 1867, Thaddeus Stevens sponsored a bill give de redistribution of land to African Americans, sana it did not pass. Reconstruction came to an end insyd 1877 without de issue of reparations having been addressed. Thereafter, a deliberate movement of segregation den oppression arose insyd Southern states.Jim Crow laws passed insyd some Southeastern states to reinforce de existing inequality dat slavery had produced. In addition, white extremist organizations wey include de Ku Klux Klan engaged insyd a massive campaign of terrorism throughout de Southeast in order to keep African Americans insyd their prescribed social place. Give decades dis assumed inequality den injustice was ruled on insyd court decisions den debated insyd public discourse. Insyd one anomalous case, a former slave named Henrietta Wood successfully sued give compensation after having been kidnapped from de free state of Ohio den sold into slavery insyd Mississippi. After de American Civil War, she was freed den returned to Cincinnati, wey she won ein case insyd federal court insyd 1878, receiving $2,500 (~$81,457 insyd 2024) insyd damages. Though de verdict was a national news story, it did not prompt any trend toward additional similar cases.<ref>McDaniel, W. Caleb. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/henrietta-wood-sued-reparations-won-180972845/ "In 1870, Henrietta Wood Sued for Reparations – and Won"]. ''Smithsonian''. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</ref> ==== <big>Post-Reconstruction Era</big> ==== Insyd 1896, de National Ex-Slave Mutual Relief, Bounty den Pension Association (MRB&PA) be founded give de purpose of obtaining pensions give former slaves from de Federal government as compensation den reparations give their unpaid labor den suffering. Chartered insyd 1898 insyd Nashville, Tennessee, de organization be founded by former slaves Callie House den Isaiah H. Dickerson. According to some historians, de organization be "de first mass reparations movement wey African Americans led am".<ref>Berry, Mary Frances (2005). ''[[iarchive:myfaceisblackist00berr/page/230|My Face Is Black Is True]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 230, 4. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>1-4000-4003-5</bdi>.</ref> De organization den ein leaders be hounded plus false allegations den criminal prosecutions until ein last local branches closed insyd de 1930's. Insyd 1915, under Callie House's leadership, de association filed a class-action lawsuit, Johnson v. McAdoo, insyd federal court against de U.S. Treasury Department give 68 million dollars. $68 million be de amount of cotton tax collected between 1862 den 1868 den, it was argued, be due to de plaintiffs because dem produced dis cotton den their ancestors as a result of their involuntary servitude. Dis be de first documented Black reparations litigation insyd de US on de federal level. De U.S. Court of Appeals give de District of Columbia denied de claim based on governmental immunity as did de U.S. Supreme Court, wey dey side plus de Appeals Court's decision.<ref>Booker Perry, Miranda (Summer 2010). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2010/summer/slave-pension.html "No Pensions for Ex-Slaves: How Federal Agencies Suppressed Movement to Aid Freedpeople"]. ''Prologue Magazine''. Vol. 42, no. 2. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</ref> '''<big>2020</big>''' De topic became a prominent theme during de 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries<ref>[https://ballotpedia.org/Super_Tuesday_primaries,_2020 "Super Tuesday primaries, 2020"]. ''Ballotpedia''. Retrieved June 17, 2025.</ref> as concerns surrounding race be heightened due to current events.<ref>Hagen, Lisa (February 27, 2019). [https://www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2019-02-27/2020-democrats-support-for-reparations-lacks-details "2020 Democrats' Support for Reparations Lacks Details"]. ''US News''.</ref> Dem further amplify am because of African-American people be dying prematurely den disproportionately due to de COVID-19 pandemic. Ongoing systemic racism den police brutality sanso sparked outrage across de country, notably de killing of Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-old African-American emergency medical technician, wey Louisville Metro Police Department fatally shot am insyd ein home; de murder of Ahmaud Arbery, shot while out give a run by three white men insyd Georgia; den de murder of George Floyd, a Black American killed during an arrest by Minneapolis police after allegedly passing a counterfeit $20 bill, dat sparked de nationwide George Floyd protests.<ref>Peyton, Nellie; Murray, Christine (June 24, 2020). [https://news.trust.org/item/20200624170052-dt00z/ "Calls for reparations gain steam as U.S. reckons with racial injustice"].</ref> Candidates dat endorsed de idea included: * Andrew Yang said dat he supports H.R. 40, de Commission to Study den Develop Reparation Proposals give African-Americans Act, sponsored by Rep. Sheila Jackson Lee,<ref>Rep. Jackson Lee, Sheila (January 3, 2019). [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/40 "H.R.40 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. ''Congress.gov''. Library of Congress. Retrieved June 22, 2020.</ref> while speaking on de Karen Hunter show<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/MEWUwiM3pz0 Ghostarchive] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200108222825/https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=335s&v=MEWUwiM3pz0&app=desktop Wayback Machine]: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEWUwiM3pz0 "What is Andrew Yang's Black Agenda?"] ''www.youtube.com''. November 13, 2019 – via YouTube.</ref> * Marianne Williamson detailed a plan give reparations insyd an interview give Ebony Magazine.<ref>Santi, Christina (February 1, 2019). [https://www.ebony.com/news/dem-presidential-candidate-calls-100b-slavery-reparations/ "Dem. Presidential Candidate Calls for $100B in Slavery Reparations"]. ''Ebony''. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</ref> * Senators Elizabeth Warren den Cory Booker have both indicated some level of support give reparations, according to NPR.<ref>[https://www.npr.org/2019/03/01/698916063/2020-democrats-wrestle-with-a-big-question-what-are-reparations "2020 Democrats Wrestle With A Big Question: What Are Reparations?"]. ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 2, 2019.</ref> * Tulsi Gabbard be a cosponsor of H.R. 40, de only piece of legislation insyd Congress to study den develop reparations proposals<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/40 "H.R.40 – 116th Congress (2019–2020): Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. June 19, 2019.</ref> den Bernie Sanders be a co-sponsor give de Senate version of de bill.<ref>[https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1083/cosponsors?q={%22search%22%3A%22S.+1083%22}&r=1&s=1 "S.1083 – H.R. 40 Commission to Study and Develop Reparation Proposals for African-Americans Act"]. ''Congress.gov''. Retrieved July 12, 2019.</ref> Kamala Harris declared insyd April 2019 she supports reparations.<ref>David Weigel (April 4, 2019). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/paloma/the-trailer/2019/04/04/the-trailer-in-the-sharpton-primary-democrats-put-civil-rights-and-reparations-at-center-stage/5ca518281b326b0f7f38f30f/?noredirect=on "The Trailer: In the Sharpton primary, Democrats put civil rights and reparations at center stage"]. ''Washington Post''. Retrieved April 6, 2019. <q>asked Sen. Kamala Harris of California whether she supported "some type" of reparations and she said she did</q></ref> Beto O'Rourke be "open to considering some form of reparations," according to ''U.S. News & World Report''.<ref>David Catanese (April 3, 2019). [https://www.usnews.com/news/the-run/articles/2019-04-03/at-al-sharptons-summit-beto-orourke-commits-to-reparations-bill?yptr=yahoo "Beto O'Rourke Takes a Stand on Reparations"]. ''U.S. News & World Report''. Retrieved April 6, 2019. <q>This posture signals he's at least now open to considering some form of reparations.</q></ref><ref>[https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2019/apr/4/beto-orourke-backs-reparations-commission/ "Beto O'Rourke backs reparations commission: 'Absolutely I would sign that into law'"]. ''The Washington Times''.</ref><ref>Jeremy Wallace (April 3, 2019). [https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/politics/texas/article/Beto-O-Rourke-joins-Juli-n-Castro-in-backing-13739541.php "Beto O'Rourke joins Julián Castro in backing reparations bill in Congress"]. ''Houston Chronicle''. Retrieved April 6, 2019.</ref> Tom Steyer insyd de 2020 Democratic Primaries Debate insyd South Carolina voiced ein support give reparations.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bl1afoqSy7U "Tom Steyer on his South Carolina debate performance"]. www.youtube.com. February 26, 2020 - via YouTube.</ref> == Proposals for reparations == === United States government === Sam proposals have called give direct payments from de U.S. government. Various estimates have been given if such payments were to be made. ''Harper's Magazine'' estimated dat de total of reparations due was about "$97 trillion, based on 222,505,049 hours of forced labor between 1619 den 1865, regardless de United States wasn't a recognized independent country until after de Revolutionary War insyd 1787, compounded at 6% interest through 1993".<ref>Flaherty, Peter; Carlisle, John (October 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190904024117/https://nlpc.org/wp-content/uploads/files/Reparationsbook.pdf "The Case Against Slave Reparations"] (PDF). National Legal and Policy Center. p. 1. Retrieved December 20, 2018.</ref> Should all anaa part of dis amount be paid to de descendants of slaves insyd de United States, de current U.S. government would only pay a fraction of dat cost, since it has been insyd existence only since 1789. For two centuries, from de 1700s until World War I, de average wage for one day's unskilled labor insyd America was one dollar. According to de Brookings Institution, insyd 1860, ova $3 billion (~$83 billion insyd 2023) be de value assigned to de physical bodies of enslaved Black Americans to be used as free labor den production.<ref>Why we need reparations for Black Americans - [https://www.brookings.edu/articles/why-we-need-reparations-for-black-americans/#:~:text=Reparations%E2%80%94a%20system "Black Americans who were enslaved in the United States were valued at an estimated $3 billion in 1860"]. www.b''rookings.edu.'' Retrieved July 19, 2025</ref> Dis be more money dan be invested insyd factories den railroads combined. Insyd 1861, de value placed on cotton produced by enslaved Blacks be $250 million (~$6.66 billion insyd 2023). give de descendants of de 12.5 million Blacks wey be shipped insyd chains from Western Africa, “America get a genetic birth defect wen it comes to de question of race,” as stated recently by U.S. representative Hakeem Jeffries. If America be to atone give dis defect, reparations give Black Americans be part of de healing den reconciliation process. De Rev. M.J. Divine, better known as Father Divine, be one of de earliest leaders to argue clearly give "retroactive compensation", den de message was spread via International Peace Mission publications. For July 28, 1951 top, Father Divine issued a "peace stamp" bearing de text: "Peace! All nations and peoples wey be suppressed den oppressed de under-privileged, dem will be obliged to pay de African slaves den dema descendants give all uncompensated servitude den give all unjust compensation, wey be dem have been unjustly deprived of compensation on de account of previous condition of servitude den de present condition of servitude. Dis is to be accomplished insyd de defense of all oda under-privileged subjects den must be paid retroactive up-to-date".<ref>[http://peacemission.info/media/peace-stamps/?pid=91 "Peace Stamps"]. ''peacemission.info''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> At de first National Reparations Convention insyd Chicago insyd 2001, a proposal Howshua Amariel wrote am, a Chicago social activist, would require de federal government to make reparations to proven descendants of slaves. In addition, Amariel stated "For those blacks wey wish to remain insyd America, dem should receive reparations in de form of free education, free medical, free legal den free financial aid give 50 years plus no taxes levied," den "For those desiring to leave America, every black person would receive a million dollars anaa more, backed by gold, insyd reparation". At de convention Amariel's proposal received approval from de 100 anaa so participants.<ref>Paul Shepard (February 11, 2001). [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20010211/reparation11/us-slavery-reparations-hope-that-a-race-will-be-compensated-gains-momentum "U.S. slavery reparations: Hope that a race will be compensated gains momentum"]. ''Seattle Times''. Retrieved November 10, 2008.</ref> Nevertheless, de question of wey would receive such payments, wey should pay dem den insyd wat amount, has remained highly controversial,<ref>Bright Simons (April 12, 2007). [http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/2750.cfm "Ghanaian President Stirs Controversy Over Slave Trade Reparations"]. ''worldpress.org''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref><ref name=":4">Michelle Chen (March 27, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070317105452/http://newstandardnews.net/content/index.cfm/items/4449 "Bill to Study Slavery Reparations Still Facing Resistance"]. ''The NewStandard''. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> since de United States Census does not track descent from slaves anaa slave owners den relies on self-reported racial categories. For July 30, 2008 top, de United States House of Representatives passed a resolution apologizing give American slavery den subsequent discriminatory laws.<ref name=":14">[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93059465 "Congress apologizes for slavery, Jim Crows"]. NPR. July 30, 2008 but made no mention of reparations.</ref> Nine states officially apologize for dema involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans. Those states be: * Alabama – April 25, 2007<ref name="Blerd">{{Cite web|date=June 12, 2019|title=What States Have Apologized for Slavery|url=https://blerdplanet.com/what-states-have-apologized-for-slavery/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103084333/https://blerdplanet.com/what-states-have-apologized-for-slavery/|archive-date=3 Jan 2020|access-date=June 13, 2019|website=Blerd Planet}}</ref> * Connecticut * Delaware – February 11, 2016<ref name="Moyer">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2016/02/11/delaware-apologizes-for-slavery-and-jim-crow-no-reparations-forthcoming/|title=Delaware apologizes for slavery and Jim Crow. No reparations forthcoming.|last=Moyer|first=Justin|date=February 11, 2016|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> * Florida – 2008<ref name="Blerd" /> * Maryland – 2007<ref name="Blerd" /> * New Jersey – 2008<ref name="Blerd" /> * North Carolina – 2007<ref name="NSNBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna17967662|title=North Carolina Senate apologizes for slavery|date=April 5, 2007|publisher=NSNBC|access-date=July 24, 2019}}</ref> * Tennessee * Virginia – 2007<ref name="Blerd" /> === Private institutions === Private institutions den corporations be sana involved insyd slavery. On March 8, 2000, Reuters News Service reported dat Deadria Farmer-Paellmann, a law school graduate, initiated a one-woman campaign wey dey make a historic demand give restitution den apologies from modern companies dat played a direct role insyd enslaving Africans. Aetna Inc. be ein first target because of dema practice of writing life insurance policies on de lives of enslaved Africans plus slave owners as de beneficiaries. In response to Farmer-Paellmann's demand, Aetna Inc. issued a public apology, den de "corporate restitution movement" be born.<ref>Smith, Jessie Carney; Wynn, Linda T. (January 1, 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lNHVLB7Xc9IC&dq=Farmer-Paellmann+Aetna+Restitution+Study+Group&pg=PA140 Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience]''. Visible Ink Press. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>978-1-57859-260-9</bdi>.</ref> By 2002, nine lawsuits be filed around de country coordinated by Farmer-Paellmann den de Restitution Study Group—a New York non-profit. De litigation included 20 plaintiffs, demanding restitution from 20 companies from de banking, insurance, textile, railroad, den tobacco industries.De cases be consolidated under 28 U.S.C. 1407<ref>28 U.S.C. [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1407 § 1407]</ref> to multidistrict litigation insyd de United States District Court give de Northern District of Illinois. De district court dismissed de lawsuits ''plus'' prejudice, den de claimants appealed to de United States Court of Appeals give de Seventh Circuit. On December 13, 2006, dat court, insyd an opinion Judge Richard Posner wrote am, modified de district court's judgment to be a dismissal ''without'' prejudice, affirmed de majority of de district court's judgment, den reversed de portion of de district court's judgment dismissing de plaintiffs' consumer protection claims, remanding de case give further proceedings consistent plus its opinion.<ref>http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/tmp/Z100WR3H.pdf</ref> Thus, de plaintiffs may bring de lawsuit again, sanso must clear considerable procedural den substantive hurdles first: <blockquote>If one anaa more of de defendants violated a state law by transporting slaves insyd 1850, den de plaintiffs sabi establish standing to sue, prove de violation despite ein antiquity, establish dat de law was intended to provide a remedy (either directly anaa by providing de basis give a common law action give conspiracy, conversion, anaa restitution) to lawfully enslaved persons anaa dema descendants, identify dema ancestors, quantify damages incurred, den persuade de court to toll de statute of limitations, der would be no further obstacle to de grant of relief.<ref>''In re African-American Slave Descendants Litig.'', 471 F.3d 754, 759 (7th Cir. 2006).</ref></blockquote>Insyd October 2000, California passed de Slavery Era Disclosure Law requiring insurance companies doing business der to report on dema role insyd slavery. De disclosure legislation, wey Senator Tom Hayden introduced am, be de prototype give similar laws passed insyd 12 states around de United States. De NAACP has called give more of such legislation at local den corporate levels. It quotes Dennis C. Hayes, CEO of de NAACP, as saying, "Absolutely, we will be pursuing reparations from companies dat have historical ties to slavery den engaging all parties to come to de table".<ref>[http://www.washtimes.com/national/20050712-120944-7745r.htm "NAACP to target private business"]. ''The Washington Times''. July 12, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Brown University, whose namesake family was involved insyd de slave trade, has sana established a committee to explore de issue of reparations. Insyd February 2007, Brown University announced a set of responses<ref>[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SJ_response_to_the_report.pdf "Response of Brown University to the Report of the Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice, February 2007"] (PDF). Brown University. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> to ein Steering Committee on Slavery den Justice.<ref>''[http://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice].''</ref> While insyd 1995 de Southern Baptist Convention apologized give de "sins" of racism, wey include slavery.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110428203113/http://www.sbc.net/resolutions/amResolution.asp?ID=899 "Southern Baptist Convention Resolution On Racial Reconciliation On The 150th Anniversary Of The Southern Baptist Convention"]. Southern Baptist Convention. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Insyd December 2005, a boycott was called by a coalition of reparations groups under de sponsorship of de Restitution Study Group. De boycott targets de student loan products of banks deemed complicit insyd slavery—particularly those identified insyd de Farmer-Paellmann litigation. As part of de boycott, students are asked to choose from oda banks to finance dema student loans.<ref>Brendan Coyne, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160421081801/http://newstandardnews.net/content/?action=show_item&itemid=2653 "Student Loan Boycott Demands Slavery Reparations"], ''The NewStandard'', December 6, 2005.</ref> Pro-reparations groups wey include de National Coalition of Blacks give Reparations insyd America advocate give compensation to be insyd de form of community rehabilitation den not payments to individual descendants.<ref name=":4" /> === Black Lives Matter === Many groups under de Black Lives Matter organization have laid out a list of demands, some of which dey include: reparations, give wat dem say e be past den continuing harms to African Americans, an end to de death penalty, legislation to acknowledge de effects of slavery, a move to defund de police, seizing homes wey white families owned am den providing dem free to blacks,<ref>Miller, Joshua Rhett (August 14, 2020). [https://nypost.com/2020/08/14/seattle-blm-protesters-demand-white-people-give-up-their-homes/ "Seattle BLM protesters demand white people 'give up' their homes"]. Retrieved October 25, 2024.</ref> sanso investments insyd education initiatives, mental health services, den jobs programs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241217023927/https://www.populardemocracy.org/news-and-publications/black-lives-matter-coalition-makes-demands-campaign-heats "Black Lives Matter Coalition Makes Demands as Campaign Heats Up"]. ''The Center for Popular Democracy''. August 1, 2016. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> These calls give reparations have been bolstered amidst de COVID-19 pandemic den de high rates of police brutality against Blacks.<ref>Keeanga Yamahtta-Taylor (April 16, 2020). [https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-black-plague "The Black Plague"]. ''The New Yorker''. Retrieved March 17, 2021.</ref> == Arguments for Reparations == === Accumulated wealth === Housing discrimination played a big role insyd creating de racial wealth gap dat exists today. After de Great Migration of Southern blacks to Chicago insyd de 1940s, dem used redlining to keep former slaves segregated from whites den to prevent black families from getting a mortgage.<ref name=":5" /> Thus dem be forced to buy houses for contracts top from real estate speculators, wey be a scam. Not only did dis cause thousands of Black Americans to lose dema homes den dema money, e sanso created wat be known today as ghettos den prevented Blacks from accumulating wealth. Today, de average white family has roughly 10 times de amount of wealth as de average black family, den white college graduates have ova seven times more wealth dan Black college graduates. De wealth of de United States was greatly enhanced by de exploitation of African-American slave labor: sam argue e be de bedrock give de U.S. economy den capitalism. However, former slaves den dema descendants be among de poorest demographic insyd America.<ref name=":7">Kunnie, Julian (Winter–Spring 2018). [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/toc/jaah/2018/103/1-2 "Justice never too late: The historical background to current reparations movements among Africans and African Americans"]. ''The Journal of African American History''. '''103''' (1–2): 44–64. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/696364|10.1086/696364]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149992900 149992900].</ref> According to dis view, reparations would be valuable primarily as a way of correcting modern economic imbalances. Insyd 2008 de American Humanist Association published an article wey argued dat if emancipated slaves had been allowed to possess den retain de profits of dema labor, dema descendants might now control a much larger share of American social den monetary wealth.<ref>Ananda S. Osel, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215090041/http://dailyuw.com/2008/8/17/us-apology-slavery-apparently-not-front-page-news/ U.S. Apology for Slavery – Apparently Not Front Page News] ''The Humanist'', Nov/Dec 2008 (American Humanist Association)</ref> Not only did de freedmen not receive a share of these profits, but dem be stripped of de small amounts of compensation paid to sam of dem during Reconstruction.<ref>Stevens, Robert (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BE1gAwAAQBAJ&dq=Not+only+did+the+freedmen+not+receive+a+share+of+these+profits%2C+but+they+were+stripped+of+the+small+amounts+of+compensation+paid+to+some+of+them+during+Reconstruction.&pg=PA20 The Bracken Rangers: Company K, 28th Regiment, 1st Indiana Cavalry, and Essays on the American Civil War]''. Lulu.com. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>978-1257851256</bdi> – via Google Books.</ref> Therefore, many scholars den activists call give reparations to eliminate "racial disparities insyd wealth, income, education, health, sentencing den incarceration, political participation, den subsequent opportunities to engage insyd American political den social life".<ref name=":6" /> === Health care === Insyd 2019, VICE magazine published an article dat argued racial health disparities, from slavery through Jim Crow until today, have cost Black Americans a significant amount of money insyd health care expenses den lost wages, den should be paid back.<ref>Jason Silverstein (June 19, 2019). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-healthcare-case-for-reparations-hr40/ "Being Black in America Is a Health Risk. It's Time for Reparations"]. ''Vice''.</ref> Ray den Perry state insyd a Brookings article dat de lack of a social safety net den de wealth gap are particularly highlighted during de COVID-19 pandemic. Dem explain dat “disparities insyd access to health care along plus inequities insyd economic policies combine,” making dis inequality a life anaa death situation give black Americans.<ref name=":8">Ray, Rashawn; Perry, Andre M. (April 15, 2020). [https://www.brookings.edu/policy2020/bigideas/why-we-need-reparations-for-black-americans/ "Why we need reparations for Black Americans"]. ''Brookings''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> '''<big>Current discrimination</big>''' Many argue dat giving reparations give slavery be too complicated, but der be a strong basis give dem on de past den current discrimination dat blacks insyd America face.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">Prager, Jeffery (November 4, 2017). "Do Black Lives Matter? A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Racism and American Resistance to Reparations". ''Political Psychology''. '''38''' (4): 637–651. [[Doi (identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1111/pops.12436|10.1111/pops.12436]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149317387 149317387].</ref> Ta-Nehisi Coates dey explain am insyd "The Case for Reparations" article insyd The Atlantic as "ninety years of Jim Crow, sixty years of separate but equal, den thirty-five years of racist housing policy".<ref name=":5" /> De legacy of these policies have kept African Americans from opportunities to build wealth, while slavery "enriched white slave owners den dema descendants".<ref name=":8" /> Today, de district of North Lawndale insyd Chicago, wey redlining be de strongest, be de poorest neighborhood insyd de city, plus an unemployment rate of 18.6% den 42% of residents living below de poverty line.<ref name=":5" /> De discriminatory practices of 1940 through 1970 still reverberate today, as de average White family has roughly ten times de amount of wealth as de average Black family.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":12">Ward, Marguerite. [https://www.businessinsider.com/welfare-policy-created-white-wealth-largely-leaving-black-americans-behind-2020-8 "How decades of US welfare policies lifted up the white middle class and largely excluded Black Americans"]. ''Business Insider''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> As Bittker claims insyd ein book The Case for Black Reparations, "as slavery faded into de background, e be succeeded by a caste system embodying white supremacy".<ref name=":10">Bittker, Boris (2003). ''The Case for Black Reparations''. Random House.</ref> Many argue dat while reparations may be a first step towards amending de harms wey slavery cause am, de systemic racism dat exists insyd many institutions will not be fixed as easily. Malcolm X stated: "If you stick a knife insyd my back nine inches den pull am out six inches, der's no progress. If you pull am all de way out dat's not progress. Progress be healing de wound dat de blow made."<ref>[http://www.notable-quotes.com/x/x_malcolm.html "Malcolm X Quotes"]. ''notable-quotes.com''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> === Precedents === Advocates have used oda examples of reparations to argue dat victims of institutional slavery should be similarly compensated.<ref>[http://www.abanet.org/irr/hr/spring00humanrights/gifford.html "The Legal Basis of the Claim for Slavery Reparations"]. American Bar Association. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> Insyd several cases de federal government has formally apologized to anaa compensated minority groups give past actions: * Under de Civil Liberties Act of 1988, wey President Ronald Reagan signed am into law, de U.S. government apologized give Japanese American internment during World War II den provided reparations of $20,000 to each survivor, to compensate give loss of property den liberty during dat period. No compensation was given to de descendants of affected individuals though. * De Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act transferred land, federal money, den a portion of oil revenues to native Alaskans. * De Apology Resolution of 1993 apologized give de overthrow of de Kingdom of Hawaii, sana gave no compensation. U.S. state governments have made reparations insyd some specific circumstances: * Virginia established a compensation fund give victims of involuntary sterilization insyd 2015.<ref>[https://dbhds.virginia.gov/developmental-services/victimsofeugenics/ "Victims of Eugenics Sterilization Compensation Program"]. ''Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services (DBHDS)''. Virginia Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services.</ref> Oda countries have sanso opted to pay reparations give past grievances, such as: * Reparations give de Holocaust, wey dey include de Reparations Agreement between Israel den West Germany den various programs under de Conference for Jewish Material Claims Against Germany top. == Arguments against reparations == === Statute of limitations === Most state den federal laws under wey parties sabi sue give damages have a statute of limitations wey sets a deadline give filing; these have all long since passed, wey prevents courts from granting relief under existing laws. Dis has been used effectively insyd several suits, wey dey nclude ''In re: African American Slave Descendants'', wey dismissed a high-profile suit against a number of businesses plus ties to slavery.<ref>[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-7th-circuit/1446515.html "In re: African-American Slave Descents Ligation"]. ''Case Law''. Retrieved July 9, 2019.</ref> === Technical complications === De technical side of reparations be very complex, den could be a reason why dem have not yet been implemented. Sam argue against de idea of putting a monetary value on de traumas dat Black Americans have faced, dubbing am "transactionalism".<ref name=":9" /> On de oda hand, sam dismiss de case give reparations entirely due to practical concerns, wey include who would receive these financial payments, why should de current generation pay give wrongs give wey dem are not responsible, den how much should be paid. De estimates of de monetary value of stolen slave labor den subsequent discrimination vary “from an outrageously low $3.2 million to $4.7 billion,” den to as much as $12 trillion.<ref name=":7" /> Dis sanso dey raise de question of who be responsible give paying. Generally, three actors be agreed upon: federal den state governments, wey supported den protected de institution of slavery; private companies dat benefited from it; den “rich families dat owe a good portion of dema wealth to slavery”.<ref name=":11">Breeanna Hare and Doug Criss (August 15, 2020). [https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/15/us/slavery-reparations-explanation-trnd/index.html "People are again talking about slavery reparations. But it's a complex and thorny issue"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Sam claim dat closing de wealth gap dey involve paying descendants of slaves “individual cash payments insyd de amount dat will close de Black-white racial wealth divide”.<ref name=":10" /> Another suggestion be give reparations to "come insyd de form of wealth-building opportunities dat address racial disparities insyd education, housing, den business ownership".<ref name=":8" /> For example, insyd de city of Asheville, North Carolina, reparations have been implemented insyd de form of "investments insyd areas wey Black residents face disparities".<ref name=":11" /> However, de complications dat surround dis be significant, den odas argue dat putting de money into communities be not efficient, due to people moving den gentrification.<ref name=":6" /> Insyd ein book, Bittker lays out sam of de practical den constitutional problems dat would likely arise insyd an attempt to execute a program of reparations to Blacks.<ref name=":10" /> Would it be de same payment to every person? Would dem have to prove ancestry to an African slave, anaa would it be any black person wey was subject to racism? There be no real answers to these questions, as dis be unprecedented case. Oda cases of reparations, wey include to de Jewish people wey survived de Holocaust anaa de Native Americans insyd de United States, be very different insyd de way dat it be much easier to identify de group wey should receive dem, den de reparations were paid more quickly dan insyd de case of reparations give slavery. === Additional arguments den opinions === Steven Greenhut, de western region director give de R Street Institute, has suggested dat reparations would make racism worse.<ref>Greenhut, Steven (April 5, 2019). [https://reason.com/2019/04/05/reparations-likely-to-divide-not-heal/ "Reparations Are More Likely to Divide the Nation Than Heal It"]. ''Reason''.</ref> Republican senator Mitch McConnell of Kentucky, wey be a descendant of slave owners,<ref>Siemaszko, Corky (July 8, 2019). [https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/mitch-mcconnell-ancestors-slave-owners-alabama-1800s-census-n1027511 "Sen. Mitch McConnell's great-great-grandfathers owned 14 slaves, bringing reparations issue close to home"]. ''NBC News''. Retrieved January 29, 2021.</ref> while dey acknowledge dat slavery was an "original sin" of de United States, opposes providing reparations because he believes "none of us currently living are responsible."<ref>Ted Barrett, Ted (June 19, 2019). [https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/18/politics/mitch-mcconnell-opposes-reparations-slavery/index.html "McConnell opposes paying reparations: 'None of us currently living are responsible' for slavery"]. ''CNN''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> One publication against reparations be David Horowitz, ''Uncivil Wars: The Controversy Over Reparations for Slavery'' (2002). Oda works dat discuss problems plus reparations dey include John Torpey's ''Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparations Politics'' (2006), Alfred Brophy's ''Reparations Pro den Con'' (2006), den Nahshon Perez's ''Freedom from Past Injustices'' (Edinburgh University Press, 2012). Reparations insyd de U.S. have never gained widespread public support.<ref name=":9" /> Often insyd these conversations, de White reaction is to claim dat dis be a form of unjustifiable "reverse racism", anaa dat demands give reparations be an example of de "Black refusal to move beyond de memory of slavery".<ref name=":9" /> A 2020 poll from De Washington Post showed dat "63% of Americans don't think de U.S. should pay reparations to de descendants of slaves".<ref name=":11" /> Notably, 82% of Black Americans support reparations, while 75% of White Americans do not. Sam arguments sanso highlight de complications behind reparations, such as "not all Black Americans are descendants of slaves" anaa dat de people alive today are not responsible give de harms of slavery. Odas still argue dat reparations will do nothing insyd de face of racism, den dat structural den policy changes would be more effective. Insyd de midst of America's racial unrest from 2020 to de present, these tensions were particularly exposed.^{[''original research?'']} == Reparations den COVID-19 == De call give reparations has amplified due to de coronavirus pandemic, plus people of color disproportionately likely to be laid off, to struggle financially, den to die from de virus.<ref name=":12" /> For example, 40% of black-owned businesses have closed permanently since March due to de pandemic, compared to 17% of white-owned businesses during de same period.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/black-owned-busineses-close-thousands-coronavirus-pandemic/ "40% of black-owned businesses not expected to survive coronavirus"]. ''CBS News''. June 22, 2020. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</ref> Dis relates back to de fact dat white families have roughly ten times de wealth of black families.<ref name=":7" /> Dis limits black-owned businesses' access to credit den loans, den dem do not have de safety net insyd times of crises dat many white-owned businesses do.^{[''citation needed'']} In addition, African Americans continue to get infected den die from COVID-19 at rates more than 1.5 times dema share of de population.<ref name=":13">Wood, Daniel (September 23, 2020). [https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/09/23/914427907/as-pandemic-deaths-add-up-racial-disparities-persist-and-in-some-cases-worsen "As Pandemic Deaths Add Up, Racial Disparities Persist — And In Some Cases Worsen"]. ''NPR News''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> Insyd August 2020, de CDC released data wey dey show dat Blacks, Latinos, den American Indians are experiencing hospitalizations at rates 4.5 to 5.5 times higher dan non-Hispanic whites, den dat African Americans are dying at 2.4 times de white rate.<ref name=":13" /> == Legislation den oda actions == ===Federal government=== On July 30, 2008, de United States House of Representatives pass a resolution wey dey apologize for American slavery den subsequent discriminatory laws.<ref name=":14" /> Na de Senate apologize insyd 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Medish |first1=Mark |last2=Lucich |first2=Daniel |date=2019-08-30 |title=Congress must officially apologize for slavery before America can think about reparations |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/congress-must-officially-apologize-slavery-america-can-think-about-reparations-ncna1047561 |access-date=2023-10-21 |work=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Senate approves resolution apologizing for slavery |work=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/18/senate.slavery/index.html |access-date=2023-10-21 }}</ref> ===States=== ====Legislation==== * '''California''' – Adopted legislation wey dey require insurance companies to determine whether dem have records going back to when slavery existed insyd dis country den, if so, to provide information for insurance policies top wey slaveholders held am on slaves to de state's insurance department.<ref name=":15">McCarthy, Kevin (February 1, 2012). [https://www.cga.ct.gov/2012/rpt/2012-R-0072.htm Slavery Era Insurance Registry Laws] (Report). OLR Research Report. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> De California Reparations Task Force was established insyd 2020 as a non-regulatory state agency to study den develop reparation proposals. * '''Illinois''' – Adopted legislation wey dey require insurance companies to determine whether dem have records going back to when slavery existed insyd dis country den, if so, to provide information for insurance policies top wey slaveholders held am on slaves to de state's insurance department.<ref name=":15" /> * '''Iowa''' – Adopted legislation wey dey ask de insurance commissioner to request if insurance companies dem have records going back to when slavery existed insyd dis country den, if so, to provide information for insurance policies top wey slaveholders held am on slaves to de state's insurance department.<ref name=":15" /> * '''Maryland''' – Adopted legislation wey dey require insurance companies to determine whether dem have records going back to when slavery existed insyd dis country den, if so, to provide information for insurance policies top wey slaveholders held am on slaves to de state's insurance department.<ref name=":15" /> * '''New York''' – Insyd December of 2023, Gov. Kathy Hochul signed a bill wey dey set up a commission give de study of slavery's legacy. De commission will possibly make recommendations give monetary compensation anaa oda reparations give New York's Black residents under de effort. De Democrat-controlled state Legislature approved de measure insyd June.<ref>Robinson, David (December 19, 2023). [https://www.uticaod.com/story/news/local/new-york/2023/12/19/ny-black-reparations-new-law-launches-study-of-slavery-compensation-payments/71971068007/ "NY to study reparations for slavery, possible direct payments to Black residents"]. ''Utica Observer-Dispatch''.</ref> ====Apologies==== * '''Alabama''' – Apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans on April 25, 2007.<ref name="Blerd" /><ref>[https://www.apr.org/2007-05-31/riley-signs-slavery-apology "Riley Signs Slavery Apology"]. ''Alabama Public Radio''. May 31, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref><ref>White, David (May 31, 2007). [https://www.al.com/spotnews/2007/05/riley_signs_slaveryapology_res.html "Riley signs slavery-apology resolution"]. ''AL.com''. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref> * '''Connecticut''' – Insyd 2009 apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans.<ref>[https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2009-05-22-apology-house-0522-art-story.html "House Passes Resolution to Apologize for Slavery"]. ''Hartford Courant''. May 22, 2009.</ref> * '''Delaware''' – Apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans on February 11, 2016.<ref name="Moyer" /> * '''Florida''' – Insyd 2008, apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans insyd America.<ref name="Blerd" /> * '''Maryland''' – Insyd 2007, apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans insyd America.<ref name="Blerd" /> * '''New Jersey''' – Insyd 2007, apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans insyd America.<ref name="Blerd" /> * '''North Carolina''' – Insyd 2007, apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans insyd America.<ref name="NSNBC" /> * '''Tennessee''' – Insyd 2007, de Tennessee House of Representatives voted insyd unanimous support on a resolution wey dey state dat it "regrets" ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans. De House had specifically removed any "apology" language from de resolution.<ref>[https://www.tracingcenter.org/blog/2014/04/tennessee-weighs-an-apology-for-slavery/ "Tennessee weighs an apology for slavery"]. April 16, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/apr/16/tn-votes-express-regret-slavery-not-apologize/137478/ "TN votes to express regret for slavery, but not apologize"]. ''Chattanooga Times Free Press''. Associated Press. April 16, 2020.</ref> * '''Virginia''' – Apologized give ein involvement insyd de enslavement of Africans on February 26, 2007.<ref name="Blerd" /> ===Counties=== * '''Buncombe County, North Carolina''': On June 16, 2020, insyd 7–0 vote, Buncombe County Commissioners decided to remove several Confederate monuments wey dey include de Vance Monument<ref>Penter, Caitlyn (June 16, 2020). [https://wlos.com/news/local/confederate-monuments-to-be-moved-from-downtown-asheville "Confederate monuments to be moved from downtown Asheville"]. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> wey be named after North Carolina governor Zeb Vance, a slave owner wey used convict labor to build de railroad to Western North Carolina.<ref>Ready, Milton (June 25, 2015). [https://mountainx.com/opinion/when-past-is-present-zeb-vance-and-his-monument/ "When past is present: Zeb Vance and his monument"]. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> Significant community involvement led to de decision. Leading up to de vote, de board received 549 supporting messages den 19 opposing.<ref>Walter, Rebecca (June 17, 2020). [https://eu.citizen-times.com/story/news/2020/06/17/buncombe-county-board-commissioners-votes-remove-confederate-monuments/3201563001/ "Monumental decision: Buncombe County approves removal of Confederate statues"].</ref> ===Cities=== * '''Chicago, Illinois:''' "Insyd 2015, Chicago enacted a reparations ordinance wey dey cover hundreds of African Americans tortured by police from de 1970s to de 1990s. De law calls give $5.5 million insyd financial compensation, as well as hundreds of thousands more give a public memorial, den a range of assistance related to health, education den emotional well-being".<ref>Hassan, Adeel; Healy, Jack (June 19, 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/reparations-slavery.html "America Has Tried Reparations Before. Here Is How It Went"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> * '''Evanston, Illinois:''' "De City Council of Evanston, Illinois, voted to allocate de first $10 million insyd tax revenue from de sale of recreational marijuana (wey became legal insyd de state for January 1, 2020 top) to fund reparations initiatives dat address de gaps insyd wealth den opportunity of black residents".<ref name=":0" /> * '''Asheville, North Carolina:''' De city council approved reparations on a 7–0 vote on July 14, 2020. "[B]udgetary den programmatic priorities may include sana not be limited to increasing minority home ownership den access to oda affordable housing, increasing minority business ownership den career opportunities, strategies to grow equity den generational wealth, closing de gaps insyd health care, education, employment den pay, neighborhood safety den fairness within criminal justice," de resolution reads. De resolution establishes de Community Reparations Commission wey will make concrete recommendations give programs den resources allocations to ultimately carry out de reparations.<ref name=":16">Burgess, Joel (July 14, 2020). [https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2020/07/14/asheville-passes-reparations-black-residents-historic/5438597002/ "In historic move, Asheville approves reparations for Black residents"]. ''Citizen Times''. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> De Asheville City Council sanso voted unanimously on June 9, 2020, to remove two confederate monuments as a result of demands wey a group called "Black Asheville Demands" made am<ref>[http://ashevilledailyplanet.com/news/4747-city-oks-monuments-removal-pending-county-approval- "City OKs monuments' removal, pending county approval"]. June 15, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.</ref> den de work of de Racial Justice Coalition plus led de push give de effort.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200718163750/https://www.registerguard.com/zz/news/20200715/in-historic-move-north-carolina-city-approves-reparations-for-black-residents "In historic move, North Carolina city approves reparations for Black residents"]. July 15, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.</ref> De city council meeting had so much community engagement public comment was extended give an extra hour beyond de normal meeting time.<ref name=":16" /> * '''San Francisco, California:''' Insyd March 2023, "reparation payments of $5 million to eligible Black residents wey San Francisco’s Board of Supervisors unanimously accepted am".<ref>Grove, Rashad (March 16, 2023). [https://www.ebony.com/san-francisco-board-approves-5-million-reparation-payments/ "NEWS & POLITICS: SAN FRANCISCO BOARD APPROVES $5 MILLION REPARATION PAYMENTS FOR BLACK RESIDENTS"]. ''Ebony''.</ref> ===Organizations den institutions=== * '''Aetna:''' Apologized insyd 2000 give issuing life insurance policies to enslavers covering de lives of enslaved people from <abbr>c.</abbr> 1853 to 1860.<ref>Groark, Virginia (May 5, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/05/nyregion/slave-policies.html "Slave Policies"]. ''The New York Times''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131017235053/http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2000/03/13/aetna-apologizes-for-pre-civil-war-policies-issued-on-lives-of-slaves/ "Ethics Newsline® » News » Aetna Apologizes For Pre-Civil-War Policies Issued On Lives Of Slaves"]. Globalethics.org. March 13, 2000. Archived from [http://www.globalethics.org/newsline/2000/03/13/aetna-apologizes-for-pre-civil-war-policies-issued-on-lives-of-slaves/ the original] on October 17, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2011.</ref> Insyd 2002, when Farmer-Paellman brought suit against Aetna, CSX den Fleet give unjust enrichment by "a system dat enslaved, tortured, starved den exploited human beings,"<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/money/general/2002/03/25/slave-reparations.htm "Aetna, CSX, FleetBoston face slave reparations suit"]. ''USA Today''. March 24, 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref> dis suit was dismissed.<ref>Cox, James (January 26, 2004). [https://www.usatoday.com/money/companies/regulation/2004-01-26-reparations_x.htm?csp=34 "Judge rejects lawsuit seeking reparations"]. ''USA Today''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref><ref>Olson, Walter (October 31, 2008). [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-oct-31-oe-olson31-story.html "So long, slavery reparations"]. ''Los Angeles Times''. Retrieved May 2, 2010.</ref> * '''University of Alabama:''' Apologized give de history of slavery at de university insyd 2004.<ref>Cruz, Gilbert (April 20, 2004). [https://www.tuscaloosanews.com/story/news/2004/04/21/ua-apologizes-for-history-of-slavery/27863767007/ "UA apologizes for history of slavery"]. ''Tuscaloosa News''. Retrieved January 30, 2022.</ref> * '''Georgetown University:''' "Insyd 2016 [de university agreed] to give admissions preference to descendants of de 272 slaves[,] formally apologized give ein role insyd slavery [den] [renamed] two buildings on ein campus to acknowledge de lives of enslaved people". Insyd April, 2019 students at Georgetown University voted to increase dema tuition by $27.20 to benefit de descendants of de 272 slaves wey de Jesuits wey ran de school insyd 1838 sold am. De student-led referendum was non-binding.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/reparations-slavery.html "America Has Tried Reparations Before. Here Is How It Went"]. ''The New York Times''. June 19, 2019. Retrieved July 12, 2020. <q>In 2015, Chicago enacted a reparations ordinance covering hundreds of African Americans tortured by police from the 1970s to the 1990s. The law calls for $5.5 million in financial compensation, as well as hundreds of thousands more for a public memorial, and a range of assistance related to health, education and emotional well-being.</q></ref> Later dat year, after further pressure den follow up from de Georgetown University Student Association,<ref>Li, Amy (June 25, 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220602130008/https://thehoya.com/board-directors-meets-not-vote-gu272-referendum/ "Board of Directors Meets, Does Not Vote on GU272 Referendum"]. ''The Hoya''. Georgetown University. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> de university eventually moved forward plus a similar proposal without de students' covering de cost plus a tuition increase.<ref>Ebbs, Stephanie (October 30, 2019). [https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/georgetown-university-announces-reparations-fund-benefit-descendants-slaves/story?id=66642286 "Georgetown University announces reparations fund to benefit descendants of slaves once sold by the school"]. ''ABC News''. Retrieved July 12, 2020.</ref> * '''Harvard University''' started to research ein relationship to slavery insyd 2007. Insyd 2016, Harvard president Drew Faust acknowledged dat de university had been "directly complicit" insyd slavery. Insyd 2022 de university published ''Harvard &'' ''de Legacy of Slavery'', more dan a hundred pages long. De report included recommendations to develop educational partnerships plus historically Black colleges den universities, create a public memorial, den identify living descendants of people enslaved by university staff, leaders den faculty. There was a US$100m endowment give implementation. De university has given descendants of slaves preferential consideration give admissions den set up a reconciliation fund give dem.<ref>Moscufo, Michela (June 21, 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/news/2025/jun/21/harvard-slavery-decendants-of-the-enslaved "Harvard hired a researcher to uncover its ties to slavery. He says the results cost him his job: 'We found too many slaves'"]. ''The Guardian''.</ref> * '''JP Morgan Chase''': Apologized give ein connection to slavery insyd 2005.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4193797.stm "JP Morgan admits US slavery links"]. ''BBC News''. November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> * '''Princeton Theological Seminary''': Insyd 2019, de Seminary announced a $27 million commitment give various initiatives to recognize how it benefited from black slavery. Dis be de largest monetary commitment by an educational institution.<ref name=":0" /> * '''Virginia Theological Seminary:''' Set aside $1.7 million to pay reparations to descendants of African Americans wey be enslaved to work on dema campus, first distributed insyd 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Wright, Will (May 31, 2021). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/31/us/reparations-virginia-theological-seminary.html "Seminary Built on Slavery and Jim Crow Labor Has Begun Paying Reparations"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331].</ref> * '''Wachovia''': Apologized give ein connection to slavery insyd 2005.<ref>Katie Benner (June 2, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025745/https://money.cnn.com/2005/06/02/news/fortune500/wachovia_slavery/ "Wachovia apologizes for ties to slavery"]. CNN/Money. Retrieved November 15, 2017.</ref> == Sanso see == * [[:en:American_Descendants_of_Slavery_(ADOS)|American Descendants of Slavery (ADOS)]] * [[:en:American_slave_court_cases|American slave court cases]] * [[:en:Freedom_suit|Freedom suit]] – lawsuits brought by slaves to obtain freedom den reparations * [[:en:History_of_slavery_in_the_United_States|History of slavery insyd de United States]] * [[:en:History_of_slavery|History of slavery]] * [[:en:History_of_slavery_in_Asia|History of slavery insyd Asia]] * [[:en:History_of_slavery_in_the_Muslim_world|History of slavery insyd de Muslim world]] * [[:en:Legal_remedy|Legal remedy]] * [[Liberia]] * [[:en:Public_apologies_for_slavery_in_the_United_States|Public apologies give slavery insyd de United States]] * [[:en:Reparations_(website)|Reparations (website)]] * [[:en:Republic_of_New_Afrika|Republic of New Afrika]] * [[:en:Slavery_in_contemporary_Africa|Slavery insyd contemporary Africa]] * [[:en:Slavery_reparation_scam|Slavery reparation scam]] ==References == <references /> == Read further == === 21st century === * {{cite book|last=Araujo|first=Ana Lucia|title=Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2017|isbn=978-1350010604|ref=none}} * Brophy, Alfred L. ''Reparations: Pro & Con''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. * Brooks, Roy L. ''Atonement and Forgiveness: A New Model for Black Reparations''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. * {{cite book|url=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/?id=p087875|title=Reparations and reparatory justice|date=2024|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252087875|editor-last1=Cha-Jua|editor-first1=Sundiata Keita|editor-last2=Berry|editor-first2=Mary Frances|editor-link2=|editor-last3=Franklin|editor-first3=V. P.}} * Darity, William Jr., A. Kirsten Mullen, and Marvin Slaughter. 2022. "[https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.36.2.99 The Cumulative Costs of Racism and the Bill for Black Reparations.]" ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 36 (2): 99–122. * {{cite book|last=DeGruy|first=Joy|title=Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing|date=2017|publisher=Joy Degruy Publications|isbn=978-0985217273|edition=Newly Revised and Updated|orig-date=2005}} * Dottin, Paul Anthony. "The end of race as we know it: Slavery, segregation, and the African American quest for redress." Ph.D. Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2002. * Flaherty, Peter, and John Carlisle. ''The Case against Slave Reparations''. Falls Church, Va: National Legal and Policy Center, 2004. * Hakim, Ida. ''The Debtors: Whites Respond to the Call for Black Reparations''. Red Oak, GA: Cure, 2005. * Henry, Charles P. ''Long Overdue: The Politics of Racial Reparations''. New York: New York University Press, 2007. * {{cite news|title=The Debt|first=Matthew|last=Kauffman|newspaper=Hartford Courant|date=September 29, 2002|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/257202079|via=newspapers.com|pages=192–197|ref=none}} * Martin, Michael T., and Marilyn Yaquinto. ''Redress for Historical Injustices in the United States: On Reparations for Slavery, Jim Crow, and Their Legacies''. Durham: Duke University Press, 2007. * Miller, Jon, and Rahul Kumar. ''Reparations: Interdisciplinary Inquiries''. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2007. P * {{cite news|title=Taking Reparations Seriously|first=Noah|last=Millman|date=May 29, 2014|magazine=American Conservative|url=https://www.theamericanconservative.com/millman/taking-reparations-seriously/|ref=none}} * {{cite news|title=Her Family Owned Slaves. How Can She Make Amends?|first=Kim|last=Severson|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 4, 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/04/dining/georgia-farm-slaves.html?action=click&module=card&pageType=theWeekenderLink}} * Torpey, John. ''Making Whole What Has Been Smashed: On Reparations Politics''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006. * University of Kansas. ''Symposium: Law, Reparations & Racial Disparities''. Lawrence: University of Kansas, Kansas Law Review, 2009. * Walters, Ronald W. ''African Americans and Movements for Reparations: Past, Present, and Future''. Dedicated to the Memory and Scholarly Legacy of Dr. Ronald W. Walters. Washington, DC: Association for the Study of African American Life and History, 2012. * Winbush, Raymond A. ''Should America Pay? Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations''. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins, 2003. === 19th century === * {{cite journal |last=Finkenbine |first=Roy E. |year=2005 |title=Wendell Phillips and 'The Negro's Claim': A Neglected Reparations Document |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25081197 |journal=Massachusetts Historical Review |volume=7 |pages=105–119 |jstor=25081197 |accessdate=18 April 2022}} == Video == * Gannon, James (October 25, 2018). ''[https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeracorrespondent/2018/10/moral-debt-legacy-slavery-usa-181017093941707.html A Moral Debt: The Legacy of Slavery in the USA]''. ''Al-Jazeera''. <q>Gannon is a descendant of Robert E. Lee</q> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q105993844|c=Category:Reparations for slavery|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=In re African-American Slave Descendants Litigation|2005 United States court decision dismissing reparations lawsuits|wikt=no|species=no}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=rKkYifcUSVYC Reparations for Slavery: a Reader] – a collection of essays on the topic of reparations for slavery. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208141547/http://www.city-journal.org/2008/18_4_reparations.html Reparations, R.I.P., ''City Journal,'' Autumn 2008] * [http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:hr3745: Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081022124828/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:hr3745: Archived] October 22, 2008, at the Wayback Machine– A bill introduced by Congressman John Conyers, Jr. every year since 1989, which has not yet passed. * [https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/racism/010827.reparations.html Making Amends Debate Continues Over Reparations for U.S. Slavery] – NPR, August 27, 2001. * [https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/banished/ Banished] site for Independent Lens on Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) * {{cite web |title=Reparations Conference at TJSL |first=Kaimipono |last=Wenger |date=March 2, 2006 |access-date=December 3, 2018 |url=https://concurringopinions.com/archives/2006/03/reparations_con.html |publisher=Concurring Opinions |ref=none}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |African Americans |- !History | * Timeline * Abolitionism * African American founding fathers * Afrocentrism * American Civil War * Atlantic slave trade * Black Codes * Black cowboys * Black genocide * Black Lives Matter * ''Brown v. 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Mortality and Morbidity Statistics |url=https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1493396558 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Boxer |first1=Adam L |last2=Yu |first2=Jin-Tai |last3=Golbe |first3=Lawrence I |last4=Litvan |first4=Irene |last5=Lang |first5=Anthony E |last6=Höglinger |first6=Günter U |date=July 2017 |title=Advances in progressive supranuclear palsy: new diagnostic criteria, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches |journal=The Lancet Neurology |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |pages=552–563 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30157-6|pmid=28653647 |pmc=5802400 }}</ref> De condition dey lead to symptoms wey dey include loss of balance, slowing of movement, difficulty dey move de eyes, den cognitive impairment.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> PSP fi be mistaken for oda types of neurodegeneration such as [[Parkinson's disease]], [[frontotemporal dementia]] den Alzheimer's disease. E be de second most common tauopathy behind [[Alzheimer's disease]]. De cause of de condition be uncertain, buh dey involve de accumulation of tau protein within de brain. Medications such as levodopa den amantadine fi be useful insyd sam cases.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> Na dem first describe PSP by Richardson, Steele, den Olszewski insyd 1963 as a form of progressive parkinsonism.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=G. |last2=Bayulkem |first2=K. |last3=Hallett |first3=M. |date=October 2016 |title=Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): Richardson syndrome and other PSP variants |journal=Acta Neurologica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=242–249 |doi=10.1111/ane.12546|pmid=27070344 |pmc=7292631 }}</ref> However, de earliest known case wey dey present clinical dey feature consistent plus PSP, along plus pathological confirmation, na dem report insyd [[France]] insyd 1951.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Brusa |first1=Adolfo |last2=Stoehr |first2=Rolf |last3=Pramstaller |first3=Peter P. |date=March 2004 |title=Progressive supranuclear palsy: New disease or variant of postencephalitic parkinsonism? |url=https://movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mds.10699 |journal=Movement Disorders |language=en |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=247–252 |doi=10.1002/mds.10699 |pmid=15022178 |issn=0885-3185}}</ref> Originally dem think am to be a more general type of atypical parkinsonism, PSP be linked to distinct clinical phenotypes wey dey include '''PSP-Richardson's syndrome (PSP-RS)''', wich be de most common sub-type of de disease.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Coughlin |first1=David G. |last2=Litvan |first2=Irene |date=April 2020 |title=Progressive supranuclear palsy: Advances in diagnosis and management |journal=Parkinsonism & Related Disorders |language=en |volume=73 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.04.014|pmid=32487421 |pmc=7462164 }}</ref> As PSP dey advance to a fully symptomatic stage, chaw PSP subtypes eventually dey exhibit de clinical characteristics of PSP-RS.<ref name=":0" /> PSP of all phenotypes get a prevalence of 18 per 100,000, whereas PSP-RS dey affect approximately 5 to 7 per 100,000 individuals.<ref name="Golbe20142" /><ref name=":0" /> De first symptoms typically dey occur at 60–70 years of age. Males slightly be more susceptible dan females.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> Na dem no find association between PSP den any particular race, location, anaa occupation.<ref name="Golbe20142" /> ==Society den culture== Der be several organizations around de world wey dey support PSP patients den de research into PSP den related diseases, such as corticobasal degeneration (CBD) den multiple system atrophy (MSA). * Canada: PSP Society of Canada<ref>[http://www.pspsocietycanada.ca/ PSP Society of Canada], re-linked 2020-01-20</ref> * France: Association PSP France, a nonprofit patient association dem set up insyd 1996<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200605115303/http://www.pspfrance.org/m-243-notre-histoire.html PSP France - Notre histoire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605115303/http://www.pspfrance.org/m-243-notre-histoire.html |date=2020-06-05 }}, re-linked 2020-01-20</ref> *UK: PSPA, a national charity for information, patient support den research of PSP den CBD, dem set up insyd 1994<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.pspassociation.org.uk/about-us/ |publisher=PSPA |access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref> * Ireland: PSPAI, an organization wich dey aim to increase public awareness of PSP<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pspaireland.ie/what-is-psp/|title = What is PSP|date = 18 October 2013}}</ref> * US: CurePSP, a nonprofit organization for promoting awareness, care den research of PSP, CBD, MSA "den oda prime of life neurodegenerative diseases"<ref>[https://www.psp.org/ CurePSP], re-linked 2020-01-20</ref> ===Insyd popular culture=== Insyd de 2020 American musical comedy-drama television series, ''Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist'', de title character ein poppie (Mitch Clarke, wey Peter Gallagher play) get PSP.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist' Boss on That Devastating Finale and Season 2 Plans|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/zoeys-extraordinary-playlist-finale-explained-austin-winsberg-interview-1292766|last=Bentley|first=Jean|date=May 3, 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> ===Notable cases=== * Dudley Moore (1935–2002): English actor, comedian, musician den composer * Peter Sarstedt (1941–2017): English singer den songwriter * Jesse Jackson (1941–2026) American activist * Phyllis Frelich (1944–2014): American Tony Award-winning actor * Richard Rainwater (1944–2015): American investor den philanthropist * Mary McCaslin (1946–2022): American singer den songwriter * Linda Ronstadt (b. 1946): American singer<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Linda Ronstadt Has Found Another Voice|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/linda-ronstadt-has-found-another-voice|last=Schulman|first=Michael|date=September 1, 2019|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en}}</ref> * Veena Sahasrabuddhe (1948–2016): Indian classical vocalist<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Veena Sahasrabuddhe, Vocalist Who Stood at the Threshold of True Glory|url=https://thewire.in/the-arts/the-music-of-veena-sahasrabuddhe|last=Inamdar|first=Nikhil|date=July 7, 2016|magazine=The Wire|language=en}}</ref> * Jeff Golub (1955–2015): American Rock den Jazz guitar musician * Lee Wei Ling (1955–2024): Singaporean neurologist<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tham |first1=Yuen-C |last2=Mujibah |first2=Fatimah |date=2024-10-09 |title=Lee Wei Ling, Lee Kuan Yew's daughter, dies at 69 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/lee-kuan-yew-s-daughter-lee-wei-ling-dies-at-the-age-of-69 |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> * Jennifer Wexton (b. 1968): former US Representative<ref>{{cite news |last1=Portnoy |first1=Jenna |title=Rep. Jennifer Wexton will not seek reelection as diagnosis changes |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2023/09/18/jennifer-wexton-parkinsons-diagnosis-progressive-supranuclear-palsy/ |newspaper=Washington Post |date=18 September 2023}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Progressive Supranuclear Palsy}} [[Category:Cognitive disorders]] [[Category:Corticobasal syndrome]] [[Category:Extrapyramidal den movement disorders]] [[Category:Rare diseases]] [[Category:Syndromes]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] [[Category:Diseases dem name after discoverers]] f14r3wpz1jacfszflzswbczdunry0ip 0 26899 98163 98161 2026-05-16T12:04:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promethazine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Phenergan''' among odas, be a first-generation antihistamine, sedative, den antiemetic dem use to treat allergies, nausea, den [[vomiting]]. E sanso fi help plus sam symptoms dem associate plus de [[common cold]]<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/promethazine-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> den sanso fi be used for sedating people wey be agitated anaa anxious, an effect wey lead to sam recreational use (especially plus [[codeine]]).<ref name="lean2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agnich LE, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Marcum CD |date=September 2013 |title=Purple drank prevalence and characteristics of misusers of codeine cough syrup mixtures |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Marcum_Catherine_2013_Purple_drank_orig.X.pdf |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=2445–9 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.020 |pmid=23688907}}</ref><ref name="BNF742">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 74 |date=2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-298-9 |edition=74 |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malamed SF |title=Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07596-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> Dem dey take promethazine by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, anaa by injection into a muscle (IM).<ref name=AHFS2018/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 7awb3l950qf2803jtj7rr63yf5xt7f4 98164 98163 2026-05-16T12:13:23Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promethazine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Phenergan''' among odas, be a first-generation antihistamine, sedative, den antiemetic dem use to treat allergies, nausea, den [[vomiting]]. E sanso fi help plus sam symptoms dem associate plus de [[common cold]]<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/promethazine-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> den sanso fi be used for sedating people wey be agitated anaa anxious, an effect wey lead to sam recreational use (especially plus [[codeine]]).<ref name="lean2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agnich LE, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Marcum CD |date=September 2013 |title=Purple drank prevalence and characteristics of misusers of codeine cough syrup mixtures |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Marcum_Catherine_2013_Purple_drank_orig.X.pdf |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=2445–9 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.020 |pmid=23688907}}</ref><ref name="BNF742">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 74 |date=2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-298-9 |edition=74 |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malamed SF |title=Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07596-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> Dem dey take promethazine by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, anaa by injection into a muscle (IM).<ref name=AHFS2018/> Common side effects of promethazine dey include confusion den sleepiness;<ref name="AHFS2018" /> consumption of alcohol anaa oda sedatives fi make dese symptoms worse.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be unclear if use of promethazine during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] be safe.<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name=BNF74>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-298-9|page=276|edition=74}}</ref> Use of promethazine no be recommended insyd those less dan two years old, secof potentially negative effects on breathing.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use of promethazine by injection into a vein no be recommended, secof potential skin damage.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Promethazine dey insyd de phenothiazine family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E sanso be a strong anticholinergic den at high anaa toxic doses fi act as a deliriant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Page CB, Duffull SB, Whyte IM, Isbister GK | title = Promethazine overdose: clinical effects, predicting delirium and the effect of charcoal | journal = QJM | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–131 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19042969 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcn153 | s2cid = 17677540 | doi-access = free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 4q1ei215bn70wrhdnwsa8j2vhd2qwrh 98165 98164 2026-05-16T12:17:29Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promethazine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Phenergan''' among odas, be a first-generation antihistamine, sedative, den antiemetic dem use to treat allergies, nausea, den [[vomiting]]. E sanso fi help plus sam symptoms dem associate plus de [[common cold]]<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/promethazine-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> den sanso fi be used for sedating people wey be agitated anaa anxious, an effect wey lead to sam recreational use (especially plus [[codeine]]).<ref name="lean2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agnich LE, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Marcum CD |date=September 2013 |title=Purple drank prevalence and characteristics of misusers of codeine cough syrup mixtures |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Marcum_Catherine_2013_Purple_drank_orig.X.pdf |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=2445–9 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.020 |pmid=23688907}}</ref><ref name="BNF742">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 74 |date=2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-298-9 |edition=74 |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malamed SF |title=Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07596-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> Dem dey take promethazine by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, anaa by injection into a muscle (IM).<ref name=AHFS2018/> Common side effects of promethazine dey include confusion den sleepiness;<ref name="AHFS2018" /> consumption of alcohol anaa oda sedatives fi make dese symptoms worse.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be unclear if use of promethazine during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] be safe.<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name=BNF74>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-298-9|page=276|edition=74}}</ref> Use of promethazine no be recommended insyd those less dan two years old, secof potentially negative effects on breathing.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use of promethazine by injection into a vein no be recommended, secof potential skin damage.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Promethazine dey insyd de phenothiazine family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E sanso be a strong anticholinergic den at high anaa toxic doses fi act as a deliriant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Page CB, Duffull SB, Whyte IM, Isbister GK | title = Promethazine overdose: clinical effects, predicting delirium and the effect of charcoal | journal = QJM | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–131 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19042969 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcn153 | s2cid = 17677540 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem make promethazine insyd de 1940s by a team of scientists wey komot Rhône-Poulenc laboratories.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Li JJ |title=Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: The Human Stories behind the Drugs We Use |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-4AQEqbE-MC&pg=PT146 |access-date=9 July 2016 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=[[United Kingdom]] |isbn=978-0-19-988528-2 |page=146}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1951.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be a generic medication wey be available under chaw brand names globally.<ref name=brands>{{cite web|title=Promethazine international brands|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/promethazine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 230th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions;<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Promethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> den de combination plus [[dextromethorphan]] be de 252nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Dextromethorphan; Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DextromethorphanPromethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7pe2309j857u6h6sy0c69r2sqi4mnqj 98166 98165 2026-05-16T12:21:58Z DaSupremo 9 /* Pharmacology */ Improve article 98166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promethazine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Phenergan''' among odas, be a first-generation antihistamine, sedative, den antiemetic dem use to treat allergies, nausea, den [[vomiting]]. E sanso fi help plus sam symptoms dem associate plus de [[common cold]]<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/promethazine-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> den sanso fi be used for sedating people wey be agitated anaa anxious, an effect wey lead to sam recreational use (especially plus [[codeine]]).<ref name="lean2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agnich LE, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Marcum CD |date=September 2013 |title=Purple drank prevalence and characteristics of misusers of codeine cough syrup mixtures |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Marcum_Catherine_2013_Purple_drank_orig.X.pdf |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=2445–9 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.020 |pmid=23688907}}</ref><ref name="BNF742">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 74 |date=2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-298-9 |edition=74 |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malamed SF |title=Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07596-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> Dem dey take promethazine by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, anaa by injection into a muscle (IM).<ref name=AHFS2018/> Common side effects of promethazine dey include confusion den sleepiness;<ref name="AHFS2018" /> consumption of alcohol anaa oda sedatives fi make dese symptoms worse.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be unclear if use of promethazine during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] be safe.<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name=BNF74>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-298-9|page=276|edition=74}}</ref> Use of promethazine no be recommended insyd those less dan two years old, secof potentially negative effects on breathing.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use of promethazine by injection into a vein no be recommended, secof potential skin damage.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Promethazine dey insyd de phenothiazine family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E sanso be a strong anticholinergic den at high anaa toxic doses fi act as a deliriant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Page CB, Duffull SB, Whyte IM, Isbister GK | title = Promethazine overdose: clinical effects, predicting delirium and the effect of charcoal | journal = QJM | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–131 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19042969 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcn153 | s2cid = 17677540 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem make promethazine insyd de 1940s by a team of scientists wey komot Rhône-Poulenc laboratories.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Li JJ |title=Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: The Human Stories behind the Drugs We Use |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-4AQEqbE-MC&pg=PT146 |access-date=9 July 2016 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=[[United Kingdom]] |isbn=978-0-19-988528-2 |page=146}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1951.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be a generic medication wey be available under chaw brand names globally.<ref name=brands>{{cite web|title=Promethazine international brands|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/promethazine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 230th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions;<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Promethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> den de combination plus [[dextromethorphan]] be de 252nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Dextromethorphan; Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DextromethorphanPromethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> ==Pharmacology== Anoda notable use of promethazine be as a local anesthetic, by blockage of sodium channels.<ref name="JagadishPrasad2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Prasad JP | title = Conceptual Pharmacology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s0e_FlM8LKYC&pg=PA295 | access-date = 27 November 2011 | year = 2010 | publisher = Universities Press | isbn = 978-81-7371-679-9 | pages = 295, 303, 598}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Binding to receptors in nM (K_i) |- ! receptor ! K_i (nM) ! ref |- | α1A-adrenoceptor (Rat) | 32 | <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=promethazine {{!}} Ligand Activity Charts {{!}} IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY |url=https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandActivityRangeVisForward?ligandId=7282 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=www.guidetopharmacology.org |language=en}}</ref> |- | α1B-adrenoceptor (Rat) | 21 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α1D-adrenoceptor (Human) | 90 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2A-adrenoceptor (Human) | 256 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2B-adrenoceptor (Human) | 24 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2C-adrenoceptor (Human) | 353 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Calmodulin (Human) | 60000 | <ref name="Bruno_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bruno C, Cavalluzzi MM, Rusciano MR, Lovece A, Carrieri A, Pracella R, Giannuzzi G, Polimeno L, Viale M, Illario M, Franchini C, Lentini G | title = The chemosensitizing agent lubeluzole binds calmodulin and inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II | journal = European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 116 | issue = | pages = 36–45 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27043269 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.045 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolshan Y, Getlik M, Kuznetsova E, Wasney GA, Hajian T, Poda G, Nguyen KT, Wu H, Dombrovski L, Dong A, Senisterra G, Schapira M, Arrowsmith CH, Brown PJ, Al-Awar R, Vedadi M, Smil D |date=March 2013 |title=Synthesis, Optimization, and Evaluation of Novel Small Molecules as Antagonists of WDR5-MLL Interaction |journal=ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=353–357 |doi=10.1021/ml300467n |pmc=4027439 |pmid=24900672}}</ref> |- | Calmodulin (Bovine) | 50000 | <ref name="Bruno_2016" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |- | Chloroquine resistance transporter (Plasmodium falciparum) | 85000 |<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deane KJ, Summers RL, Lehane AM, Martin RE, Barrow RA |date=May 2014 |title=Chlorpheniramine Analogues Reverse Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by Inhibiting PfCRT |journal=ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=576–581 |doi=10.1021/ml5000228 |pmc=4027738 |pmid=24900883}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- | D1 receptor (Human) | 1372 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | D2 receptor (Human) | 260 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | D3 receptor (Human) | 190 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | H1 receptor (Human) | 0.33<ref name=":1" />-1.4<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakai T, Kitamura N, Hashimoto T, Kajimoto Y, Nishino N, Mita T, Tanaka C | title = Decreased histamine H1 receptors in the frontal cortex of brains from patients with chronic schizophrenia | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 349–356 | date = August 1991 | pmid = 1912125 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90290-3 | s2cid = 9715772 }}</ref> | <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> |- | H2 receptor (Human) | 1146 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M1 receptor (Human) | 3.32 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M2 receptor (Human) | 12 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M3 receptor (Human) | 4.15 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M4 receptor (Human) | 1.06 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M5 receptor (Human) | 3.31 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | NET (Norephinephrine transporter) (Human) | 4203 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Prion protein (Human) | 8000 | <ref name="pmid12904059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogtherr M, Grimme S, Elshorst B, Jacobs DM, Fiebig K, Griesinger C, Zahn R | title = Antimalarial drug quinacrine binds to C-terminal helix of cellular prion protein | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 46 | issue = 17 | pages = 3563–3564 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12904059 | doi = 10.1021/jm034093h }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT1A receptor (Rat) | 1484 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2A receptor (Human) | 19 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2B receptor (Human) | 43 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2C receptor (Human) | 6.48 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT6 receptor (Human) | 1128 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | SERT (Serotonin transporter) (Human) | 2130 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Sigma1 receptor (Human) | 120 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | OCT1 (Human) | 35100 |<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahlin G, Karlsson J, Pedersen JM, Gustavsson L, Larsson R, Matsson P, Norinder U, Bergström CA, Artursson P |date=October 2008 |title=Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=19 |pages=5932–5942 |doi=10.1021/jm8003152 |pmid=18788725}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |} == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] t5gfeiavchqljt4vnvmgqk7n98z2mjn 98167 98166 2026-05-16T13:25:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Promethazine''', dem sell under de brand name '''Phenergan''' among odas, be a first-generation antihistamine, sedative, den antiemetic dem use to treat allergies, nausea, den [[vomiting]]. E sanso fi help plus sam symptoms dem associate plus de [[common cold]]<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web |title=Promethazine Hydrochloride Monograph for Professionals |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/promethazine-hydrochloride.html |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |access-date=24 October 2018}}</ref> den sanso fi be used for sedating people wey be agitated anaa anxious, an effect wey lead to sam recreational use (especially plus [[codeine]]).<ref name="lean2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Agnich LE, Stogner JM, Miller BL, Marcum CD |date=September 2013 |title=Purple drank prevalence and characteristics of misusers of codeine cough syrup mixtures |url=http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Marcum_Catherine_2013_Purple_drank_orig.X.pdf |journal=Addictive Behaviors |volume=38 |issue=9 |pages=2445–9 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.03.020 |pmid=23688907}}</ref><ref name="BNF742">{{cite book |title=British national formulary: BNF 74 |date=2017 |publisher=British Medical Association |isbn=978-0-85711-298-9 |edition=74 |page=276}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malamed SF |title=Sedation: A Guide to Patient Management |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-323-07596-1 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Abp9ci5-n1wC&pg=PA113 |language=en}}</ref> Dem dey take promethazine by mouth (oral), as a rectal suppository, anaa by injection into a muscle (IM).<ref name=AHFS2018/> Common side effects of promethazine dey include confusion den sleepiness;<ref name="AHFS2018" /> consumption of alcohol anaa oda sedatives fi make dese symptoms worse.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be unclear if use of promethazine during [[pregnancy]] anaa [[breastfeeding]] be safe.<ref name=AHFS2018/><ref name=BNF74>{{cite book|title=British national formulary: BNF 74|date=2017|publisher=British Medical Association|isbn=978-0-85711-298-9|page=276|edition=74}}</ref> Use of promethazine no be recommended insyd those less dan two years old, secof potentially negative effects on breathing.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Use of promethazine by injection into a vein no be recommended, secof potential skin damage.<ref name=AHFS2018/> Promethazine dey insyd de phenothiazine family of medications.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E sanso be a strong anticholinergic den at high anaa toxic doses fi act as a deliriant.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Page CB, Duffull SB, Whyte IM, Isbister GK | title = Promethazine overdose: clinical effects, predicting delirium and the effect of charcoal | journal = QJM | volume = 102 | issue = 2 | pages = 123–131 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19042969 | doi = 10.1093/qjmed/hcn153 | s2cid = 17677540 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Dem make promethazine insyd de 1940s by a team of scientists wey komot Rhône-Poulenc laboratories.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Li JJ |title=Laughing Gas, Viagra, and Lipitor: The Human Stories behind the Drugs We Use |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-4AQEqbE-MC&pg=PT146 |access-date=9 July 2016 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=[[United Kingdom]] |isbn=978-0-19-988528-2 |page=146}}</ref> Na e be approved for medical use insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1951.<ref name=AHFS2018/> E be a generic medication wey be available under chaw brand names globally.<ref name=brands>{{cite web|title=Promethazine international brands|url=https://www.drugs.com/international/promethazine.html|publisher=Drugs.com|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> Insyd 2023, na e be de 230th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions;<ref name="Top 300 of 2023">{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Promethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> den de combination plus [[dextromethorphan]] be de 252nd most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 1{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=17 August 2025 | archive-date=17 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817043812/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Dextromethorphan; Promethazine Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/DextromethorphanPromethazine | access-date = 17 August 2025 }}</ref> ==Pharmacology== Anoda notable use of promethazine be as a local anesthetic, by blockage of sodium channels.<ref name="JagadishPrasad2010">{{cite book | vauthors = Prasad JP | title = Conceptual Pharmacology | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=s0e_FlM8LKYC&pg=PA295 | access-date = 27 November 2011 | year = 2010 | publisher = Universities Press | isbn = 978-81-7371-679-9 | pages = 295, 303, 598}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Binding to receptors in nM (K_i) |- ! receptor ! K_i (nM) ! ref |- | α1A-adrenoceptor (Rat) | 32 | <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=promethazine {{!}} Ligand Activity Charts {{!}} IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY |url=https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/LigandActivityRangeVisForward?ligandId=7282 |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=www.guidetopharmacology.org |language=en}}</ref> |- | α1B-adrenoceptor (Rat) | 21 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α1D-adrenoceptor (Human) | 90 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2A-adrenoceptor (Human) | 256 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2B-adrenoceptor (Human) | 24 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | α2C-adrenoceptor (Human) | 353 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Calmodulin (Human) | 60000 | <ref name="Bruno_2016">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bruno C, Cavalluzzi MM, Rusciano MR, Lovece A, Carrieri A, Pracella R, Giannuzzi G, Polimeno L, Viale M, Illario M, Franchini C, Lentini G | title = The chemosensitizing agent lubeluzole binds calmodulin and inhibits Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II | journal = European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 116 | issue = | pages = 36–45 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 27043269 | doi = 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.03.045 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bolshan Y, Getlik M, Kuznetsova E, Wasney GA, Hajian T, Poda G, Nguyen KT, Wu H, Dombrovski L, Dong A, Senisterra G, Schapira M, Arrowsmith CH, Brown PJ, Al-Awar R, Vedadi M, Smil D |date=March 2013 |title=Synthesis, Optimization, and Evaluation of Novel Small Molecules as Antagonists of WDR5-MLL Interaction |journal=ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=353–357 |doi=10.1021/ml300467n |pmc=4027439 |pmid=24900672}}</ref> |- | Calmodulin (Bovine) | 50000 | <ref name="Bruno_2016" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |- | Chloroquine resistance transporter (Plasmodium falciparum) | 85000 |<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Deane KJ, Summers RL, Lehane AM, Martin RE, Barrow RA |date=May 2014 |title=Chlorpheniramine Analogues Reverse Chloroquine Resistance in Plasmodium falciparum by Inhibiting PfCRT |journal=ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=576–581 |doi=10.1021/ml5000228 |pmc=4027738 |pmid=24900883}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- | D1 receptor (Human) | 1372 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | D2 receptor (Human) | 260 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | D3 receptor (Human) | 190 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | H1 receptor (Human) | 0.33<ref name=":1" />-1.4<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakai T, Kitamura N, Hashimoto T, Kajimoto Y, Nishino N, Mita T, Tanaka C | title = Decreased histamine H1 receptors in the frontal cortex of brains from patients with chronic schizophrenia | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 30 | issue = 4 | pages = 349–356 | date = August 1991 | pmid = 1912125 | doi = 10.1016/0006-3223(91)90290-3 | s2cid = 9715772 }}</ref> | <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> |- | H2 receptor (Human) | 1146 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M1 receptor (Human) | 3.32 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M2 receptor (Human) | 12 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M3 receptor (Human) | 4.15 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M4 receptor (Human) | 1.06 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | M5 receptor (Human) | 3.31 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | NET (Norephinephrine transporter) (Human) | 4203 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Prion protein (Human) | 8000 | <ref name="pmid12904059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vogtherr M, Grimme S, Elshorst B, Jacobs DM, Fiebig K, Griesinger C, Zahn R | title = Antimalarial drug quinacrine binds to C-terminal helix of cellular prion protein | journal = Journal of Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 46 | issue = 17 | pages = 3563–3564 | date = August 2003 | pmid = 12904059 | doi = 10.1021/jm034093h }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT1A receptor (Rat) | 1484 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2A receptor (Human) | 19 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2B receptor (Human) | 43 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT2C receptor (Human) | 6.48 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | 5-HT6 receptor (Human) | 1128 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | SERT (Serotonin transporter) (Human) | 2130 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | Sigma1 receptor (Human) | 120 | <ref name=":1" /> |- | OCT1 (Human) | 35100 |<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ahlin G, Karlsson J, Pedersen JM, Gustavsson L, Larsson R, Matsson P, Norinder U, Bergström CA, Artursson P |date=October 2008 |title=Structural requirements for drug inhibition of the liver specific human organic cation transport protein 1 |journal=Journal of Medicinal Chemistry |volume=51 |issue=19 |pages=5932–5942 |doi=10.1021/jm8003152 |pmid=18788725}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |} == References == <references /> == External links == {{Subject bar|auto=y|d=y}} [[Category:Antiemetics]] [[Category:Antimigraine drugs]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]] [[Category:H1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:HERG blocker]] [[Category:Hypnotics]] [[Category:M1 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M2 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M3 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M4 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:M5 receptor antagonists]] [[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]] [[Category:Phenothiazines]] [[Category:Sodium channel blockers]] [[Category:Sigma receptor modulators]] [[Category:CYP2C9 inhibitors]] [[Category:French inventions]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 0xc0coe41kqd6ag96qatsjwf1z55uxm 0 26900 98171 98162 2026-05-16T16:06:05Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methadone''', dem sell under de brand names '''Dolophine''' den '''Methadose''' among odas, be a potent synthetic opioid dem use medically to treat chronic pain den opioid use disorder.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Methadone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223011324/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Dem prescribe for daily use, de medicine dey relieve cravings den opioid withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J |year=2000 |title=Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=5–6 |pages=347–364 |pmid=11064485}}</ref> Withdrawal management dey use methadone fi be accomplished insyd less dan a month,<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. |date=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |location=Geneva |publication-date=2009 |language=en}}</ref> anaa e fi be done gradually over a longer period of time, anaa dem simply maintain give de rest of de patient ein life.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> While a single dose get a rapid effect, maximum effect fi take up to five days of use.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Gris2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grissinger M | title = Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses | journal = P & T | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 462–466 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21935293 | pmc = 3171821 }}</ref> After long-term use, insyd people plus normal liver function, effects dey last 8 to 36 hours.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="DurPain">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toombs JD, Kral LA | title = Methadone treatment for pain states | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–1358 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15832538 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230511/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | archive-date = 5 September 2017 }}</ref> Dem usually dey take methadone by mouth den rarely by injection into a muscle anaa vein.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] <references /> == External links == 5f4u2a0nlleoyo8o9v9pokbvddm82ui 98173 98171 2026-05-16T23:25:07Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methadone''', dem sell under de brand names '''Dolophine''' den '''Methadose''' among odas, be a potent synthetic opioid dem use medically to treat chronic pain den opioid use disorder.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Methadone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223011324/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Dem prescribe for daily use, de medicine dey relieve cravings den opioid withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J |year=2000 |title=Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=5–6 |pages=347–364 |pmid=11064485}}</ref> Withdrawal management dey use methadone fi be accomplished insyd less dan a month,<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. |date=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |location=Geneva |publication-date=2009 |language=en}}</ref> anaa e fi be done gradually over a longer period of time, anaa dem simply maintain give de rest of de patient ein life.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> While a single dose get a rapid effect, maximum effect fi take up to five days of use.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Gris2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grissinger M | title = Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses | journal = P & T | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 462–466 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21935293 | pmc = 3171821 }}</ref> After long-term use, insyd people plus normal liver function, effects dey last 8 to 36 hours.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="DurPain">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toombs JD, Kral LA | title = Methadone treatment for pain states | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–1358 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15832538 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230511/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | archive-date = 5 September 2017 }}</ref> Dem usually dey take methadone by mouth den rarely by injection into a muscle anaa vein.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Side effects be similar to those of oda opioids.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Dese frequently dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, [[vomiting]], den sweating.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite web|title=Methadone|date=16 June 2015 |publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> Serious risks dey include opioid abuse den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Abnormal heart rhythms sanso fi occur secof a prolonged QT interval.<ref name=AHFS2015/> De number of deaths insyd de [[United States]] wey dey involve methadone poisoning decline from 4,418 insyd 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Data table for Figure 1. Age-adjusted drug-poisoning and opioid-analgesic poisoning death rates: United States, 1999–2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|website=CDC|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200249/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> to 3,300 insyd 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L | title = Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2010-2015 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 65 | issue = 50–51 | pages = 1445–1452 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28033313 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Risks be greater plus higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA | title = The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 4 | pages = 276–286 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25581257 | doi = 10.7326/M14-2559 | doi-access = | title-link = doi | s2cid = 207538295 }}</ref> Dem make methadone by chemical synthesis den dey act on opioid receptors.<ref name=AHFS2015/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] b8fsflwzngogul8jst9pchm5huhywev 98174 98173 2026-05-16T23:34:40Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methadone''', dem sell under de brand names '''Dolophine''' den '''Methadose''' among odas, be a potent synthetic opioid dem use medically to treat chronic pain den opioid use disorder.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Methadone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223011324/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Dem prescribe for daily use, de medicine dey relieve cravings den opioid withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J |year=2000 |title=Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=5–6 |pages=347–364 |pmid=11064485}}</ref> Withdrawal management dey use methadone fi be accomplished insyd less dan a month,<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. |date=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |location=Geneva |publication-date=2009 |language=en}}</ref> anaa e fi be done gradually over a longer period of time, anaa dem simply maintain give de rest of de patient ein life.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> While a single dose get a rapid effect, maximum effect fi take up to five days of use.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Gris2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grissinger M | title = Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses | journal = P & T | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 462–466 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21935293 | pmc = 3171821 }}</ref> After long-term use, insyd people plus normal liver function, effects dey last 8 to 36 hours.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="DurPain">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toombs JD, Kral LA | title = Methadone treatment for pain states | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–1358 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15832538 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230511/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | archive-date = 5 September 2017 }}</ref> Dem usually dey take methadone by mouth den rarely by injection into a muscle anaa vein.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Side effects be similar to those of oda opioids.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Dese frequently dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, [[vomiting]], den sweating.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite web|title=Methadone|date=16 June 2015 |publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> Serious risks dey include opioid abuse den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Abnormal heart rhythms sanso fi occur secof a prolonged QT interval.<ref name=AHFS2015/> De number of deaths insyd de [[United States]] wey dey involve methadone poisoning decline from 4,418 insyd 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Data table for Figure 1. Age-adjusted drug-poisoning and opioid-analgesic poisoning death rates: United States, 1999–2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|website=CDC|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200249/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> to 3,300 insyd 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L | title = Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2010-2015 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 65 | issue = 50–51 | pages = 1445–1452 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28033313 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Risks be greater plus higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA | title = The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 4 | pages = 276–286 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25581257 | doi = 10.7326/M14-2559 | doi-access = | title-link = doi | s2cid = 207538295 }}</ref> Dem make methadone by chemical synthesis den dey act on opioid receptors.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Na dem develop methadone insyd [[Germany]] insyd de late 1930s by Gustav Ehrhart den Max Bockmühl.<ref>{{cite book|title=Methadone Matters: Evolving Community Methadone Treatment of Opiate Addiction|date=2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-63309-0|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223052336/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Drug Policy|date=2011|isbn=978-1-5063-3824-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|chapter=Diphenypropylamine Derivatives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050127/https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|archive-date=23 December 2015| vauthors = Kleiman MA, Hawdon JE |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref> Na dem approve am for use as an analgesic insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1947, wey e be used insyd de treatment of addiction since de 1960s.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>Kuehn, B. M. (2005). ''Methadone Treatment Marks 40 Years. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(8), 887–889.'' doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.887</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] e8a9y5q2y1gj97uet3hhjw5b61g12yf 98175 98174 2026-05-16T23:55:39Z DaSupremo 9 /* Adverse effects */ Improve article 98175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methadone''', dem sell under de brand names '''Dolophine''' den '''Methadose''' among odas, be a potent synthetic opioid dem use medically to treat chronic pain den opioid use disorder.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Methadone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223011324/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Dem prescribe for daily use, de medicine dey relieve cravings den opioid withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J |year=2000 |title=Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=5–6 |pages=347–364 |pmid=11064485}}</ref> Withdrawal management dey use methadone fi be accomplished insyd less dan a month,<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. |date=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |location=Geneva |publication-date=2009 |language=en}}</ref> anaa e fi be done gradually over a longer period of time, anaa dem simply maintain give de rest of de patient ein life.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> While a single dose get a rapid effect, maximum effect fi take up to five days of use.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Gris2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grissinger M | title = Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses | journal = P & T | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 462–466 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21935293 | pmc = 3171821 }}</ref> After long-term use, insyd people plus normal liver function, effects dey last 8 to 36 hours.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="DurPain">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toombs JD, Kral LA | title = Methadone treatment for pain states | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–1358 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15832538 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230511/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | archive-date = 5 September 2017 }}</ref> Dem usually dey take methadone by mouth den rarely by injection into a muscle anaa vein.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Side effects be similar to those of oda opioids.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Dese frequently dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, [[vomiting]], den sweating.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite web|title=Methadone|date=16 June 2015 |publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> Serious risks dey include opioid abuse den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Abnormal heart rhythms sanso fi occur secof a prolonged QT interval.<ref name=AHFS2015/> De number of deaths insyd de [[United States]] wey dey involve methadone poisoning decline from 4,418 insyd 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Data table for Figure 1. Age-adjusted drug-poisoning and opioid-analgesic poisoning death rates: United States, 1999–2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|website=CDC|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200249/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> to 3,300 insyd 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L | title = Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2010-2015 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 65 | issue = 50–51 | pages = 1445–1452 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28033313 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Risks be greater plus higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA | title = The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 4 | pages = 276–286 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25581257 | doi = 10.7326/M14-2559 | doi-access = | title-link = doi | s2cid = 207538295 }}</ref> Dem make methadone by chemical synthesis den dey act on opioid receptors.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Na dem develop methadone insyd [[Germany]] insyd de late 1930s by Gustav Ehrhart den Max Bockmühl.<ref>{{cite book|title=Methadone Matters: Evolving Community Methadone Treatment of Opiate Addiction|date=2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-63309-0|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223052336/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Drug Policy|date=2011|isbn=978-1-5063-3824-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|chapter=Diphenypropylamine Derivatives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050127/https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|archive-date=23 December 2015| vauthors = Kleiman MA, Hawdon JE |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref> Na dem approve am for use as an analgesic insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1947, wey e be used insyd de treatment of addiction since de 1960s.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>Kuehn, B. M. (2005). ''Methadone Treatment Marks 40 Years. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(8), 887–889.'' doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.887</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Adverse effects == Adverse effects of methadone dey include:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2671-1278/methadone-oral/methadone-concentrate-oral/details | title=Methadone Oral: Side Effects | website= WebMD |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> * Sedation * Constipation<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Flushing<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Perspiration<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Heat intolerance * Dizziness anaa fainting<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet/> * Weakness<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Fatigue<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Drowsiness<ref name=Drugs.com/> * Constricted pupils * [[Xerostomia|Dry mouth]]<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Nausea den [[vomiting]]<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Low blood pressure * Headache<ref name=medlineplus-archive>{{cite web |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227025738/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682134.html |archive-date=27 February 2008 |title=Methadone|url-status=live| website=MedlinePlus}}</ref> * Heart problems such as chest pain<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> anaa fast heartbeat<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet/> * Abnormal heart rhythms<ref name=MedicineNet/><ref name="pmc3021856">{{cite journal | vauthors = John J, Amley X, Bombino G, Gitelis C, Topi B, Hollander G, Ghosh J | title = Torsade de Pointes due to Methadone Use in a Patient with HIV and Hepatitis C Coinfection | journal = Cardiology Research and Practice | volume = 2010 | article-number = 524764 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21253542 | pmc = 3021856 | doi = 10.4061/2010/524764 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> * Respiratory problems such as trouble breathing,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> slow anaa shallow breathing (hypoventilation),<ref name=Drugs.com>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html |title=Methadone |publisher=Drugs.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133154/https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name=RxList>{{cite web |url=http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/methdone.htm |title=Dolophine: Drug Description |website=RxList |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903135222/http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/methdone.htm |archive-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref> lightheadedness,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/methadone-dispersible_tablet/article.htm |title=Methadone |publisher=MedicineNet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040715/http://www.medicinenet.com/methadone-dispersible_tablet/article.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> anaa fainting<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> *Weight gain<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Memory loss * Itching * Difficulty urinating<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Swelling of de hands, arms, feet, den legs<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Mood changes,<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> (e.g., euphoria, disorientation) * Blurred vision<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Decreased libido,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> difficulty in reaching orgasm,<ref name=Drugs.com/> anaa impotence<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Missed menstrual periods<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Skin rash * Central sleep apnea === Withdrawal symptoms === ====Physical symptoms==== * Lightheadedness<ref name=michael>{{cite web | url = https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/809725-drugshumanperformfs.pdf | title = National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Methadone. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. | publisher = NHTSA }}</ref> * Tearing of de eyes<ref name=michael/><ref name="sadovsky">{{cite journal | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0715/p428.html | title = Tips from Other Journals – Public Health Issue: Methadone Maintenance Therapy | vauthors = Sadovsky R | journal = American Family Physician | date = 15 July 2000 | volume = 62 | pages = 428–432 | issue = 2 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004312/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0715/p428.html | archive-date = 4 September 2015 }}</ref> * Mydriasis (dilated pupils)<ref name=michael/> * Photophobia (sensitivity to light) * Hyperventilation (breathing wey be too fast/deep) * Runny nose<ref name=sadovsky/> * Yawning * Sneezing<ref name=sadovsky/> * Nausea,<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> vomiting,<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> den [[diarrhea]]<ref name=michael/> * Fever<ref name=sadovsky/> * Sweating<ref name=michael/> * Chills<ref name=sadovsky/> * Tremors<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> * [[Akathisia]] (restlessness) * [[Tachycardia]] (fast heartbeat)<ref name=sadovsky/> * Aches<ref name=michael/> den pains, often insyd de joints anaa legs * Elevated pain sensitivity * Blood pressure wey be too high ([[hypertension]], fi cause a stroke) ====Cognitive symptoms==== * Suicidal ideation * Susceptibility to cravings<ref name=michael/> * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]<ref name=michael/> * Spontaneous orgasm * Prolonged [[insomnia]] * [[Delirium]] * Auditory hallucinations * Visual hallucinations * Increased perception of odors (olfaction), real anaa imagined * Marked increase in sex drive * [[Psychomotor agitation|Agitation]] * Anxiety<ref name=michael/> * [[Panic disorder]] * Nervousness<ref name=michael/> * Paranoia * Delusions * Apathy * Anorexia (symptom) === Black box warning === Methadone get de following U.S. FDA black box warning:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/methadone.html|title=Methadone Black Box Warnings - Drugs.com|website=drugs.com|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> * Risk of addiction den abuse * Potentially fatal respiratory depression * Lethal overdose insyd accidental ingestion * QT prolongation<ref name="pmid33157550">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tran PN, Sheng J, Randolph AL, Baron CA, Thiebaud N, Ren M, Wu M, Johannesen L, Volpe DA, Patel D, Blinova K, Strauss DG, Wu WW | title = Mechanisms of QT prolongation by buprenorphine cannot be explained by direct hERG channel block | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | article-number = e0241362 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33157550 | pmc = 7647070 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241362 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1541362T }}</ref> * Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome insyd kiddies of pregnant women * CYP450 drug interactions * Risks wen dem use plus alcohol, benzodiazepines, den oda CNS depressants. * A certified opioid treatment program be required under federal law (42 CFR 8.12) wen dispensing methadone for de treatment of opioid addiction. === Overdose === Chaw people wey overdose on methadone show sam of de following symptoms: * Miosis (constricted pupils)<ref name=medline-methadone>{{cite web | url = https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682134.html | title = Methadone (meth' a done) | publisher = National Institutes of Health | work = MedlinePlus | date = 1 February 2009 | access-date = 23 October 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017172738/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682134.html | archive-date = 17 October 2013 }}</ref> * Vomiting<ref name=MedlinePlusOverdose>{{cite web|title=Methadone overdose|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002679.htm|website=MedlinePlus|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> *Spasms of de stomach den intestines<ref name="medlineplus.gov">{{cite web|title=Methadone overdose: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002679.htm|access-date=13 November 2021|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}</ref> * Hypoventilation (breathing wey be too slow/shallow)<ref name=medline-methadone/> * Drowsiness,<ref name=medline-methadone/> sleepiness, disorientation, sedation, unresponsiveness * Skin wey be cool, clammy (damp), den pale<ref name=medline-methadone/> *Blue fingernails den lips<ref name="medlineplus.gov"/> * Limp muscles,<ref name=medline-methadone/> trouble staying awake, nausea * Unconsciousness<ref name=medline-methadone/> den coma<ref name=medline-methadone/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] cfflz9ywa39c1plvupdixe990cb8tmi 98176 98175 2026-05-16T23:59:15Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Methadone''', dem sell under de brand names '''Dolophine''' den '''Methadose''' among odas, be a potent synthetic opioid dem use medically to treat chronic pain den opioid use disorder.<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Methadone Hydrochloride|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223011324/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/methadone-hydrochloride.html|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref> Dem prescribe for daily use, de medicine dey relieve cravings den opioid withdrawal symptoms.<ref name="JosephStancliffLangrod2">{{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph H, Stancliff S, Langrod J |year=2000 |title=Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT): a review of historical and clinical issues |journal=The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York |volume=67 |issue=5–6 |pages=347–364 |pmid=11064485}}</ref> Withdrawal management dey use methadone fi be accomplished insyd less dan a month,<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Health Organization |title=Clinical Guidelines for Withdrawal Management and Treatment of Drug Dependence in Closed Settings. |date=2009 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn= |location=Geneva |publication-date=2009 |language=en}}</ref> anaa e fi be done gradually over a longer period of time, anaa dem simply maintain give de rest of de patient ein life.<ref name="AHFS2015" /> While a single dose get a rapid effect, maximum effect fi take up to five days of use.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="Gris2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Grissinger M | title = Keeping patients safe from methadone overdoses | journal = P & T | volume = 36 | issue = 8 | pages = 462–466 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21935293 | pmc = 3171821 }}</ref> After long-term use, insyd people plus normal liver function, effects dey last 8 to 36 hours.<ref name="AHFS2015" /><ref name="DurPain">{{cite journal | vauthors = Toombs JD, Kral LA | title = Methadone treatment for pain states | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 71 | issue = 7 | pages = 1353–1358 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15832538 | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230511/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0401/p1353.html | archive-date = 5 September 2017 }}</ref> Dem usually dey take methadone by mouth den rarely by injection into a muscle anaa vein.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Side effects be similar to those of oda opioids.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Dese frequently dey include dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, [[vomiting]], den sweating.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>{{cite web|title=Methadone|date=16 June 2015 |publisher=The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration|url=https://www.samhsa.gov/medication-assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/methadone|access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref> Serious risks dey include opioid abuse den respiratory depression.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Abnormal heart rhythms sanso fi occur secof a prolonged QT interval.<ref name=AHFS2015/> De number of deaths insyd de [[United States]] wey dey involve methadone poisoning decline from 4,418 insyd 2011<ref>{{cite web|title=Data table for Figure 1. Age-adjusted drug-poisoning and opioid-analgesic poisoning death rates: United States, 1999–2011|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|website=CDC|access-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123200249/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db166_table.pdf#2|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> to 3,300 insyd 2015.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rudd RA, Seth P, David F, Scholl L | title = Increases in Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths - United States, 2010-2015 | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 65 | issue = 50–51 | pages = 1445–1452 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28033313 | doi = 10.15585/mmwr.mm655051e1 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Risks be greater plus higher doses.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chou R, Turner JA, Devine EB, Hansen RN, Sullivan SD, Blazina I, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Deyo RA | title = The effectiveness and risks of long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain: a systematic review for a National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 162 | issue = 4 | pages = 276–286 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25581257 | doi = 10.7326/M14-2559 | doi-access = | title-link = doi | s2cid = 207538295 }}</ref> Dem make methadone by chemical synthesis den dey act on opioid receptors.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Na dem develop methadone insyd [[Germany]] insyd de late 1930s by Gustav Ehrhart den Max Bockmühl.<ref>{{cite book|title=Methadone Matters: Evolving Community Methadone Treatment of Opiate Addiction|date=2003|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-203-63309-0|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223052336/https://books.google.com/books?id=A8ObB64ZKWoC&pg=PA13|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Drug Policy|date=2011|isbn=978-1-5063-3824-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|chapter=Diphenypropylamine Derivatives|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223050127/https://books.google.com/books?id=OePnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT662|archive-date=23 December 2015| vauthors = Kleiman MA, Hawdon JE |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref> Na dem approve am for use as an analgesic insyd de [[United States]] insyd 1947, wey e be used insyd de treatment of addiction since de 1960s.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref>Kuehn, B. M. (2005). ''Methadone Treatment Marks 40 Years. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 294(8), 887–889.'' doi:10.1001/jama.294.8.887</ref> E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.<ref name="WHO22nd">{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021) | year = 2021 | hdl = 10665/345533 | author-link = World Health Organization | publisher = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> == Adverse effects == Adverse effects of methadone dey include:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-2671-1278/methadone-oral/methadone-concentrate-oral/details | title=Methadone Oral: Side Effects | website= WebMD |access-date=25 June 2021}}</ref> * Sedation * Constipation<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Flushing<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Perspiration<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Heat intolerance * Dizziness anaa fainting<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet/> * Weakness<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Fatigue<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Drowsiness<ref name=Drugs.com/> * Constricted pupils * [[Xerostomia|Dry mouth]]<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Nausea den [[vomiting]]<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Low blood pressure * Headache<ref name=medlineplus-archive>{{cite web |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682134.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227025738/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682134.html |archive-date=27 February 2008 |title=Methadone|url-status=live| website=MedlinePlus}}</ref> * Heart problems such as chest pain<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> anaa fast heartbeat<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet/> * Abnormal heart rhythms<ref name=MedicineNet/><ref name="pmc3021856">{{cite journal | vauthors = John J, Amley X, Bombino G, Gitelis C, Topi B, Hollander G, Ghosh J | title = Torsade de Pointes due to Methadone Use in a Patient with HIV and Hepatitis C Coinfection | journal = Cardiology Research and Practice | volume = 2010 | article-number = 524764 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21253542 | pmc = 3021856 | doi = 10.4061/2010/524764 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> * Respiratory problems such as trouble breathing,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> slow anaa shallow breathing (hypoventilation),<ref name=Drugs.com>{{cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html |title=Methadone |publisher=Drugs.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133154/https://www.drugs.com/methadone.html |archive-date=29 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name=RxList>{{cite web |url=http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/methdone.htm |title=Dolophine: Drug Description |website=RxList |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903135222/http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/methdone.htm |archive-date=3 September 2008 }}</ref> lightheadedness,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/><ref name=MedicineNet>{{cite web |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/methadone-dispersible_tablet/article.htm |title=Methadone |publisher=MedicineNet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040715/http://www.medicinenet.com/methadone-dispersible_tablet/article.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> anaa fainting<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=RxList/> *Weight gain<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Memory loss * Itching * Difficulty urinating<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Swelling of de hands, arms, feet, den legs<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Mood changes,<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> (e.g., euphoria, disorientation) * Blurred vision<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Decreased libido,<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> difficulty in reaching orgasm,<ref name=Drugs.com/> anaa impotence<ref name=Drugs.com/><ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Missed menstrual periods<ref name=medlineplus-archive/> * Skin rash * Central sleep apnea === Withdrawal symptoms === ====Physical symptoms==== * Lightheadedness<ref name=michael>{{cite web | url = https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/809725-drugshumanperformfs.pdf | title = National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Methadone. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. | publisher = NHTSA }}</ref> * Tearing of de eyes<ref name=michael/><ref name="sadovsky">{{cite journal | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0715/p428.html | title = Tips from Other Journals – Public Health Issue: Methadone Maintenance Therapy | vauthors = Sadovsky R | journal = American Family Physician | date = 15 July 2000 | volume = 62 | pages = 428–432 | issue = 2 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150904004312/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2000/0715/p428.html | archive-date = 4 September 2015 }}</ref> * Mydriasis (dilated pupils)<ref name=michael/> * Photophobia (sensitivity to light) * Hyperventilation (breathing wey be too fast/deep) * Runny nose<ref name=sadovsky/> * Yawning * Sneezing<ref name=sadovsky/> * Nausea,<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> vomiting,<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> den [[diarrhea]]<ref name=michael/> * Fever<ref name=sadovsky/> * Sweating<ref name=michael/> * Chills<ref name=sadovsky/> * Tremors<ref name=michael/><ref name=sadovsky/> * [[Akathisia]] (restlessness) * [[Tachycardia]] (fast heartbeat)<ref name=sadovsky/> * Aches<ref name=michael/> den pains, often insyd de joints anaa legs * Elevated pain sensitivity * Blood pressure wey be too high ([[hypertension]], fi cause a stroke) ====Cognitive symptoms==== * Suicidal ideation * Susceptibility to cravings<ref name=michael/> * [[Depression (mood)|Depression]]<ref name=michael/> * Spontaneous orgasm * Prolonged [[insomnia]] * [[Delirium]] * Auditory hallucinations * Visual hallucinations * Increased perception of odors (olfaction), real anaa imagined * Marked increase in sex drive * [[Psychomotor agitation|Agitation]] * Anxiety<ref name=michael/> * [[Panic disorder]] * Nervousness<ref name=michael/> * Paranoia * Delusions * Apathy * Anorexia (symptom) === Black box warning === Methadone get de following U.S. FDA black box warning:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/pro/methadone.html|title=Methadone Black Box Warnings - Drugs.com|website=drugs.com|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> * Risk of addiction den abuse * Potentially fatal respiratory depression * Lethal overdose insyd accidental ingestion * QT prolongation<ref name="pmid33157550">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tran PN, Sheng J, Randolph AL, Baron CA, Thiebaud N, Ren M, Wu M, Johannesen L, Volpe DA, Patel D, Blinova K, Strauss DG, Wu WW | title = Mechanisms of QT prolongation by buprenorphine cannot be explained by direct hERG channel block | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 15 | issue = 11 | article-number = e0241362 | date = 2020 | pmid = 33157550 | pmc = 7647070 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0241362 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2020PLoSO..1541362T }}</ref> * Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome insyd kiddies of pregnant women * CYP450 drug interactions * Risks wen dem use plus alcohol, benzodiazepines, den oda CNS depressants. * A certified opioid treatment program be required under federal law (42 CFR 8.12) wen dispensing methadone for de treatment of opioid addiction. === Overdose === Chaw people wey overdose on methadone show sam of de following symptoms: * Miosis (constricted pupils)<ref name=medline-methadone>{{cite web | url = https://www.medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682134.html | title = Methadone (meth' a done) | publisher = National Institutes of Health | work = MedlinePlus | date = 1 February 2009 | access-date = 23 October 2013 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017172738/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682134.html | archive-date = 17 October 2013 }}</ref> * Vomiting<ref name=MedlinePlusOverdose>{{cite web|title=Methadone overdose|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002679.htm|website=MedlinePlus|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> *Spasms of de stomach den intestines<ref name="medlineplus.gov">{{cite web|title=Methadone overdose: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002679.htm|access-date=13 November 2021|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}</ref> * Hypoventilation (breathing wey be too slow/shallow)<ref name=medline-methadone/> * Drowsiness,<ref name=medline-methadone/> sleepiness, disorientation, sedation, unresponsiveness * Skin wey be cool, clammy (damp), den pale<ref name=medline-methadone/> *Blue fingernails den lips<ref name="medlineplus.gov"/> * Limp muscles,<ref name=medline-methadone/> trouble staying awake, nausea * Unconsciousness<ref name=medline-methadone/> den coma<ref name=medline-methadone/> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707090824/http://www.aegisuniversity.com/Aegis%20Documents/Tapering%20off%20of%20Methadone%20Maintenance%205-24-02.pdf Tapering off of methadone maintenance] * {{cite patent |country=DE |number=711069 |status=patent |title=Verfahren zur Darstellung von basischen Estern |pubdate=1941-09-25 |gdate=1941-09-25 |fdate=1938-09-11 |pridate=1938-09-11 |inventor= |invent1=Dr Max Bockmuehl |invent2=Dr Gustav Ehrhart |assign1=IG Farbenindustrie AG |url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?II=13&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19410925&CC=DE&NR=711069C&KC=C }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213101853/https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?II=13&ND=3&adjacent=true&locale=en_EP&FT=D&date=19410925&CC=DE&NR=711069C&KC=C |date=13 February 2023 }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Methadone}} [[Category:1937 insyd biology]] [[Category:1937 insyd Germany]] [[Category:Addiction medicine]] [[Category:Addiction psychiatry]] [[Category:Benzhydryl compounds]] [[Category:CYP2D6 inhibitors]] [[Category:Dimethylamino compounds]] [[Category:Drug rehabilitation]] [[Category:Drugs wey Eli Lilly and Company develop]] [[Category:Euphoriants]] [[Category:German inventions]] [[Category:German inventions of de Nazi period]] [[Category:HERG blocker]] [[Category:Ketones]] [[Category:Mu-opioid receptor agonists]] [[Category:Opioid agonists]] [[Category:Opioid epidemic]] [[Category:Synthetic opioids]] [[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] kdipv64j6istk0e9dguwkv6ozg182kf 0 26901 98170 2026-05-16T15:10:25Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458746|Citalopram]] to:gpe #mdwikicx 98170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u 98172 98170 2026-05-16T16:18:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 98172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Citalopram''', dem sell under de brand name '''Celexa''' among odas, be an antidepressant of de [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]] (SSRI) class.<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DailyMed - CELEXA- citalopram tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4259d9b1-de34-43a4-85a8-41dd214e9177 |access-date=2026-05-16 |website=dailymed.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> E be used to treat [[major depressive disorder]], obsessive compulsive disorder, [[panic disorder]], den social phobia.<ref name=AHFS2018>{{cite web | title = Citalopram Hydrobromide Monograph for Professionals | url = https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html | website = Drugs.com | publisher = AHFS | access-date = 23 December 2018 | archive-date = 23 December 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181223073739/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/citalopram-hydrobromide.html | url-status = live }}</ref> De antidepressant effects fi take one to four weeks to occur.<ref name="AHFS2018" /> E be typically taken orally (dem swallow by mouth).<ref name="AHFS2018" /><ref name=":0" /> Insyd sam European countries, e sam times be given intravenously (dem inject into a vein) to initiate treatment, before switching to de oral route of administration for continuation of treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kasper |first=S. |last2=Müller-Spahn |first2=F. |date=June 2002 |title=Intravenous antidepressant treatment: focus on citalopram |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12192466 |journal=European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience |volume=252 |issue=3 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1007/s00406-002-0363-8 |issn=0940-1334 |pmid=12192466}}</ref> E sanso be used intravenously insyd oda parts of de world insyd sam oda circumstances.<ref name="Pallanti_20022">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pallanti S, Quercioli L, Koran LM |date=September 2002 |title=Citalopram intravenous infusion in resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial |journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=796–801 |doi=10.4088/JCP.v63n0908 |pmid=12363120}}</ref><ref name=citalopramvsclomipramine>{{cite journal | vauthors = Altamura AC, Dell'Osso B, Buoli M, Zanoni S, Mundo E | title = Intravenous augmentative citalopram versus clomipramine in partial/nonresponder depressed patients: a short-term, low dose, randomized, placebo-controlled study | journal = Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume = 28 | issue = 4 | pages = 406–410 | date = August 2008 | pmid = 18626267 | doi = 10.1097/JCP.0b013e31817d5931 | s2cid = 25013120 }}</ref> == References == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] hun2t51w5lgste6i44vh2gpdfwkvevp