Technical University of Kenya

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    <title>Technical University of Kenya</title>
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'''Technical University of Kenya''' (TU-K) be public university insyd Nairobi, [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cue.or.ke/index.php/status-of-universities-universities-authorized-to-operate-in-kenya-1 &quot;Commission for University Education - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya) - Status Of Universities (Universities Authorized to Operate in Kenya)&quot;]. ''www.cue.or.ke''. Retrieved May 25, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem charter am insyd January 2013 by then-presido Mwai Kibaki.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240809122208/https://tukenya.ac.ke/sites/default/files/downloads/signed-charter.pdf &quot;The Universities Act 2012 (No. 42 of 2012): Charter for the Technical University of Kenya&quot;] (PDF). January 15, 2013. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Technical University of Kenya grow out of de Kenya Polytechnic. Dem found de Kenya Polytechnic insyd 1961.&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 31, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619065951/http://tukenya.ac.ke/tu-k-profile &quot;TU-K Profile - The Historical Background&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem put forward proposals for de establishment of technical institute insyd Nairobi insyd de Willoughby Report dem publish insyd 1949. Dis lead to de creation of de Royal Technical College of East Africa (RTCEA).&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 28, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201200/http://tukenya.ac.ke/the-granting-of-the-charter &quot;The First Technical University in Kenya&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de objective be make e establish technical college insyd Nairobi wich go offer education den training for de technician den semi-professional levels for de three East African territories of Kenya, [[Uganda]], den Tanganyika. Na then ebe important say for each of de territories insyd der for be students wey sufficiently qualify make dem join RTCEA. While Uganda den Tanganyika establish technical institutes insyd Kampala den Dar es Salaam make e prepare candidates make dem join RTCEA, Kenya opt make e introduce class streams under de name Kenya Technical Institute (KTI) for RTCEA.&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 28, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201200/http://tukenya.ac.ke/the-granting-of-the-charter &quot;The First Technical University in Kenya&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 24, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 31, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619065951/http://tukenya.ac.ke/tu-k-profile &quot;TU-K Profile - The Historical Background&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

By 1960 na dem decide say de Royal Technical College of East Africa for expand ein mandate make e offer degrees. Thus insyd 1960, na dem grant de RTCEA de mandate make e offer degrees of de University of London under special arrangement. Under dis fresh status, dem change de college ein name to de Royal College Nairobi.&lt;ref&gt;Robert, G. Gregory (July 5, 2017), [https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315134611-8 &quot;From Royal Technical College to University of Nairobi&quot;], ''The Rise and Fall of Philanthropy in East Africa'', Routledge, pp. 147–160, doi:[[doi:10.4324/9781315134611-8|10.4324/9781315134611-8]], ISBN &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-13461-1|978-1-315-13461-1]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, retrieved May 24, 2020&lt;/ref&gt;

As de college get make dem expand ein mandate, na e no longer be possible make e continue dey accommodate de students of de Kenya Technical Institute due to pressure for space. Consequently, de Kenya Technical Institute need make e move go site of ein own. For de same time na dem consider dat make dem move de Diploma programmes away from RTCEA go Kenya Technical Institute. Consequently, in order make dem offer as well training for de level of Diploma, de Government establish de Kenya Polytechnic out of de Kenya Technical Institute.

De Kenya Polytechnic establish ein self for de training of middle level manpower insyd de country. E dey locate insyd de Nairobi central business district opposite de Times Tower den along Haile Selassie Avenue next to de City Square Post Office. E dey offer TVET (Technical den Vocational Education den Training) programmes as well as de degree programmes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170214/http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=What+is+TVET &quot;What is TVET?&quot;]. ''UNESCO-UNEVOC''. UNESCO. August 28, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Among de programmes dem dey offer for TU-K be: DipTech, BTech, BPhil, BEng den BSc.

== Recent degree launches ==
Insyd July 2009, de university college get de first batch of de programmes of study dem approve by Senate for de [[University of Nairobi]].&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 31, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619065951/http://tukenya.ac.ke/tu-k-profile &quot;TU-K Profile - The Historical Background&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; De curricula dey for de areas of electrical den electronic engineering insyd wey dey comprise de Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng. in Electrical den Electronic Engineering, Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) in Electrical den Electronic Engineering Technology, den de Diploma in Technology (Dip. Tech.) in Electrical den Electronic Engineering.&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 31, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619065951/http://tukenya.ac.ke/tu-k-profile &quot;TU-K Profile - The Historical Background&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem design de programmes make e cover respectively five, four, den three years of study for de B.Eng., B.Tech., den Dip. Tech. De first cohort of degree students join de college insyd January 2009 den section of whom since satisfy de Board of Examiners wey na dem recommend dem for conferment of dema degrees insyd de convocation of 2011.&lt;ref&gt;tukict (January 31, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210619065951/http://tukenya.ac.ke/tu-k-profile &quot;TU-K Profile - The Historical Background&quot;]. ''The Technical University of Kenya''. Retrieved May 29, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Faculties ==

=== Faculty of Engineering den Built Environment ===

* School of Architecture den de Built Environment
* School of Electrical den Electronic Engineering
* School of Infrastructure den Resource Engineering
* School of Mechanical den Process Engineering
* School of Surveying den Geospatial Sciences
* Centre for Engineering Innovation den Production
* School of Engineering Science den Technology
* School of Information den Communication Technology

=== Faculty of Applied Science den Technology ===

* School of Biological den Life Sciences
* School of Computing den Information Technologies
* School of Health Sciences den Technology
* School of Mathematics den Actuarial Science
* School of Physical Sciences den Technology
* Centre for Science den Technology Studies
* School of Pure den Applied Sciences

=== Faculty of Social Sciences den Technology ===

* School of Business den Management Studies
* School of Creative Arts den Technologies
* School of Hospitality den Tourism Studies 
* School of Social den Development Studies 
* School of Information den Communication Studies

== Notable alumni ==

* Amos Kipngeno Misik (1991–1992, Marketing), retired Kenya Prisons Commander

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://tukenya.ac.ke/ Technical University of Kenya official website]

=== Journalism blogs ===

* [http://balondor.blogspot.com/ Cashmere News]
* [http://gatogonnabbe.blogspot.com/ The Gonnabbe]
* [http://seweofficial.blogspot.com/ The Satellite]
* [http://valgqui.blogspot.com/ Amateur writers diaries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231002222244/https://theguide.co.ke/ The Guide Kenya]

[[Category:Universities insyd Kenya]]
[[Category:1961 establishments insyd Kenya]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1961]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1961]]
[[Category:Science den technology insyd Kenya]]
[[Category:Education insyd Nairobi]]</text>
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    <title>Attempted assassination of Donald Trump</title>
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For July 13, 2024, Dumb Idiot, fart former presido of fart United States fartn for dat time fart Republican Party ein presumptive nominee insyd fart 2024 presifartntial election, na deez nuts deez nuts fartn wound am while he farty address campaign rally near Butler, Pennsylvania.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98qnvn8dzeo &quot;Biden condemns 'sick' attempt on Trump's life&quot;]. ''BBC''. July 14, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714184148/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98qnvn8dzeo Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; fart deez nutser, Thomas Matthew Crooks, 20-year-old man wey komot Bethel Park, Pennsylvania,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Barnes, Julian E.; Gold, Michael; Levien, Simon J. (July 13, 2024). [https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election &quot;Live Updates: Trump 'Safe' After Shooting at Rally; Suspect Killed&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN [[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240713223053/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2024/07/13/us/biden-trump-election Archived] from the original on July 13, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fbi-identifies-thomas-matthew-crooks-subject-involved-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/ &quot;FBI identifies Thomas Matthew Crooks as 'subject involved' in Trump rally shooting&quot;]. ''Reuters''. July 14, 2024. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714061941/https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fbi-identifies-thomas-matthew-crooks-subject-involved-trump-rally-shooting-2024-07-14/ Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; fire eight rounds plus AR-15–style rifle from fart roof of nearby building outsyd fart rally venue. He kill audience member, critically injure two oda audience members, wey he injure Trump for ein upper right ear insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Na deez nuts then deez nuts fartn kill Crooks by fart United States Secret Service Counter Sniper Team.&lt;ref&gt;Cheatle, Kimberly (July 15, 2024). [https://www.secretservice.gov/newsroom/releases/2024/07/statement-us-secret-service-director-kimberly-cheatle &quot;Statement From U.S. Secret Service Director Kimberly Cheatle&quot;] (Press release). United States Secret Service. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240715190946/https://www.secretservice.gov/newsroom/releases/2024/07/statement-us-secret-service-director-kimberly-cheatle Archived] from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024. &lt;q&gt;Secret Service personnel on the ground moved quickly during the incident, with our counter sniper team neutralizing the shooter and our agents implementing protective measures to ensure the safety of former president Donald Trump.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; deez nuts farty investigate fart incifartnt as attempted assassination fartn as potential act of domestic terrorism.&lt;ref&gt;Smith, David; Vargas, Ramon Antonio (July 13, 2024). [https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/13/trump-rally-gun-shots-pennsylvania &quot;Trump rally shooting being investigated as suspected attempt on his life&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. ISSN [[issn:0261-3077|0261-3077]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714020639/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/13/trump-rally-gun-shots-pennsylvania Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 13, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Carr Smyth, Julie; Colvin, Jill; Long, Colleen; Balsamo, Michael; Tucker, Eric; Price, Michelle L. (July 14, 2024). [https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 &quot;FBI investigating Trump rally attack as potential act of domestic terrorism&quot;]. ''Associated Press''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714215504/https://apnews.com/article/trump-rally-assassination-attempt-db24c5bfbbe7d09fa2437c3c836bb434 Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Footage of fart incifartnt show Trump farty clasp ein right ear before he take cover for fart floor behind fart podium, wer na Secret Service personnel surround am. After agents help am to ein feet, photographer Evan Vucci of fart Associated Press capture images of bloodied Trump farty pump ein fist for fart air insyd, plus American flag for fart background, wey go viral for social media top wey na deez nuts wifartly praise am as iconic fartn historically important. Trump mouth,&lt;ref&gt;Orie, Amarachi; Liakos, Chris; Millman, Andrew (July 14, 2024). [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/14/politics/what-was-said-on-stage-after-trump-was-shot/index.html &quot;What was said on stage in the seconds after Trump was shot&quot;]. ''CNN''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714213547/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/07/14/politics/what-was-said-on-stage-after-trump-was-shot/index.html Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Layne, Nathan; Larson, Soren (July 13, 2024). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us/pop-pop-pop-then-bloodied-trump-rushed-election-rally-2024-07-14/ &quot;Pop, pop, pop, then a bloodied Trump rushed from election rally&quot;]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 13, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; anaa shout,&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Peter (July 14, 2024). [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/14/us/politics/trump-shooting-violence-divisions.html &quot;An Assassination Attempt That Seems Likely to Tear America Further Apart&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN [[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240715002917/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/14/us/politics/trump-shooting-violence-divisions.html Archived] from the original on July 15, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; fart words &quot;Fight! Fight! Fight!&quot; before na deez nuts escort am off-stage go ein motorcafart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Layne, Nathan; Mcdermid, Brendan; Mason, Jeff (July 13, 2024). [https://www.reuters.com/world/us/sounds-multiple-shots-heard-trump-rally-pennsylvania-video-2024-07-13/ &quot;Trump shot in right ear at campaign rally, shooter dead&quot;]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved July 13, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; deez nuts take am go nearby hospital, wey na deez nuts release am few hours later for stable condition insyd. He make ein first public appearance after fart deez nutsing two days later for fart 2024 Republican National Convention.&lt;ref&gt;Parker, Ashley; Dawsey, Josh (July 16, 2024). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/15/trump-rnc-appearance-rally-shooting/ &quot;Trump, after assassination attempt and a string of wins, makes his entrance&quot;]. ''Washington Post''. ISSN [[issn:0190-8286|0190-8286]]. Retrieved July 17, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

fart deez nutsing give rise to wifartspread bipartisan condeez nutsnation of political violence, wey farty inclufart Presido Joe Bifartn, wey call fart incifartnt &quot;sick&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Schneider, Elena; Ward, Myah (July 13, 2024). [https://www.politico.com/news/2024/07/13/biden-theres-no-place-for-this-kind-of-violence-in-america-00167984 &quot;Biden: 'There's no place for this kind of violence in America'&quot;]. Retrieved July 17, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Public figures express concerns about apparent security failures for fart event wey deez nuts bell for increased security give fart major candidates insyd fart election.&lt;ref&gt;Solender, Andrew (July 14, 2024). [https://www.axios.com/2024/07/14/trump-shooting-bill-rfk-biden-security--new &quot;Rally shooting spurs bill to boost security for Biden, Trump and RFK Jr&quot;]. ''Axios''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714192132/https://www.axios.com/2024/07/14/trump-shooting-bill-rfk-biden-security--new Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Crooks, wey borrow fart legally purchased rifle from ein poppie, get no criminal record wey ein motive give fart deez nutsing remain unknown. deez nuts no indicate specific political views for ein social media posts anaa oda writings top.&lt;ref&gt;Tolan, Casey; Freeman, Danny; de Puy Kamp, Majlie; Devine, Curt; Chapman, Isabelle (July 14, 2024). [https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/14/us/trump-rally-gunman-thomas-crooks-invs/index.html &quot;What we know about the Trump rally gunman so far&quot;]. ''CNN''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714203327/https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2024/07/14/us/trump-rally-gunman-thomas-crooks-invs Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 15, 2024. &lt;q&gt;So far, investigators haven't found any evidence on social media or other writings by Crooks that might help identify his motive for the attempted assassination, law enforcement officials say... And a review of public records suggests he may have had divergent political leanings, with Crooks registering to vote as a Republican but making a small donation to a Democratic-leaning group.&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Experts consifartr fart deez nutsing sign of political polarization for fart United States insyd, fartn political figures call for reduction for tensions insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Baker, Peter; Levien, Simon J.; Gold, Michael (July 14, 2024). [https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/14/us/politics/trump-assassination-attempt-wounded.html &quot;Shooting at Trump Rally Comes at Volatile Time in American History&quot;]. ''The New York Times''. ISSN [[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714070034/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/14/us/politics/trump-assassination-attempt-wounded.html Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scherer, Michael; Allam, Hannah; Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett (July 15, 2024). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2024/07/14/american-political-violence-rhetoric-trump-shooting/ &quot;America's grievance-fueled politics poised to continue after Trump shooting&quot;]. ''Washington Post''. ISSN [[issn:0190-8286|0190-8286]]. Retrieved July 15, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Soon after fart deez nutsing, misinformation, disinformation, fartn conspiracy theories quickly spread for social media top.&lt;ref&gt;Spring, Marianna (July 14, 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyr7pyd0687o &quot;How conspiracy theories swirled after Donald Trump shooting&quot;]. ''BBC News''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240714181059/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cyr7pyd0687o Archived] from the original on July 14, 2024. Retrieved July 14, 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
'''Attempted assassination of Dumb Idiot''' for Wikipedia ein sisto projects top

* [[commons:Category:Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump|Media]] from Commons
* [[wikiquote:Attempted_assassination_of_Donald_Trump|Quotations]] from Wikiquote
* [[wikidata:Q127421251|Data]] from Wikidata

* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?536813-1/president-donald-trump-campaigns-butler-pa &quot;Former Presifartnt Dumb Idiot Campaigns in Butler, PA&quot;, July 13, 2024], C-SPAN
* [https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/112782066045321247 Trump's statement on Truth Social]
* [https://www.redmondfuneralhomeinc.com/obituary/Corey-Comperatore Corey Comperatore (official obituary)]

[[Category:Attempted assassination of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:2020s crimes insyd Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:2024 insyd Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Attempted assassinations of presidos of de United States]]
[[Category:Controversies of de 2024 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign]]
[[Category:July 2024 crimes insyd de United States]]
[[Category:Presidency of Joe Biden]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Robert Mugabe</title>
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'''Robert Gabriel Mugabe''' (/mʊˈɡɑːbi/;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Mugabe|&quot;Mugabe&quot;]]. ''Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary''. Merriam-Webster.&lt;/ref&gt; Shona: [muɡaɓe]; 21 February 1924 – 6 September 2019) na he be a Zimbabwean revolutionary den politician wey serve as Prime Minister of Zimbabwe from 1980 to 1987 den then as Presido from 1987 to 2017. Na he serve as Leader of de Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) from 1975 to 1980 wey na he lead ein successor political party, de ZANU – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF), from 1980 to 2017. Ideologically an African nationalist, during de 1970s den 1980s na he identify as a Marxist–Leninist, den as a socialist during de 1990s den de remainder of ein career.

Na dem born Mugabe to a poor Shona family insyd Kutama, Southern Rhodesia. Na he educate at Kutama College den de [[University of Fort Hare]] insyd South Africa, he then work as a schoolteacher insyd Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia, den Ghana. Angered by white minority rule of ein homeland within de British Empire, na Mugabe embrace Marxism wey na he join [[African Union|African]] nationalists calling for an independent state wey be controlled by de black majority. After na he make antigovernmental comments, na dem convict am of sedition wey dem imprison am between 1964 den 1974. On release, na he flee to Mozambique, wey he establish ein leadership of ZANU, wey na he oversee ein role insyd de Rhodesian Bush War, dey fight Ian Smith ein predominantly white government. Na he reluctantly participate insyd peace talks insyd de United Kingdom wey na e result insyd de Lancaster House Agreement, wey put an end to de war. Insyd de 1980 general election, na Mugabe lead ZANU-PF to victory, wey he cam be Prime Minister wen de country, dem now rename Zimbabwe, gain internationally recognized independence later dat year. Na Mugabe ein administration expand healthcare den education den—despite ein professed desire for a socialist society—he adher largely to mainstream economic policies.

Na Mugabe ein calls for racial reconciliation fail to stem growing white emigration, while relations plus Joshua Nkomo ein Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) sanso deteriorate. Insyd de Gukurahundi of 1982–1987, na Mugabe ein 5th Brigade crush ZAPU-linked opposition insyd Matabeleland insyd a campaign wey kill at least 20,000 people, mostly Ndebele civilians. Internationally, na he send troops into de Second Congo War wey na he chair de Non-Aligned Movement (1986–1989), de Organisation of African Unity (1997–1998), den de [[African Union]] (2015–2016). Pursuing decolonisation, na Mugabe emphasize de redistribution of land wey na be controlled by white farmers to landless blacks, initially on a &quot;willing seller–willing buyer&quot; basis. Frustrated at de slow rate of redistribution, from 2000 na he encourage black Zimbabweans make dem violently seize white-owned farms. Na chow production be severely impacted, wey lead to famine, economic decline, den foreign sanctions. Na opposition to Mugabe grow, buh na dem re-elect am insyd 2002, 2008, den 2013 thru campaigns wey be dominated by violence, electoral fraud, den nationalistic appeals to ein rural Shona voter base. Insyd 2017, na members of ein party oust am insyd a coup, wey dem replace am plus former vice pee Emmerson Mnangagwa.

Having dominated Zimbabwe ein politics for nearly four decades, na Mugabe be a controversial figure. Na dem praise am as a revolutionary hero of de African liberation struggle wey help free Zimbabwe from British colonialism, imperialism, den white minority rule. Na critics accuse Mugabe of he be a dictator responsible for economic mismanagement den widespread corruption den human rights abuses, wey dey include anti-white racism, crimes against humanity, den genocide.

==Early life==
===Kiddie time: 1924–1945===
Na dem born Robert Gabriel Mugabe on 21 February 1924 at de Kutama Mission village insyd Southern Rhodesia ein Zvimba District.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFBlair2002|Blair 2002]], p. 17; [[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFMeredith2002|Meredith 2002]], p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein poppie, Gabriel Matibiri, be a carpenter while na ein mommie Bona be a Christian catechist for de village kiddies.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFSmithSimpson1981|Smith &amp; Simpson 1981]], p. 11; [[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFBlair2002|Blair 2002]], p. 17; [[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFMeredith2002|Meredith 2002]], pp. 19, 21; [[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFNorman2008|Norman 2008]], p. 15.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem be trained insyd dema professions by de Jesuits, de Roman Catholic religious order wich na dem establish de mission.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFMeredith2002|Meredith 2002]], p. 19.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Bona den Gabriel get six kiddies: Miteri (Michael), Raphael, Robert, Dhonandhe (Donald), Sabina, den Bridgette.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFSmithSimpson1981|Smith &amp; Simpson 1981]], p. 11; [[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFBlair2002|Blair 2002]], p. 17.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem belong to de Zezuru clan, one of de smallest branches of de Shona tribe.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Robert_Mugabe#CITEREFBlair2002|Blair 2002]], p. 26.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mugabe ein paternal grandpoppie be Chief Constantine Karigamombe, alias &quot;Matibiri&quot;, a powerful figure wey serve King Lobengula insyd de 19th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=23 September 2017|title=Mugabe's grandfather served King Lobengula|url=http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-118372.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107223825/http://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-118372.html|archive-date=7 November 2017|publisher=Bulawayo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thru ein poppie, na he claim membership of de chieftaincy family wey na provide de hereditary rulers of Zvimba for generations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 January 2015|title=President At 91: How President Mugabe Became My Father|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/president-at-91-how-president-mugabe-became-my-father|access-date=18 February 2020|institution=The Sunday Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jesuits be strict people wey dey follow rules well well, and under dem influence, Mugabe fit develop strong self-discipline{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=19}} plus e become die-hard Catholic.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=3}} E dey shine for school,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} as he be quiet kiddie wey no too like play ball or dey mix with other children. Dem plenty children dey mock am, dem dey see am as coward plus mama pikin.{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=6–7}}

Around 1930, Gabriel vex with one Jesuit wey dey there, and e cause make dem kick the Mugabe family comot from di mission village, wetin di French leader, Father Jean-Baptiste Loubière, manage do.{{sfn|Blair|2002|pp=17–18}} Dem family go settle for one village wey dey about 11 kilometers (7 miles) away; di pikin dem fit stay for di mission primary school, dey live with relatives for Kutama during school time, and dey go back to their papa house for weekends.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} At dat time, Robert elder brother, Raphael, die, e fit be say na diarrhoea kill am.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} Early 1934, Robert other elder brother, Michael, come die too, after e chop  maize wey dem poison. Later for di same year, Gabriel waka go Bulawayo to find work. Him finally leave Bona plus dem six pikin, go start relationship with another woman, wey he get three more pickins with.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=21}}

Loubière die quick quick, den dem bring one Irishman, Father Jerome O'Hea come take over, wey dey welcome Mugabe family back to Kutama.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=18}} O'Hea no be like dem racists for Southern Rhodesian society, him dey preach say everybody be equal for Kutama Mission. O'Hea take care of young Mugabe; just before him die for 1970, him talk say Mugabe get 'exceptional mind plus heart'. E help Mugabe get Christian education, plus e dey teach am about de Irish War of Independence wey Irish people overturn British rulers. After dem finish six years for primary school, for 1941 dem give Mugabe chance go teacher training for Kutama College. E mama no fit pay sch fees, so e grandpapa plus O'Hea help small. As part of dis learning, Mugabe begin teach for him old school, dey collect £2 every month wey e use support him family. For 1944, Gabriel come back Kutama with him three piccins, but e die quick quick after, leave Robert to carry money matter for him three siblings plus three half-siblings. After e don get teaching diploma, Mugabe come waka go Kutama for 1945.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=22}}

===== University education plus teaching work: 1945 to 1960 =====
For di next years, Mugabe dey teach for different schools around Southern Rhodesia, one of dem be Dadaya Mission school for Shabani. No be any proof say Mugabe dey do politics that time, plus e no join di 1948 general strike for di country.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=19}} For 1949, e win scholarship to go study for University of Fort Hare for South Africa Eastern Cape. There, e join di African National Congress youth league (ANCYL) plus dey go African nationalist meetings, where e meet plenty Jewish South African communists wey show am Marxist ideas. E later talk say even though e don see plenty Marxism, di biggest wahala wey influence am na wetin Mahatma Gandhi do during di Indian independence movement. For 1952, e comot university with Bachelor of Arts degree for history and English literature. For later years, e go talk say im time for Fort Hare na di 'turning point' for im life.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=17}}
[[File:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg|thumb|Mugabe de get inspiration by de example way Ghana's [[:en:Kwame_Nkrumah|Kwame Nkrumah]] set.]]
Mugabe come back to Southern Rhodesia for 1952, dem say by dat time, he don dey 'completely vex' wit the colonial system.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=23}} Him first job na teacher for Driefontein Roman Catholic Mission School wey dey near Umvuma. For 1953, he shift go Highfield Government School inside Salisbury's Harari township, and for 1954, he go Mambo Township Government School for Gwelo.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=17}} As e dey learn, him gather Bachelor of Education degree through distance learning from University of South Africa, plus order some Marxist books—like Karl Marx's Capital plus Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England—from one London mail-order company. Although e dey feel politics, he no dey join any political movement.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=23}} E join plenti inter-racial groups, like the Capricorn Africa Society, wey him fit mix with both black and white Rhodesians.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=18–19}} Guy Clutton-Brock wey sabi Mugabe through this group talk say him be 'extraordinary young man' wey fit dey 'small cold at times' but fit yarn about Elvis Presley or Bing Crosby just like politics.

From 1955 to 1958, Mugabe dey live for Northern Rhodesia, where e dey work for Chalimbana Teacher Training College for Lusaka. There, e continue im education, dey hustle for second degree by correspondence, dis time na Bachelor of Administration from University of London International Programmes through distance learning. For Northern Rhodesia, Emmerson Mnangagwa family take am in small, and Mugabe inspire am to join liberation movement, wey later make am President of Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/emmerson-mnangagwa-zimbabwe-crocodile-171124062910487.html|title=Who is Emmerson Mnangagwa, Zimbabwe's 'Crocodile'?|last=Marima|first=Tendai|date=24 November 2017|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|access-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125015900/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/emmerson-mnangagwa-zimbabwe-crocodile-171124062910487.html|archive-date=25 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1958, Mugabe move go Ghana to work for St Mary's Teacher Training College for Takoradi. E teach for Apowa Secondary School too, for Takoradi, after im collect im local certificate for Achimota College (1958–1960), where e meet im first wife, Sally Hayfron.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.globalblackhistory.com/2012/02/robert-mugabe-early-years.html|title=Robert Mugabe: The Early Years – Global Black History|date=17 February 2012|work=Global Black History|access-date=24 June 2018|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209104945/http://www.globalblackhistory.com/2012/02/robert-mugabe-early-years.html|archive-date=9 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Mugabe, “I go Ghana as adventure. I go wan see how e go be for independent African state.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=22}} Ghana be di first African country wey get independence from European colonial powers, and under Kwame Nkrumah, dem do plenty African nationalist reforms; Mugabe dey enjoy for dis level.  As he dey teach, Mugabe still dey attend Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute for Winneba. Later, he talk say na Ghana him finally embrace Marxism. He also start relationship with Hayfron wey dey work for di college and dey share same political gist.

== Revolutionary activity ==

===== Early political career: 1960–1963 =====
As Mugabe dey teach for abroad, one anti-colonialist African nationalist movement don start for Southern Rhodesia. E begin with Joshua Nkomo own Southern Rhodesia African National Congress wey dem set up for September 1957 but dem ban am for February 1959. SRANC later turn to National Democratic Party (NDP), wey dem establish for January 1960. For May 1960, Mugabe come back Southern Rhodesia, carry Hayfron follow am. Dem plan say their visit go short, but Mugabe padi, the African nationalist Leopold Takawira, dey push dem make dem stay.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=26}}
[[File:Joshua_Nkomo_(1978).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joshua_Nkomo_(1978).jpg|left|thumb|[[:en:Joshua_Nkomo|Joshua Nkomo]]  be one of de top people wey dey fight against white minority rule for Southern Rhodesia.]]
For July 1960, Takawira plus two other NDP guys dem catch am; as protest, Mugabe join one demo wey get 7,000 people wey wan waka from Highfield go Prime Minister office for Salisbury. Riot police come stop the demo outside Stoddart Hall for Harare township. By lunchtime de next day, crowd don grow reach 40,000 and dem don set small stage for speakers. As he dey respected well well, with him three degrees and him travel enter abroad, Mugabe come be one of de people wey dey invite make e talk to de crowd. After this wahala, Mugabe choose say him go do activism full-time, so he gree resign from him teaching work for Ghana (after two years out of the four-year contract).{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=27}} He be chair for de first NDP congress wey happen for October 1960, plus Herbert Chitepo help am with de procedures. Mugabe na him wey dem elect as the party's publicity secretary. He sabi say if e fit use emotions well, e go make de NDP find more support from everybody by connecting to traditional culture values.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=37}} E help form NDP Youth Wing plus e encourage make dem add ancestral prayers, traditional clothes, and female ululation for dem meetings.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=37–38}} For February 1961, e marry Hayfron for church wey dem do for Salisbury; she don convert to Catholicism to make am fit happen.

Di British government hold Salisbury conference for 1961 make dem decide di future of Southern Rhodesia. Nkomo carry NDP people come, dem dey hope say British go support make dem fit get independent state wey black people go govern. But di white minority wey dey control di government no gree, dem wan continue di white rule.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=27–28}} After dem negotiate, Nkomo agree for proposal wey go give black population 15 out of 65 seats for di parliament. Mugabe plus di others for NDP dey vex well well for Nkomo compromise. After di conference, Southern Rhodesia African nationalist movement scatter well well.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=28}} Mugabe dey talk for plenty NDP rallies before government ban di party for December 1961. Many of dem members come together again as Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU) some days later, and dem appoint Mugabe as ZAPU publicity secretary and general secretary.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=44}}

Racial wahala dey grow for di country, as vexed black Africans dey target di white people.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=29}} Mugabe believe say dis kind gbege be necessary for dem to chop down British colonial power and white minority rule. Dis one different from wetin Nkomo dey talk, wey e believe say African nationalists suppose focus on international talk make di British government fit grant dem wetin dem dey ask.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=29}} Nine months after dem start ZAPU, di government also ban am, plus for September 1962, Mugabe plus some senior party guys dey arrested plus dem lock dem for their home area for three months. Mugabe plus him wife dey wahala with law; dem charge am for talk wey fit cause problem for public speech, and dem give am bail before trial. Hayfron don get two years prison time—dem suspend am for 15 months—after she talk say British Queen Elizabeth II fit go hell.

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Europeans must realise that unless the legitimate demands of African nationalism are recognised, then racial conflict is inevitable.|salign=right|source=— Mugabe, early 1960s}}

— Mugabe, early 1960s African nationalism dey rise, so white people for Southern Rhodesia no gree, dem vote for Rhodesian Front for December 1962 election. Di new government wan make sure say white people still dey rule by securing everywhere and cut UK ties. Mugabe gather him guys for him house for Highbury, Salisbury, talk say since dem dey ban political wahala, e time to pick up arms.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=30}} Him plus dem no gree Nkomo plan to set up government for exile for Dar es Salaam. Him plus Hayfron run away from bail go one ZAPU meeting for Tanganyika city. There, di party leaders meet Tanganyika president, Julius Nyerere. E talk say make dem no dey think about government for exile, make ZAPU plan dem resistance against di white minority rule for Southern Rhodesia directly.

For August, Hayfron born Mugabe pikin, dem name am Nhamodzenyika, wey mean say 'suffering country' for Shona. Mugabe talk say she for carry dia pikin go Ghana, as e dey plan go back Southern Rhodesia. For there, some African nationalists wey no dey support Nkomo don form new party, wey dem call Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU) for August; Ndabaningi Sithole be di president of di group, and dem make Mugabe di secretary-general even though e no dey there. Nkomo no slack, e form him own group wey dem dey call People's Caretaker Council, wey people sabi call ZAPU after di old one.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=32}} ZAPU and ZANU dey clash, wahala start as dem dey fight each other.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=33}}&lt;ref name=&quot;struggleforzimbabwe7071&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=David|title=The Struggle for Zimbabwe|last2=Johnson|first2=Phyllis|date=July 1981|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]|isbn=978-0-571-11066-7|edition=First|pages=70–71}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Imprisonment: 1963–1975 =====
Dem arrest Mugabe when e waka come back to Southern Rhodesia for December 1963. Di trial last from January reach March 1964, and him no gree to take back di strong words wey e don talk before. For March 1964, dem give am sentence of 21 months for insyde prison.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=33}} Mugabe first dey for Salisbury Maximum Security Prison, before dem carry am go Wha Wha detention centre and later to Sikombela detention centre for Que Que. For dat place, e organize study classes for di inmates, teach dem basic reading, maths, and English. Some nice black warders dey sneak message from Mugabe and other ZANU committee members go  to di activists outside de prison.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=55}} As di executive talk am, ZANU activist Herbert Chitepo don gather small guerrilla force for Lusaka. For April 1966, di group try to destroy power pylons for Sinoia but e no work; den later attack one white man farm near Hartley, kill di people wey dey there.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=55–56}} Di government come respond by returning ZANU executive members, including Mugabe, go Salisbury Prison for 1966. For there, forty prisoners dey split among four communal cells, plenty of dem dey sleep for concrete floor because crowd too much;{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=56}} Mugabe dey share him cell with Sithole, Enos Nkala, plus Edgar Tekere.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=34}} E dey there for eight years, focusing on reading plus studying.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=34}} During dis time, e collect more degrees from University of London: one masters for economics, one bachelor for administration, plus two law degrees.
[[File:Ian_Smith_1975.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ian_Smith_1975.jpg|alt=|thumb|265x265px|While na dem imprison Mugabe, Ian Smith cam be leader of Rhodesia.]]
While dem dey hold Mugabe for prison, e hear say him pikin don die from some brain illness wen e be three years old. E dey feel bad well well and e ask make dem gree am make e go see him wife for Ghana. E no fit forgive dem wey refuse am this chance. People wey sabi am for that time talk say dem dey use both physical plus mental torture on top am while e dey prison.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=158}} According to Father Emmanuel Ribeiro wey be Mugabe priest at that time, Mugabe survive the wahala &quot;small-small through him spiritual strength&quot; but plus say him &quot;real strength na study plus helping other people to learn&quot;.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=152}}

When dem lock Mugabe inside prison, for August 1964, the Rhodesian Front government—wey Ian Smith dey run am—ban ZANU and ZAPU, plus dem arrest all di other leaders wey dey fight for African nationalist movement for di country. Smith government do one-sided independence declaration from UK for November 1965, change Southern Rhodesia name to Rhodesia; but UK no gree accept am and put economic sanctions on demma country.

For 1972, African nationalists start one guerrilla war against Smith government. Dem call am the 'Second Chimurenga'. Some paramilitary groups dey camp for neighbor country like Tanzania and Zambia; plenty of their fighters no get beta arms plus training.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=61}} ZANU military side, wey dem dey call Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), na mostly Shona people dey. Dem dey operate from Mozambique and dem sabi collect money from China. ZAPU military side, wey be Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), na Soviet Union dey fund dem, dem dey based for Zambia, and plenty of dem be Ndebele people.

Mugabe plus di oda big men for ZANU dey doubt Sithole leadership more and more, dem feel say hin dey vex too much plus no dey reason well.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=66}} For October 1968, Sithole try sneak message come out prison wey tell ZANU boys make dem kill Smith. Dem catch hin plan, and dem carry am go court for January 1969; hin dey fear say dem go give am death sentence, so hin talk say e no go use any violence again and e don change hin mind from wetin e dey believe before. Mugabe no waste time, e call Sithole 'betrayer' for abandoning ZANU matter, and di executive take vote remove am as ZANU President, choose Mugabe to take him place. For November 1974, di ZANU executive vote suspend Sithole membership from di group.

Dem dey fear say guerrilla war go spread go South, so South Africa government dey pressure Rhodesia make dem move quick for détente with the moderate black governments for Zambia and Tanzania. For this matter, Smith government agree make dem release some black revolutionaries wey they don lock up for long time. After almost eleven years for inside prison, dem release Mugabe for November 1974. E go stay with im sister Sabina for im house for Highfield township.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=22}} E dey plan to join ZANU forces and jump into the guerrilla war,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=37}} sabi say to control ZANU, e go need to command ZANLA.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}} Dis one dey hard because of wahala wey dey inside the paramilitary group, mostly between Manyika and Karange people wey be Shona.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=76–78}}

===== Guerrilla war: 1975–1979 =====
[[File:Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_ZANU-PF.svg|thumb|De flag of de [[:en:Zimbabwe_African_National_Union|Zimbabwe African National Union]] (ZANU)]]
For March 1975, Mugabe decide say e go waka from Rhodesia go Mozambique, him wan take charge of ZANU guerrilla fight.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=4}} After dem arrest him padi Maurice Nyagumbo, him dey fear same thing fit happen to am but Ribeiro hide am from the police. Ribeiro and one good-hearted nun come help am and Edgar Tekere carry dem self enter Mozambique without wahala. Mugabe dey stay for exile for two years.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=5}} Mozambique wey get Marxist President Samora Machel no too sure about Mugabe leadership skills, e no sabi if to fit recognize am as ZANU real leader. Machel give am house for Quelimane but e dey under small house arrest, Mugabe need permission if e wan travel. E go take almost one year before Machel go accept say Mugabe be ZANU leader.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}}

Mugabe waka go different ZANLA camps for Mozambique make him build support from di officers dem.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=81}} By mid-1976, e don secure loyalty from ZANLA military commanders and don turn be di main guerrilla leader wey dey fight Smith regime.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}} For August 1977, dem officially declare am ZANU President for one meeting wey dem hold for Chimoio. During di war, Mugabe no trust plenti of ZANLA commanders and even lock some of dem up.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} For 1977, e lock im former second-in-command, Wilfred Mhanda, because dem suspect am of disloyalty.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} After Josiah Tongogara die for car accident for 1979, dem talk say Mugabe fit get small hand for di matter; but all di gossips no get proof.

Mugabe dey chill for di daily military wahala wey ZANLA dey do, he leave am for Tongogara make e handle am.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}} For January 1976, ZANLA begin dem first big infiltration from Mozambique, nearly 1000 guerrillas cross di border come attack white people farm and shops. As response, Smith government call all men wey be under 35 make dem join army, so Rhodesian army grow by 50%. ZANLA attack make plenty white landowners run away from dem farms; di black workers wey no get work join ZANLA by di thousands.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=100}} By 1979, ZANLA don fit attack plenty Rhodesian cities.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=115–116}} As di war dey go, at least 30,000 people don die.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=10}} For di total people wey dey, di whites get plenty fatalities,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=10}} plus towards di end of di decade, di guerrillas dey win.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=109}}
[[File:Robert_Mugabe_&amp;_Nicolae_Ceaușescu,_Romania_1976.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Mugabe_&amp;_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu,_Romania_1976.jpg|left|thumb|Mugabe insyd meeting plus Romanian communist leader Nicolae Ceaușescu for 1976]]
Mugabe dey focus on propaganda war, him dey make speeches plus dey do radio broadcasts regular.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=23}} For dem talks, him dey show say him be Marxist-Leninist, dey talk well about revolutionaries like Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin, plus Fidel Castro.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} Even though him get Marxist views, him meetings with Soviet representatives no gree be productive, because dem go always talk say Nkomo go lead the revolutionary struggle. But him relationship with China dey sweet pass, as the Chinese Maoist government dey supply ZANLA arms without any wahala.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=88}} Him also dey look for support from Western countries, dey visit embassies for Mozambique,{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=89}} plus travel go both Western places like Italy plus Switzerland plus Marxist countries like Soviet Union, China, North Korea, Vietnam, plus Cuba.

Mugabe talk say make dem touch Rhodesia wey be mostly white government, make dem deal with Smith and him 'criminal gang', take over white people land, and turn Rhodesia to one-party Marxist state.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=7}} E sabi call for violence against white people wey dey there,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=11}} e dey call white Rhodesians 'blood-sucking exploiters', 'sadistic killers', and 'hard-core racists'.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} One time for 1978 wey e dey talk for radio, Mugabe yan: 'Make we hammer [the white man] make e gree defeat. Make we blow e stronghold. Make we no gree am rest. Make we chase am for every corner. Make we clear our home of this settler vermin.'{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=11}} For Mugabe, armed struggle be crucial for forming new state.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=2}} Unlike other black leaders like Nkomo, Mugabe no gree make peace with Smith’s government.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=2}} But for October 1976, ZANU join forces with ZAPU wey dem call Patriotic Front. Then for September 1978, Mugabe plus Nkomo meet for Lusaka. Mugabe vex well well for how Nkomo dey try negotiate with Smith insyde secret.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=112}}

===== Lancaster House Agreement: 1979 =====
Smith start dey notice say na di end when South African PM B. J. Vorster talk say white minority rule no fit last for place wey black people dey plenty pass white people 22:1.&lt;ref name=&quot;impression&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=APF newsletter, &quot;Appraisal of Rhodesia in 1975&quot;|url=http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright12/Wright12.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531063909/http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF001975/Wright/Wright12/Wright12.html|archive-date=31 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vorster pressure am, and Smith gree say dem no go fit hold di rule forever. E supervise di 1979 election wey Abel Muzorewa, one calm black bishop, come win as PM for di new Zimbabwe Rhodesia. ZANU and ZAPU no join di election, plus dem no recognize am for di international level. For di Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for 1979 wey happen for Lusaka, UK PM Margaret Thatcher shock everybody as she talk say di UK go recognize di country independence if dem fit change to democratic majority rule.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=118–120}}
[[File:Lancaster_House_(5880536589).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancaster_House_(5880536589).jpg|thumb|Lancaster House for London's St James's district]]
Dem dey negotiate for Lancaster House for London, led by Conservative Party man Peter Carington.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=58}} Mugabe no wan show for the London peace talks,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=6–7}} he dey against di idea wey dem fit talk am out instead make dem go war for Rhodesian War. Machel insist say he gatz show face, if not he go stop Mozambique support for ZANU-PF. Mugabe land for London September 1979. For there, him and Nkomo dey act like dem be part of di 'Patriotic Front' but dem set different base for di city. For di conference, dem two get different mind; Nkomo wan show say e be moderate, but Mugabe dey hype him as Marxist revolutionary, and Carrington dey use dat divide.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=61}} Throughout di negotiations, Mugabe no trust di British, e believe say dem dey use di matter for dem own gain.

Di Lancaster House Agreement wey come after, talk say all di people wey dey fight for di Rhodesian Bush War go enter ceasefire. Dem bring British governor, Christopher Soames, come Rhodesia make e oversee election wey different groups go fit compete as political parties. E talk say dem go change Rhodesia name to Zimbabwe, wey dem take from di Great Zimbabwe archaeological site from Iron Age. Di agreement sef make sure say di white people for di country still get plenty economic and political power,{{sfn|Tendi|2011|p=313}} dem go get 20 seats for di new Parliament for whites. Carington sabi say black people suppose get di majority government, so e fit convince Mugabe make e agree on di other big matter for di conference, wey be land ownership.{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=62–63}} Mugabe gree say dem go protect di white people wey get property, but e talk say UK and U.S. go fit help dem with money to buy land for di black people.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=63}} Mugabe no too like di idea of ceasefire, but Machel push am small, so e gree.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=8}} Mugabe sign di agreement, but e dey feel say dem cheat am,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=8}} e still dey vex say e no fit win military fight against di Rhodesian forces.

===== Electoral campaign: 1980 =====
Wen Mugabe come back to Salisbury for January 1980, crowd wey dey support am gather well well. E settle down for one house for Mount Pleasant, wey be rich area wey plenty white people dey. Machel don warn Mugabe say make e no push Rhodesia white people away, because any white people wey go fit run after election go cause economic damages like wetin happen for Mozambique. So, for him campaign, Mugabe no use Marxist plus revolutinary talk.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=9}} E talk say for election, ZANU go be separate party from ZAPU, and e refuse Nkomo wey want meet am. So, e come turn ZANU to political party known as Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU–PF).{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=70}} Dem predict say ZANU-PF go win di election based on di ethnic divide wey dey for di country. Mugabe na Shona, and dem be like 70% of di population, while Nkomo na Ndebele, wey only be like 20%.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=12}} For plenty people wey dey amongst di white community and di British government, dis outcome no be joke at all because of Mugabe strong Marxist beliefs and di hot talk wey e don talk about whites during di guerrilla war.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=11}}

For the campaign, Mugabe dodge two attempts to kill am. First one happen for 6 February when dem throw grenade for him house for Mount Pleasant, e blow for garden wall. Second one be for 10 February, where roadside bomb blow near him motorcade as he dey waka from Fort Victoria rally. Thank God, Mugabe no get any harm. Him blame Rhodesian security forces for the attacks.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=11}} To stop dem from doing coup wey fit spoil election, Mugabe go meet Peter Walls, wey be commander of Rhodesian army, ask am to stay for in position if ZANU–PF win. But Walls no gree at that time.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=12}}

Di electoral campaign dey shake well, as plenty people dey fear to vote, na Nkomo ZAPU, Abel Muzorewa UANC, plus Mugabe ZANU–PF dey do am. Nkomo talk say, &quot;intimidation no even fit describe am well. People dey fear for their life. Na real terror be this.&quot;{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=10}} When Mugabe hear say ZANU–PF dey terrorize voters, Soames call am for Government House. Mugabe see di meeting as British fit to scatter him electoral campaign.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=10–11}} Soames get power to throw any political party wey dey do voter intimidation away.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=11}} Nkomo, Muzorewa, plus some advisers beg Soames make he disqualify ZANU–PF. But after he reason am, Soames no agree, him believe say ZANU–PF go surely win di election, and disqualifying dem go spoil any chance for smooth power change.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=11}}

For February election, ZANU–PF collect 63% of di votes, dem take 57 out of di 80 seats wey dem give black parties, so dem get majority sha. ZAPU gather 20 seats, den UANC get three.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=12}} Mugabe become MP for Salisbury area of Highfield.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=156}} To cool down panic and stop white people from dey run, Mugabe show face for TV talk say make everybody join hand, make peace dey, and law follow. Him still talk say white civil servants go collect dem pension and dem go protect private property.

== Prime Minister of Zimbabwe: 1980–1987 ==
[[File:Heroes_Acre_Monument,_Harare,_Zimbabwe.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heroes_Acre_Monument,_Harare,_Zimbabwe.jpg|left|thumb|Statues dey on top di tomb of di Unknown Soldier for Heroes' Acre; di monument na design by North Korean architects wey report straight to Mugabe.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=194}}]]
Southern Rhodesia get im international independence for 18 April 1980. Mugabe swear in as di first Prime Minister of di new country shortly after midnight.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/04/18/zimbabwe-gains-independence/185c3573-e9e4-4d3a-9dce-5fe89bf04605/|title=Zimbabwe Gains Independence|date=18 April 1980|last=Ross|first=Jay|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=15 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; E give speech for Rufaro Stadium inside Salisbury, talk say dem go change Rhodesia name to &quot;Zimbabwe&quot; plus promise say e go bring everybody together.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=14–15}} Soames help Mugabe make di power change no wahala; Mugabe dey grateful, e dey call Soames good friend.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=14}} Mugabe try make Soames stay for Zimbabwe for more years, but e no fit convince UK to take two years to help him government because plenty ZANU–PF guys no get enough experience.{{sfn|Tendi|2011|p=311}} ZANU–PF get dem own majority so dem fit rule alone, but Mugabe gather all di rival party members same make dem join im cabinet.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=14}} Mugabe move enter Premier house for Salisbury, e leave am just as Smith arrange am.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=41}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan meeting Prime Minister Mugabe of Zimbabwe in the Oval Office - DPLA - 7ca02b080ed105da1103b26b9ee646bc.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President Ronald Reagan meeting Prime Minister Mugabe of Zimbabwe in the Oval Office - DPLA - 7ca02b080ed105da1103b26b9ee646bc.jpg|right|thumb|Mugabe plus US president Ronald Reagan for 1983]]
For di whole country, dem don remove statues of Cecil Rhodes, plus everywhere wey dem name after colonial big men, dem don change am to black nationalists names.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=48}} For 1982, Salisbury don change to Harare. Mugabe carry North Korean architects come design Heroes' Acre, wey be monument for western Harare to remember di fight against minority rule.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=77}} Zimbabwe still dey get plenty help from Western countries, wey dem government hope say if Zimbabwe stable and dey prosper, e go help South Africa move from apartheid and minority rule.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=47}} Di United States come give Zimbabwe $25 million aid for three years.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=47}} UK dey finance land reform program,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=46}} plus dem dey provide military advisers to help join di guerrilla armies plus di old Rhodesian security forces for new Zimbabwe army. Members of ZANLA and ZIPRA dey join army; but di rivalry between dem still dey strong. As Prime Minister, Mugabe still keep Walls as di head of di armed forces.

Mugabe government dey always talk say dem wan turn Zimbabwe into socialist society.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=78}} But e be different from wetin Mugabe dey yan. E budget policies dey conservative, e dey work under capitalist level and e dey need foreign investment.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=48}} When e dey power, Mugabe wan change small small from capitalism plus try build on top wetin dey already.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=14}} From 1980 to 1990, economy dey grow average 2.7% every year, but population dey increase pass am and real income dey fall.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}}  De unemployment rate come rose, reach 26% for 1990.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} Government dey carry budget deficit every year wey dey average 10% of de country's gross domestic product.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} Under Mugabe leadership, education plus health spending taste big wahala.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} For 1980, Zimbabwe get only 177 secondary schools, but by 2000, e don rise to 1,548.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} During that time, adult literacy rate rise from 62% to 82%, one of de highest for Africa.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} Child immunization level raise from 25% of de population to 92%.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}}

New leadership crew don form wey dey show dem status by buying big houses and expensive cars, carry dem pikin go private schools, plus dey do farms den businesses.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=81}} For 1984, Mugabe come bring leadership code wey say nobody wey senior fit collect more than one salary or own over 50 acres of agricultural land.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=81}} But some people get exceptions, like General Solomon Mujuru wey Mugabe gree make e expand him business, wey make am one of the richest for Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=82}} De corruption wey dey among this elite dey make plenty people wey dey suffer for poverty vex.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=83}}
[[File:Robert_Mugabe_September_1983,_DF-SC-84-10031.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Mugabe_September_1983,_DF-SC-84-10031.jpg|left|thumb|Mugabe departing [[:en:Andrews_Air_Force_Base|Andrews Air Force Base]] after a state visit to the United States in 1983]]
ZANU–PF start dey build dia own biz empire, dem create M&amp;S Syndicate for 1980 and Zidoo Holdings for 1981.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=82}} By 1992, the party don get assets and businesses worth Z$500 million (US$75 million).{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=82}} For 1980, ZANU–PF use Nigerian money to set up Mass Media Trust, wey dem take buy South African company wey get plenty of Zimbabwe newspapers. Di white editors for di papers wey dem sack, dem replace dem with government people. Dis media don become way wey di party dey push dem propaganda.

When dem gain independence, 39% of Zimbabwe land dey for about 6000 white farmers wey dey do big business, while 4% belong to black small-small farmers, plus 41% na 'communal land' wey 4 million people dey live for insyde am, mostly for cramped conditions.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=120}} Di Lancaster House agreement talk say until 1990, dem fit sell land only if dem dey do 'willing seller-willing buyer.' Only time dem fit take am by force na if di land dey 'underutilized' or e dey needed for public use, then government fit buy am den gree pay di owner well.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=119}} Dis one mean say Mugabe government no fit buy beta land plenty.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=119}} Dem target na to resettle 18,000 black families for 2.5 million acres of white-owned land in three years. Dis go cost £30 million (US$60 million), half dey come from UK government like wetin di Lancaster House Agreement talk.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=120}}

For 1986, Mugabe take chair for Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) go till 1989.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=85}} As leader of one of the Front Line States wey dey around apartheid South Africa, e gain respect for de anti-apartheid movement.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=85}}

===== Race relations =====
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=The wrongs of the past must now stand forgiven and forgotten. If ever we look to the past, let us do so for the lesson the past has taught us, namely that oppression and racism are inequalities that must never find scope in our political and social system. It could never be a correct justification that just because the whites oppressed us yesterday when they had power, the blacks must oppress them today because they have power. An evil remains an evil whether practised by white against black or black against white.|salign=right|source=— Mugabe's speech after his 1980 victory{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=15}}}}

Mugabe at first dey talk say make we reconcile racially, e wan build better relationship with white Zimbabweans. E no wan make dem run away, so e dey try calm dem wey dey fear say e go take demma property.{{sfn|Tendi|2011|pp=313–314}} E come appoint two white ministers—David Smith and Denis Norman—join im government, meet with white leaders for agriculture, industry, mining, plus commerce, plus e impress senior people like Smith and Ken Flower with how e dey sincere. As de war finish, petrol dey scarce, plus dem place sanctions, life for white Zimbabweans fit better small for early days of Mugabe reign.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=45}} For de economic boom wey come after, na de white minority—wey hold plenty land plus dominate business, industry, plus bank—be di main people wey chop better for di country.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=46}}

But plenty white Zimbabweans dey complain say dem be victims of racial wahala.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=50}} Plenty whites no dey feel safe for black Marxist government, dem dey fear say their pikin go fit get job.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=46}} E get many people wey dey waka go South Africa, for 1980, 17,000 whites, like one out of ten white Zimbabweans, don pack leave. Mugabe government promise say dem go support African National Congress and other anti-apartheid people for South Africa, but dem no wan make dem use Zimbabwe as demma base for military wahala.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=47}} To protest apartheid and white minority rule for South Africa, Mugabe government ban Zimbabwe from any sports competition with South Africa.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=47}} As e be so, South Africa dey try scatter Zimbabwe, dey block trade routes come de country plus dey support anti-Mugabe fighters among de white minority.
[[File:Persconferentie_Robert_Magabe_,_president_Zimbabwe,_op_Schiphol_na_driedaags_bez,_Bestanddeelnr_932-1957.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persconferentie_Robert_Magabe_,_president_Zimbabwe,_op_Schiphol_na_driedaags_bez,_Bestanddeelnr_932-1957.jpg|left|thumb|Mugabe for de Netherlands, 1982]]
For December 1981, bomb land for ZANU–PF headquarters, e kill seven plus injure 124 people.For December 1981, bomb land for ZANU–PF headquarters, e kill seven and injure 124 people. Mugabe blame di white militants wey South Africa dey back.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=52}} E come talk say some people wey no want make things better inside di white community dey create wahala. Dem no face any punishment for wetin dem don do before, but dem no gree make peace and dem dey join hands with South Africa to scatter our relationship, destroy our unity, mess up our economy, and push out di government wey people vote for.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=52}} E dey vex say dem dey blame di militants but also di whole white community wey dey hold all di economic power for Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=52–53}} Dis one be wetin plenty government people and di media wey government dey control dey talk too.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=50}} One minister wey dem call Tekere, don waka go do something wey no too fine. Him and seven armed guys burst one white man farmhouse, kill old farmer; dem talk say dem dey stop coup attempt. Tekere no go jail for murder; but Mugabe come remove am for him cabinet.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=49}}

Racial wahala plus suspicion dey increase plenty.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=53}} For December 1981, the old white MP Wally Stuttaford com get accusation say e be South African agent, dem arrest am, and dem torture am, this one make white people vex. For July 1982, white militants wey South Africa support destroy 13 aircraft for Thornhill. Some white military officers dey accuse of wahala, dem catch dem and torture dem. Dem put dem for trial but judges clear dem, after dem arrest dem again. Their case make international noise, but Mugabe no gree, e talk say na sekof dem be white dem dey pay attention. E defend the torture and no respect legal matters, this one spoil him international standing. White people dey waka commot, and within three years of Mugabe as boss, half of white Zimbabweans don travel go abroad. For 1985 election, Smith's Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe win 15 out of the 20 seats wey dem share for white Zimbabweans.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=56}} Mugabe dey vex about this result, e dey insult white Zimbabweans say dem no show any remorse by still dey support Smith and other white politicians wey don do bad things to Zimbabwe people.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=56}}

===== Relations with ZAPU plus de Gukurahundi =====
[[File:Zimbabwe_African_People's_Union_flag.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zimbabwe_African_People's_Union_flag.svg|thumb|ZAPU flag dey, but ZANU-PF don almost wipe am out for Gukurahundi.]]
For di new constitution, Zimbabwe presidency be just for show, no power dey; di first President be Canaan Banana.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=74}} Mugabe don offer di position to Nkomo before, but Nkomo no gree, e prefer become Minister of Home Affairs. As dem dey work together, tension dey boil between Mugabe plus Nkomo.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=39}} Mugabe give ZAPU four cabinet seats, but Nkomo dey demand more.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=59–60}} Meanwhile, some ZANU–PF guys dey talk say ZAPU no suppose get any seat for government, dem wan turn Zimbabwe into one-party state.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=60}} Tekere and Enos Nkala no gree make dem slack, dem wan make dem bring ZAPU down hard.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=60}} One time, Nkala talk say make dem crush ZAPU fast-fas for rally wey dem do for Entumbane, wahala burst for street between di two parties.

January 1981, Mugabe don demote Nkomo for cabinet reshuffle; Nkomo don warn say this go vex ZAPU supporters. Insyd february, wahala start between ZAPU and ZANU–PF supporters for Ntabazinduna battalion, e spread go other army bases, wey 300 people die.{{Sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=61–62}} Dem find arms stash wey get land mines and anti-aircraft missiles for Ascot Farm, wey Nkomo get part. Mugabe yan say this na proof say ZAPU dey plan coup, but Nkomo no gree. E compare Nkomo to 'cobra for house', then Mugabe fire am from government, plus ZAPU businesses, farms, plus property dem collect all.

Members of ZANLA and ZIPRA don waka comot from demma post plus start dey do banditry.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=60}} For Matabeleland, ZIPRA wey dem dey call 'dissenters' dey rob people, hold up buses, and dey attack farmhouses, make everywhere dey lawless small-small. Dem dissenters dey get support from South Africa through Operation Mute, wey dem wan use scatter Zimbabwe more.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=64}} The government dey mix ZIPRA with the dissenters,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=66}} but Nkomo no gree for the dissenters and dem South African supporters.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=65}} Mugabe let police and army dey work on Matabeleland dissenters, talk say state officers go dey enjoy legal immunity for any 'extra-legal' wahala dem fit cause.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=65}} For 1982, e don set up 5th Brigade, Zimbabwean army wey North Koreans train; dem mostly dey pull Shona-speaking ZANLA soldiers and dem dey report straight to Mugabe. For January 1983, dem send 5th Brigade go that area, dem dey monitor wahala wey involve beatings, fire burning, public kill, and plenty massacre for people wey dem accuse say dem be sympathetic with dissidents. Di level of violence pass wetin dem see for Rhodesian War.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=67}} Dem set up place wey people dey torture like interrogation centres.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=70}} Mugabe talk say civilians go suffer for di wahala, him go talk say &quot;we no fit sabi who be dissident and who no be.&quot;{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=33}} Di matter wey follow come call am &quot;Gukurahundi&quot;, wey be Shona word wey mean &quot;wind wey go blow away di chaff before di rain start.&quot;{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=31}}
[[File:Matabeleland.svg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matabeleland.svg|left|thumb|Gukurahundi happen for Zimbabwe west side, Matabeleland be di place wey e dey shine.]]
For 1984, Gukurahundi come Matabeleland South, where dem dey face drought for three years. 5th Brigade close all shops, stop all deliveries, and bring curfew, make hunger dey worse for two months. De Bishop for Bulawayo talk say Mugabe dey run sistematic hunger project.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=70}} When Catholic group bring report wey show wetin 5th Brigade don do, Mugabe deny everything and accuse dem say dem no loyal to Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=67–68}} E suppress Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace for Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=148–149}} For 1985, Amnesty International report wey talk about Gukurahundi, Mugabe just dismiss am as “heap of lies.” For four years, about 10,000 civilians don die, plus plenty others wey don beat den torture. Genocide Watch later talk say about 20,000 people don die{{sfn|Tendi|2011|p=308}} plus dem classify wetin happen as genocide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=David|date=6 September 2019|title=Zimbabwe's intellectual despot: how Mugabe became Africa's fallen angel|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/zimbabwes-intellectual-despot-how-mugabe-became-africas-fallen-angel|access-date=10 October 2020|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Margaret Thatcher government wey dey UK sabi say dem dey kill people but dem no talk anything, dem dey fear make dem no vex Mugabe and put white Zimbabweans in wahala. De United States self no really talk strong, Ronald Reagan greet Mugabe for White House September 1983.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=34}} October 1983, Mugabe go Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for New Delhi, where no country talk about Gukurahundi.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=34}} For 2000, Mugabe talk say dem mass killings happen, e say na ‘madness... e no right and both sides get blame.’{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=74}} Him biographer Martin Meredith talk say na Mugabe and him ZANU–PF be de real problem for de massacre.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=74}} Plenty biographers of Mugabe don see Gukurahundi as plan to finish ZAPU and dem supporters so he fit push him ZANU–PF one-party state.

As dem dey prepare for di 1985 election, more wahala show up, ZAPU supporters dey face wahala from ZANU–PF Youth League brigades.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=71}} Even with all dis intimidation, ZAPU still carry all 15 parliamentary seats for Matabeleland.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=71}} Den Mugabe come appoint Enos Nkala as di new police minister. Nkala come detain over 100 ZAPU officials, include five MPs and di Mayor of Bulawayo, stop dem from holding rally or meeting, lock all dem offices, and scatter all di district councils wey dem dey control.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=71–73}} To avoid more wahala, for December 1987 Nkomo sign Unity Accord wey officially disband ZAPU plus merge dem leadership join ZANU–PF. Di merger make ZANU–PF get 99 out of 100 seats for parliament, plus e com turn Zimbabwe to one-party state wey no get competition.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=34}}

== President of Zimbabwe ==

===== Constitutional plus economic reform: 1987–1995 =====
For late 1987, Zimbabwe parliament change di constitution.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=36}} For 30 December, dem declare say Mugabe go be executive president, new position wey combine head of state, head of government, and commander-in-chief of di army. Dis position give am power to dissolve parliament, declare martial law, and run for as many terms as e want.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=79}} According to Meredith, Mugabe don get “total control over government wahala and plenty chance to dey show patronage”.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=79}} Di constitutional changes come remove di twenty seats wey dey reserved for white representatives, make parliament no dey relevant plus independent again.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=80}}

For de 1990 election, dem do some parliamentary changes wey increase seats to 120; na twenty dem go appoint am by di President, and ten by di Council of Chiefs. Dis one make am hard for any bad belle wey wan oppose Mugabe to fit get majority for parliament.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=89}} Di main opposition party for dat election na Zimbabwe Unity Movement (ZUM), wey Tekere launch for April 1989; even though him be long time friend of Mugabe, Tekere don dey accusation am sey him don betray di revolution and don set dictatorship.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=80}} ZANU–PF propaganda sef dey throw threats against people wey dey think to vote ZUM; one TV advert show car crash picture and talk sey, 'Dis be one way to die. Another be to vote ZUM. No go kill yourself, vote ZANU-PF plus enjoy your life.'{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=91}} For di election, Mugabe win again as President with almost 80% of di votes, while ZANU–PF secure 116 out of 119 available parliamentary seats.

Mugabe been dey hope say e go turn Zimbabwe into one-party state, but for 1990, e come officially &quot;postpone&quot; dis plan as Mozambique and plenty Eastern Bloc countries dey change from one-party to multi-party republics.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=97}} When Marxist-Leninist regimes for Soviet Union plus Eastern Bloc collapse, for 1991 ZANU–PF come remove any mention of &quot;Marxism-Leninism&quot; plus &quot;scientific socialism&quot; for dem materi; but Mugabe still talk say &quot;socialism be our true ideology&quot;. That year, Mugabe come pledge say e go accept free market economics and follow structural adjustment plan wey IMF give am. Dis economic reform gist say Zimbabwe suppose privatise state assets plus reduce import tariffs;{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=37}} Mugabe government follow some of dem recommendations but no do all. Dis reforms dey make employers dey cut demma wages, wey dey cause plenty wahala from Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=38}}

As 1990 come, 52,000 black families don settle for 6.5 million acres. E no dey enough to handle the overcrowding wahala wey dey happen as black population dey grow.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=121}} That year, Zimbabwe parliament pass law wey go allow government take land for fixed price, but dem go deny land-owners right to appeal for court.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=122}} Government dey hope say if dem do am, dem go fit settle 110,000 black families for 13 million acres, wey mean say about half of all white-owned land go need to waka.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=122}} Zimbabwe Commercial Farmers Union dey talk say this plan go spoil economy, dey suggest make government settle landless blacks for half-a-million acres wey no dey productive or state-owned.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=122–123}}

UK, US, plus Catholic Commission for Justice den Peace no dey happy about de new law wey go deny people chance to appeal.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=122}} Dem talk say if Zimbabwe go carry the law come, foreign aid no go come again from US, UK, IMF, and World Bank.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=123}} As dem criticize am, government come remove the ban wey dey stop court appeals from the bill, then dem pass am into law.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=123–124}} For the next few years, plenty acres wey mostly white people own dem collect am.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=124}} April 1994, newspaper come do investigation, find out say no be all the land dem share to landless blacks; plenty land dey go rent for ministers and big men like Witness Mangwede, wey get 3000-acre farm for Hwedza. As dem see this wahala, UK government wey don provide £44 million for land distribution, come stop de money wey dem de pay.

For January 1992, Mugabe wife don die. For April 1995, Horizon magazine come drop bomb say Mugabe don dey chop him secretary Grace Marufu since 1987 plus she don born him one pikin boy den one pikin girl. As the secret don show, Mugabe decide say make him do big wedding wey everybody go sabi. 12,000 people dey yan go turn up for di August 1996 ceremony wey happen for Kutama, arranged by di head of di Roman Catholic Archbishop of Harare, Patrick Chakaipa. Di ceremony no sweet for di Catholic community becos of di wahala wey dey for Mugabe plus Marufu relationship. To prepare house for him family, Mugabe go build new mansion for Borrowdale.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=109}} For di 1995 parliamentary election—wey plenty people no show face, just 31.7%—ZANU–PF collect 147 from 150 seats.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=38}} After di election, Mugabe add him cabinet from 29 to 42 ministers while di government run 133% salary increase for di MPs.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=127}}

===== Economic decline: 1995–2000 =====
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=By the mid-1990s Mugabe had become an irascible and petulant dictator, brooking no opposition, contemptuous of the law and human rights, surrounded by sycophantic ministers and indifferent to the incompetence and corruption around him. His record of economic management was lamentable. He had failed to satisfy popular expectations in education, health, land reform, and employment. And he had alienated the entire white community. Yet all the while Mugabe continued to believe in his own greatness. Isolated and remote from ordinary reality, possessing no close friends and showing clear signs of paranoia, he listened only to an inner circle of conspiratorial aides and colleagues. Whatever difficulties occurred he attributed to old enemies—Britain, the West, the old Rhodesian network—all bent, he believed, on destroying his &quot;revolution&quot;.|salign=right|source=— Mugabe biographer [[Martin Meredith]]{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=131}}}}

For during de 1990s, Zimbabwe economy dey fall serious.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=39}} By 2000, life no be as e dey before since 1980; people dey live shorter, wage dey low, and joblessness don triples.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=17}} By 1998, almost 50% people dey jobless.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=39}} As at 2009, over three million Zimbabweans—most of di skilled workers—don waka comot for di country.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=71}} For 1997, plenty people dey shout for pension from dem wey fight in di guerrilla wars, plus for August 1997, Mugabe arrange pension package wey go cost di country Z$4.2 billion. To settle dis pension matter, Mugabe government come propose fresh taxes, but dem call general strike for December 1997 to protest; even ZANU–PF self dey vex, Mugabe government come comot di taxes. For January 1998, wahala about food no dey happen for Harare; dem send soldiers come make e fit restore order, at least ten people don die plus plenty injure.

Mugabe dey blame di country's wahala for economy on di Western nations and di white Zimbabwean minority, wey still dey control plenty of di farming, mines, plus manufacturing industries. He tell hin supporters make dem 'strike fear for di hearts of di white man, our true enemy',{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=17}} plus he dey accuse hin black opponents say dem be just puppets for di whites.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=18}} As opposition plenty for inside hin government, he still dey determined to hold power tight.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=17}} He bring back di usual revolutionary talk and wan show say he be important revolutionary leader.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=68}}

Mugabe dey chop worry for homosexuality matter, dey call am 'un-African' like e be foreign wahala from Europe.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=129}} E talk say gay people dey act like 'sub-human', say dem be 'worse than dogs den pigs'. Dis kon be say e strong conservative values fit dey play small role, but e dey strong sekof plenty ministers for British government be gay. Mugabe start to believe say e get 'gay mafia' wey dey control everything, plus all wey dey criticize am na homosexuals.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc_perspective_2009&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Meeting Zimbabwe's 'Uncle Bob'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7899057.stm|work=BBC African Perspective|date=21 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; People dey also talk say Mugabe dey use homophobia just to shift attention from the country's wahala.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=129}} For August 1995, e suppose open one human rights Zimbabwe International Book Fair for Harare, but e refuse till dem carry comot de stall wey Gays plus Lesbians of Zimbabwe dey run.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=129–130}}

For 1996, Mugabe be de chair for defense side of Southern African Development Community (SADC).{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=147–148}} No consult parliament, for August 1998 e order Zimbabwean soldiers make dem go Democratic Republic of de Congo to support President Laurent Kabila for Second Congo War.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=148}} At first, e send 3000 soldiers; later, dem increase go 11,000.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=148}} E also convince Angola plus Namibia make dem send soldiers join the fight.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=148}} De war dey cost Zimbabwe roughly US$1 million every day, dey add to dem economic wahala.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=148}} People no dey like am for Zimbabwe, as opinion polls show. But some Zimbabwean businesses dey chop money well-well, as dem get mining plus timber deals plus better trade terms from Kabila's government.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=148}}

For January 1999, 23 military men dem catch for plotting coup to take down Mugabe. Government no wan make e public, but journalists for The Standard carry am come out. Dem military come dey arrest those journalists illegally and even dey torture dem. This one provoke international wahala, with EU and seven donor countries dey raise protest letters.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=151}} Lawyers and human rights guys dey shout for front of parliament, but riot police come scatter dem.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=151}} Even the Supreme Court judges for the country come write letter wey dey condemn the military  demma actions.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=151–152}} For all dis, Mugabe come dey support wetin dem dey do, wey be illegal arrest and torture.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=153}}
[[File:Tony_Blair_2010_(cropped).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tony_Blair_2010_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|British prime minister Tony Blair, plus whom na Mugabe get a particularly antagonistic relationship]]
For 1997, Tony Blair take the position of UK Prime Minister after 18 years wey Conservatives dey rule. Him Labour government no too gree restart the land resettlement money wey dem promise for Lancaster House Agreement, with minister Clare Short talk say UK no get any moral duty to fund land distribution. Dis kind attitude dey make people for Africa dey vex against imperialism.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=102}} For October 1999, Mugabe come visit Britain and for London, human rights activist Peter Tatchell try to arrest am as citizen. Mugabe believe say British government dey plan the matter to make am shame.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=135}} E even damage the relationship wey dey between Anglo-Zimbabwean,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=135}} with Mugabe dey insult wetin e dey call 'Blair and crew'.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=136}} For May 2000, UK freeze all development aid to Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=138}} For December 1999, IMF comot support for Zimbabwe, talk say dem dey mishandle economy plus plenty corruption dey spoil progress.

As people dey demand constitutional change, For April 1999, Mugabe government gather 400 people make dem form Constitutional Commission wey go draft new constitution wey go fit go for referendum. De National Constitutional Assembly—dem wey dey push for reform since 1997—dem dey worry say dis commission no dey independent from government, because Mugabe fit change or reject wetin dem draft.{{sfn|Sithole|2001|p=163}} De NCA call make dem reject di draft constitution, and for February 2000 referendum, e no pass; 53% say no, 44% say yes; turnout dey below 25%. Na ZANU-PF first big electoral loss for twenty years.{{sfn|Sithole|2001|p=165}} Mugabe vex, and him dey blame di white minority say dem dey scatter him plans, dem be “enemies of Zimbabwe.”{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=138}}

===== Land seizures plus growing condemnation: 2000–2008 =====
[[File:Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morgan_Tsvangirai_Oslo_2009_B.jpg|thumb|217x217px|Morgan Tsvangirai dey lead MDC wey dey shine as dem dey fight Mugabe regime for 2000 parliamentary election.]]
Di June 2000 parliamentary elections na di most important one wey Zimbabwe don see since 1980. Sixteen parties take part, and di Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) led by trade unionist Morgan Tsvangirai shine well well.{{sfn|Sithole|2001|p=160}} During di election campaign, MDC activists dey face wahala, some even die.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=178–179}} Di Zimbabwe Human Rights Forum record 27 murders, 27 rapes, 2466 assaults, and 617 abductions, with 10,000 people run from violence; plenty, but no be all, na ZANU–PF supporters do am.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=158}} Observers from di European Union (EU) talk say di election no be free or fair. Di vote give 48% and 62 parliamentary seats to ZANU-PF, while MDC carry 47% and 57 parliamentary seats. This be first time, ZANU–PF no fit get di two-thirds majority wey dem need to change di constitution.{{sfn|Sithole|2001|p=160}}  ZANU–PF dey depend plenty on dem people for di rural Shona areas, plus dem just hold one urban constituency.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=188}}

For February 2000, dem start land invasion as armed gangs dey attack and take over white-owned farms.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=167}} Di government dey call dem attackers 'war veterans' but most na jobless youths wey still too young to don fight for di Rhodesian War.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=167}} Mugabe talk say di attacks na spontaneous rise against white land owners, but di government don pay Z$20 million to Chenjerai Hunzvi's War Veterans Association to lead di land invasion campaign, and ZANU–PF people, police, plus military all dey involve for di facilitating. Some of Mugabe’s boys talk say di invasions na payback for di white community wey dem dey claim support di 'no' vote for di recent referendum.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=169}}Mugabe talk say dem take di land wey belong to di Africans since di 1890s from di white settlers.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=180}} Him carry am come like say na fight wey him dey fight against colonialism, and he talk say di UK wan scatter him government.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=171}} For May 2000, him drop law under di Presidential Powers (Temporary Measures) Act wey give di government power to take farms without any compensation, say na di British government suppose pay for am.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=184}}

For March 2000, Zimbabwe High Court talk say land wahala no legal; but dem still dey chop am, plus Mugabe start to dey badmouth Zimbabwe judiciary. After Supreme Court join talk say dem gree, government call make judges resign, wey dem fit pressure Chief Justice Anthony Gubbay make e jom. ZANU–PF member Godfrey Chidyausiku fit take him place, as Supreme Court judges increase from five go eight; the three new seats go to people wey dey support Mugabe. The first thing wey new Supreme Court do na to change the earlier talk say land grab no be correct. For November 2001, Mugabe come drop presidential law wey gree dem take over almost all the white man farms for Zimbabwe wey no go pay any money.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=223}} The way dem dey take farm no be small, as by 2006, dem don kill about sixty white farmers, plus many of their workers dey face wahala like intimidation den torture.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=899}} Plenty of the farms wey dem take over still dey empty, and many of the black peasant-farmers wey dem give the farms no fit do market work because dem no get fertiliser.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=900}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=The courts can do whatever they want, but no judicial decision will stand in our way&amp;nbsp;... My own position is that we should not even be defending our position in the courts. This country is our country and this land is our land&amp;nbsp;... They think because they are white they have a divine right to our resources. Not here. The white man is not indigenous to Africa. Africa is for Africans, Zimbabwe is for Zimbabweans.|salign=right|source=— Mugabe on the land seizures{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=203}}}}

Di farm wahala spoil agricultural growth well well. Zimbabwe dey produce over two million tons maize for 2000; but by 2008 e don drop go about 450,000.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=899}} By October 2003, Human Rights Watch talk say half of di country people dey suffer, dem no get enough food to chop.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=901}} By 2009, 75% of Zimbabwe people dey depend on food aid, na di highest for any country for dat time.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=901}} Zimbabwe dey chop serious economic wahala. 2000, dem GDP be US$7.4 billion; but by 2005 e don fall reach US$3.4 billion.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=122}} Hyperinflation cause crisis for de economy.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=900}} By 2007, Zimbabwe get di highest inflation rate for world, wey be 7600%.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=122}} By 2008, inflation don pass 100,000% and bread price don be like one third of wetin person fit earn for one day.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=135}} Plenty Zimbabweans dey depend on money wey dem people wey abroad dey send give dem.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=901}}

Other parts of society dey suffer well well too. By 2005, about 80% of Zimbabwe people no get job,{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=903}} plus by 2008 only 20% of pikin dem dey school.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=903}} Water supply plus sewage system spoil, cause cholera wahala for late 2008, with over 98,000 cholera cases for Zimbabwe from August 2008 go mid-July 2009.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=904}} De wahala economy fit affect HIV/AIDS matter for the country; by 2008, HIV/AIDS rate for people wey dey between 15 den 49 be 15.3%.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=907}} For 2007, World Health Organization talk say average life expectancy for Zimbabwe dey 34 for women and 36 for men, from 63 and 54 wey e be for 1997.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=122}} De tourist business wey dey sweet no dey work again well,{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=121}} plus poaching don rise, especially for endangered animals.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=121}} Mugabe just make am worse when e order make dem kill 100 elephants to get meat for April 2007 feast.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=121}}

For October 2000, MDC MPs try impeach Mugabe, but dem no fit, thanks to Speaker wey be Mugabe paddy, Emmerson Mnangagwa. ZANU–PF dey link demself with Zimbabwe patriotism, dey paint MDC supporters as traitors plus enemies of Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1140}} Dem party dey show say dem be for the progressive side of history, while MDC dey be counter-revolutionary force wey wan scatter wetin ZANU–PF don achieve and all the decolonization matter. Mugabe talk say the build-up to 2002 presidential election na “the third Chimurenga” wey go make Zimbabwe free from colonial wahala.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=69}} Mugabe talk say di preparation for di 2002 presidential election na di 'third Chimurenga' plus e go make Zimbabwe free from wetin dem colonizers don do.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=191}} As dem dey prepare for the election, government change the electoral rules to help Mugabe get better chance to win.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=226}} New security law come dey in place wey go make am illegal to talk bad about de president.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=226}} General Vitalis Zvinavashe, de defense force commander, talk say military no go recognize any result wey no be Mugabe victory.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=227}} EU don draw dem observers from di country, talk say di vote no be free or fair.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=227}} Election show say Mugabe take 56% of di vote, while Tsvangirai get 42%.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=228–229}} After di election, Mugabe come declare say di state-owned Grain Marketing Board get di only right to import and distribute grain, and di state distributors dey give food to ZANU–PF supporters, but dey no give di ones wey dem suspect say dem dey support MDC. For 2005, Mugabe start Operation Murambatsvina (wey mean 'Operation Drive Out di Rubbish'), wey be forced slum clearance; UN report say 700,000 people no get place to stay after dat. Since di people wey dey di shantytowns vote for MDC pass, plenty people dey talk say di bulldozing na politics matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraphtatters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/06/03/wzim03.xml|title=Mugabe's raids leave townships in tatters|date=6 March 2005|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|access-date=22 May 2010|first=Charles|last=Moore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408002545/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F03%2Fwzim03.xml|archive-date=8 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mugabecloseup2008.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mugabecloseup2008.jpg|thumb|Mugabe for 2008]]
Mugabe dey cause yawa wey plenty people dey vex. Zimbabwe Council of Churches talk say e don put di country inside &quot;real wahala&quot; just to hold power.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=221–222}} Plenty Southern African states come meet am for summit for Harare September 2001 wey dem no take am easy.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=222}} For 2002, Commonwealth kick Zimbabwe comot dem side; Mugabe talk say na because of anti-black wahala,{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=912}} wey South Africa President Thabo Mbeki support too.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=911}} Mbeki dey like make dem do &quot;quiet diplomacy&quot; with Mugabe,{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=70}} plus e block African Union (AU) from putting any sanctions on am.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=910}} Di Africa-Europe Summit wey dem plan for Lisbon for April 2003, e dey move plenty times becos African leaders no gree show face as Mugabe dey on ban; finally, e happen for 2007 wey Mugabe still show. After dem torture MDC MP Job Sikhala, Zimbabwean Test Cricketers Andy Flower and Henry Olonga do protest during di 2003 Cricket World Cup wey Zimbabwe co-host, dem wear black armbands to 'mourn di death of democracy for Zimbabwe'. Both guys go run away, as Olonga face treason charge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cricket County&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=9 February 2015|title=ICC World Cup 2003: Andy Flower and Henry Olonga don black armbands|url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/icc-world-cup-2003-andy-flower-and-henry-olonga-don-black-armbands-246948|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325204354/http://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/icc-world-cup-2003-andy-flower-and-henry-olonga-don-black-armbands-246948|archive-date=25 March 2015|access-date=7 January 2025|publisher=Cricket County}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2004, di EU put travel ban and asset freeze on Mugabe.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=912}} Dem carry di sanctions go up to 2008,{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=912}} meanwhile US government add more sanctions dat same year.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=913}} US and UK carry resolution go UN Security Council, dem wan put arms embargo on Zimbabwe plus asset freeze and travel ban for Mugabe and di other government people; but Russia and China block am.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=913}} For 2009, di SADC dey demand say di Western countries fit remove di targeted sanctions wey dem put on Mugabe plus em government.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=911}} ZANU–PF talk say di sanctions na Western neo-colonialism matter and dem dey blame di West for Zimbabwe economy wahala.{{sfn|Tendi|2011|pp=316–317}} Carren Pindiriri wey from University of Zimbabwe talk say di sanctions no really spoil employment den poverty for di country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 October 2019|title=Zimbabwe sanctions: Who is being targeted?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50169598.amp|access-date=12 September 2021|website=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

British prime minister Tony Blair dem talk say e plan to change government for Zimbabwe early 2000 as dem dey pressure Mugabe make e comot.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2013-zimbabwe&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Tony Blair plotted military intervention in Zimbabwe, claims Thabo Mbeki|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; British General Charles Guthrie, wey be Chief of Defence Staff, talk for 2007 say him and Blair don discuss invasion of Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2007-guthrie&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Lord Guthrie: 'Tony's General' turns defence into an attack|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lord-guthrie-tonys-general-turns-defence-into-an-attack-399865.html|work=The Independent|date=11 November 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107122534/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lord-guthrie-tonys-general-turns-defence-into-an-attack-399865.html|archive-date=7 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; But Guthrie warn say make dem no take military action: &quot;Hold hard, you go make am worse.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent2007-guthrie2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Lord Guthrie: 'Tony's General' turns defence into an attack|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lord-guthrie-tonys-general-turns-defence-into-an-attack-399865.html|work=The Independent|date=11 November 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107122534/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lord-guthrie-tonys-general-turns-defence-into-an-attack-399865.html|archive-date=7 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; For 2013, South African President Thabo Mbeki talk say Blair dey pressure South Africa make dem join for one &quot;regime change scheme, even to use military force&quot; for Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2013-zimbabwe2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Tony Blair plotted military intervention in Zimbabwe, claims Thabo Mbeki|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbeki refuse because him believe say &quot;Mugabe be part of de solution to this problem.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2013-zimbabwe3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Tony Blair plotted military intervention in Zimbabwe, claims Thabo Mbeki|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; But one spokesperson for Blair talk say &quot;him no ask anybody to plan or join any military intervention.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian2013-zimbabwe4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Tony Blair plotted military intervention in Zimbabwe, claims Thabo Mbeki|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|work=The Guardian|date=27 November 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044629/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/27/tony-blair-military-intervention-zimbabwe-claim|archive-date=1 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Power-sharing with de opposition MDC: 2008–2013 =====
For March 2008, dem hold parliamentary and presidential elections. For di first one, ZANU–PF grab 97 seats but MDC get 99 and di rival MDC – Ncube get 9.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=143}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/04/02/final-house-of-assembly-results/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080616052813/http://zimbabwemetro.com/2008/04/02/final-house-of-assembly-results/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2008|title=Final House of Assembly Results|work=[[Zimbabwe Metro]]|access-date=28 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For May, Zimbabwe Electoral Commission talk say Tsvangirai get 47.9% for di presidential vote, while Mugabe get 43.2%. Since nobody no fit touch 50%, dem plan run-off vote. Mugabe see im loss like big shame wey no fit happen.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=963}} He believe say na win for him Western enemies, especially di British, wey he feel say dey work with Tsvangirai to cancel im political career.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=963}} ZANU–PF follow talk say MDC rig di election.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=144}}
[[File:Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mugabe_-_Flickr_-_Al_Jazeera_English.jpg|thumb|Mugabe for 2011]]
After election, Mugabe people bring dem 'war veterans' come do wahala for Tsvangirai supporters.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=146}} From March come June 2008, at least 153 MDC supporters don die.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=905}} Dem talk say some women wey dey support MDC face gang rape from Mugabe supporters.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=905}} Plenty Zimbabweans lose dem home because of the violence.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=905}} Dis kind wahala make international people vex for Mugabe government. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon show concern about de violence,{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=173}} plus even UN Security Council no gree for that wahala, dem talk say free and fair election no fit happen.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=173}} 40 big African leaders—Desmond Tutu, Kofi Annan, Jerry Rawlings join—sign open letter wey dey call for end of  de wahala.{{sfn|Norman|2008|pp=170–171}}

As violence go dey, Tsvangirai draw back from de run-off.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=74}} For di second round, Mugabe win wit 85.5% of di vote, and dem re-inaugurate am as president sharp sharp.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=175}}&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=29 June 2008|title=Mugabe wins by 9-to-1 margin|url=http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/06/29/mugabe-wins-by-9-to-1-margin/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528140238/http://cnnwire.blogs.cnn.com/2008/06/29/mugabe-wins-by-9-to-1-margin/|archive-date=28 May 2009|work=The CNN Wire|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; De SADC oversee power-sharing agreement; Mbeke na di one wey broker am, and dem sign am for September 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;edition.cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/15/zimbabwe.powershare/?iref=mpstoryview|title=edition.cnn.com, Rivals sign Zimbabwe power-share deal|publisher=CNN|date=16 September 2008|access-date=5 September 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232421/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/09/15/zimbabwe.powershare/?iref=mpstoryview|archive-date=3 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di agreement, Mugabe dey be President while Tsvangirai go be Prime Minister and Arthur Mutambara from MDC go be Vice Prime Minister. Di cabinet na equally divided betwen MDC and ZANU–PF members. But ZANU–PF no wan share power well well,{{sfn|Chigora|Guzura|2011|p=24}} dem dey fear say e go fit change di political matter.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=63}} For di power-sharing, small reforms pass.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}} Early 2009, Mugabe government talk say to fight di wahala wey inflation dey cause, dem go recognize US dollars as legal money and go pay government workers for dis currency.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=904}} Dis help steady di prices.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=904}} ZANU–PF block plenty reforms wey dem propose, and new constitution pass for March 2013.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}}

===== Later years: 2013–2017 =====
[[File:Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grace_Mugabe_with_Robert_Mugabe_2013-08-04_11-53.jpeg|thumb|Mugabe plus ein wife for 2013]]
He talk say e go 'fight like wounded animal' for im re-election,{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=963}} Mugabe enter the 2013 elections dey feel say e go be im last one.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=964}} E dey hope say if e win well well, e go secure im legacy, show say e don win for im Western critics, and scatter Tsvangirai's credibility well-well.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=964}} De opposition parties dey reason say dis election be dem best chance to push Mugabe out.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=27–28}} Dem dey paint am like old man wey military dey tell how to do im matter;{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=967}} but at least one academic observer talk say dat one no be true.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=967}}

E no be like 2008 o, dis time no serious wahala for ZANU–PF wey fit challenge Mugabe.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=969}} Di party big men sabi say dem no wan make any violence like wetin happen for 2008 election, make dem no spoil dia name for SADC side,{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}} make dem fit rule Zimbabwe well without wahala.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}} Mugabe dey call hin pipo make dem no do violence,{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=965}} plus e show face for fewer rallies than before, part of am na because e old now and to make sure say di rallies wey e go fit big.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=966}} ZANU–PF dey share gifts like food and clothes to plenty voters make dem fit vote for de party.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=38–39}}

ZANU–PF carry big win, dem get 61% for di presidential vote and reach over two-thirds of parliamentary seats.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|p=28}} Di elections no be free and fair; everywhere dem dey talk say people dey rig vote and plenty voters dey fear di violence wey show face for di 2008 election.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|p=28}} For de time of di campaign, plenty MDC supporters just dey quiet about wetin dem tink because dem dey fear wahala.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=35–36}} Di MDC sef suffer because of di time wey dem spend for di coalition government, as people dey reason sey dem bin corrupt like ZANU–PF.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=41–42}} ZANU–PF fit use im appeal to African race, land, and liberation, while dem dey always link MDC to white farmers, Western countries, and wetin dem dey see as Western values like LGBT rights.{{sfn|Gallagher|2015|pp=43–44}}
[[File:Robert_Mugabe_and_Shinzo_Abe_cropped_Robert_Mugabe_and_Shinzo_Abe_20160328_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Mugabe_and_Shinzo_Abe_cropped_Robert_Mugabe_and_Shinzo_Abe_20160328_2.jpg|left|thumb|Mugabe de meet plus Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe for 2016]]
For February 2014, Mugabe go do cataract surgery for Singapore; when e come back, e jam e ninetieth birthday for Marondera football stadium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mugabe-idUSBREA1M0P420140223?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews|work=Reuters|title=At 90, Zimbabwe's Mugabe says has energy of 9-year-old|date=23 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924193848/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/23/us-zimbabwe-mugabe-idUSBREA1M0P420140223?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=worldNews|archive-date=24 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; For December 2014, Mugabe fire im vice-president, Joice Mujuru, because e dey accuse am say she wan topple am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert Mugabe sacks deputy and seven ministers over 'plot' against him|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/09/robert-mugabe-sacks-ministers-zimbabwe-joice-mujuru|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229035110/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/09/robert-mugabe-sacks-ministers-zimbabwe-joice-mujuru|archive-date=29 December 2016|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; For January 2015, Mugabe get election as Chairperson of African Union (AU).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=30 January 2015|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe, 90, becomes African Union chairman|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130|work=Reuters|access-date=30 January 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130152759/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN0L313I20150130|archive-date=30 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; For November 2015, e talk say e go run for re-election as Zimbabwe president for 2018, at 94 years, plus dem accept am as ZANU–PF candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mugabe will rule until he is 100 from special wheelchair, claims wife|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-will-rule-until-he-is-100-from-special-wheelchair-his-wife-claims-a6744386.html|website=The Independent|access-date=23 November 2015|issn=0951-9467|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123085615/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-will-rule-until-he-is-100-from-special-wheelchair-his-wife-claims-a6744386.html|archive-date=23 November 2015|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; For February 2016, Mugabe yan say e no get plan to retire, e go still dey in power &quot;until God says 'come'&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 February 2016|title='Until God says come': turning 92, Zimbabwe's Mugabe refuses to relinquish power|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/until-god-says-come-tu/2526514.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219095654/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/until-god-says-come-tu/2526514.html|archive-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For February 2017, just after him turn 93, Mugabe talk say e no go retire or pick anybody to take over, even though e say if him party fit choose person make dem do am.&lt;ref name=&quot;93rdPledgeRemain&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Michael|first1=Dibie Ike|date=25 February 2017|title=Zimbabwe: Mugabe Celebrates 93rd Birthday, Pledges to Remain in Power|url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/25/zimbabwe-mugabe-celebrate-93rd-birthday-pledges-to-remain-in-power/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050332/http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/25/zimbabwe-mugabe-celebrate-93rd-birthday-pledges-to-remain-in-power/|archive-date=26 February 2017|access-date=25 February 2017|publisher=[[Africanews]]|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Bulawayo|first1=Philimon|date=25 February 2017|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe Says Will Not Impose Successor, Party Will Choose|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-02-25/zimbabwes-mugabe-says-will-not-impose-successor-party-will-choose|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226050302/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-02-25/zimbabwes-mugabe-says-will-not-impose-successor-party-will-choose|archive-date=26 February 2017|access-date=25 February 2017|publisher=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] (from [[Reuters]])|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; For May 2017, Mugabe waka go Cancún, Mexico for one week, say him go attend one three-day conference wey dey talk about disaster risk reduction, and dem dey criticize am say him dey waste money.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|title=Mugabe and Entourage Live it Up in Cancún While Zimbabwe Suffers|first=Robbie|last=Gramer|date=27 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=[[News24 (website)|news24]]|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/mugabe-not-given-chance-to-speak-in-mexico-leaves-in-a-huff-20170526|title=Mugabe 'not given chance to speak in Mexico'|date=26 May 2017|quote=Mugabe, 93, left Harare for Mexico last Friday, less than a week after he returned from a trip to see his doctors in Singapore.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528033156/http://www.news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/mugabe-not-given-chance-to-speak-in-mexico-leaves-in-a-huff-20170526|archive-date=28 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Him even make three medical trips go Singapore for 2017, plus Grace Mugabe dey urge am make e mention successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=BBC News|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe urged by first lady to name heir|date=27 July 2017|access-date=28 July 2017|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40740359|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728150404/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40740359|archive-date=28 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For October 2017, World Health Organization (WHO) fit Mugabe as goodwill ambassador; e cause criticism from Zimbabwe opposition plus foreign countries sekof health system for Zimbabwe dey suffer well well.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2017|title=Robert Mugabe's WHO appointment condemned as 'an insult'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41702662|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021144046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41702662|archive-date=21 October 2017|access-date=22 October 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; De next day, WHO come revoke Mugabe appointment after people don shout.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=22 October 2017|title=WHO cancels Robert Mugabe goodwill ambassador role|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41713919|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022132033/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-41713919|archive-date=22 October 2017|access-date=22 October 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foreign minister Walter Mzembi talk say United Nations need some change make e better.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/zimbabwe/harare-fumes-after-who-rescinds-mugabe-goodwill-appointment-11667175|title=Harare fumes after WHO rescinds Mugabe goodwill appointment {{!}} IOL News|access-date=23 October 2017|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173939/https://www.iol.co.za/news/special-features/zimbabwe/harare-fumes-after-who-rescinds-mugabe-goodwill-appointment-11667175|archive-date=23 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Coup d'état plus resignation: 2017 =====
For 6 November 2017, Mugabe fire him first vice-president, Emmerson Mnangagwa. Dis make plenty people hala say him wan make Grace him successor. Grace no de cool for ZANU–PF old people. On 15 November 2017, Zimbabwe National Army put Mugabe for house arrest for him Blue Roof mansion as dem talk say na action against 'criminals' for Mugabe side.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/index.html|title=Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup|author1=David McKenzie|author2=Brent Swails|author3=Angela Dewan|publisher=CNN|access-date=15 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114223043/http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/14/africa/zimbabwe-military-chief-treasonable-conduct/index.html|archive-date=14 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 November 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115032508/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/nov/15/zimbabwe-army-control-harare-coup-robert-mugabe-live|archive-date=15 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Stunned Zimbabweans face uncertain future without Mugabe|date=16 November 2017|newspaper=SBS News|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/11/16/stunned-zimbabweans-face-uncertain-future-without-mugabe|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119134528/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/11/16/stunned-zimbabweans-face-uncertain-future-without-mugabe|archive-date=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 19 November, dem sack am as leader of ZANU–PF, and dem put Mnangagwa for di position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42043370|title=Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader|date=19 November 2017|publisher=BBC|access-date=19 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119115929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42043370|archive-date=19 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di party also tell Mugabe say make e resign by noon di next day, or dem go go bring impeachment resolution against am. For one speech wey dem show for TV dat night, Mugabe no gree talk say e go resign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/world/africa/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe.html|title=Robert Mugabe, in Speech to Zimbabwe, Refuses to Say if He Will Resign|work=The New York Times|first=Jeffrey|last=Moyo|date=19 November 2017|access-date=20 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171119222140/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/19/world/africa/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe.html|archive-date=19 November 2017|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; So, ZANU–PF members bring di impeachment resolution on 21 November 2017, wey MDC–T support.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/21/robert-mugabe-impeachment-proceedings-begin-in-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa|title=Impeachment proceedings against Mugabe begin in Zimbabwe|first1=Emma|last1=Graham-Harrison|first2=Jason|last2=Burke|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 November 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123011254/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/21/robert-mugabe-impeachment-proceedings-begin-in-zimbabwe-emmerson-mnangagwa|archive-date=23 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di constitution talk say to remove president from office, you need two-thirds majority from both House of Assembly and Senate when dem sit down together. But since both big parties dey support di motion and dem dey control all seats wey remain, Mugabe's impeachment and removal be like say e don almost ready to happen.

As constitution talk am, both chambers gather together make dem discuss di resolution. Some hours after di debate start, di Speaker of di House of Assembly read one letter from Mugabe wey talk say e don resign, make e take effect now now.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42071488|title=Zimbabwe's President Mugabe 'resigns'|date=21 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=21 November 2017|language=en-GB|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121155642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-42071488|archive-date=21 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugabe and e wife don hammer deal before e resign, wey make am and im family no go face wahala, im businesses no go touch, plus e go collect payment wey no go be less than $10 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Zimbabwe: Robert Mugabe to get $10m payoff and immunity for his family|last=Burke|first=Jason|date=26 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/25/robert-mugabe-payoff-family-immunity-zimbabwe-zanu-pf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128003810/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/25/robert-mugabe-payoff-family-immunity-zimbabwe-zanu-pf|archive-date=28 November 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Mugabe, Mphoko due for big payout|date=11 December 2017|newspaper=Daily News|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/12/11/mugabe-mphoko-due-for-big-payout|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181921/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/12/11/mugabe-mphoko-due-for-big-payout|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For July 2018, Zimbabwe Supreme Court talk say Mugabe don resign by him own wish, even though some comments wey di ex-president talk later no gree match dat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voluntary2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 July 2018|title=Zimbabwe Court Says Mugabe Stepped Down Freely, Voluntarily|publisher=Voice of America|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718111705/https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Post-presidency==
For December 2017, government talk say dem don gree Mugabe full diplomatic status. Dem come dash am five-bedroom house wey dey use public money, plus 23 staff wey go follow am, plus vehicles for im use. He self fit still hold di business wey he build while he dey run things, plus dem pay am extra ten million dollars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/robert-mugabes-lavish-retirement-package-includes-firstclass-flights-a-fivebedroom-house-and-23-a3728106.html|title=Robert Mugabe's lavish retirement package includes first-class flights, a five-bedroom house and 23 staff|first=Hatty|last=Collier|work=Evening Standard|date=28 December 2017|access-date=8 January 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109064226/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/robert-mugabes-lavish-retirement-package-includes-firstclass-flights-a-fivebedroom-house-and-23-a3728106.html|archive-date=9 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 15 March 2018, as Mugabe dey talk for him first interview since dem remove am from presidency, e talk say dem push am out through 'coup d'état' wey go fit reverse. E talk say e no go fit work with Mnangagwa and call him presidency 'illegal' plus 'unconstitutional'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/16/robert-mugabe-zimbabwe-disgraceful-coup-must-be-undone|title=Robert Mugabe says 'disgraceful' Zimbabwe coup must be undone|work=The Guardian|agency=Agence-France Presse|date=15 March 2018|access-date=15 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315234748/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/16/robert-mugabe-zimbabwe-disgraceful-coup-must-be-undone|archive-date=15 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some political parties, de Liberal Democrats plus de Revolutionary Freedom Fighters dem sue, but court talk say resignation be legal, plus Mnangagwa, as vice-president, fit take over presidency.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voluntary&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=17 July 2018|title=Zimbabwe Court Says Mugabe Stepped Down Freely, Voluntarily|publisher=Voice of America|url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718111705/https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/zimbabwe-mugabe-resigned-voluntarily-freely/4486081.html|archive-date=18 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

State media talk say Mugabe don support National Political Front wey Ambrose Mutinhiri form. E be former big man for ZANU-PF wey quit because e no gree how dem remove Mugabe from presidency. NPF show picture wey Mutinhiri dey pose with Mugabe&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news24.com/Africa/Zimbabwe/new-party-forms-in-zimbabwe-with-mugabes-backing-20180305|title=New party forms in Zimbabwe with Mugabe's backing|publisher=news24|access-date=28 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus dem drop press release wey talk say former president don hail de decision.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/new-mugabe-backed-party-misplaced-mere-political-profiling-13608294|title=New Mugabe-backed party 'misplaced, mere political profiling'|publisher=iol|access-date=28 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De night before 29 July 2018 election, de first one in 38 years wey e no go fit run, Mugabe come do wahala press conference. E talk say e no go vote for President Mnangagwa and ZANU–PF, de party wey e start. Instead, e wan vote for Nelson Chamisa, wey be dey represent him long-time enemies, de MDC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/robert-mugabe-zanu-pf-zimbabwe-election|title=Robert Mugabe: I won't vote for Zanu-PF in Zimbabwe election|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729143932/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/29/robert-mugabe-zanu-pf-zimbabwe-election|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-refuses-to-back-successor-mnangagwa-in-election-11453221|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe refuses to back successor Mnangagwa in election|publisher=Sky News|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729163948/https://news.sky.com/story/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-refuses-to-back-successor-mnangagwa-in-election-11453221|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/zimbabwe-mugabe-won-vote-successor-mnangagwa-180729100342113.html|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe says he won't vote for successor Mnangagwa|last=Mohamed|first=Hamza|date=29 July 2018|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/07/zimbabwe-mugabe-won-vote-successor-mnangagwa-180729100342113.html|archive-date=29 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mnangagwa still carry de re-election.

===Illness, death den funeral: 2019===
Na Mugabe no fi walk, according to Emmerson Mnangagwa insyd November 2018, wey na he dey receive treatment insyd [[Singapore]] for de previous two months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46329242 | title= Ex-Zimbabwe President Mugabe 'unable to walk' | publisher = BBC | access-date = 8 September 2019 | date = 24 November 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem hospitalise am der insyd April 2019, wey dey make de last of chaw trips to de country for medical treatment, as na he do late insyd ein presidency den dey follow ein resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49604152 | title= Robert Mugabe, Zimbabwe's strongman ex-president, dies aged 95
 | publisher = BBC | access-date = 8 September 2019 | date = 6 September 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Burke |first1=Jason |last2=Smith |first2=David |date=6 September 2019 |title=Robert Mugabe: former Zimbabwean president dies aged 95 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/robert-mugabe-former-zimbabwean-president-dies-aged-95 |work=The Guardian |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906054505/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/06/robert-mugabe-former-zimbabwean-president-dies-aged-95 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=6 September 2019 |title=Zimbabwe's former president Robert Mugabe dies in Singapore |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mugabe/zimbabwes-former-president-robert-mugabe-dies-in-singapore-idUSKCN1VR0FZ |work=Reuters |access-date=6 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906053440/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-mugabe/zimbabwes-former-president-robert-mugabe-dies-in-singapore-idUSKCN1VR0FZ |archive-date=6 September 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na he die at Gleneagles Hospital on 6 September 2019 at about 10:40&amp;nbsp;am, aged 95 (Singapore Standard Time), according to a senior Zimbabwean diplomat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= https://www.straitstimes.com/world/africa/ex-zimbabwe-leader-robert-mugabe-dies-at-95-bbc | title= Ex-Zimbabwe leader Robert Mugabe dies at 95 in Singapore | website = The Straits Times | access-date = 8 September 2019 | date = 6 September 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although na dem no officially disclose ein cause of death,&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsnews.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/robert-mugabe-has-died-zimbabwes-founding-father-turned-strongman-dies-at-95-cause-of-death-unknown-2019-09-06/|title=Robert Mugabe has died; Zimbabwe's founding father turned strongman dies at 95 cause of death unknown|date=6 September 2019|publisher=CBS News|access-date=6 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Mnangagwa, ein successor, tell ZANU–PF supporters insyd New York City dat na Mugabe get advanced cancer wey na ein chemotherapy treatment cease to be effective.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mnangagwa Reveals Mugabe was Being Treated for Cancer Before his Death |url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/09/23/mnangagwa-reveals-mugabe-was-being-treated-for-cancer-before-his-death |website=Eyewitness News |access-date=23 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Former President Mugabe cause of death revealed |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/former-president-mugabe-cause-of-death-revealed/ |website=The Herald |access-date=23 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 11 September 2019, dem carry his body back go Harare airport for Zimbabwe,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mugabe's body leaves Singapore for burial in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/robert-mugabe-body-zimbabwe-leaves-singapore-casket-funeral-11893474|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911032903/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/robert-mugabe-body-zimbabwe-leaves-singapore-casket-funeral-11893474|archive-date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019|website=CNA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 September 2019|title=Mugabe's body expected in Zimbabwe, burial place still a mystery|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/mugabes-body-expected-zimbabwe-burial-072247758.html|access-date=11 September 2019|publisher=Yahoo! News|language=en-SG}}&lt;/ref&gt; where about 1,000 people gather dey wait for the body and hear speech from Mnangagwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;crowdsoba&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ed9ddbffc9e640a99e1dc2821f374838|title=Few turn out as Mugabe is returned to a Zimbabwe in crisis|first1=Andrew|last1=Meldrum|first2=Farai|last2=Mutsaka|work=Associated Press|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem carry Mugabe's body go his family house for Borrowdale for small wake with him friends and family, but no Mnangagwa dey there.&lt;ref name=&quot;crowdsoba2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ed9ddbffc9e640a99e1dc2821f374838|title=Few turn out as Mugabe is returned to a Zimbabwe in crisis|first1=Andrew|last1=Meldrum|first2=Farai|last2=Mutsaka|work=Associated Press|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Associated Press, no supporters hia dey follow the procession, but 500 mourners come gather for him birthplace Zvimba.&lt;ref name=&quot;crowdsoba3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ed9ddbffc9e640a99e1dc2821f374838|title=Few turn out as Mugabe is returned to a Zimbabwe in crisis|first1=Andrew|last1=Meldrum|first2=Farai|last2=Mutsaka|work=Associated Press|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 13 September 2019, dem announce say Mugabe family don agree say make he go Heroes' Acre Cemetery and dem go delay the burial for 30 days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/4ffa20cc022d459194b37fc1a850f1d2|title=Zimbabwe's Mugabe to be buried in 30 days, at new mausoleum|first=Andrew|last=Meldrum|work=Associated Press|date=13 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://home.bt.com/news/world-news/mugabe-burial-to-be-delayed-for-30-days-nephew-says-11364394522465|title=Mugabe burial to delayed for 30 days, nephew says|author=British Telecommunications PLC|date=13 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, Mugabe family no want government plan for him burial, dem wan bury am for Zvimba on 16 or 17 September, just one day after the government plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;crowdsoba4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.apnews.com/ed9ddbffc9e640a99e1dc2821f374838|title=Few turn out as Mugabe is returned to a Zimbabwe in crisis|first1=Andrew|last1=Meldrum|first2=Farai|last2=Mutsaka|work=Associated Press|date=11 September 2019|access-date=11 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/12/robert-mugabe-family-reject-government-burial-plans-zimbabwe|title=Robert Mugabe's family rejects government burial plans|first1=Nyasha|last1=Chingono|first2=Jason|last2=Burke|work=The Guardian|date=12 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.africanews.com/2019/09/13/govt-officials-family-fly-to-singapore-to-bring-mugabe-s-body-to-zimbabwe/|title=Family accepts to bury Mugabe at Zimbabwe Heroes' Acre|publisher=[[Africanews]]|date=13 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/robert-mugabe-buried-week-village-family-190912083607386.html|title=Robert Mugabe to be buried next week in his village: Family|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=12 September 2019|access-date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 14 September 2019, na dem hold Mugabe ein state funeral,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/15/pomp-thin-crowds-mixed-feelings-as-robert-mugabe-laid-to-rest|title=Pomp, thin crowds and mixed feelings as Robert Mugabe is buried|first=Jason|last=Burke|work=The Guardian|date=15 September 2019|access-date=15 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.premier.org.uk/News/World/The-end-does-not-justify-the-means-say-Zimbabwean-bishops-as-Mugabe-s-funeral-takes-place|title='The end does not justify the means' say Zimbabwean bishops as Mugabe's funeral takes place|first=Cara|last=Bentley|publisher=Premier Christian Radio|date=14 September 2019|access-date=15 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich na dem open to de public, at de National Sports Stadium, plus an aerial photo wey dey show de 60,000 capacity stadium to be about a quarter full.&lt;ref name=&quot;africaleadersfuneral&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49686131|title=Mugabe funeral: Leader's body kept in hometown after state funeral|work=BBC News|date=14 September 2019|access-date=14 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na leaders den former leaders of various African countries attend de funeral, among dem be Mnangagwa, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, [[Sam Nujoma]], Hifikepunye Pohamba den Hage Geingob of [[Namibia]], Joseph Kabila of [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|DR Congo]], Uhuru Kenyatta of [[Kenya]] den Cyril Ramaphosa of South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;africaleadersfuneral&quot; /&gt;

On 26 September 2019, na Nick Mangwana state dat dem go bury Mugabe insyd ein home town of Kutama &quot;to respect de wishes of families of deceased heroes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Mugabe to be buried in home town after final twist in row|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49846340|access-date=26 September 2019|work=BBC News|date=26 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de burial take place insyd de courtyard of ein home insyd Kutama on 28 September 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49865776|title=Mugabe funeral: Zimbabwe ex-president laid to rest in Kutama|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 2024|accessdate=5 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Chingono|first1=Mark|last2=Adebayo|first2=Bukola|date=28 September 2019|title=Zimbabwe's former President Robert Mugabe buried in his hometown|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/28/africa/zimbabwe-robert-mugabe-buried-intl/index.html?no-st=1569797972|url-status=live|access-date=30 September 2019|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ideology ==
Mugabe na im dey embrace African nationalism plus anti-colonialism for 1960s.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2015|p=1}} Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni talk say &quot;Mugabeism&quot; be serious populist movement wey get &quot;ideological simplicity, emptiness, vagueness, imprecision, and multi-class character&quot;.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1141}} E also talk say na &quot;broad church&quot;.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1150}} E characterize am as &quot;left-nationalism&quot;{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1142}} wey dey always fight imperialism plus colonialism.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1143}} E argue say e be form of nativism,{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|pp=1146–1147}} wey dey get strong &quot;cult of victimisation&quot; wey dey show Africa as &quot;victim&quot; plus the West as im &quot;tormentor&quot;.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1148}} E suggest say e don gather influence from plenty ideologies, like Marxism styles wey include Stalinism plus Maoism, plus African nationalist ideologies like Nkrumaism, Ujamaa, Garveyism, Négritude, Pan-Africanism, plus African neo-traditionalism.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1141}} Mugabeism dey try solve di wahala of white settler racism by pushing anti-white racism project wey wan deny white Zimbabweans citizenship, dem dey call dem “amabhunu/Boers” all di time, so dem fit remove dem from dem land.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1151}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=Mugabeism as a form of populist reason is a multifaceted phenomenon requiring a multi-pronged approach to decipher its various meanings. At one level it represents pan-African memory and patriotism and at another level it manifests itself as a form of radical left-nationalism dedicated to resolving intractable national and agrarian questions. Yet, to others, it is nothing but a symbol of crisis, chaos and tyranny emanating from the exhaustion of nationalism.|salign=right|source=— Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1154}}}}ZANU–PF talk say dem dey influenced by Marxism–Leninism; Onslow and Redding yan say e be like say no be like how Marx dey focus on urban workers as di main force for socio-economic change, Mugabe party wan give dat role to di rural peasants.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=69}} As dem dey hold dat pro-rural view, dem talk say Mugabe and di ZANU–PF dey show say dem no too like urban people.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=69}} Di English scholar Claire Palley meet Mugabe for 1962, later she talk say &quot;e no be too much doctrinaire Marxist but more like old-style African nationalist&quot;,{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=43}} while Tekere talk say for Mugabe, Marxism-Leninism na &quot;just talk&quot; wey dey lack &quot;real vision or belief behind am.&quot;{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=49}} Carvington talk say when Mugabe dey use Marxist talk for Lancaster House talks, &quot;e no really do wetin e dey preach, abi? Once e enter office, e turn capitalist&quot;.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=65}} Mugabe don talk say &quot;socialism suppose dey more Christian pass capitalism&quot;.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=15}} De Zimbabwe scholar George Shire describe Mugabe policies as &quot;broadly-speaking&quot; social-democratic.{{sfn|Shire|2007|p=33}}

For di 1980s, Mugabe talk say him wan change Zimbabwe from multi-party to one-party state.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=29}} For 1984, him yarn say, &quot;di one-party state dey fit African tradition better. E go make unity strong for di people. E go gather all di talk under one umbrella, whether e be radical or reactionary.&quot;{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=29}} di political scientist Sue Onslow and historian Sean Redding talk say Zimbabwe matter dey &quot;more complex than just venial dictatorship&quot; but e be &quot;ideo-dictatorship&quot;.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=68}} Mugabe even dey admire Nicolae Ceaușescu of Romania, e praise am just before dem throw am down for December 1989.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=oQIxAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=ceausescu Martin Meredith, PublicAffairs, Feb 20, 2002, ''Mugabe Power And Plunder In Zimbabwe'', p. 95]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndlovu-Gatsheni talk say since mid-1990s, Mugabe dey focus on three main tins for him talk: him dey fear sey British wan come colonize Zimbabwe again, him wan make sure sey black people go get land wey white farmers dey control, and den matter of belonging den patriotism.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|pp=1139–1140}} Him dey like to bring Rhodesian Bush War matter for him speeches plenty.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=964}} African studies scholar Abiodun Alao talk sey Mugabe wan use him past to hold national security tight.{{sfn|Alao|2012|p=xii}}

David Blair talk say &quot;Mugabe wey write no be anything wey fit pass crude Marxism, e dey full with heavy English wey dey come from mission school&quot;, e mention say e dem go borrow plenty things from Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, and Frantz Fanon, and e no show any unique style.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} Blair talk say Mugabe wey write dey call for &quot;command economics for peasant society, mix with anti-colonial nationalism&quot;, and for dis matter, e get &quot;the same talk as all di other African guerrilla leaders&quot; for dat time.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} Mugabe argue say, after dem don push European colonial regimes comot, di Western countries still dey hold African countries down because dem wan enjoy di continent natural resources but no want make dem industrialize.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=239}}

== Ein Personal life ==
[[File:Президент_России_Владимир_Путин_с_Президентом_Зимбабве_Робертом_Мугабе_3.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5_3.jpg|thumb|Mugabe meeting Russian president [[:en:Vladimir_Putin|Vladimir Putin]] insyde 2015]]
Mugabe dey measure small over 1.70 metres (5 ft 7 in),{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} plus him biographer David Blair talk say he get 'curious, effeminate mannerisms'.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} Mugabe dey take am serious with him appearance, normally dey wear three-piece suit,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} den he dey make sure say him cabinet people dey dress like am, Anglophile style.{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=109–110}} When him take power for 1980, him signature na him big-rimmed glasses,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=14}} plus him also get small moustache.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} Different from plenty other African leaders, Mugabe no dey try make story for him childhood.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=17}} E no dey smoke or drink,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=23}} plus according to him first biographers, David Smith den Colin Simpson, him get 'big love for children'.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|p=48}} For him young days, dem chop him genitals which make people dey talk say he get only one ball or half a penis; this kain talk some people use am to dey mock am, while him fans dey use am show say he ready go through plenty wahala for de revolution matter.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=174}}

Mugabe dey speak English well well, get some English accent when e dey talk certain words.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} E sabi love cricket, dey talk say 'cricket go make people better and create gentlemen'.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} Blair notice say this way wey e dey take adopt British ways show say Mugabe get respect for Britain, but at the same time, e no like the country at all.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=26}} Heidi Holland talk say dis Anglophile side of him don dey show since e small, as Mugabe—wey don face plenty anti-black wahala from Rhodesian people—'catch Englishness as way to fit handle de shame' wey  de racism society dey put for am.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=211}}

Academic Blessing-Miles Tendi talk say Mugabe be &quot;very complex person, no easy to fit am into normal categories&quot;.{{sfn|Tendi|2011|pp=307–308}} Blair describe am as &quot;exceptionally complex personality&quot;.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=26}} Smith den Simpson observe say di Zimbabwe leader be &quot;serious young guy, small lone ranger, hardworking, wey dey read plenty book, sabi use every minute well, no too dey laugh: but most importantly, focused&quot;.{{sfn|Smith|Simpson|1981|pp=15–16}} Blair yan say Mugabe's &quot;self-discipline, intelligence and hunger for hard work be something else&quot;,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} plus him &quot;main characteristics&quot; na &quot;ruthlessness den resilience&quot;.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=24}} Blair argue say Mugabe get plenty character traits like Ian Smith, say dem both be &quot;proud, brave, stubborn, charming, delusional dreamers&quot;.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=244}}

{{Quote box|width=25em|align=left|quote=With his poor childhood development record, even minor criticism would be experienced as a wound by Mugabe. He is a person who cannot tolerate difference. Being profoundly doubtful about himself, he is oversensitive to the idea that he is not as good as everyone else. People are either with him or against him. Differences of opinion are provocative and hurtful to Mugabe, who may think that compromise reduces him.|salign=left|source=— Heidi Holland{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=52}}}}

Meredith talk say Mugabe get soft mouth, broad brain, and e dey tok well, but e dey hide im strong ambition under dat.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=37}} Ndlovu-Gatsheni call am one of di most charming leaders for Africa, say e dey fit carry good speech.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1142}} Jonathan Moyo, wey be Mugabe information minister small time before dem fall out, talk say di President sabi express imsef well, na im strength.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=183}} Tendi add say Mugabe get natural sense of humor, but e dey cover am with serious face and love for ceremonies plus tradition.{{sfn|Tendi|2013|pp=964–965}} Heidi Holland talk say because e grow up for no normal way, Mugabe get one kind weak self-image.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=51}} She describe am say e be man wey no fit connect with e feelings, e no get normal warmth plus human touch.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=67}} She say too, say Mugabe get &quot;plenty emotional immaturity&quot; ,{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=84}} plus e no like gay people,{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=95}} plus e dey show racism plus xenophobia.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=83}}

As Meredith talk, Mugabe come show himself as person wey dey 'sabi', think well, and dey settle matter' after him win election for 1980.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=14}} Blair observe say for this time, Mugabe get 'true big heart and moral strength' even though him get 'deep personal wahala wey fit make am dey vex and hate' former regime people.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=17}} After wey Michael Pallister, the British Foreign Office boss, deal with Mugabe for 1979 negosh, e describe Mugabe say him get 'sharp, sometimes dey aggressive and no dey easy to handle' way to talk.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=7}} Peter Longworth, wey be British diplomat, talk say for private, Mugabe dey 'very charming, sabi how to talk and no dey lack joke. E dey hard to connect the guy wey you see with the one wey dey shout for tv.'{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=25}} Norman talk say 'I always see am as person wey dey friendly and honourable for him dealings. E also get warm side wey I fit see sometimes well well.'{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=119}}

Colin Legum, wey be journalist for The Observer, talk say Mugabe get &quot;paranoidal personality&quot;. E no dey suffer from clinical paranoia, but e dey act like say e get paranoia when dem put am under serious pressure.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=26}} Mugabe biographer Andrew Norman talk say the leader fit get antisocial personality disorder.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=163}} Plenty Mugabe biographers don notice say e get serious obsession for accruing power. According to Meredith, &quot;power for Mugabe no be means to end, but na the end itself.&quot;{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=233}} On the other hand, Onslow and Redding talk say Mugabe craze for power dey come from &quot;ideological plus personal reasons&quot; and say e no believe say im political opposition legit.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=69}} Denis Norman, wey be white politician wey serve for Mugabe cabinet for many years, comment say &quot;Mugabe no be flashy man wey dey follow wealth but e really enjoy power. Na dat one dey motivate am always.&quot;{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=125}}

===== Em Marriages plus kiddies =====
[[File:Sally_Hayfron.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sally_Hayfron.jpg|thumb|Mugabe en first wife, Sally Hayfron, for 1983]]
Holland talk say, Mugabe first wife, Sally Hayfron, be like Mugabe 'confidant plus only true paddy'.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=25}} She be one of the small number wey fit challenge Mugabe ideas without vexing am.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=21}} Dem only pikin, Michael Nhamodzenyika Mugabe, wey born 27 September 1963, die on 26 December 1966 from cerebral malaria for Ghana wey Sally dey work while Mugabe dey for prison. Sally Mugabe be teacher wey sabi her work well plus she stand as independent political activist den campaigner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/nov/01/past.politics|title=FO's fight over Mugabe's wife|work=The Guardian|date=1 November 2005|access-date=14 June 2009|first=Owen|last=Bowcott|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829194743/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/nov/01/past.politics|archive-date=29 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mugabe dey tell Zimbabwe media make dem call im wife &quot;Amai&quot; (&quot;Mother of the Nation&quot;),{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=96}} but plenty Zimbabweans no too happy say she be foreigner.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=23}} Dem don appoint am na she become head of ZANU–PF women league,{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=96}} dey do plenty charity work, but people sabi say she dey corrupt for dem matter.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=24}} When Mugabe be prime minister, she dey struggle with kidney wahala, plus at first, she dey waka go Britain for dialysis till Soames bring dialysis machine come Zimbabwe.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=76}}

When Mugabe dey marry Hayfron, for 1987, e start dey chop secret gist with im secretary, Grace Marufu; she be 41 years younger and she dey marry Stanley Goreraza then. For 1988, she give Mugabe pikin, Bona, and for 1990, another pikin, Robert. Dem keep de matter on the low from Zimbabwe people; Hayfron sabi am small.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=96}} As her niece Patricia Bekele wey she dey close with talk, Hayfron no too happy say Mugabe dey do belle with Marufu but she go just dey do wetin she tell am: 'Tawk to your pillow if wahala dey your marriage. No ever shame your husband.' Her motto be say make e carry am with style wey be gracious.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=22}} Hayfron come die for 1992 from chronic kidney wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DA1331F93BA15752C0A964958260|title=The New York Times, &quot;Obituaries: Sally Mugabe, Zimbabwe President's Wife, 60&quot;, 28 January 1992|work=The New York Times|date=28 January 1992|access-date=5 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After Hayfron die for 1992, Mugabe and Marufu tie knot for big Catholic ceremony wey happen for August 1996.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=108}} As First Lady of Zimbabwe, Grace sabi enjoy luxury plenty; she like shopping, fine clothes, plus jewelry wey bling bling.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|pp=108–109}} Dem dey even call am 'Gucci Grace'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://nehandaradio.com/2014/11/16/gucci-grace-mugabe-worlds-first-female-dictator/|title=Is 'Gucci' Grace Mugabe about to be the world's first female dictator?|work=Nehanda Radio|date=16 November 2014|access-date=28 February 2015|first=Ian|last=Birrell|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402214602/http://nehandaradio.com/2014/11/16/gucci-grace-mugabe-worlds-first-female-dictator/|archive-date=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She too get bad name for corruption. {{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=109}}For 1997, Grace Mugabe born di couple third pikin, Chatunga Bellarmine.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/744174.stm|title=Mugabe: Freedom fighter turned autocrat|work=BBC News|last=Winter|first=Joseph|access-date=1 July 2008|date=10 May 2000|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123095912/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/744174.stm|archive-date=23 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Robert Mugabe Jr. and him small brother, Chatunga, dey show dey lavish lifestyle for social media, and opposition politician Tendai Biti dey accuse dem say dem dey waste Zimbabwe taxpayers demma money.&lt;ref name=&quot;veconomist&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The offspring of Africa's strongmen are living it up|url=https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21726097-scions-despots-post-pictures-their-lavish-lifestyles-social-media|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=10 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017145651/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21726097-scions-despots-post-pictures-their-lavish-lifestyles-social-media|archive-date=17 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Public image den legacy ==
{{Quote box|width=25em|align=right|quote=The story of Robert Mugabe is a microcosm of what bedevils African democracy and economic recovery at the beginning of the 21st century. It is a classic case of a genuine hero—the guerrilla idol who conquered the country's former leader and his white supremacist regime—turning into a peevish autocrat whose standard response to those suggesting he steps down is to tell them to get lost. It is also the story of activists who try to make a better society but bear the indelible scars of the old system. Mugabe's political education came from the autocrat Ian Smith, who had learnt his formative lessons from imperious British colonisers.|salign=right|source=— Heidi Holland{{sfn|Holland|2008|pp=xiv–xv}}}}By twenty-first century, dem dey see Mugabe as one of de most controversial political leaders for world.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2009|p=1139}} According to The Black Scholar journal, 'if you listen to who you wan hear from...Mugabe fit be one of the great tyrants or na fearless nationalist wey don vex West.'{{sfn|Shire|2007|p=32}} Dem dey call am 'dictator', 'tyrant', den 'threat',{{sfn|Shire|2007|p=35}} plus dem talk say e be one of Africa's 'most brutal' leaders.{{sfn|Alao|2012|p=xi}} But still, many for Third World countries dey see am as hero and when e waka for Africa, dem dey welcome am well.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=214}} For many people for Southern Africa, he still be one of the 'grand old men' of African liberation movement.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=911}} Na dem also sabi say Mugabe get close connection plus de former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-07|title=Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe In Surprise Visit To Malaysia|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/zimbabwes-robert-mugabe-in-surprise-visit-to-malaysia-1471275|access-date=|website=NDTV.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Ndlovu-Gatsheni, for ZANU-PF, dem see Mugabe as dem ‘demi-god’ wey everybody dey fear and no dey challenge am.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2015|p=2}}For ZANU movement, dem start to build Mugabe brand during Bush War, and e strong pass after 1980.{{sfn|Ndlovu-Gatsheni|2015|p=13}} Mugabe get plenty followers for Zimbabwe,{{sfn|Tendi|2013|p=966}} as David Blair talk say, ‘e no be right to say people no like am from demma heart for dat country insyde.’{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=38}} Holland believe say majority of Zimbabwe people dey support am ‘with plenty joy’ for di first twenty years of ein rule.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=192}} E dey get solid support for Shona areas like Mashonaland, Manicaland, and Masvingo, but e no dey too popular for Matabeleland den Bulawayo,{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=38}} plus di Zimbabweans wey dey abroad too.{{sfn|Onslow|Redding|2009|p=71}}

When Mugabe win election for 1980, dem praise am well as revolutionary hero wey dey try bring peace for racial matter.{{sfn|Meredith|2002|p=15}} For di first ten years wey e govern, people dey see am as one of  post-colonial Africa most progressive leader.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=xx}} David Blair talk say, even though Mugabe show small soft side between March 1980 and February 1982, e still dey rule with serious hand wey no go fit take nonsense from anybody, just to stay for power at all cost.{{sfn|Blair|2002|p=46}} For 2011, scholar Blessing-Miles Tendi talk say, 'Dem media dey show Mugabe as di popular leader wey lose im way: di hero from independence struggle wey at first be progressive, but power don turn am as e hold am too long with serious oppression.'{{sfn|Tendi|2011|p=307}} Tendi talk say dis assessment no make sense, sekof Mugabe dey show repressive style from him early days for office, like how him dey suppress ZAPU for Matabeleland.{{sfn|Tendi|2011|p=308}} Abiodun Alao agree, e suggest say Mugabe way no change since him take power, na only di international eye don dey watch am more for dis twenty-first century.{{sfn|Alao|2012|p=xi}} For plenty Africans, Mugabe show say Western countries dey practice double standard; dem no see eye when dem kill over 20,000 black Ndebele people for Gukarakundi but dem quick to condemn Zimbabwe government when dem kill small number of white farmers for de time of de land grab.{{sfn|Holland|2008|p=214}}
[[File:Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Demonstration_against_Mugabe.JPG|left|thumb|Example wey foreign people dey criticize: people dey protest against Mugabe government near Zimbabwe embassy for London (mid-2006)]]
For de time of di guerrilla war, Ian Smith  dey call Mugabe as &quot;di apostle of Satan&quot;. George Shire talk say dem get &quot;strong racist wahala&quot; against Mugabe for Zimbabwe, plus Western media representations of de country no dey see am well.{{sfn|Shire|2007|p=33}} Mugabe sef dey talk say him no dey racist; John Sentamu wey be di Archbishop of York wey dem bon for Uganda  for de United Kingdom call Mugabe &quot;di worst kind of racist dictator&quot; for &quot;targeting di whites for demma clear  richies&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sentamu, John, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/16/comment.foreignpolicy Saving Zimbabwe is not colonialism, it's Britain's duty] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128105246/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2007/sep/16/comment.foreignpolicy|date=28 November 2016}}, ''The Observer'' 16 September 2007. Retrieved 24 June 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ukanger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=UK anger over Zimbabwe violence|work=BBC News|date=1 April 2000|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/698175.stm|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930103546/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/698175.stm|archive-date=30 September 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mcgreal2007&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Peter|last=McGreal|title=Corrupt, greedy and violent: Mugabe attacked by Catholic bishops after years of silence|work=The Guardian|date=2 April 2007|url=https://www.theguardian.com/zimbabwe/article/0,,2048032,00.html|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bentley2007&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Daniel|last=Bentley|title=Sentamu urges Mugabe Action|work=The Independent|date=17 September 2007|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sentamu-urges-mugabe-action-402591.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906052233/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sentamu-urges-mugabe-action-402591.html|archive-date=6 September 2012|url-status=live|issn=0951-9467}}&lt;/ref&gt; Desmond Tutu say Mugabe dey become &quot;more insecure, e dey vex. Person go just wan cry. E dey really sad.&quot;{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=162}} South Africa President Nelson Mandela too no dey happy with Mugabe, e talk say e be politician wey &quot;no respect di people wey put am for power plus e tink say na privilege to dey there forever.&quot;{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=162}}

Wetin Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann write for Human Rights Quarterly wey talk say, &quot;clear evidence dey show say Mugabe dey do bad things to people&quot;.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=909}} For 2009, Gregory Stanton, wey be President of International Association of Genocide Scholars, and Helen Fein, wey dey run Institute for the Study of Genocide, join hand write letter wey talk say dem get enough evidence to put Mugabe for trial for International Criminal Court.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=917}} Australia den New Zealand don dey call for am since 2005,{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=917}} plus plenty Zimbabwean NGOs don too talk am for 2006.{{sfn|Howard-Hassmann|2010|p=917}}

One article wey drop for 2005 from New American, e dey talk say 'Democide for Zimbabwe', sey Mugabe don reduce Zimbabwe population by millions for just small years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=July 2005|title=Democide in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Democide+in+Zimbabwe.-a0134782923|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035822/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Democide+in+Zimbabwe.-a0134782923|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|website=The Free Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994, dem give Mugabe honorary knighthood from British side; but for 2008, UK government tell dem make dem take am back.{{sfn|Norman|2008|p=174}} Mugabe get plenty honorary degrees from international universities, but at least three don dey revoked now. For 2007, na him be de first person wey dem strip away honorary degree from British university, when University of Edinburgh collect de degree wey dem give am for 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;timesonline.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news|work=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1896047.ece|title=Mugabe stripped of degree by Edinburgh|access-date=4 July 2007|first1=Shirley|last1=English|first2=David|last2=Lister|date=7 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012204017/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1896047.ece|archive-date=12 October 2008}} See also: {{cite news|work=The New York Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/15/highereducation.internationaleducationnews|title=Edinburgh University revokes Mugabe degree|author=Paul Kelbie|date=15 July 2007|access-date=28 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831180901/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/15/highereducation.internationaleducationnews|archive-date=31 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6724271.stm|title=Mugabe stripped of degree honour|publisher=BBC|date=6 June 2007|access-date=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912175134/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/edinburgh_and_east/6724271.stm|archive-date=12 September 2007}} See also: {{cite news|url=http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/mugabe-loses-honorary-degree-from-umass/?hp|title=Mugabe loses Honorary Degree from UMass|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 June 2008|first=Mike|last=Nizza|date=13 June 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002081032/http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/13/mugabe-loses-honorary-degree-from-umass/?hp|archive-date=2 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Just de month wey dem put am down, but before e die, many pipo don remove Mugabe name for some public places, like street names den all.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Stephens|first=Murdoch|date=2018-01-31|title=What's left of the Mugabe way?|url=https://pantograph-punch.com/posts/mugabe-public-space|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901233810/https://pantograph-punch.com/posts/mugabe-public-space|archive-date=2023-09-01|access-date=2023-09-01|website=Pantograph Punch|location=New Zealand}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Check am too ==

* [[:en:List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_Robert_Mugabe's_motorcade|List of accidents and incidents involving Robert Mugabe's motorcade]]
* ''[[:en:Mugabe_and_the_White_African|Mugabe and the White African]]'' (2009 documentary)
* ''[[:en:Mugabe's_Zimbabwe|Mugabe's Zimbabwe]]'' (2010 documentary)
* ''[[:en:The_Interpreter_(2005_film)|The Interpreter]]'' (2005 film featuring a fictional African president based on Mugabe)
* [[:en:1997_Zimbabwean_Black_Friday|1997 Zimbabwean Black Friday]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last=Alao |first=Abiodun |year=2012 |title=Mugabe and the Politics of Security in Zimbabwe |location=Montreal and Kingston |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-4044-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blair |first=David |year=2002 |title=Degrees in Violence: Robert Mugabe and the Struggle for Power in Zimbabwe |location=London and New York |publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-5974-9 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/degreesinviolenc0000blai }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chigora |first1=Percyslage |last2=Guzura |first2=Tobias |title=The Politics of the Government of National Unity (GNU) and Power Sharing in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Prospects for Democracy |journal=African Journal of History and Culture |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=20–26 |year=2011 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Gallagher |first=Julia |title=The Battle for Zimbabwe in 2013: From Polarisation to Ambivalence |journal=Journal of Modern African Studies |year=2015 |volume=53 |number=1 |pages=27–49 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X14000640 |s2cid=154398977 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26245/1/gallagher-the-battle-for-zimbabwe-in-2013.pdf |issn = 0022-278X}}
* {{cite book |last=Holland |first=Heidi |year=2008 |title=Dinner with Mugabe: The Untold Story of a Freedom Fighter Who Became a Tyrant |location=London |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-104079-0 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Howard-Hassmann |first=Rhoda E. |title=Mugabe's Zimbabwe, 2000–2009: Massive Human Rights Violations and the Failure to Protect |journal=Human Rights Quarterly |volume=32 |number=4  |year=2010 |pages=898–920 |doi=10.1353/hrq.2010.0030 |s2cid=143046672 }}

* {{cite book|last=Meredith|first=Martin|title=Our Votes, Our Guns: Robert Mugabe and the Tragedy of Zimbabwe|publisher=Public Affairs|year=2002|isbn=978-1-58648-186-5|location=New York}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |year=2009 |title=Making Sense of Mugabeism in Local and Global Politics: 'So Blair, keep your England and let me keep my Zimbabwe' |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=30 |pages=1139–1158 |doi=10.1080/01436590903037424 |s2cid=143775424 |number=6}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni|first=Sabelo J.|author-mask=|contribution=Introduction: Mugabeism and Entanglements of History, Politics, and Power in the Making of Zimbabwe|title=Mugabeism? History, Politics, and Power in Zimbabwe|editor=Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni|year=2015|pages=1–25|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-54344-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Norman|first=Andrew|title=Mugabe: Teacher, Revolutionary, Tyrant|publisher=The History Press|year=2008|isbn=978-1-86227-491-4|location=Stroud}}

* {{cite journal |last1=Onslow |first1=Sue |last2=Redding |first2=Sean |year=2009 |title=Wasted Riches: Robert Mugabe and the Desolation of Zimbabwe |journal=Georgetown Journal of International Affairs |volume=10 |pages=63–72 |jstor=43134191 |number=1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Shire |first=George |year=2007 |title=The Case for Robert Mugabe: Sinner or Sinned Against? |journal=The Black Scholar |volume=37 |pages=32–35 |doi=10.1080/00064246.2007.11413379 |jstor=41069872 |s2cid=147587061 |number=1}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sithole |first=Masipula |year=2001 |title=Fighting Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=2 |pages=160–169 |doi=10.1353/jod.2001.0015 |s2cid=144918292 |number=1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David|title=Mugabe|last2=Simpson|first2=Colin|publisher=Sphere Books|year=1981|isbn=978-0-7221-7868-3|location=London}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |year=2011 |title=Robert Mugabe and Toxicity: History and Context Matter |journal=Representation |volume=47 |pages=307–318 |doi=10.1080/00344893.2011.596439 |s2cid=154541752 |number=3}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tendi |first=Blessing-Miles |author-mask= |year=2013 |title=Robert Mugabe's 2013 Presidential Election Campaign |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=39 |pages=963–970 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2013.858537 |s2cid=145432632 |number=4}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourne |first=Richard |year=2011 |title=Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? |publisher=Zed |isbn=978-1-84813-521-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Chan |first=Stephen |year=2002 |title=Robert Mugabe: A Life of Power and Violence |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-873-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Godwin |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=The Fear: The Last Days of Robert Mugabe |location=London |publisher=Picador |isbn=978-0-330-50777-6}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Moyo |last2=Yeros |first2=P |title=The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe's Interrupted Revolution |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=34 |number=111 |pages=103–121 |year=2007 |jstor=20406365 |doi=10.1080/03056240701340431 |s2cid=153894802 |hdl=10.1080/03056240701340431 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Raftopoulos |first=Brian |title=The Zimbabwean crisis and the challenges of the Left |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=32 |number=2 |year=2006 |pages=203–219 |jstor=25065088 |doi=10.1080/03057070600655988 |bibcode=2006JSAfS..32..203R |s2cid=59371826 }}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mugabe, Robert Gabriel}}
[[Category:Robert Mugabe| ]]
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    <title>Paul Biya</title>
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'''Paul Biya''' (weh dem born am '''Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo''', 13 February 1933) na Cameroonian politician wey don dey rule as di second president of Cameroon since 1982. Before dis, he be di fifth prime minister under President Ahmadou Ahidjo from 1975 to 1982. By 2025, he go still be di second-longest-ruling president for Africa (after Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo for Equatorial Guinea), di second longest wey dey serve non-royal leader for di world, plus di oldest head of state wey dey for di world. 

Biya wey come from south Cameroon, e rise quick as bureaucrat under President Ahmadou Ahidjo for 1960s, as Secretary-General of the Presidency from 1968 to 1975 and later become prime minister. When Ahidjo shockingly resign for 1982, Biya take over as president and e gather power well during 1983–1984 coup wey e use eliminate all him major rivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Emvana|first=Michel Roger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ypWQjMONIlcC&amp;q=Paul+Biya+premier+fils+est+adopt%C3%A9&amp;pg=PA187|title=Paul Biya: les secrets du pouvoir|date=2005|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|isbn=978-2-84586-684-3|language=fr|trans-title=Paul Biya: the secrets of power|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110009/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypWQjMONIlcC&amp;q=Paul+Biya+premier+fils+est+adopt%C3%A9&amp;pg=PA187#v=snippet&amp;q=Paul%20Biya%20premier%20fils%20est%20adopt%C3%A9&amp;f=false|archive-date=7 September 2024|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Biya bring political change when e dey run one-party system for 1980s, later accept say make dem fit try multiparty politics for early 1990s when pressure plenty. E win 1992 presidential election wey dey cause gbege with 40% vote, plus him win again well well for 1997, 2004, 2011, den 2018. Opposition politicians plus Western governments dey talk say dem see voting wahala plus fraud for all dis elections. Plenty people don talk say he no win di elections for 1992,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=29 October 2012|title=Elections. La fraude &quot;made in Cameroon&quot; fait fureur|trans-title=Elections. Fraud &quot;made in Cameroon&quot; is raging.|url=http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-8679.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819200643/http://www.cameroonvoice.com/news/article-news-8679.html|archive-date=19 August 2019|access-date=11 July 2018|website=www.cameroonvoice.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Gros |first1=Jean-Germain |date=July 1995 |title=The Hard Lessons of Cameroon |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=112–127 |doi=10.1353/jod.1995.0048 |id=Project MUSE 16689}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Huband |first1=Mark |date=January 1993 |title=Cameroon: A flawed victory |journal=Africa Report |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=41 |id=ProQuest 195170870}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus di opposition den some other pipo don accuse say di next elections wey follow get plenty wahala with fraud.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroon poll marred by fraud|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/7/23/cameroon-poll-marred-by-fraud|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105946/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2007/7/23/cameroon-poll-marred-by-fraud|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=2024-05-28|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-10-20|title=Cameroon election deeply flawed, says US envoy|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081350/https://www.france24.com/en/20111020-cameroon-election-deeply-flawed-says-biya-jackson-us-ambassador|archive-date=23 February 2023|access-date=2024-05-28|website=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Maclean|first1=Ruth|last2=Kiven|first2=Brenda|date=2018-10-22|title=Biya wins again in Cameroon as crackdown disrupts anglophone vote|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/paul-biya-cameroon-85-year-old-president-wins-re-election-landslide|access-date=2024-05-28|work=The Guardian|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105946/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/22/paul-biya-cameroon-85-year-old-president-wins-re-election-landslide|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early life den education ==
Ethnically Beti, , Paul Biya born for Mvomeka'a&lt;ref name=&quot;Elect2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Candidate's biography :Paul Biya - 2004 Presidential Election|url=http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm/candidats.php?id_cand=10&amp;module=bio&amp;lang=en|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20071121131006/http://www.presidential2004.gov.cm:80/candidats.php?id_cand=10&amp;module=bio&amp;lang=en|archive-date=2007-11-21|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.presidential2004.gov.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroonian President Paul Biya Marks 40 Years in Power|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroonian-president-paul-biya-marks-40-years-in-power/6823157.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205120120/https://www.voanews.com/amp/cameroonian-president-paul-biya-marks-40-years-in-power/6823157.html|archive-date=5 December 2023|access-date=2024-08-26|website=Voice of America}}&lt;/ref&gt; village wey dey for di South Region of Cameroon now. E study for Lycée General Leclerc for Yaoundé, later jump go France, for Lycée Louis-le-Grand for Paris. Him finish for Institut des hautes études d'Outre-Mer, where him collect him higher education diploma for public law for 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biography|url=https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105950/https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=22 November 2017|website=www.prc.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Early career ==
As Chargé de Mission weh don dey waka for post-independence 1960s Cameroon,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biography|url=https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907105950/https://www.prc.cm/en/the-president/biography|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=22 November 2017|website=www.prc.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya don blow under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. He take director position for minister of national education for January 1964, then become secretary-general for that ministry for July 1965. By December 1967, dem make am director of civil cabinet for president den secretary-general of presidency for January 1968, wey he still dey hold civil cabinet position. He rise to minister rank for August 1968 plus become minister of state for June 1970, while still dey hold secretary-general for presidency.

== Leadership (1975–present) ==

=== Premiership (1975–1982) ===
After dem create one state wey dey united for 1972, na wetin make President Ahidjo fit appoint am prime minister for 30 June 1975. For June 1979, dem pass new law wey make de prime minister be the one wey go take over if anything happen to Ahidjo, so if wahala show for Ahidjo, Biya go carry de president cap. But on 4 November 1982, Ahidjo just komot for presidency like say him dey sick, den two days later for 6 November, Biya take over as president sharp sharp.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elect2&quot; /&gt;

=== Presidency (1982–present) ===
E be like say Biya wey be Catholic from south side of Cameroon, people dey surprise say Ahidjo wey be Muslim from north go choose am as him successor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=IsongAsu|date=2021|title=Paul Biya: A Psychopath responsible for enormous damage|url=https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/paul-biya-a-psychopath-responsible-for-enormous-damage/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521124737/https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/paul-biya-a-psychopath-responsible-for-enormous-damage/|archive-date=21 May 2024|access-date=21 May 2024|website=www.cameroonintelligencereport.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya papa wey be catechist, dem want make him join church work, but at 16 when e dey for Catholic school, dem come expel am.

After Biya don become president, Ahidjo still dey run de Cameroon National Union (CNU/ UNC). Biya join de CNU Central Committee plus Political Bureau, them elect am as vice-president of the CNU.&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Eigo|first1=Tim|last2=Donaldson|first2=Catherine Victoria|date=2018|title=Paul Biya|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/paul-biya|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329131504/https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/african-history-biographies/paul-biya|archive-date=29 March 2024|access-date=2024-03-29|website=encyclopedia.com|lang=en|type=three essays on Paul Biya's presidency with the following source information: ''Contemporary Black Biography'' (May 2018, author Tim Eigo), ''Newsmakers 2006 Cumulation'' (May 2018, author Catherine Victoria Donaldson) and ''Encyclopedia of World Biography'' (May 2018)}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 December 1982, dem put am for charge to manage party matter when Ahidjo no dey around.

For di first months after Biya take over, e dey show loyalty to Ahidjo, and Ahidjo dey support Biya too, but for 1983, wahala begin. Ahidjo waka go exile for France, from there e dey talk say Biya dey misuse power plus dey fear say people dey plan against am. After Ahidjo step down as CNU leader, Biya come take over di party for one big meeting wey dem hold for 14 September 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African State And Society In The 1990s: Cameroon's Political Crossroads|url=https://www.routledge.com/African-State-And-Society-In-The-1990s-Cameroons-Political-Crossroads/Takougang-Krieger/p/book/9780813338958|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Routledge &amp; CRC Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DF-SC-83-08609.jpg|left|thumb|224x224px|Ahidjo for July 1982, three months before him resign.]]
For November 1983, Biya talk say di next presidential election go happen for 14 January 1984; dem don plan am for 1985 before. Na him be di only candidate for dis election and e win 99.98% of di vote.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt; For February 1984, dem put Ahidjo for trial no dey, wey dem accuse am say e dey involve for 1983 coup plan, wit two other guys; dem wan give dem death sentence, but Biya change am to life for prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Tales of Ex-Leader's Role In Revolt Stun Cameroon - washingtonpost.com|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/19/AR2006071901340_pf.html|access-date=2025-05-25|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya survive military coup wey happen on 6 April 1984, because he decide on top di previous day to scatter di Republican Guard den mix dem with di military.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt; Some people talk say e fit be 71 people dem put for death roll (according to di government)&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot; /&gt; while some say na nearly 1,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt; Di northern Muslims na di main people wey take part for dis coup wey plenty pipo see as dem wan bring back dia own power. But Biya, e dey stress say make we be one nation and no lay blame on northern Muslims.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot; /&gt; De people sabi say Ahidjo be person wey dey behind de coup wahala,&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot; /&gt; plus dem talk say Biya don hear say dem wan do am before e happen. E come scatter de Republican Guard sharp sharp. Dis one force di coup people to move fast fast before dia plan, wey fit be wetin make di coup no succeed.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP&quot; /&gt;
[[File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President Ronald Reagan Meeting with President Paul Biya of Cameroon in The Oval Office - DPLA - 235fce96f392cdb19950ed959a3c239c.jpg|thumb|Biya with U.S. president Ronald Reagan for 1986]]
Under him rule, dem country take one plan wey IMF plus World Bank bring come. E involve make dem privatize things, dey open market make competition fit happen, plus reduce social spending. Civil servants' pay take big wahala, dem slash am 60%, den de people wey dey hustle for street own increase plenty.&lt;ref name=&quot;modik&quot;&gt;Thomas Deltombe, Manuel Domergue, Jacob Tatsita, Kamerun !, La Découverte, 2019&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1985, dem change CNU change to de Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement for Bamenda plus dem take Biya elect as him president, wey no be correct move. Dem still re-elect am as President of Cameroon on 24 April 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;Elect2&quot; /&gt;

Biya first start to dey take small steps to open up de regime, e end up decide say make opposition parties dey legal for 1990. Base on de official results, Biya win di first multiparty presidential election, wey dem hold for 11 October 1992, wit about 40% of di vote. No plan for any runoff; opposition no fit come together find one candidate. There was no provision for a runoff; the opposition was unable to unite around a single candidate. No be any runoff we get; di opposition no fit gather round one candidate. Di guy wey come second, John Fru Ndi wey dey represent di opposition Social Democratic Front (SDF), officially collect like 36%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaku&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=THE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE IN AFRICA: Cameroon Under Paul Biya, Edited by John Mukum Mbaku &amp; Joseph Takougang, HARDCOVER|url=https://africaworldpressbooks.com/the-leadership-challenge-in-africa-cameroon-under-paul-biya-edited-by-john-mukum-mbaku-joseph-takougang-hardcover/|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Africa World Press &amp; The Red Sea Press|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elections in Cameroon|url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/cm.html|access-date=2025-05-25|website=africanelections.tripod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opposition people dey hotly argue de results, dem talk say e be fraud.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mbaku&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Paul_biya_and_colin_powell.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_biya_and_colin_powell.jpg|left|thumb|Biya plus U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell insyde September 2002]]
For October 1997 presidential election, main opposition parties no show face, Biya win am with 92.6 percent of votes;&lt;ref name=&quot;DB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=UK Home Office Immigration and Nationality Directorate Country Assessment – Cameroon|url=http://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c2b4e020.html|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220927024548/https://www.unhcr.org/home/RSDCOI/3c2b4e020.html|archive-date=2022-09-27|access-date=2025-05-25|work=UNHCR|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem swear am in on 3 November.&lt;ref&gt;[http://web.peacelink.it/africa/weekly/06_11_97 &quot;Cameroun. Biya reinstalle&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025420/http://web.peacelink.it/africa/weekly/06_11_97|date=4 March 2016}}, ANB-BIA, 3 November 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

E don dey win di National President seat for RDPC back to back; dem re-elect am for di party ein second extra big congress for 7 July 2001 den for di third extraordinary one  on 21 July 2006..&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084909/http://www.camerounlink.net/fr/news.php?nid=24113&amp;kat=1&amp;seite=195 &quot;21 ANS DE TÂTONNEMENT&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208084909/http://www.camerounlink.net/fr/news.php?nid=24113&amp;kat=1&amp;seite=195|date=8 February 2012}}, Camerounlink.net, 21 July 2007 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/079/article_45203.asp &quot;Paul Biya réélu sans surprise à la tête du RDPC&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921065206/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/079/article_45203.asp|date=21 September 2008}}, rfi.fr, 22 July 2006 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;

Biya win anoda seven-year term for de 11 October 2004 presidential election, him take 70.92 percent of di vote,&lt;ref name=&quot;Confirm&quot;&gt;&quot;Cameroon's Supreme Court confirms Biya's re-election&quot; ''Agence France Presse'', 25 October 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004546/http://www.spm.gov.cm/detail_art.php?id_art=271&amp;type=simpl&amp;lang=en &quot;President Biya is sworn in for another seven-year mandate.&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004546/http://www.spm.gov.cm/detail_art.php?id_art=271&amp;type=simpl&amp;lang=en|date=25 November 2009}}, Cameroonian government website].&lt;/ref&gt; but di opposition still talk say plenty fraud dey happen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Confirm&quot; /&gt; Dem swear Biya in on 3 November.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gov&quot; /&gt;

After dem re-elect am for 2004, Biya no fit run again for 2011 because Constitution wey dem put for 1996 talk say make dem no allow person run pass two term; but he still wan change am make e fit run again. For him 2008 New Year message, Biya talk say make dem change Constitution, because e no make sense to dey limit people choice like that.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroun: Paul Biya va modifier la Constitution|trans-title=Cameroon: Paul Biya will amend the Constitution.|url=http://www.afriquenligne.fr/actualites/politique/cameroun:-paul-biya-va-modifier-la-constitution-2008010214343/|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130305170820/http://www.afriquenligne.fr/actualites/politique/cameroun%3a-paul-biya-va-modifier-la-constitution-2008010214343/|archive-date=2013-03-05|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.afriquenligne.fr|language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem talk say dem go remove term limits as people dey vex for street during de violent protest wey happen for late February 2008. But for 10 April 2008, National Assembly sey make dem change Constitution make dem delete term limits. See as RDPC dey control National Assembly, dem don approve di change well well,, 157 votes say yes, five votes say no; 15 SDF deputies just decide say dem no go join vote as protest. Di change still give President chance make e dey enjoy immunity from prosecution for any wahala wey e start as President after e don leave office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroun: adoption d'une révision constitutionnelle controversée|trans-title=Cameroon: Adoption of a controversial constitutional revision.|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=44617|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120320113643/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/fluxafp/fil_info.asp?art_cle=44617|archive-date=2012-03-20|access-date=2025-05-25|website=www.jeuneafrique.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Biya_and_Bush-2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biya_and_Bush-2.jpg|thumb|Biya with U.S. president George W. Bush for 2003]]
For 12 June 2006, e sign Greentree Agreement with Nigerian president Olusegun Obasanjo wey officially end di Bakassi peninsula border wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AGREEMENT TRANSFERRING AUTHORITY OVER BAKASSI PENINSULA FROM NIGERIA TO CAMEROON 'TRIUMPH FOR THE RULE OF LAW', SECRETARY-GENERAL SAYS IN MESSAGE FOR CEREMONY - Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sgsm11745.doc.htm|website=www.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For February 2008, gbege start, pipo dey shout make dem reduce prices plus make Paul Biya comot as president. Demonstrators face severe wahala as report say hundred don die plus dem don arrest plenty people.&lt;ref name=&quot;modik&quot; /&gt;

For October 2011 presidential election, Biya carry sixth term come, him get 77.9% of de votes wey dem cast. John Fru Ndi na him biggest challenger, e get 10%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cameroonian president wins vote, extending 29-year-rule|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-election-outcome/|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=CNN|date=22 October 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051150/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-election-outcome/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya’s opponents talk say e be plenty fraud for di election, plus dem don see some wahala wey no follow di rules for di French an US governments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Court declares Cameroon's Biya landslide poll winner, despite accusations of fraud|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/court-declares-cameroons-biya-landslide-poll-winner-despite-accusations-of-fraud/2011/10/21/gIQAhpjD4L_story.html|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=Washington Post|date=21 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Cameroon's Biya promises youth jobs after poll win|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/cameroonNews/idAFL5E7LP4KO20111025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225121955/http://af.reuters.com/article/cameroonNews/idAFL5E7LP4KO20111025|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2016|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=Reuters|date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  For him victory talk, Biya promise say e go boost growth plus create jobs with some public works plan wey go make our country turn big construction site.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot; /&gt; For 3 November 2011, dem swear am in again as president.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cameroon: Biya sworn in for sixth presidential term|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15574922|access-date=4 November 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=3 November 2011|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152803/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15574922|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Biya win di 2018 presidential election with 71.3% of di vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-paul-biya-gets-seventh-term/index.html?no-st=9999999999|title=Cameroon's Paul Biya wins seventh term in office|work=CNN|first1=Eyong|last1=Blaise|first2=Bukola|last2=Adebayo|date=22 October 2018|access-date=16 October 2022|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007050702/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/10/22/world/africa/cameroon-paul-biya-gets-seventh-term/index.html?no-st=9999999999|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di election no smooth, plenty wahala plus low voter turnout happen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cameroon's President Paul Biya wins seventh term|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414|work=BBC News|date=22 October 2018|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012842/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45940414|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For July 2025, Biya don put his name down say e wan run for im eighth term for di 2025 Cameroon presidential election wey go happen for October.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cameroon's presidential election gathers momemtum as candidates file for the October vote|url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/07/18/cameroons-presidential-election-gathers-momemtum-as-candidates-file-for-the-october-vote/|access-date=2025-07-19|website=Africanews|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Foreign relations ===

==== France ====
France dey back him regime, one of de old colonial powers for Cameroon, wey dey supply dem weapons plus de train demma military forces. France self be di top foreign investor for Cameroon.&lt;ref name=&quot;modik&quot; /&gt;

==== China ====
Di People Republic start link up with Cameroon for 26 March 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;HronikaBelgrade&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=|title=Hronika međunarodnih događaja 1971|date=1972|publisher=[[Institute of International Politics and Economics]]|isbn=|editor=Milutin Tomanović|location=[[Belgrade]]|page=2598|language=sh|trans-title=The Chronicle of International Events in 1971}}&lt;/ref&gt; For di 2000s, big politicians dey waka go each other side; for example, President Biya come for conference insyde 2006 plus Hu Jintao come visit Cameroon for 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;Backgrounder&quot;&gt;[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6927680.html Backgrounder: Relations between China, Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016201141/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6927680.html|date=16 October 2012}} People's Daily Online, March 23, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi don visit Cameroon on 12 January 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-01-05|title=Chinese Foreign Minister Due In Cameroon Soon|url=http://www.cameroononline.org/chinese-foreign-minister-due-cameroon-soon/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021157/http://www.cameroononline.org/chinese-foreign-minister-due-cameroon-soon/|archive-date=2015-01-06|access-date=2015-01-05|work=CameroonOnline.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cameroon be one of 53 countries wey, for June 2020, support Hong Kong national security law for United Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lawler|first1=Dave|date=2 July 2020|title=The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong|url=https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112070158/https://www.axios.com/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law-0ec9bc6c-3aeb-4af0-8031-aa0f01a46a7c.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|access-date=3 July 2020|website=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Israel ====
Cameroon don vote against plenty anti-Israel UN resolutions, plus e be di only country wey join Israel to say no to di UN resolution wey dem call 'Assistance to Palestine Refugees'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=14 November 2013|title=Fourth Committee Forwards 28 Drafts to General Assembly for Adoption, Concluding Work for Session|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/gaspd550.doc.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120014422/https://www.un.org/press/en/2013/gaspd550.doc.htm|archive-date=20 January 2022|access-date=4 June 2023|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cameroon shutdown link with Israel from 1973 to 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=27 August 1986|title=Israel, Cameroon Restore Ties After 13-Year Break|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110043/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-27-mn-14197-story.html|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=15 August 2024|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus na one of di first countries wey join back di relationship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Israel-Cameroon Relations|url=http://embassies.gov.il/yaounde/Bilateral-Relations/Pages/Israel-Cameroon-Relations.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210733/http://embassies.gov.il/yaounde/Bilateral-Relations/Pages/Israel-Cameroon-Relations.aspx%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=Embassy Of Israel In Cameroon}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cameroon government dey use Israeli armored vehicles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cameroon's Presidential Guard first known user of Israel Musketeer vehicle|url=http://www.janes.com/article/58950/cameroon-s-presidential-guard-first-known-user-of-israel-musketeer-vehicle|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210717/https://www.janes.com/article/58950/cameroon-s-presidential-guard-first-known-user-of-israel-musketeer-vehicle%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=IHS Jane's 360}}&lt;/ref&gt; plus dem Rapid Reaction Force wey dem dey call BIR for short, na Israel dey equip den train dem.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Hilsum|first=Lindsey|date=13 May 2015|title=On the border and in the crossfire: Cameroon's war with Boko Haram|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210718/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/13/on-the-border-and-in-the-crossfire-cameroons-war-with-boko-haram+|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Youssef|first=Nancy A.|date=25 February 2015|title=Boko Haram Are Finally Losing. And That Makes Them Extra Dangerous.|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/02/25/boko-haram-are-finally-losing-and-that-makes-them-extra-dangerous.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210730/https://www.thedailybeast.com/boko-haram-are-finally-losing-and-that-makes-them-extra-dangerous|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=The Daily Beast}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Freudenthal|first1=Emmanuel|last2=van der Weide|first2=Youri|date=23 June 2020|title=Making a killing: Israeli mercenaries in Cameroon|work=African Arguments|url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/06/making-a-killing-israeli-mercenaries-in-cameroon/|access-date=4 October 2021|language=en-GB|archive-date=20 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120173715/https://africanarguments.org/2020/06/making-a-killing-israeli-mercenaries-in-cameroon/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Students for Cameroon get 11 months visa wey go carry dem go Israel make dem learn about agriculture,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 November 2014|title=Cameroon /Israel Cooperation: Cameroonian students receive scholarship|url=http://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroon-Israel-Cooperation-Cameroonian-students-receive-scholarship-313905|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210722/https://www.cameroonweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Cameroon-Israel-Cooperation-Cameroonian-students-receive-scholarship-313905%20|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; while dem train poultry farmers for poultry production insyde Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=25 June 2008|title=Israel To Help the Industry in Cameroon|url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/15236/israel-to-help-the-industry-in-cameroon/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210071557/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/poultrynews/15236/israel-to-help-the-industry-in-cameroon/|archive-date=10 December 2017|access-date=4 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Israelis also train personnel at six hospitals insyde Cameroon on how to fight de Ebola virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Leichman|first=Abigaiel Klein|date=6 October 2014|title=Israeli aid on way to fight Ebola spread|url=http://www.israel21c.org/israeli-aid-on-way-to-fight-ebola-spread/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224210725/https://www.israel21c.org/israeli-aid-on-way-to-fight-ebola-spread/|archive-date=24 December 2018|access-date=4 June 2023|work=ISRAEL21c: Uncovering Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Nigeria ====
Biya carry matter go International Court of Justice for 29 March 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Amin |first1=Julius A. |date=March 2020 |title=Cameroon's relations toward Nigeria: a foreign policy of pragmatism |journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1017/S0022278X19000545 |s2cid=214047726}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=12}} Cameroon dey claim say Bakassi na dem own based on di Anglo-German deal wey dem sign for 1913 and di Maroua Declaration wey happen for 1975. Nigeria on de other hand dey argue say di peninsula be di land wey di chiefs of Old Calabar own, dem gree transfer di title to Nigeria when e gain independence. Dem talk say for this matter e de point say Ngeria dey collect taxes insyde dat region, Plenty People de use de Nigerian passports, plus other signs wey show dat de Nigerian state dey  closely involved for de governance of de peninsula.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Konings |first=Piet |date=2005 |title=The Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria Boundary: Opportunities and Conflicts |journal=African Affairs |volume=104 |issue=415 |pages=275–301 |doi=10.1093/afraf/adi004 |jstor=3518445 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1887/3500}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|pp=289-90}} For 10th October 2002, after more than eight years of wahala den arguments, de court talk say Cameroon win, make Nigeria comot quick quick from di area.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cornwell |first1=Richard |date=January 2006 |title=Nigeria and Camerron: Diplomacy in the Delta |journal=African Security Review |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=48–55 |doi=10.1080/10246029.2006.9627621 |s2cid=144062623}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p=54}}

E be true say Nigeria first no gree for di decision, and although e cause plenty wahala for Bakassi, but Olusegun Obasanjo government no too dey fight am, dem just follow di ruling.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} For June 2006, for Greentree estate wey dey Long Island, New York, di countries sign di Greentree Agreement, wey gree Nigeria make dem comot dem soldiers from Bakassi by 4 August 2008, plus e also gree Cameroon make dem protect di rights of di Nigerian people wey dey live for Bakassi.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} Dem transfer di land give Cameroon peacefully under de agreement.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} Di Cameroon government dey now talk say di matter na just small 'misunderstanding', plus how dem settle am na 'model for peaceful conflict resolution for Africa'.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}}

Biya plus Obasanjo talk say make Kofi Annan wey be UN Secretary-General set up de Cameroon–Nigeria Mixed Commission so dem go fit lot for how to carry out de International Court of Justice 2002 ruling well. De commission get responsibilities wey de include dey mark all de Cameroon–Nigeria border, make cross-border cooperation dey happen, withdraw troops from Bakassi, plus make sure say locals rights dey protected.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} De commission wey Mohamed Ibn Chambas d dey lead don meet 38 times before 2015.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} As July 2019, dem don survey 2,001 kilometres of boundary (from 2,100 wey dem estimate), den both countries don agree, including de border wey dey Bakassi.{{Sfn|Cornwell|2006|p=54}} For May 2007 for Abuja, di commission don finish di maritime boundary, but for 2015, di Cameroonian government talk say &quot;small small kilometres dey remain&quot; wey dey hold dem back from finishing di land boundary.{{Sfn|Amin|2020|p=14}} 

==== United States ====
Cameroon den U.S. dey enjoy beta economic relationship for 1982, when dem change Ahidjo wey be president with im prime minister, Biya. From 1982 to 1984, U.S. carry higher  pass France as Cameroon's top export market, mainly because dem sabi chop Cameroonian oil well well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Takaugang |first=J. |date=1993 |title=Continuity and Change in Cameroon's Foreign Policy in the Post-Ahidjo Era |journal=The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages=135–153 |jstor=45341604}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya dey push Cameroonian foreign relations level up more than Ahidjo do am, e dey talk say im foreign policy na 'development diplomacy', 'co-operation wey no get boundaries', plus 'open door' diplomacy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;

Since 2013 o, dem relationship wey dey happen between dem two countries don focus plenty on how dem go fit join body tackle Boko Haram plus Islamic State West Africa area, plus other regional security matter especially for de Gulf of Guinea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Husted|first=Tomás F.|date=2021-09-22|title=Cameroon: Key Issues and U.S. Policy|url=https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R46919.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320165517/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/R46919.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2023|access-date=4 June 2023|website=[[U.S. Congressional Research Service]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2015 go 2020,  Dem send about 300 U.S. military people go northern Cameroon make dem conduct regional intelligence, surveillance, plus reconnaissance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Opposition den criticism ==
[[File:Paul_Biya_with_Obamas.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_with_Obamas.jpg|left|thumb|US president Barack Obama plus First Lady Michelle Obama pose for  photo during reception at de Metropolitan Museum insyde New York with Biya plus him wife Chantal, 2009.]]
Biya no dey show face for public plenty, plus some people sabi am as person wey dey aloof. Since early 1990s, di Anglophone people for di old Southern Cameroons for di west don give am wahala well well.

Although Biya try small to open up de political environment, him regime still get much authoritarian vibes, e no dey follow democracy trend wey dey happen for Africa since de 1990s. According to de constitution, Biya dey hold plenty executive den legislative powers. E even get strong control over de judiciary; de courts fit only check law constitutionality if na him ask dem. De RDPC still dey run things for National Assembly, wey dem no dey do much, just dey approve him policies.

Dem dey call am &quot;Tyrants, de World's 20 Worst Living Dictators&quot; by David Wallechinsky, plus dem rank Biya join three other big men for sub-Saharan Africa: Robert Mugabe wey dey Zimbabwe, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo wey dey Equatorial Guinea, plus King Mswati III wey dey Swaziland (now Eswatini). E talk say how Cameroon dey do dem elections be like dis: 'Every few years, Biya go organize election to make am look like him still get power, but dem elections no get any credibility. Truth be say, Biya sabi act well for fake elections matter. For 2004, he dey vex well well for di yawa wey international vote-monitoring guys dey talk, so he carry im own international observers come, six former U.S. congressmen wey certify say im election dey free den fair.'&lt;ref name=&quot;tyrants&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wallechinsky|first=David|url=https://archive.org/details/tyrantsworlds20w00wall|title=Tyrants: the World's 20 Worst Living Dictators|publisher=Regan Press|year=2006|isbn=9780060590048|pages=286–290|access-date=March 31, 2023|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; For one 2005 interview, William Quantrill wey don retire from British Diplomatic Service talk say Biya no wan hand over responsibility, e dey make governance dey suffer. Small-small decisions dey take time before e fit handle am, plus government dey too much insyde economy matter overall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kometa|first1=Georgiana Magho|title=There Was Disparity Between Biya's Professed Policies And Reality -Former British Ambassador|url=https://www.postnewsline.com/2005/06/strongthere_was.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415001309/https://www.postnewsline.com/2005/06/strongthere_was.html|archive-date=15 April 2022|access-date=25 June 2019|website=Up Station Mountain Club}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biya dey spend plenty time for Switzerland insyde Hotel InterContinental Geneva wey di old director Herbert Schott talk say him dey come dere to work sekof him no wan make dem disturb am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Belibi|first=Jean Francis|title=Cameroun: Herbert Schott – Paul Biya est un sacré personnage|url=http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200710300790.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110629144705/http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200710300790.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=1 September 2016}}. fr.allafrica.com. 30 October 2007 (in French)&lt;/ref&gt; Dis stays wey dey far from Cameroon – sometimes e fit be just two weeks, or sometimes e fit reach three months – dem dey almost always call am 'short stays' for di government owned press plus other media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Le Chef de l'Etat en séjour privé en Europe|trans-title=The Head of State on private stay in Europe|url=http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=magazine/sejour_prive_europe_310507|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930112500/http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=magazine/sejour_prive_europe_310507|archive-date=30 September 2011|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Prc.cm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Le Président est de retour|trans-title=The President is back.|url=http://www.prc.cm/index_en.php?link=magazine/retour_sejour_prive_europe_190607|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Prc.cm|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; For February 2008, e pass bill wey go allow extra term for president position, but e spark civil unrest wahala everywhere for di country. Di main violent fights happen for di Western side wey dey speak English, e start from taxi drivers for Douala wey start strike, den dem talk say e don cause more than 200 casualties for de end.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Anatomie eines Aufstandes: Dunkle Krawalle – Der Freitag|trans-title=Anatomy of an Uprising: Dark Riots – Der Freitag|url=http://www.freitag.de/2008/27/08270301.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804091315/http://www.freitag.de/2008/27/08270301.php|archive-date=4 August 2012|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Freitag.de|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dissent violently repressed in Cameroon|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/dissent-violently-repressed-cameroon-20090129|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317052250/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news-and-updates/report/dissent-violently-repressed-cameroon-20090129|archive-date=17 March 2011|access-date=2010-12-04|df=dmy}}. amnesty.org. 29 January 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cameroon &amp;#124; Amnesty International Report 2009|url=http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008000900/http://report2009.amnesty.org/en/regions/africa/cameroon|archive-date=8 October 2011|access-date=6 November 2011|publisher=Report2009.amnesty.org|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2009, dem talk say him holiday insyde France cost $40,000 per day wey e dey spend for 43 hotel rooms.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8236962.stm &quot;Cameroon defends Biya hotel bills&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927235255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8236962.stm|date=27 September 2021}}, BBC, 3 September 2009 (in French).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Secretary_Kerry_greets_President_Biya_2014.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_greets_President_Biya_2014.jpg|thumb|US Secretary of State John Kerry dey greet President Biya, 2014]]
For 2009, Biya dey sit 19th for Parade Magazine Top 20 list wey be 'The World's Worst Dictators'.&lt;ref name=&quot;parade&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The World's Worst Dictators|url=https://www.parade.com/dictators/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024235408/http://www.parade.com/dictators/|archive-date=24 October 2011|access-date=16 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For November 2010, Bertrand Teyou drop one book wey dem call La belle de la république bananière: Chantal Biya, de la rue au palais (English: &quot;De beauty of de banana republic: Chantal Biya, from de streets to di palace&quot;), wey show how Chantal Biya take rise from small beginning come become Paul Biya First Lady.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEN3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=25 March 2011|title=CAMEROON: Author jailed for insulting President's wife|url=http://www.penusa.org/ran-1211|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423083633/http://penusa.org/ran-1211|archive-date=23 April 2011|access-date=21 April 2011|publisher=[[International PEN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Subsequently dem give am two years wey e go dey prison because dem say e insult person character plus e organize 'illegal demonstration' dey attempt to hold public reading.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEN3&quot; /&gt; Amnesty International plus International PEN's Writers in Prison Committee don dey shout for im arrest plus make appeals for him behalf; Amnesty International even name am prisoner wey get conscience.&lt;ref name=&quot;PEN3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=12 April 2011|title=Urgent Action:CAMEROONIAN WRITER HELD IN HARSH CONDITIONS|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr17/001/2011/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504002537/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AFR17/001/2011/en/|archive-date=4 May 2020|access-date=21 April 2011|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|df=dmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dem free am on 2 May 2011 when de London chapter of International PEN agree say dem go pay him fine so dat him go fit seek treatment for him worsening health condition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=2 May 2011|title=Cameroun: L'écrivain Bertrand Teyou Sort De Prison|trans-title=Cameroon: Writer Bertrand Teyou released from prison.|url=http://www.camerpress.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=543:cameroun-lecrivain-bertrand-teyou-sort-de-prison&amp;catid=67:politique&amp;Itemid=66|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201013830/http://www.camerpress.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=543:cameroun-lecrivain-bertrand-teyou-sort-de-prison&amp;catid=67:politique&amp;Itemid=66|archive-date=1 December 2011|access-date=5 May 2011|publisher=camerpress.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For February 2014, French guy Michel Thierry Atangana come out from one makeshift prison for Yaoundé, wey Biya order make dem hold am for 17 years under false talk say e dey embezzle money because e be dey too close to presidential candidate Titus Edzoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Desnos|first=Marie|date=22 October 2015|title=Français emprisonné 17 ans au Cameroun - Michel Thierry Atangana, le citoyen oublié|trans-title=Frenchman imprisoned 17 years in Cameroon - Michel Thierry Atangana, the forgotten citizen|url=http://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Michel-Thierry-Atangana-le-citoyen-oublie-850735|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428113711/https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/Societe/Michel-Thierry-Atangana-le-citoyen-oublie-850735|archive-date=28 April 2023|access-date=16 October 2022|work=Paris Match|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dem don consider am as political prisoner plus person wey dey suffer for conscience by U.S. State Department, Amnesty International, Freedom House plus de U.N. Working Group on Arbitrary Detention Since 2005,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cameroun: Selon Amnesty international, Michel Atangana prisonnier d'opinion|url=http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,39574,@,cameroun-selon-amnesty-international-michel-atangana-prisonnier-d-opinion.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322034501/http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0%2C39574%2C%40%2Ccameroun-selon-amnesty-international-michel-atangana-prisonnier-d-opinion.html|archive-date=22 March 2016|website=www.cameroon-info.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; E finally come out because Biya give am one order, but di Working Group still dey wait for wetin dem demand wey no happen yet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|url=https://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/38-2013.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910014453/http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/wgad/38-2013.html|archive-date=10 September 2015|access-date=12 April 2016|website=University of Minnesota}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Olivier|first=Mathieu|date=21 October 2015|title=Michel Thierry Atangana : 'Je dois être réhabilité pour reprendre le cours de ma vie'|trans-title=Michel Thierry Atangana: 'I must be rehabilitated to resume the course of my life.'|url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/273095/societe/michel-thierry-atangana-dois-etre-rehabilite-reprendre-cours-de-vie/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404110444/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/273095/societe/michel-thierry-atangana-dois-etre-rehabilite-reprendre-cours-de-vie/|archive-date=4 April 2016|access-date=12 April 2016|work=Jeune Afrique|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Bayero_Fadil_&amp;_Paul_Biya.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bayero_Fadil_&amp;_Paul_Biya.jpg|left|thumb|Bayero Fadil with Paul Biya, 2020]]
For 2016, Cameroonians wey dey insyde nation's capital city of Yaoundé no fit keep quiet, dem criticize Biya for how e take handle di worst train accident wey happen for di country, 79 people die insyde. Some of dem wey dey criticize na government people wey no wan show dem face, dem dey fear wahala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/818654/cameroons-paul-biya-is-slammed-by-his-country-for-his-lukeware-reaction-to-the-eseka-train-crash/|title=Cameroonians are furious with their 'absent' president after a national tragedy|work=Quartz|first=Amindeh Blaise|last=Atabong|date=25 October 2016|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en-US|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115185936/https://qz.com/818654/cameroons-paul-biya-is-slammed-by-his-country-for-his-lukeware-reaction-to-the-eseka-train-crash/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di Anglophone protests wey happen for late 2016 na English-speaking lawyers wey dey vex say dem dey use French for court wey dey cause wahala with police. Edna Njilin wey be di leader for opposition party, Cameroon People's Party, don talk say make dem stop to force French for class. For January 2017, di government order dem to shut down Internet for di Northwest den Southwest provinces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Monks|first=Kieron|date=3 February 2017|title=Cameroon goes offline after Anglophone revolt|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706180932/http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/03/africa/internet-shutdown-cameroon/index.html|archive-date=6 July 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Di people vex plus dey criticize di shutdown plus more opposition make dem restart di services for late April.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39665244|title=Cameroon ends internet shutdown on orders of President Paul Biya|date=2017-04-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en-GB|archive-date=7 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152805/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39665244|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By June 2017, people dey protest for Cameroon's English-speaking areas, police come react with force, four protesters don lose dem life and over 100 don land for jail. Worldwide people dey criticize United States say dem no dey act on this Cameroonian wahala wey dey grow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/02/cameroon-has-been-in-crisis-for-six-months-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|title=Analysis: Cameroon has been in crisis for six months. Here's what you need to know.|newspaper=The Washington Post|first=Yonatan L.|last=Morse|date=2 June 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028092423/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/02/cameroon-has-been-in-crisis-for-six-months-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For April 2017, one Cameroonian journalist wey dey work for Radio France Internationale, Ahmed Abba, dem gree give am 10 years insyde prison by military court because he no report terrorism wahala. Human rights groups severely criticize de judgement even Amnesty International sef no like that judgement at all.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-journalist-jailed-for-ten-years-under-anti-terrorism-law/3824341.html|title=Cameroon Journalist Jailed for 10 Years Under Anti-terrorism Law|agency=[[Reuters]]|work=VOA|date=24 April 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|language=en|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016174745/https://www.voanews.com/a/cameroon-journalist-jailed-for-ten-years-under-anti-terrorism-law/3824341.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 7 November 2018, another Cameroonian journalist, Mimi Mefo, catch arrest after she go talk for social media say Cameroonian military dey behind de murder of American missionary wey dem call Charles Trumann for October that year. Dem charge Mefo say she dey 'publish den spread information wey go spoil Cameroon territorial integrity,' but dem later release am plus drop di charges for 12 November after local plus international media groups shout for di matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46194532|title=Cameroon drops fake news charges against Mimi Mefo|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-11-15|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418073043/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-46194532|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 2024, di NGO Human Rights Watch (HRW) dey shout say Cameroonian government dey do serious wahala for di opposition, after de government of Paul Biya declare de grouping of dem main parties for two platforms na 'illegal'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Human Rights Watch accuse à nouveau le Cameroun de Paul Biya de réprimer toute opposition|trans-title=Human Rights Watch again accuses Paul Biya's Cameroon of repressing all opposition.|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323214138/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/03/22/human-rights-watch-accuse-a-nouveau-le-cameroun-de-paul-biya-de-reprimer-toute-opposition_6223519_3212.html|archive-date=23 March 2024|access-date=2024-03-23|work=Le Monde|language=fr|agency=AFP}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anglophone Cameroon ===
[[File:Paul_Biya_à_l'ouverture_de_la_CAN_2021.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Biya_%C3%A0_l'ouverture_de_la_CAN_2021.jpg|thumb|Biya plus him wife Chantal at de opening of CAN 2021 on 9 January 2022]]
For 2016 den 2017, when Paul Biya dey rule, plenty people for Anglophone Cameroon begin protest well-well for where dem dey call former British Southern Cameroons. Dem wey dey protest talk say Biya plus him government no dey care for Anglophone areas like Northwest den Southwest Region, plus dem no dey involve dem for power matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Leroy|first1=Aliaume|last2=Freudenthal|first2=Emmanuel|date=25 June 2018|title=Witnessing Cameroon's descent towards civil war|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44584122|access-date=2021-09-08|archive-date=4 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104024729/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-44584122|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; For dis time, di Anglophone separatists dey talk say government forces don kill plenty protestors, and dem don do bad things wey fit pass human rights, like genocide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Crimes against humanity and genocide in Southern Cameroons: Mechanisms for redress|url=http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide-in-southern-cameroons-mechanisms-for-redress/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722204931/http://www.cameroonconcordnews.com/crimes-against-humanity-and-genocide-in-southern-cameroons-mechanisms-for-redress/|archive-date=22 July 2017|access-date=2017-06-28|work=Cameroon Concord News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some protestors don dey urge Biya plus di Cameroon government make dem gree give dem independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-05-26|title=Southern Cameroonians agitate for independence from Republic of Cameroon|language=en-GB|work=Tribune|url=http://tribuneonlineng.com/southern-cameroonians-agitate-independence-republic-cameroon/|access-date=2017-06-28|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628171541/http://tribuneonlineng.com/southern-cameroonians-agitate-independence-republic-cameroon/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, dem separatists shout say dem don declare independence for October 2017 wey dem call Ambazonia. Plenty civilians and activists don accuse Biya's government soldiers say dem dey burn villages, dey rape women, dey kill people without trial, plus dem dey do genocide matter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zongo|first=Peter|date=2018-05-30|title='This is a genocide': villages burn as war rages in blood-soaked Cameroon|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/30/cameroon-killings-escalate-anglophone-crisis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110500/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/may/30/cameroon-killings-escalate-anglophone-crisis|archive-date=7 September 2024|access-date=2021-09-08|website=The Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem don write petition go United Nations wey dey expose how police dey use force rap students for university. National Commission for Human Rights den Freedoms don begin fact-finding mission for Buea to check wetin dey happen wey de violate human rights for di area. 

One June 2018 report wey BBC News gree drop show say plenty villages for Southwest Region dey burn. E even get one video wey men dey wear BIR (Bataillon d'Intervention Rapide) equipments wey government give dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; BIR be special force wey dey report straight to President Biya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dismissed BIR says superior planning coup d’etat|url=https://cameroonnewsagency.com/dismissed-bir-says-superior-planning-coup-detat/#google_vignette|access-date=2024-10-09|website=Cameroon News Agency|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De report add video wey show one man wey dem dey torture by some men wey be Cameroonian gendarmes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Biya minister for communication, Issa Tchiroma, talk say anybody fit use government equipment to do false flag attacks, plus him talk say Biya government go investigate am.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;

People dey talk say all dose pipo wey dem send to fight de secessionist militia na pipo wey sabi speak French, wey dey make de language division bigger between de community people.  

For 14 November 2019, Biya talk for Paris forum say dem try fit join former British Southern Cameroons into de majority Francophone system, wey be formerly East Cameroon State, but e no work,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 November 2019|title=Cameroon from Biya - a mea culpa on the Angliphone Crisis in Paris|url=https://panafricanvisions.com/2019/11/cameroon-from-biya-a-mea-culpa-on-the-anglophone-crisis-in-paris/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112005537/https://panafricanvisions.com/2019/11/cameroon-from-biya-a-mea-culpa-on-the-anglophone-crisis-in-paris/|archive-date=12 January 2021|access-date=2020-01-28|website=panafricanvisions.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; because of identity wahala, that one spark de fight.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forum de Paris sur la paix : Paul Biya explique la crise anglophone en cours au Cameroun|url=https://www.investiraucameroun.com/economie/1311-13564-forum-de-paris-sur-la-paix-paul-biya-explique-la-crise-anglophone-en-cours-au-cameroun|access-date=2024-07-11|website=Investir au Cameroun|language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Personal life ==
Biya be naturalized citizen for France when e go school there, but later e give up him French citizenship when e come back Cameroon to do government work. For 1961, him marry Jeanne-Irène Biya, wey no get pikin, but she adopt Franck Biya, wey dem born for 1971 from de relationship between Biya den Jeanne-Irène ein sister&lt;ref&gt;Francis B. Nyamnjoh: [https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&amp;dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&amp;pg=PA213 ''Africa's Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907110534/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Tr6EUTxQWYC&amp;dq=%22Jeanne+Ir%C3%A8ne+Biya%22+son&amp;pg=PA213#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Jeanne%20Ir%C3%A8ne%20Biya%22%20son&amp;f=false|date=7 September 2024}}, p. 213, Zed Books, 2005. In: books.google.de&lt;/ref&gt; or niece.&lt;ref name=&quot;cw&quot;&gt;[https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Secrets-d-Etoudi-voici-les-v-ritables-parents-de-Franck-Biya-649820 ''Secrets d'Etoudi : voici les véritables parents de Franck Biya''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328133041/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/Secrets-d-Etoudi-voici-les-v-ritables-parents-de-Franck-Biya-649820|date=28 March 2024}}, 24. March 2022. In: camerounweb.com&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;enc&quot; /&gt; Dem dey talk say Franck Biya fit be him papa successor for di presidential elections wey go happen for 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=31 March 2021|title=Cameroon: Is Franck Biya the president's son and successor?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606121159/https://www.dw.com/en/cameroon-is-franck-biya-the-presidents-son-and-successor/a-57052023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;monarchy&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=30 April 2021|title=Cameroon Groups Call for President's Son to Succeed Father|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_cameroon-groups-call-presidents-son-succeed-father/6205267.html|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628022226/https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_cameroon-groups-call-presidents-son-succeed-father/6205267.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeanne-Irène Biya die for 29 July 1992 after small sickness, while Paul Biya dey attend conference for abroad. People dey talk say she plus some close pipo no die sekof natural cause.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dibussi.com/2006/02/a_review_of_not.html A Review of Notable Political Rumors from Cameroon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328140826/https://www.dibussi.com/2006/02/a_review_of_not.html|date=28 March 2024}} (english)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cw&quot; /&gt; Paul Biya marry Chantal Vigouroux, wey be 36 years younger than am, for 23 April 1994,&lt;ref name=&quot;Elect2&quot; /&gt; plus dem get two pikin together: Paul Jr den Brenda Biya. Brenda Biya, wey be LGBTQ activist too, don come out public talk say she dey do same-sex with Brazilian model Layyons Valença on 5 July 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Akhimien|first=Nosakhale|date=2024-07-05|title=Cameroon's president's daughter, Brenda, reveals lesbian status|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/709864-cameroons-presidents-daughter-brenda-reveals-lesbian-status.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708184509/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/naija-fashion/709864-cameroons-presidents-daughter-brenda-reveals-lesbian-status.html|archive-date=8 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-08|website=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hints at same-sex relationship|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj7dnm3elkdo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709000057/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj7dnm3elkdo|archive-date=9 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-08|website=BBC.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She talk say she dey hope say dis post go fit change di anti-LGBT laws for Cameroon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Brenda Biya: Cameroon president's daughter hopes to help change anti-gay laws|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1we656754eo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713104854/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1we656754eo|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-13|website=www.bbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; But she don delete de post den break up with Valença after some hot photographs of dem drop online without her permission. Report talk say en  talk say Valença share de photographs just to catch social media followers eye plus even chop money for TikTok.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=11 July 2024|title=Cameroun : le coming out de Brenda Biya, fille du président, « tourne au vinaigre »|trans-title=Cameroon: The coming out of Brenda Biya, daughter of the president, &quot;turns sour.&quot;|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/11/cameroun-le-coming-out-de-brenda-biya-fille-du-president-tourne-au-vinaigre_6248726_3212.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713075847/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2024/07/11/cameroun-le-coming-out-de-brenda-biya-fille-du-president-tourne-au-vinaigre_6248726_3212.html|archive-date=13 July 2024|access-date=2024-07-13|newspaper=[[Le Monde]]|location=France}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Biya don dey mix with plenty secret societies for Europe, one of dem na freemasonry. E later change go Rosicrucianism, plus e fit dey part of Rosicrucian group wey dem call CIRCES, wey French guy wey sabi esoteric, Raymond Bernard dey lead. Bernard be him personal advisor; Biya dey give am allowance wey pass several million francs, plus him organization sef get 40 million francs for Bernard service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Geschiere |first=Peter |date=September 2017 |title=A “Vortex of Identities”: Freemasonry, Witchcraft, and Postcolonial Homophobia |journal=[[African Studies Review]] |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=7–35 |doi=10.1017/asr.2017.52 |issn=0002-0206}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Anyangwe|first=Carlson|title=Imperialistic Politics In Cameroun: Resistance &amp; The Inception of The Restoration of the Statehood of Southern Cameroons|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|year=2008|isbn=978-9956-558-50-6|location=Bamenda|pages=122|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Orock|first=Rogers|title=Conspiracy Narratives from Postcolonial Africa: Freemasonry, Homosexuality, and Illicit Enrichment|last2=Geschiere|first2=Peter|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|year=2024|isbn=978-0-226-83584-6|pages=107–134|language=en|chapter=The Return of Dr. Aujoulat: Decolonization and the Genealogy of a Homo-Masonic Complex|author-link2=Peter Geschiere}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Health ===
By 2024, him be di longest serving non-royal head of state, he don dey in power since 30 June 1975.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=91-Year-Old President Paul Biya's Prolonged Absence Sparks Death Rumours In Cameroon|url=https://saharareporters.com/2024/10/08/91-year-old-president-paul-biyas-prolonged-absence-sparks-death-rumours-cameroon|access-date=2025-05-25|website=Sahara Reporters}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekof him no dey young again, people dey talk plenty about him health plus who go fit take over. For October 2024, di government talk say di rumors wey people dey hear say e don die no be true. E no show for public events since last month, e make people dey worry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=8 October 2024|title=Cameroon's 91-Year-Old President Biya in Good Health, Government Says|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2024-10-08/cameroons-91-year-old-president-biya-in-good-health-government-says|work=US News &amp; World Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mom|first=Claire|date=2024-10-08|title='Malicious people at work' -- Cameroon says Paul Biya is not dead|url=https://www.thecable.ng/malicious-people-at-work-cameroon-says-paul-biya-is-not-dead/|access-date=2024-10-09|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De officials talk say e dey Geneva plus him dey alright.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=9 October 2024|title=Where has Cameroon’s 91-year-old leader been? In Europe, an official says|url=https://apnews.com/article/biya-cameroon-president-europe-health-bd43c57c7c2643749f0d8df9eeffcc1f|work=Associated Press|first=Chinedu|last=Asadu|access-date=18 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=10 October 2024|title=The 91-year-old African president who keeps defying death rumours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvgl05rp8r1o|work=BBC|first=Paul|last=Melly|access-date=18 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 9 October de Minister of Territorial Administration Paul Atanga Nji don ban all de media insyde de country make dem no talk about president health matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=2024-10-10|title=Cameroon bans media talk of president's health amid rumours|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241010-cameroon-bans-media-talk-of-president-s-health-amid-rumours|access-date=2024-10-20|work=France 24|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 21 October, dem show Biya for state TV as e land for Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport after him come back from Switzerland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=21 October 2024|title=President Paul Biya returns to Cameroon amid rumors his health is failing|url=https://apnews.com/article/cameroon-president-biya-return-health-60c15abc848d5de766b72c1139d147f3|access-date=21 October 2024|work=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.prc.cm/en/ Official website]
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Cameroon.html Cameroon] at World Statesmen
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biya, Paul}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Biya family|Paul Biya]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Cameroonian people]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Cameroon People's Democratic Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Presidents of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Cameroonian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses Special Class of de Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:People wey komot South Region (Cameroon)]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Cameroon]]
[[Category:École nationale d'administration alumni]]
[[Category:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer alumni]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]</text>
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    <title>Johanna Konta</title>
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      <text bytes="116342" sha1="mujosn8rvuv5gudlovwtzrnspo9hp3g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Johanna fart''' (born 17 May 1991) be a British-Australian former professional tennis player. fart win four singles titles on de WTA Tour, along plus eleven titles insyd singles den four insyd doubles on de ITF Women's Circuit. Na she be British No. 1 wey na she reach a career-high singles ranking of world No. 4 on 17 July 2017. She reach de semifinals of de Australian Open, Wimbledon den de French Open.

Born to Hungarian parents insyd Sydney, Australia, na fart move go England wen na she dey 14. She get Hungarian, Australian den British citizenship. She switch ein sporting allegiance from Australia to Great Britain after she cam be a British citizen insyd May 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;fivethingstoknow2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sport.co.uk/tennis/five-things-to-know-about-johanna-kont/6738423/|title=Five things to know about Johanna Konta|work=sport.co.uk|date=4 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart achieve a steep rise insyd ein ranking by de WTA from de spring of 2015 to late 2016, wey na she climb from 150th to insyd de world's top 10,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 October 2016|title=Johanna Kanto into world top 10 after reaching China Open final|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37594986|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she cam be de first Briton to be ranked amongst de WTA ein top ten since Jo Durie wey na dem rank fifth over 30 years prior.&lt;ref name=&quot;topten2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/10/08/johanna-konta-reaches-final-of-china-open---and-breaks-into-worl/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/10/08/johanna-konta-reaches-final-of-china-open---and-breaks-into-worl/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta reaches final of China Open – and breaks into world Top 10|work=The Daily Telegraph|last=Briggs|first=Simon|date=8 October 2016|access-date=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis period include ein best Grand Slam result up to dat time, de semifinals of de 2016 Australian Open,&lt;ref name=&quot;2016aussiesemi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 January 2016|title=Australian Open:Johanna Konta beaten by Angelique Kerber|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35426160|access-date=27 January 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; a quarterfinal appearance at de Rio Summer Olympics den ein maiden WTA Tour title insyd Stanford.&lt;ref name=&quot;stanfordwin&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 July 2016|title=Johanna Konta beats Venus Williams to win first WTA title in Stanford|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36880532|access-date=25 July 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, she win de Miami Open&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC20170401a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 April 2017|title=Johanna Konta beats Caroline Wozniacki to claim Miami Open title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39468069|access-date=2 April 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she reach de semifinals at Wimbledon.&lt;ref name=&quot;20170711a2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/11/johanna-konta-vs-simona-halep-wimbledon-2017-live-score-updates/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/11/johanna-konta-vs-simona-halep-wimbledon-2017-live-score-updates/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta becomes first British woman since 1978 to reach Wimbledon semi-finals with battling win over Simona Halep|date=11 July 2017|access-date=17 July 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart get anoda successful season insyd 2019, wey na she reach de semifinals at de French Open den de quarterfinals at Wimbledon den de US Open. fart retire on 1 December 2021, after she struggle plus a chronic injury to ein right knee, wich lead to ein ranking drop outsyd de top 100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carayol|first=Tumaini|date=1 November 2021|title='I got to live my dreams': Johanna Konta announces retirement from tennis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/dec/01/i-got-to-live-my-dreams-johanna-konta-announces-retirement-from-tennis|url-status=live|access-date=1 November 2021|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein life matter ==
Na dem born Johanna fart insyd Sydney, Australia, to Hungarian parents: Gábor, a hotel manager, den Gabriella, a dentist.&lt;ref name=&quot;acethataustralialost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 September 2015|title=Konta the tennis ace that Australia lost|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/09/04/konta-tennis-ace-australia-lost|url-status=live|website=Special Broadcasting Service (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein parents emigrated separately from Hungary wey na dem meet insyd Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;acethataustralialost&quot; /&gt; Na one of fart ein grandpoppies, Tamás Kertész (1929–1989), play football give Ferencvárosi TC; na he win two international caps give Hungary insyd de 1950s wey he later coach de Ghana national team.&lt;ref name=&quot;fatherwatchesfromeastsussex2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12121091/Father-of-Australian-born-British-tennis-hope-Johanna-Konta-watches-match-from-East-Sussex-country-club.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12121091/Father-of-Australian-born-British-tennis-hope-Johanna-Konta-watches-match-from-East-Sussex-country-club.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Father of Australian-born British tennis hope Johanna Konta watched match from East Sussex country club|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=25 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart get a half sisto, Eva Mumford, from ein poppie ein previous marriage. Ein sisto marry former Australian rules football player Shane Mumford.&lt;ref name=&quot;fatherwatchesfromeastsussex2&quot; /&gt;

Na fart spend ein kiddie time insyd Collaroy on Sydney ein Northern Beaches,&lt;ref name=&quot;acethataustralialost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 September 2015|title=Konta the tennis ace that Australia lost|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2015/09/04/konta-tennis-ace-australia-lost|url-status=live|website=Special Broadcasting Service (SBS)}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer na dem introduce am to tennis at an after-school programme at de age of eight.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 September 2015|title=WTA Players – Johanna Konta|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/313907/title/johanna-konta|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2015|website=Women's Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen na she dey 14, she attend de Sánchez-Casal Tennis Academy insyd Barcelona for 15 months, during wich time na ein parents settle insyd Eastbourne, England.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 January 2016|title=Sydney-born tennis sensation Johanna Konta says her heart is with Britain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/23/sydney-born-tennis-sensation-johanna-konta-says-her-heart-is-with-britain|url-status=live|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta: I'm from Eastbourne and I'm proud of it|url=http://www.eastbourneherald.co.uk/news/local/johanna-konta-i-m-from-eastbourne-and-i-m-proud-of-it-1-7173009|url-status=live|access-date=29 January 2016|website=Eastbourne Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart cam be a British citizen insyd May 2012 wey na she concurrently switch ein sporting allegiance from Australia to Great Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;fivethingstoknow2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sport.co.uk/tennis/five-things-to-know-about-johanna-kont/6738423/|title=Five things to know about Johanna Konta|work=sport.co.uk|date=4 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen na ein nationality cam be de subject of debate at de 2016 Australian Open after na dem label am a Plastic Brit, na fart say na e be &quot;a compliment for you guys to be interested insyd my Australian roots&quot;, buh dat na she be &quot;very pleased to be representing Great Britain&amp;nbsp;... wer na I grow up essentially&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/28/sports/australian-open-britains-johanna-konta-credits-mind-set-for-rapid-rise.html|title=Britain's Johanna Konta Credits Mind-Set for Her Rapid Rise|work=The New York Times|date=27 January 2016|access-date=29 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart get three passports – British, Australian den Hungarian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Magnay|first=Jacquelin|date=10 July 2017|title=Konta through to quarterfinals|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/tennis/wimbledon-2017-australia-born-johanna-konta-through-to-quarterfinals/news-story/47fbd418cea3919d2ee7f76cbad550dd|url-access=subscription|website=The Australian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart dey live insyd East Sussex, wer na ein applications to build a home insyd de protected Ashdown Forest prove controversial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=Huw|title=Woodland campaigners lob objection at tennis star Konta's home plan|url=https://www.theplanner.co.uk/news/woodland-campaigners-lob-objection-at-tennis-star-konta%E2%80%99s-home-plan|website=The Planner}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two weeks after ein retirement from professional tennis, fart announce on Twitter dat she marry ein long-term boyfriend Jackson Wade. Na de wedding take place on 11 December 2021,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Mesic|first1=Dzevad|title=Johanna Konta gets married just days after retiring from tennis|url=https://www.tennisworldusa.org/tennis/news/WTA_Tennis/106291/johanna-konta-gets-married-just-days-after-retiring-from-tennis/|access-date=13 December 2021|work=Tennis World USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; den on 12 September 2022, she announce de birth of ein daughter for ein social accounts top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=September 13, 2022|title=Johanna Konta gives birth to a baby girl|url=https://womenstennisblog.com/2022/09/13/johanna-konta-baby-girl/|access-date=September 14, 2022|publisher=Women´s Tennis|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==

=== 2008: First ITF title ===
fart win ein first ITF singles title at a $10k tournament insyd Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina shortly before ein 17th birthday insyd May 2008.

=== 2009: First $25k title ===
fart achieve a significant breakthru at a $25k tournament insyd Sutton, England, insyd February 2009. Na she enter as a wildcard, she defeat de top seed, Corinna Dentoni, wey na dem rank 153 at de time, den two oda top 250 players to reach de final wer na she loose insyd three sets to Katie O'Brien. Na fart back dis performance up by she win de $25k Waterloo Challenger insyd Ontario insyd June, over Heidi El Tabakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2009 Event|url=http://www.wowchallenger.com/WOW/2009_Event.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326120107/http://www.wowchallenger.com/WOW/2009_Event.html|archive-date=26 March 2012|website=wowchallenger.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart then go thru a difficult time insyd de second half of de year, wey na she loose ein first match insyd eight of de nine tournaments she enter, na six of dese losses go to three sets. However, plus de help of de earlier results, na she rise from 668 to 360 insyd de WTA rankings during de year.

=== 2010: Maiden $50k title ===
fart regain sam form at de start of 2010. Insyd May, she reach de quarterfinal of de $50k tournament at Indian Harbour Beach, Florida. De week wey dey follow she take de title on de green clay courts of Raleigh, North Carolina, anoda $50k tournament, wer na, de day before ein 19th birthday, she defeat Lindsay Lee-Waters insyd de final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Raleigh Tournament Details|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100021700|url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2017|website=International Tennis Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Highlights later insyd de year include anoda $50k quarterfinal appearance, two semifinal appearances insyd $25k tournaments den ein second ITF singles title of de year at a $10k event insyd Westende, Belgium, wer, insyd de final, she defeat Nicky Van Dyck for de loss of just one game.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 August 2010|title=Nicky Van Dyck kansloos in finale tegen Johanna Konta|url=http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=9J2UBJS2|url-status=live|access-date=10 January 2013|website=Het Nieuwsblad|language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart sanso play ein first WTA Tour event wen she enter de qualifying for Copenhagen, wey she win a match before she exit de event.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=e-Boks Sony Ericsson Open 2010 – Qualifying Singles|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2010/1042/QS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921064404/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2010/1042/QS.pdf|archive-date=21 September 2012|access-date=18 April 2017|website=Women's Tennis Association (WTA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2011: Drop insyd ranking ===
Insyd April 2011, she loose insyd three sets insyd de qualifying draw of Charleston to Sania Mirza. She sanso fall insyd qualifying at Fes den Strasbourg. She reach de main draw of a WTA Tour event for de first time wen na she qualify at Copenhagen insyd June, wey she fall insyd de first round to fourth seed Lucie Šafářová, wey na dem rank 38 at de time, insyd a match wey last over two den a half hours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 January 2016|title=Jo Konta, la ragazza di Sydney che Melbourne non-ama|url=http://www.repubblica.it/rubriche/monday-s-net/2016/01/25/news/jo_konta_la_ragazza_cocciuta_che_melbourne_non_ama-132007900/|url-status=live|access-date=18 April 2017|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart win ein fifth ITF singles title at de GB Pro-Series event insyd Woking insyd July. Insyd de final against Laura Robson, na fart be a set up wen na ein opponent retire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=16 July 2011|title=Josh Goodall claims second successive AEGON GB Pro-Series title|url=http://www.lta.org.uk/fans-major-events/AEGON-GB-Pro-Series/News/2011/Josh-Goodall-claims-second-successive-AEGON-GB-Pro-Series-title/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821160120/http://www.lta.org.uk/fans-major-events/AEGON-GB-Pro-Series/News/2011/Josh-Goodall-claims-second-successive-AEGON-GB-Pro-Series-title/|archive-date=21 August 2012|access-date=10 January 2013|website=Lawn Tennis Association (LTA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After na a patchy couple of months wey be interrupted by injury, fart get back to ein winning ways at a $10k event insyd Madrid, wey she beat Lucy Brown insyd de final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 September 2011|title=LTA – $10,000 Madrid 2011|url=http://www.lta.org.uk/fans-major-events/Tournament-Calendar/2011/September/10000-Madrid-2011/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825133200/http://www.lta.org.uk/fans-major-events/Tournament-Calendar/2011/September/10000-Madrid-2011/|archive-date=25 August 2012|access-date=10 January 2013|website=LTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na ein year end during a second meeting plus Robson insyd de first round at Barnstaple insyd October, wey na fart for retire dis time. She slip from 248 to 305 insyd de world rankings over de course of de season, wey na she show an improvement of 55 places per over de previous two years.&lt;ref name=&quot;WTA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 September 2015|title=WTA Players – Johanna Konta|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/313907/title/johanna-konta|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2015|website=Women's Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2012: First match wins insyd WTA Tour den Grand Slam events ===
[[File:Flickr_-_Carine06_-_Johanna_Konta_(1).jpg|thumb|fart during ein first-round match at de 2012 Wimbledon Championships]]
fart achieve sam welcome results insyd de first half of 2012, wey dey include a $25k title at Rancho Mirage insyd February. She then qualify for de WTA Tour event insyd Copenhagen for de second successive year, wey she record ein first-match win insyd a full tour main draw over seventh seed Ksenia Pervak (dem then rank 38) insyd de opening round, before she loose to Petra Martić at de next stage. By de end of April, na fart rise nearly 100 places to No. 211 insyd de rankings.

Na dem grant am British citizenship insyd May, fart receive a main-draw wildcard to Wimbledon; na she face 28th seed Christina McHale insyd de opening round, wey dem beat am 10–8 insyd de deciding set.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/18602661|title=Wimbledon quotes and stats of the day|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na a $50k final appearance at Lexington insyd July help to maintain momentum, wey na de month wey dey follow fart qualify for de US Open, wey she bridge a gap of almost 150 places insyd de rankings to upset world No. 59, Tímea Babos, insyd de first round,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/28/us-open-2012-anne-keothavong|title=US Open 2012: Britain's Johanna Konta beats Timea Babos on debut|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|work=The Guardian|date=28 August 2012|access-date=13 July 2013|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she save ten set points insyd de second set as na she record ein first career win at Grand Slam-level. Insyd de second round, na fart let a 5–2 final set lead slip against Olga Govortsova wey she loose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/31/us-open-2012-johanna-konta-two|title=US Open 2012: Johanna Konta misses out on being third Brit in third-round|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|work=The Guardian|date=31 August 2012|access-date=13 July 2013|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis run propel am into de world's top 150 for de first time insyd ein career, wey she slip a few places to end de year plus a ranking of 153.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 November 2012|title=Singles Rankings|url=http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426061721/http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2012.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2017|access-date=25 April 2017|website=WTA rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2013: First $100k title ===
At de Australian Open, fart fail to build on ein form from de US Open, wey she loose insyd de second qualifying round to Zhou Yimiao of [[China]], insyd three sets.

Insyd February, fart make ein Fed Cup debut give Great Britain insyd Europe/Africa Zone Group 1 Pool B. Na fart den Laura Robson win dema doubles match as Britain open plus a whitewash against Bosnia and Herzegovina.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2013|title=Fed Cup column: Johanna Konta on her dream Great Britain debut|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/21343055|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem then rest fart as Britain beat Portugal, before she team up again plus Robson insyd a losing doubles effort against Hungary, though na Britain ultimately win dis tie 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2013|title=Great Britain 2:1 Hungary|url=http://www.fedcup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=W-FC-2013-G1-EPA-B-M-GBR-HUN-01|website=Fed Cup}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd April, na fart play insyd de Fed Cup World Group II play-off against Argentina. Na dem initially nominate fart make she represent Britain insyd two of de singles rubbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 April 2013|title=GB's Robson and Konta to face Argentina in singles rubbers|url=http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/fed-cup-2/2013/gb-s-robson-and-konta-to-face-argentina-in-singles-rubbers_sto3720135/story.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=10 April 2017|website=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after na she loose ein opening match against Paula Ormaechea, na Great Britain captain Judy Murray decide say Elena Baltacha go replace fart insyd de Sunday reverse singles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 April 2013|title=Laura Robson's surprise defeat sees Great Britain lose to Argentina and end Fed Cup World Group hopes|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10009139/Laura-Robsons-surprise-defeat-sees-Great-Britain-lose-to-Argentina-and-end-Fed-Cup-World-Group-hopes.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/10009139/Laura-Robsons-surprise-defeat-sees-Great-Britain-lose-to-Argentina-and-end-Fed-Cup-World-Group-hopes.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart ein next tournament be de Portugal Open in Oeiras, wer na she beat top-100 player Yulia Putintseva insyd de first qualifying round buh na dem then force am to retire insyd de second qualifying round against Stéphanie Foretz Gacon. Na fart sanso reach de second qualifying round at de French Open, wey she loose to Galina Voskoboeva insyd three sets.

Insyd June, na fart enter de Nottingham Trophy, a $75k tournament, wey she reach de semifinals after victories over An-Sophie Mestach, fifth seed Misaki Doi den Alison Riske. Insyd de semifinals, na fart loose a tough battle against third seed Karolína Plíšková, wey she go down insyd three sets. Dey follow de event, na dem hand am a wildcard for de Birmingham Classic. Insyd de first round fart defeat qualifier Kurumi Nara to set up a meeting plus French player Kristina Mladenovic, de 12th seed at de tournament, wey beat am insyd straight sets.

fart sanso receive a wildcard for Wimbledon, wer na dem draw am against 16th seed Jelena Janković insyd de first round. She loose insyd straight sets against de Serbian former world number one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/wimbledon-2013-johanna-konta-joins-firstround-exodus-of-british-players-8671715.html|title=Wimbledon 2013: Johanna Konta joins first-round exodus of British players|work=The Independent|date=24 June 2013|access-date=28 June 2013|location=London|first=Eleanor|last=Crooks}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey follow Wimbledon, fart start ein build-up to de US Open by she win a $25k event insyd Winnipeg, Manitoba, wer na she defeat fellow British player Samantha Murray insyd de final. She then keep up ein form by she win de Vancouver Open, a $100k event, wer na she defeat Sharon Fichman insyd de final after she eliminate top seed den world No. 41, Hsieh Su-wei, along de way. Na dis propel fart to a then career-high ranking of 115.

At de Guangzhou International Open, na fart win two rounds of qualifying to reach de main draw. Insyd de first round, she beat fellow qualifier Richèl Hogenkamp insyd straight sets,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 September 2013|title=Laura Robson and Johanna Konta progress in China|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24128577|access-date=19 September 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she upset fourth seed den world No. 38, Peng Shuai, wey she equal ein best career-win in terms of ranking to dis point. However, na dem stop ein run insyd de quarterfinals, wey she loose to wildcard Zhang Shuai insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 September 2013|title=Laura Robson and Johanna Konta lose at Guangzhou Open|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24161346|access-date=27 September 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; A week later, at de Ningbo International Open, fart san make de quarterfinals, buh na dem force am to retire insyd ein match against Johanna Larsson, wey dey suffer from an abdominal strain.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 September 2013|title=Johanna Konta withdraws during Ningbo quarterfinal|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/24275184|access-date=27 September 2013|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She officially cam be de British No. 2 behind Laura Robson, after na Heather Watson fail to defend ein title insyd Osaka wey na she end de year ranked 112.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 November 2013|title=Singles Rankings|url=http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426062103/http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2013.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2017|access-date=25 April 2017|website=WTA rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2014: Top 100 ===
[[File:Johanna_Konta_Cagnes_2014.JPG|thumb|fart at de 2014 Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer.]]
Na fart begin 2014 at de Shenzhen Open, wey she loose to 15-year-old wildcard Xu Shilin insyd de first qualifying round.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Head To Head Tennis Search &amp;#124; ATP &amp; WTA H2H Search · MatchStat|url=https://matchstat.com/tennis/h2h-odds-bets/Johanna+Konta/Shilin+Xu|website=matchstat.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Togeda plus ein Austrian partner Patricia Mayr-Achleitner, na she reach de semifinals insyd doubles, wey dem loose to de Ukrainian sistos Lyudmyla den Nadiia Kichenok, insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 January 2014|title=Shenzhen: Mayr-Achleitner auch im Doppel gescheitert|url=http://www.tennisnet.com/oesterreich/welttennis/damen/Shenzhen-Mayr-Achleitner-auch-im-Doppel-gescheitert/5385239|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109215526/http://www.tennisnet.com/oesterreich/welttennis/damen/Shenzhen-Mayr-Achleitner-auch-im-Doppel-gescheitert/5385239|archive-date=9 January 2014|access-date=9 January 2014|website=tennisnet.com|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; De week wey dey follow, dem seed third insyd Australian Open qualifying, fart win ein first match against Grace Min,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=9 January 2014|title=Australian Open 2014: Dan Evans beaten in qualifying|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/25664927|access-date=9 January 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she loose for de second year in succession insyd de second qualifying round, insyd straight sets to Ukrainian Olga Savchuk.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=10 January 2014|title=Australian Open 2014: Heather Watson through, Johanna Konta out|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/25678291|access-date=12 January 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After she retire insyd ein first-round match at a $25k event insyd Sunderland wey na she loose insyd qualifying for de Open GdF Suez insyd Paris, fart help Great Britain to a 2–1 win over Latvia insyd dema first round-robin match at de Fed Cup as she battle to victory over Diāna Marcinkēviča.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 February 2014|title=Fed Cup: Britain make winning start by beating Latvia|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/26060840|access-date=5 February 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na she later loose singles rubbers to Romania ein world No. 10, Simona Halep,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2014|title=Fed Cup: Romania end Great Britain's promotion hopes|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/26093480|access-date=12 February 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Hungary ein Tímea Babos as na dem eliminate Britain at de pool stage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 February 2014|title=Fed Cup: Great Britain beaten by hosts Hungary|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/26105384|access-date=12 February 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd May, fart reach de final qualifying round of Roland Garros for de first time, wey she defeat Sachia Vickery,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 May 2014|title=French Open 2014: Johanna Konta progresses in qualifying|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27512450|access-date=28 May 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Paula Kania,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 May 2014|title=French Open: Heather Watson, James Ward &amp; Johanna Konta win|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27525296|access-date=28 May 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she loose to Yuliya Beygelzimer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 May 2014|title=French Open 2014: James Ward makes first-round in Paris|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27543003|access-date=28 May 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart then move into de grass-court season by she play at de Birmingham Classic as a wildcard. Na she beat 14th seed Kurumi Nara insyd straight sets,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 June 2014|title=Heather Watson: Aegon Classic exit for British number one|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27782819|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she loose to Aleksandra Wozniak insyd de second round.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=11 June 2014|title=Andy Murray beats Paul-Henri Mathieu in straight sets at Queen's|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27795408|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem award fart anoda wildcard to compete at de Eastbourne International, wer na she defeat 2013 Wimbledon junior champion Belinda Bencic, insyd straight sets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eastb14&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=17 June 2014|title=Victoria Azarenka loses at Eastbourne to Camila Giorgi|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27887924|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dis set up a meeting plus world No. 42, Camila Giorgi, wey na she stun fourth seed [[Victoria Azarenka]] insyd de first round.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eastb14&quot; /&gt; Despite na she hold a match point at 5–4 up insyd de final set, fart loose to de Italian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 June 2014|title=Eastbourne: Heather Watson beats Pennetta but Johanna Konta loses|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27908458|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, na ein first-round success be enough to propel fart into de top 100 as na she reach a career-high of 89 insyd July, before she fall back as she fail to replenish de ranking points she win from ein successes insyd de second half of de previous year.

fart gain direct entry into de Wimbledon main draw, wey she loose a tight three-set match to Peng Shuai insyd de first round.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Barretto|first=Lawrence|date=23 June 2014|title=Wimbledon 2014: Naomi Broady wins; Konta, Ward, Cox beaten|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/27980394|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart ein next tournament be de İstanbul Cup, wer na she win thru qualifying as de top seed. Na dem san draw am plus Kurumi Nara insyd de first round, wey she loose to de sixth-seeded Japanese insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 July 2014|title=Istanbul Cup: Johanna Konta defeated in the first-round|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/tennis/28316826|access-date=4 August 2014|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then move across to [[North America]] to play de Connecticut Open; na she sanso encounter a recent opponent hie as she face top seed Peng Shuai insyd de second qualifying round wey na dem eliminate am.

Na ein ranking give am a second consecutive direct entry to a Grand Slam main draw as she play de US Open, buh she suffer a 'wasted opportunity' as na dem beat am insyd de opening round by Shahar Pe'er.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Briggs|first=Simon|date=26 August 2014|title=US Open 2014: Johanna Konta wasted golden opportunity in straight sets defeat by Shahar Peer|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/11055542/US-Open-2014-Johanna-Konta-wasted-golden-opportunity-in-straight-sets-defeat-by-Shahar-Peer.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/11055542/US-Open-2014-Johanna-Konta-wasted-golden-opportunity-in-straight-sets-defeat-by-Shahar-Peer.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|access-date=31 August 2015|website=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart then suffer opening-round defeats at Quebec City, den insyd de qualifying insyd Luxembourg. She sanso play on de ITF Circuit, wey she reach de semifinals at Albuquerque den de second round at Nantes. She end de year dem rank am 150.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 November 2014|title=Singles Rankings|url=http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2014.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426062052/http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2014.pdf|archive-date=26 April 2017|access-date=25 April 2017|website=WTA rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2015: US Open run den top 50 ===
[[File:Johanna_Konta,_Cagnes_2015.JPG|thumb|fart at de 2015 Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer]]
fart begin de year by she enter de qualifying of de WTA Tour events at Shenzhen den Sydney, buh na she no manage to progress to either of de main draws. Na dem sanso eliminate am insyd qualifying at de Australian Open. fart return to Europe to join up plus de British team for de Fed Cup Euro/Africa Zone Group I.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/31136059|title=Britain's women ease to Fed Cup win|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; She go 2–2 insyd singles play as na Britain top dema round-robin pool,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 February 2015|title=Great Britain set up Fed Cup play-off with Belarus after 3–0 victory|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/06/great-britain-fed-cup-belarus-play-off|url-status=live|access-date=14 September 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she loose a play-off to Belarus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 February 2015|title=Fed Cup: Great Britain play-off hopes ended by Belarus|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/31198518|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de play-off, fart suffer a heavy defeat against Olga Govortsova, a match wey na de team captain Judy Murray say 'na e be a catalyst for change' for fart ein success insyd de later part of de season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fuller|first=Russell|date=6 September 2015|title=Jo Konta: Why British hope is rising through the ranks|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34167861|access-date=14 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ein sole WTA Tour event between de Australian den French Opens be at Indian Wells, wer na she san enter de qualifying competition, wey she win ein opening match against tenth seed Misaki Doi, buh na dem beat am insyd de final round of qualifying by Kateryna Kozlova. During dis period na she focus instead on de ITF Circuit, wey she win ein first-round match insyd each tournament she enter,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Johanna Konta Pro Circuit Profile|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=100056016|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=International Tennis Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she reach three quarterfinals, one semifinal den de final of de event insyd Jackson, Mississippi (she loose to Anhelina Kalinina).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Jackson Tournament Details|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100034286|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626102121/http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100034286|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=31 August 2015|website=International Tennis Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart make ein debut insyd de main draw at de French Open against Denisa Allertová&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=22 May 2015|title=French Open: Kyle Edmund &amp; Johanna Konta into main draw|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/32851206|access-date=31 August 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; after she win ein way thru she qualify widout losing a set. fart narrowly loose to Allertová.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LIVE UPDATES &amp; STANDINGS Denisa Allertová – Johanna Konta – French Open women – 25 May 2015|url=https://www.eurosport.com/tennis/french-open-women/2015/live-denisa-allertova-johanna-konta_mtc776350/live.shtml}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart then return to de UK, wer na dem grant am wildcards to de WTA Tour grass-court events insyd Nottingham, Birmingham den Eastbourne. At Nottingham, na fart record ein first top 100 win of 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Johanna Konta results|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/players/player/13120/title/johanna-konta#results|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd de opening round as she beat world No. 59 den seventh seed for de event, Magdaléna Rybáriková. fart sanso go beat Monica Puig before she exit insyd de quarterfinals to eventual tournament runner-up Monica Niculescu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 June 2015|title=Nottingham Open: Johanna Konta knocked out by Monica Niculescu|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33112037|access-date=31 August 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Curtis|first=Leigh|date=15 June 2015|title=Ana Konjuh overpowers Monica Niculescu to claim Aegon Open title|url=http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ana-Konjuh-overpowers-Monica-Niculescu-claim/story-26699855-detail/story.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928064053/http://www.nottinghampost.com/Ana-Konjuh-overpowers-Monica-Niculescu-claim/story-26699855-detail/story.html|archive-date=28 September 2015|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Nottingham Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart then play de WTA Premier event insyd Birmingham. She beat Jarmila Gajdošová insyd de first round before she run into sixth seed Karolína Plíšková; fart take de opening set off Plíšková, wey dem then rank 13 insyd de world, buh go eventually loose insyd three sets insyd a match dem play over two days.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 June 2015|title=Aegon Classic: Johanna Konta loses to Karolina Pliskova|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33192467|access-date=31 August 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart ein conqueror end de tournament as de runner-up for de second week in a row.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 June 2015|title=Aegon Classic: Angelique Kerber wins title in Birmingham|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/33218286|access-date=31 August 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart ein next event be insyd ein hometown of Eastbourne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 June 2015|title=Aegon International: Eastbourne's Konta faces Diyas on centre court|url=http://www.eastbourneherald.co.uk/sport/other-sports/aegon-international-eastbourne-s-konta-faces-diyas-on-centre-court-1-6809459|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Eastbourne Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de opening round, she upset Zarina Diyas,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta upsets Zarina Diyas to advance at Eastbourne|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12040/9891980/johanna-konta-upsets-zarina-diyas-to-advance-at-eastbourne|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she claim a 'major scalp' by she beat world No. 8 den recent Grand Slam semifinalist, Ekaterina Makarova, wey na she be de fourth seed for de event, insyd de second round.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=23 June 2015|title=Jo Konta claims major scalp to announce arrival on British scene at Eastbourne|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/23/jo-konta-beats-ekaterina-makarova-eastbourne|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart continue ein run by she beat 14th seed Garbiñe Muguruza,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=24 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta beats Garbiñe Muguruza to reach Eastbourne quarterfinals|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/24/johanna-konta-beats-garbine-muguruza-eastbourne|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she loose to Belinda Bencic insyd a three-set quarterfinal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=25 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta's Eastbourne run ended in three sets by Belinda Bencic|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/25/johanna-konta-loses-belinda-bencic-eastbourne-quarter-finals-tennis|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bencic cam be de third consecutive player to beat fart en route to de final of an event, as de rising Swiss star win de Eastbourne title.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Roopanarine|first=Les|date=27 June 2015|title=Agnieszka Radwanska v Belinda Bencic: Eastbourne final – as it happened|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2015/jun/27/agnieszka-radwanska-v-belinda-bencic-eastbourne-final-live|url-status=live|access-date=1 September 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de draw for Wimbledon pair fart, wey enter plus a wildcard, plus former champion Maria Sharapova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Banks|first=Tony|date=29 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta looks to pull of Wimbledon first-round shock against Maria Sharapova|url=http://www.express.co.uk/sport/tennis/587415/Johanna-Konta-Wimbledon-Ladies-First-Round-Maria-Sharapova-SW19|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Daily Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem schedule de match for Centre Court,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta to face Maria Sharapova on Centre Court|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/wimbledon/news/32498/9897308/johanna-konta-to-face-maria-sharapova-on-centre-court|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey Sharapova win efficiently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Christie|first=Vivienne|date=29 June 2015|title=Sharapova ends Konta's hopes|url=http://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2015-06-29/sharapova_ends_kontas_hopes.html|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Wimbledon}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Wimbledon, fart return to action at de ITF event insyd Granby, Quebec; she enter as de top seed, wey na she take de title widout dropping a set.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Granby Tournament Details|url=http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100034936|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905195142/http://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/women%27s-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100034936|archive-date=5 September 2015|access-date=31 August 2015|website=International Tennis Federation}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart ein next event see am reclaim de Vancouver singles crown, wey she beat Kirsten Flipkens insyd de final, wey she sanso secure de doubles title plus Maria Sanchez.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Prest|first=Andy|date=25 August 2015|title=Dudi Sela owns the VanOpen|url=http://www.nsnews.com/sports/dudi-sela-owns-the-vanopen-1.2040542|access-date=1 September 2015|website=North Shore News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de Vancouver singles victory move fart back into de world top-100 players ahead of de US Open,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2015|title=Canada victory propels Konta into top 100 ahead of US Open|url=http://www.eastbourneherald.co.uk/sport/other-sports/canada-victory-propels-konta-into-top-100-ahead-of-us-open-1-6927756|url-status=live|access-date=31 August 2015|website=Eastbourne Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich na she enter at de qualifying stage as de third seed. Na she progress to de main draw plus wins against Réka Luca Jani,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 August 2015|title=US Open qualifying: Kyle Edmund, Jo Konta, Naomi Broady progress|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34068191|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Naomi Osaka]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=27 August 2015|title=US Open 2015: Edmund, Konta, Broady and Klein near main draw|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34082436|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Tamira Paszek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 August 2015|title=Johanna Konta continues winning streak to qualify for US Open|url=http://www.lta.org.uk/major-events/grand-slams/us-open/us-open-news/2015/Johanna-Konta-continues-winning-streak-to-qualify-for-US-Open/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210123957/https://www.lta.org.uk/major-events/grand-slams/us-open/us-open-news/2015/johanna-konta-continues-winning-streak-to-qualify-for-us-open/|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=1 September 2015|website=Lawn Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to dis, na fart win just one Grand Slam main draw match insyd ein career, buh she now add victories over Louisa Chirico,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newbery|first=Piers|date=1 September 2015|title=US Open:Jo Konta and Aljaž Bedene into second-round|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34121582|access-date=2 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; ninth seed Muguruza, den 18th seed Andrea Petkovic, wey extend ein winning streak to 16 matches wey set up a last-16 meeting plus two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newberry|first=Piers|date=5 September 2015|title=US Open: GB's Jo Konta beats Andrea Petkovic in third-round|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34164724|access-date=8 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de match against Muguruza last 3 hours den 23 minutes, de longest women's match at de US Open since na dem introduce de tie-break insyd 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 September 2015|title=Johanna Konta stuns Garbine Muguruza at the US Open|url=http://www.sunderlandecho.com/sport/national/johanna-konta-stuns-garbine-muguruza-at-the-us-open-1-7443230=|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2015|website=Sunderland Echo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na e sanso be fart ein second top-ten win, wey e increase ein head-to-head record against de Spaniard to 2–0. Na Czech fifth seed Kvitová end fart ein run, wey she win insyd two tight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/34181882|title=Konta US Open run ended by Kvitova|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de points accrue during de North American swing lift fart to a new career-high singles ranking of world No. 58.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schooler|first=Andy|date=14 September 2015|title=Konta hits career-high ranking|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/9991177/johanna-konta-hits-career-high-ranking-of-58-after-us-open-run|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307081728/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/9991177/johanna-konta-hits-career-high-ranking-of-58-after-us-open-run|archive-date=7 March 2016|access-date=14 September 2015|website=Sporting Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart ein first event after de US Open be de Wuhan Open, a Premier-5 event, de second highest level on de WTA Tour. Na she win thru qualifying,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 September 2015|title=Wuhan Open: Heather Watson and Johanna Konta win qualifiers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34369815|access-date=26 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; na fart draw against Andrea Petkovic insyd de opening round, a rematch of dema New York meeting. She win once again&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 September 2015|title=Wuhan Open: Johanna Konta beats Andrea Petkovic|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34373088|access-date=27 September 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; to advance to a second-round encounter plus Grand Slam champion den former world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka, wey na she retire after she loose de first set.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 September 2015|title=Johanna Konta marches on in China after Victoria Azarenka retires|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/10010663/johanna-konta-marches-on-in-china-after-victoria-azarenka-retires|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2015|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de third round, na fart face top seed den world No. 2, Simona Halep, wey she cam into de match wey dey lead de WTA insyd hardcourt victories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 September 2015|title=Wuhan Open:Hardcourt Queen Halep Cruises In Wuhan|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5035327/title/hardcourt-queen-halep-cruises-in-wuhan|url-status=live|access-date=1 October 2015|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Halep establish a 5–1 lead insyd de deciding set, only for fart to take six consecutive games as she cam back to win.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 September 2015|title=Wuhan Open:Simona Halep shocked by Johanna Konta|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/30/tennis/tennis-wuhan-open-simona-halep-johanna-konta/|access-date=1 October 2015|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; She exit insyd de quarterfinals after a three-set battle plus Venus Williams,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 October 2015|title=Johanna Konta suffers battling defeat by Venus Williams at Wuhan Open|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/oct/01/johanna-konta-venus-williams-wuhan-open-tennis|url-status=live|access-date=2 October 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she go go on to win de tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 October 2015|title=Venus Williams on verge of qualifying for WTA Finals|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/10/03/tennis/venus-williams-tennis-wta-finals-singapore/|access-date=5 October 2015|publisher=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart ein run insyd Wuhan see ein break into de top 50 for de first time, as ein ranking reach anoda new career high at world No. 49. She sanso take over from Heather Watson as de British number one.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Dalleres|first=Frank|date=2 October 2015|title=Wuhan Open 2015: Johanna Konta earns Venus admiration after Williams sees off Britain's new No1 to reach semi-finals|url=http://www.cityam.com/225675/konta-earns-venus-admiration-after-williams-sees-britain-s-new-no1-reach-wuhan-semi-finals|url-status=live|access-date=17 August 2017|website=City A.M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart ein final event of de season be de Linz Open. She enter insyd qualifying, wer na she be de top seed, buh she loose to Klára Koukalová insyd de final round, ein first defeat against a lower-ranked player since May.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 October 2015|title=Johanna Konta loses to Klara Koukalova in Linz qualifying|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34496121|access-date=13 October 2015|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na fart receive an entry to de main draw despite de loss, as na dem award am a lucky loser spot after Anna Karolína Schmiedlová withdraw secof illness.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 October 2015|title=Generali Ladies Linz Main Draw Singles|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2015/528/MDS.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106030416/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/posting/2015/528/MDS.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2015|access-date=13 October 2015|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she ease past Annika Beck insyd de opening round, buh na he go out at de next stage to Madison Brengle.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=14 October 2015|title=Johanna Konta ousted by Madison Brengle in Linz|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/13886318/johanna-konta-ousted-madison-brengle-generali-ladies-linz-caroline-wozniacki-through|url-status=live|access-date=10 November 2015|publisher=ESPN}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein year-end ranking be 47.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 November 2015|title=Singles Rankings|url=http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2015.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182424/http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2015.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2018|access-date=25 April 2017|website=WTA rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart ein successful year be recognized by dem nominate at de annual WTA Awards. Na she be a finalist insyd de Most Improved Player category,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 November 2015|title=Vote Now: Most Improved Player|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5144222/title/vote-now-most-improved-player|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2015|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she miss out on de award to French Open semifinalist Timea Bacsinszky.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=8 December 2015|title=Bacsinszky: WTA Most Improved Player|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5193069/title/bacsinszky-wta-most-improved-player|url-status=live|access-date=9 December 2015|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2016: First Grand Slam semifinal, top 10 &amp; first WTA Tour title ===
fart get a slow start to 2016 as na she be eliminated insyd de first round at Shenzhen, wer na she be de fifth seed (ein first seeding at WTA Tour level) den sanso at Hobart.

Na fart ein next event see am make ein main-draw debut at de Australian Open. Insyd de opening round she face [[Venus Williams]], wey be seeded eighth. Na dem play de match on Rod Laver Arena, wey fart win insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta shocks Venus Williams at Australian Open|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35349626|access-date=19 January 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart back up ein win by beating Zheng Saisai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=21 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta's Australian Open run continues with win over Saisai Zheng|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/21/johanna-kontas-australian-open-run-continues-with-win-over-saisai-zheng|url-status=live|access-date=21 January 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Denisa Allertová,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 January 2016|title=Australian Open 2016: Johanna Konta beats Denisa Allertova|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35390507|access-date=23 January 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; set up a fourth-round clash plus 21st seed Ekaterina Makarova. fart recover from a set behind to defeat de Russian wey she reach ein first Grand Slam quarterfinal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta reaches Australian Open quarter-finals|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35398263|access-date=25 January 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart defeat qualifier Zhang Shuai insyd de last-eight&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=27 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta marches into Australian Open semi-final by beating Zhang Shuai|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jan/27/johanna-konta-marches-into-australian-open-semi-final-by-beating-shuai-zhang|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; before ein run ultimately cam to an end insyd de semifinals, wer na she loose to eventual champion Angelique Kerber, insyd straight sets.&lt;ref name=&quot;2016aussiesemi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 January 2016|title=Australian Open:Johanna Konta beaten by Angelique Kerber|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35426160|access-date=27 January 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, she cam be de first British female player to reach a Grand Slam singles semifinal insyd 32 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta becomes Britain's first female grand slam semi-finalist since 1983|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/14232818.Johanna_Konta_becomes_Britain_s_first_grand_slam_semi_finalist_since_1983/?ref=rss|url-status=live|access-date=28 January 2016|website=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart sanso team up plus countrywoman Heather Watson to play de doubles. Dem beat a seeded pair insyd de opening round before she exit at de next stage. Na fart be at new career highs insyd de post-tournament rankings, wey move up to world No. 28 for singles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 February 2016|title=Johanna Konta up to No 28 in new WTA world rankings|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/10151115/johanna-konta-up-to-no-28-in-new-wta-world-rankings|url-status=live|access-date=8 February 2016|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na she break into de top 100 for de first time insyd doubles, at world No. 95. She sanso pass de $1&amp;nbsp;million mark for career earnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hall|first=Joe|date=27 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta earnings: Australian Open prize money doubles career total in six months and past $1m mark|url=http://www.cityam.com/233181/johanna-konta-earnings-australian-open-prize-money-doubles-career-total-in-six-months-and-past-1m-mark|url-status=live|access-date=8 February 2016|website=City A.M.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart take a brief break secof illness dey follow de Australian Open,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 January 2016|title=Johanna Konta forced to pull out of Fed Cup with illness|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35455750|access-date=22 February 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; returning to action for de spring North American hardcourt swing. Na she be de fourth seed for de Mexican Open insyd Acapulco, wer na she exit insyd de second round, den sanso for de Monterrey Open, wer na she reach de quarterfinals wey she loose to Kirsten Flipkens. fart then move go de United States to participate insyd de Premier Mandatory events, de highest level on de WTA Tour, at Indian Wells den Miami. Na dem seed am 25th at Indian Wells, wich give am a bye into de second round wer na she defeat Madison Brengle. fart then beat Denisa Allertová, before she exit insyd de fourth round to 18th seed Karolína Plíšková.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/16/johanna-konta-knocked-out-indian-wells-karolina-pliskova-bnp-paribas-open|title=Johanna Konta knocked out of Indian Wells by Karolina Pliskova|agency=Press Association|date=16 March 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=18 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart move on to Miami, wer na dem she seed am 24th, wich san see ein benefit from a bye to de second round. Wins over Danka Kovinić den Elena Vesnina take fart to de last 16, wer she beat 32nd seed Monica Niculescu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 March 2016|title=Konta into last eight but Watson crashes out|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/15084664/johanna-konta-miami-open-quarters-heather-watson-crashes-out|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She loose insyd de quarterfinals to Victoria Azarenka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 March 2016|title=Johanna Konta beaten by Victoria Azarenka in Miami Open|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/mar/30/johanna-konta-loses-miami-open-victoria-azarenka|access-date=4 April 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey be en route to completing de Indian Wells/Miami Double.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 April 2016|title=On Form Azarenka Claims Miami Crown|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5465487/title/on-form-azarenka-claims-miami-crown|url-status=live|access-date=4 April 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart ein form insyd [[North America]] see ein rise to a new career-high ranking of 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 April 2016|title=Johanna Konta climbs to career-high 21st in world rankings|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35957814|access-date=4 April 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De WTA Tour then make ein spring switch to clay. fart get a disappointing start on de surface as she loose ein opening match insyd Stuttgart, before she retire plus illness during de first round insyd Madrid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 May 2016|title=Madrid Open: Johanna Konta withdraws because of illness|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36177423|access-date=6 May 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein form improve insyd Rome as she beat Johanna Larsson wey she then upset world number seven Roberta Vinci,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=11 May 2016|title=Johanna Konta claims top-10 scalp with Rome Masters win over Roberta Vinci|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/may/11/heather-watson-out-of-rome-masters-after-losing-to-barbara-strycova-tennis|access-date=12 May 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she exit insyd de third round to Misaki Doi. fart move on to Paris for de French Open. Na she be 20th seed, de first time dem see am at a Grand Slam, buh na dem eliminate am insyd de opening round by Julia Görges.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 May 2016|title=Johanna Konta and Laura Robson out of French Open in first round|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36369526|access-date=26 May 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart enter de grass-court season as world No. 18 as ein ranking climb to a new high despite ein opening-round loss at Roland Garros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 June 2016|title=Johanna Konta: British number one reaches highest career ranking|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36457962|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; After early losses at de Nottingham Open den de Birmingham Classic, fart reach de semifinal insyd Eastbourne, de site of ein breakout performance insyd 2015. Na ein run include a victory over two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitová insyd de third round,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 June 2016|title=Eastbourne: Johanna Konta beats Petra Kvitova|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36602364|url-status=live|access-date=25 June 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na dem end am insyd de last four by Karolína Plíšková.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 June 2016|title=Eastbourne: Johanna Konta loses to Karolina Pliskova in semis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36621914|access-date=25 June 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jo_Konta_(27855760200).jpg|right|thumb|fart at de 2016 Wimbledon Championships]]
Na fart be de first home player to be seeded insyd de ladies singles at Wimbledon insyd over 30 years as she take de No. 16 spot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Roberts|first=Ewan|date=23 June 2016|title=Wimbledon 2016 seedings: Johanna Konta first British female seed since 1984 as Serena Williams leads the way|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/23/wimbledon-2016-seedings-johanna-konta-first-british-female-seed-since-1984-as-serena-williams-leads-the-way-5962889/|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2016|website=Metro}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she record ein first ever win at de venue by she beat Monica Puig insyd a rain-affected opening round match,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 June 2016|title=Johanna Konta seals first win at Wimbledon by beating Mónica Puig|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/29/johanna-konta-first-wimbledon-win-beating-monica-puig|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she go out at de next stage to former finalist Eugenie Bouchard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fordyce|first=Tom|date=30 June 2016|title=Wimbledon 2016: Johanna Konta loses to Eugenie Bouchard|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36675124|access-date=1 July 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dey follow Wimbledon, fart change surface to hardcourts to play de Stanford Classic. Insyd de semifinals she beat Dominika Cibulková,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 July 2016|title=Johanna Konta beats Dominika Cibulkova to reach final in Stanford|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36876477|access-date=23 July 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na lead de WTA insyd match wins at de time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 July 2016|title=Cibulkova Back in Top 10 &amp; Stanford SF|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5749193/title/cibulkova-back-in-top-10-stanford-sf|url-status=live|access-date=25 July 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart then defeat two-time former champion Venus Williams insyd de final to claim ein first WTA title. De week wey dey follow, she reach de quarterfinals of de Canadian Open,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 July 2016|title=Johanna Konta and Kristina Kucova to meet after third-round Rogers Cup victories|url=http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/johanna-konta-and-kristina-kucova-to-meet-after-third-round-rogers-cup-victories_sto5701190/story.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=29 July 2016|website=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt; na de women's portion of wich na dem hold insyd Montreal. Na she be within one victory of breaking into de top ten, buh na she miss out on de landmark after she suffer a surprise defeat to Kristina Kučová.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 July 2016|title=Rogers Cup: Johanna Konta misses out on top 10 with defeat by Kristína Kucova|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/36929254|access-date=30 July 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de Rio Olympics be fart ein next event, as she represent Britain insyd singles, women's doubles den mixed doubles. Na dem seed am tenth insyd singles, wey she ease past Stephanie Vogt (Liechtenstein) den Caroline Garcia (France) insyd de first den second round respectively. fart reach de quarterfinals after she beat Svetlana Kuznetsova (Russia) insyd de third round,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=10 August 2016|title=Jo Konta beats Svetlana Kuznetsova to reach last eight in Rio|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/09/johanna-konta-beats-svetlana-kuznetsova-to-reach-olympic-last-eight-in-rio|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na dem knock am out insyd de last eight by Angelique Kerber (Germany).&lt;ref name=&quot;olympicqf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 August 2016|title=Johanna Konta beaten by Angelique Kerber at Rio 2016 Olympic tennis|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/10532414/johanna-konta-beaten-by-angelique-kerber-at-rio-2016-olympic-tennis|url-status=live|access-date=12 August 2016|publisher=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart partner Heather Watson insyd doubles, wey she reach de second round before she exit to Chinese Taipei (Chan Hao-ching den Chan Yung-jan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 August 2016|title=Result: Johanna Konta, Heather Watson eliminated from doubles|url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/tennis/team-gb/rio-2016-olympics/result/result-konta-watson-eliminated-from-doubles_278477.html|access-date=9 August 2016|publisher=Sports Mole}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she team up plus Jamie Murray insyd de mixed, wey she loose insyd de opening round to de eventual gold medallists (de United States pairing of Bethanie Mattek-Sands den Jack Sock).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 August 2016|title=Andy Murray and Heather Watson through, Jamie Murray and Johanna Konta fall at first hurdle|url=http://www.eurosport.co.uk/tennis/rio-mixed-doubles/2016/andy-murray-and-heather-watson-through-jamie-murray-and-johanna-konta-fall-at-first-hurdle_sto5718303/story.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=12 August 2016|publisher=Eurosport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After Rio, de WTA Tour resume plus de Cincinnati Open. fart reach de third round before she go out to Agnieszka Radwańska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 August 2016|title=Radwanska Dances into Last Eight|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5818738/title/radwanska-dances-into-last-eight|url-status=live|access-date=18 August 2016|publisher=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; She move on to de US Open wey she record victories insyd de opening two rounds over Bethanie Mattek-Sands&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 August 2016|title=Johanna Konta starts US Open campaign with victory over Bethanie Mattek-Sands|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/aug/29/johanna-konta-starts-us-open-campaign-with-victory-over-bethanie-mattek-sands|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; den Tsvetana Pironkova. De win over Pironkova cam despite a health scare towards de end of de second set, na fart collapse on court wey na she require medical attention before she go fi continue.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Armstrong|first=Kevin|date=31 August 2016|title=Johanna Konta rebounds after collapsing at US Open, beats Tsvetana Pironkova|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/johanna-konta-collapses-open-rebounds-win-2nd-article-1.2773435|url-status=live|access-date=1 September 2016|website=New York Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart take just 52 minutes to beat 24th seed Belinda Bencic insyd de third-round,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/09/02/us-open-johanna-konta-sweeps-past-belinda-bencic-and-into-fourth/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/09/02/us-open-johanna-konta-sweeps-past-belinda-bencic-and-into-fourth/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=US Open: Johanna Konta sweeps past Belinda Bencic and into fourth round with 52 minute victory|work=The Daily Telegraph|last=Briggs|first=Simon|date=2 September 2016|access-date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey match ein run to de last 16 from de previous year. Na dem eliminate am at dat stage by Anastasija Sevastova.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=4 September 2016|title=Johanna Konta suffers shock US Open defeat to Latvia's Anastasija Sevastova|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/sep/04/johanna-konta-us-open-defeat-anastasija-sevastova|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de final weeks of de season see fart plus de opportunity of breaking into de top ten den dey qualify for de WTA Finals for de first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 September 2016|title=Konta on the verge of new landmarks|url=http://www.supersport.com/Tennis/wta/news/160926/Konta_on_the_verge_of_new_landmarks|url-status=live|access-date=26 September 2016|publisher=SuperSport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein first event on de Far Eastern leg of de WTA Tour be de Wuhan Open. Na a repeat of ein Australian Open quarterfinal victory over Zhang Shuai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=27 September 2016|title=Johanna Konta beats Zhang Shuai to reach last-16 at Wuhan Open|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37486412|access-date=28 September 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; take fart to de third round. Na der she defeat Carla Suárez Navarro&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=28 September 2016|title=Konta Edges Towards RTS Top 8, Halep One Win Away From Singapore|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5933550/title/konta-edges-towards-rts-top-8-halep-one-win-away-from-singapore|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; to record ein fifth top ten win of 2016 wey she set up a last-eight meeting plus Petra Kvitová,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 September 2016|title=Wuhan Thursday: Quarterfinal Clashes Kick Off|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5933706/title/wuhan-thursday-quarterfinal-clashes-kick-off|url-status=live|access-date=29 September 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer na she be knocked out of de competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 October 2016|title=Johanna Konta falls to Petra Kvitova in the Wuhan Open quarter-finals|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/10598345/johanna-konta-falls-to-petra-kvitova-in-the-wuhan-open-quarter-finals|url-status=live|access-date=4 October 2016|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de week wey follow see fart insyd Beijing for de China Open. Na dem draw am to face Sevastova insyd de opening round insyd a re-match of dema US Open meeting of a few weeks prior, na fart gain revenge for de defeat insyd New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 October 2016|title=Johanna Konta crushes Anastasija Sevastova in China Open first round|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/oct/02/johanna-konta-anastasija-sevastova-china-open-first-round|url-status=live|access-date=4 September 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na victory over Tímea Babos at de next stage set up a third-round clash plus Karolína Plíšková,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 October 2016|title=Johanna Konta beats Timea Babos to reach China Open third-round|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37560149|access-date=5 October 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich na fart win,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 October 2016|title=China Open: Johanna Konta beats Karolina Pliskova to reach quarter-finals|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37571424|access-date=7 October 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey reverse a previous 0–5 head-to-head record against de Czech.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 October 2016|title=Beijing Thursday: Radwanska, Wozniacki Renew Rivalry, Halep Gets Zhang Rematch|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5953524/title/beijing-thursday-radwanska-wozniacki-renew-rivalry-halep-gets-zhang-rematch|url-status=live|access-date=7 October 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart progress to de semifinal by she beat Chinese number one, Zhang Shuai, for de second successive week.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 October 2016|title=China's Zhang stopped by Konta at China Open quarters|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-10/07/c_135736859.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008173436/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-10/07/c_135736859.htm|archive-date=8 October 2016|access-date=7 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; She defeat Madison Keys insyd de last four to reach ein first Premier Mandatory final. Na victory over Keys see fart enter de top ten for de first time insyd ein career, wey make am de first British woman since Jo Durie insyd 1984 to be ranked amongst de elite of de WTA. Na e sanso lift am into a qualifying place for de WTA Finals.&lt;ref name=&quot;topten3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/10/08/johanna-konta-reaches-final-of-china-open---and-breaks-into-worl/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2016/10/08/johanna-konta-reaches-final-of-china-open---and-breaks-into-worl/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta reaches final of China Open – and breaks into world Top 10|work=The Daily Telegraph|last=Briggs|first=Simon|date=8 October 2016|access-date=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem beat fart insyd de final by Agnieszka Radwańska.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 October 2016|title=Johanna Konta beaten by Agnieszka Radwanska in China Open final|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37600286|url-status=live|access-date=9 October 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart attempt to consolidate ein Tour Finals place insyd Hong Kong, buh na an abdominal strain force am to pull out of ein second-round match.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 October 2016|title=Johanna Konta: Injured Briton pulls out of Hong Kong Open|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37641332|access-date=17 October 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; She slip outsyd de qualifying spots wen na Dominika Cibulková win de tournament insyd Linz, wich secure de last place for de Slovak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 October 2016|title=Cibulkova wins to reach WTA Finals|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/10620259/dominika-cibulkova-wins-generali-ladies-linz-to-book-place-in-wta-finals|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018230134/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/10620259/dominika-cibulkova-wins-generali-ladies-linz-to-book-place-in-wta-finals|archive-date=18 October 2016|access-date=17 October 2016|website=Sporting Life}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, na de subsequent withdrawal of Serena Williams give fart anoda chance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=17 October 2016|title=Serena Williams withdraws from WTA Finals due to shoulder injury, Johanna Konta likely to replace her|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/serena-williams-withdraws-wta-finals-due-shoulder-injury-johanna-konta-likely-replace-her-1586752|url-status=live|access-date=17 October 2016|website=International Business Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na she already travel to Singapore to practice,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=22 October 2016|title=WATCH: Muguruza, Konta Practice In Singapore Ahead Of WTA Finals|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/6000574/title/watch-muguruza-konta-practice-in-singapore-ahead-of-wta-finals|url-status=live|access-date=4 November 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; only to be pipped for de final place less dan 24 hours before de start of de event wen Svetlana Kuznetsova win de title insyd Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37740004|title=Konta misses out on WTA Finals place|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; fart remain at de venue as an alternate,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 October 2016|title=Players call for change with Johanna Konta on sidelines in Singapore|url=http://www.tennis.com/pro-game/2016/10/fellow-players-call-change-johanna-konta-edged-singapore/62030/|url-status=live|access-date=4 November 2016|website=Tennis}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh na she be unused. If na fart qualify insyd de Tour Finals, she go be de first British woman since Jo Durie insyd de 1984 Virginia Slims Championships. Dey follow ein eventual absence from de WTA Finals ein lineup, fart enter de WTA Elite Trophy a week later insyd Zhuhai, China. Na dem place am insyd de Azalea Group alongside Sam Stosur den Caroline Garcia. fart open am plus a win over Stosur wey guarantee she go fini de season dem rank insyd de WTA ein top ten, de first Briton to achieve dis since 1983.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 November 2016|title=Johanna Konta returns to form by beating Sam Stosur in WTA Elite Trophy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/nov/02/johanna-konta-beats-samantha-stosur-zhuhai|url-status=live|access-date=4 November 2016|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then beat Garcia to top de group wey na she progress to a semifinal against Elina Svitolina,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=4 November 2016|title=Johanna Konta beats Caroline Garcia at WTA Elite Trophy to reach semi-finals|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37870315|access-date=4 November 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; wich na Svitolina win to end fart ein season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/37883205|title=Konta loses in WTA Elite Trophy semi|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart lead de 2016 WTA Tour insyd points she win behind second serve, wey na she sit third for top-ten wins, hardcourt-match wins den tie-breaks she win. She sanso feature insyd de top ten of a number of oda statistical categories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2016|title=Match Stats – 2016|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/match_stats_2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204014703/http://www.wtatennis.com/SEWTATour-Archive/Rankings_Stats/match_stats_2016.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2016|access-date=5 December 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem nominate fart as one of de WTA ein Most Improved Players for de second successive year,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 October 2016|title=Vote Now: WTA Most Improved Player|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5968863/title/vote-now-wta-most-improved-player|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey she win de award comfortably on dis occasion plus over 80% of de vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 October 2016|title=Konta: WTA Most Improved Player Of The Year|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/5993863/title/konta-wta-most-improved-player-of-the-year|url-status=live|access-date=25 October 2016|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ein end-of-season ranking be No. 10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 November 2016|title=Singles Rankings|url=http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2016.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723182413/http://cms.wtatennis.com/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/singles_numeric_2016.pdf|archive-date=23 July 2018|access-date=25 April 2017|website=WTA rankings}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After de conclusion of de season, fart announce say she dey part company plus ein coaching team of Esteban Carril den Jose-Manuel Garcia, despite ein 'stellar year'.&lt;ref name=&quot;KontasplitsfromCarril&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 December 2016|title=Johanna Konta: British number one splits with coach Esteban Carril|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/38168708|access-date=5 December 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2017: Miami Open champion, Wimbledon semifinalist ===
fart start dey work plus Belgian coach Wim Fissette during pre-season training.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/johanna-konta-readies-for-new-year-of-challenges-as-she-looks-to-put-year-of-success-and-tragedy-a7477961.html|title=Johanna Konta readies for new challenges ahead as she looks to put year of success, and tragedy, behind her|work=The Independent|date=15 December 2016|access-date=3 January 2017|first=Paul|last=Newman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dema professional relationship begin plus na fart reach de semifinals of ein first event of de new campaign insyd Shenzhen, before na dem beat am insyd de last-four by eventual champion, Kateřina Siniaková.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/tennis/story/_/id/18417755/konta-misses-shenzhen-final-siniakova-sets-riske-clash|title=Konta misses out on Shenzhen final as Siniakova sets up Riske clash|publisher=ESPN|date=7 January 2017|access-date=10 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De week wey dey follow insyd Sydney, she claim ein second WTA Tour title, wey dey avenge ein Beijing loss to world No. 3, Agnieszka Radwańska, insyd de final. Na fart no loose a set insyd de entire tournament.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/johanna-konta-wins-sydney-international-without-dropping-a-set-as-she-eases-past-agnieszka-radwanska-a3439536.html|title=Johanna Konta wins Sydney International without dropping a set as she eases past Agnieszka Radwanska|work=London Evening Standard|date=13 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|first=Tom|last=Dutton}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahead of de Australian Open na dem widely regard fart as a contender for de title.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schooler|first=Andy|date=13 January 2017|title=Konta can conquer all in Melbourne|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/10728017/australian-open-betting-tips-andy-schoolers-womens-singles-preview|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123083059/http://www.sportinglife.com/tennis/news/article/553/10728017/australian-open-betting-tips-andy-schoolers-womens-singles-preview|archive-date=23 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|website=Sporting Life}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCAKBN14Z077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195444/http://ca.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idCAKBN14Z077|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2017|title=Dark horse Konta keeping it all in perspective|work=Reuters|date=15 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|first=Nick|last=Mulvenney}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/sport/tennis/annabel-croft-backs-johanna-konta-to-win-first-grand-slam-at-australian-open-after-sydney-success-a3439781.html|title=Annabel Croft backs Johanna Konta to win first Grand Slam at Australian Open after Sydney success|work=London Evening Standard|date=13 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017|first=Matt|last=Majendie}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mulvenney|first=Nick|date=22 December 2016|title=Australian Open 2017: Tennis WTA Odds, Pick, Predictions, Dark Horses|url=http://sportschatplace.com/tennis-picks/2017/australian-open-2017-tennis-wta-odds-pick-predictions-dark-horses|access-date=15 October 2022|website=sportschatplace.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She record victories over Kirsten Flipkens,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/38646307|title=Australian Open 2017: Johanna Konta, Heather Watson and Kyle Edmund win|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Naomi Osaka,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/38673037|title=Australian Open 2017: Johanna Konta wins but Heather Watson and Kyle Edmund lose|publisher=BBC Sport|date=19 January 2017|access-date=19 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; former world No. 1, [[Caroline Wozniacki]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/konta-douses-japanese-threat-australian-open-015221316--ten.html|title=Konta sets up Australian Open blockbuster against Wozniacki|publisher=Yahoo!|date=19 January 2017|access-date=20 January 2017|first=Martin|last=Parry|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070301/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/konta-douses-japanese-threat-australian-open-015221316--ten.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; wer na she hit 31 winners to six wey she no face a single break point on serve,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Trollope|first=Matt|date=21 January 2017|title=Konta brushes Wozniacki aside|url=http://www.ausopen.com/en_AU/news/match_reports/2017-01-21/konta_brushes_wozniacki_aside.html|access-date=21 January 2017|publisher=Australian Open}}&lt;/ref&gt; den 30th seed Ekaterina Makarova to reach de quarterfinals widout dropping a set.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 January 2017|title=KONTA CONQUERS MAKAROVA, BOOKS SERENA CLASH IN OZ OPEN QF|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/6257108/title/konta-conquers-makarova-books-serena-clash-in-oz-open-qf|url-status=live|access-date=23 January 2017|publisher=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem then beat fart insyd de last eight by de eventual champion, Serena Williams.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 January 2017|title=Serena Williams overwhelms Johanna Konta to enter Australian Open semis|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tennis/serena-williams-overwhelms-johanna-konta-to-enter-australian-open-semis/story-VIVmvOiLwerdbpGMxyNtEN_amp.html?client=safari|access-date=25 January 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ein next action be insyd de Fed Cup Euro/Africa Zone Group I. fart win her three singles matches insyd de round-robin pool as Britain reach a promotion play-off against Croatia. Insyd de play-off fart suffer a surprise singles defeat against Ana Konjuh, buh na she then team up plus Heather Watson to beat Konjuh den Darija Jurak insyd de decisive doubles wey dem send Britain forward to a World Group II play-off later insyd de year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/02/11/great-britain-reach-fed-cup-world-group-first-time-24-years/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/02/11/great-britain-reach-fed-cup-world-group-first-time-24-years/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta and Heather Watson keep Great Britain's Fed Cup run alive|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=11 February 2017|access-date=24 February 2017|first=Simon|last=Briggs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Watson go from teammate to opponent as fart win an all-British clash insyd de second round at Indian Wells,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 March 2017|title=Johanna Konta beats team-mate Heather Watson at Indian Wells|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/mar/11/johanna-konta-heather-watson-indian-wells|access-date=27 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she exit at de next stage against Caroline Garcia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39250341|title=Johanna Konta: British number one loses to Caroline Garcia in third-round at Indian Wells|publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 March 2017|access-date=27 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De WTA Tour then traverse de United States to Miami, wer na fart progress to a quarterfinal meeting plus third seed Simona Halep. Na Halep be twice two points from victory, wen she dey serve for de match at 5–4 insyd de second set den again insyd de subsequent tie-break, buh na both times fart recover den eventually win insyd three sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 March 2017|title=Konta Outpaces Halep To Reach Miami Semi-finals|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/article/6442318/title/konta-outpaces-halep-to-reach-miami-semifinals|url-status=live|access-date=30 March 2017|publisher=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then defeat Venus Williams insyd de semifinal to progress thru to ein second Premier Mandatory final.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/03/31/johanna-konta-defeats-venus-williams-set-miami-open-final-showdown/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/03/31/johanna-konta-defeats-venus-williams-set-miami-open-final-showdown/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta defeats Venus Williams to set up Miami Open final showdown with Caroline Wozniacki|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Simon|last=Briggs|date=31 March 2017|access-date=10 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der, na she defeat Wozniacki to win de biggest title of ein career to date, wey dey ensure ein re-entry into de WTA ein top ten at a new career-high ranking of No. 7.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC20170401a2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 April 2017|title=Johanna Konta beats Caroline Wozniacki to claim Miami Open title|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/39468069|access-date=2 April 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus Premier Mandatory events second only to Grand Slams in terms prestige, na sam commentators rate fart ein Miami triumph as de most notable title for a British women since na Virginia Wade win Wimbledon 40 years previously.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/tennis/article/kontas-hopes-for-wimbledon-soar-with-miami-win-srxxjhdmb|title=Konta's hopes for Wimbledon soar with Miami win|work=The Times|first=Stuart|last=Fraser|date=3 April 2017|access-date=10 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey follow ein Miami triumph, fart return to Europe wey na she join back-up plus de British Fed Cup team as na dem travelled to face Romania insyd de World Group II play-offs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 April 2017|title=Aegon GB Fed Cup Team unchanged for Romania clash|url=https://www.lta.org.uk/major-events/international-events/fed-cup/fed-cup-news/2017/anne-keothavong-names-aegon-gb-fed-cup-team-to-face-romania/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113005416/https://www.lta.org.uk/major-events/international-events/fed-cup/fed-cup-news/2017/anne-keothavong-names-aegon-gb-fed-cup-team-to-face-romania/|archive-date=13 November 2017|access-date=6 May 2017|website=LTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de tie be marked by a number of incidents wey dey involve Romanian captain Ilie Năstase,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Millar|first=Benjamin|date=22 April 2017|title=Former tennis star Ilie Nastase under fire for racist Serena Williams comment|url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/former-tennis-star-ilie-nastase-under-fire-for-racist-serena-williams-comment-20170422-gvq6do.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2017|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Badshah|first=Nadeem|date=24 April 2017|title=Anna Keothavong says Ilie Nastase behaved badly at dinner|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/10848942/anna-keothavong-says-ilie-nastase-behaved-badly-at-dinner|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2017|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/04/22/ilie-nastase-launches-nasty-outburst-british-journalist-reporting/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/04/22/ilie-nastase-launches-nasty-outburst-british-journalist-reporting/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Ilie Nastase brands female British journalist 'stupid' after reporting his racist comment about Serena's baby|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=22 April 2017|access-date=6 May 2017|last1=Sport|first1=Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey dey culminate in na dem remove am from de court wey na dem revoke ein accreditation, wey effectively exclude am from de venue for de remainder of de tie, after na he verbally abuse fart den British team skipper Anne Keothavong during de former ein opening day singles rubber against Sorana Cîrstea.&lt;ref name=&quot;fedcupnastase&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ostlere|first=Lawrence|date=22 April 2017|title=Ilie Nastase sparks Fed Cup chaos with foul-mouthed outburst in Romania v GB|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/apr/21/ilie-nastase-faces-censure-racist-comments-serena-williams-tennis|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2017|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart break down in tears over de abuse dey follow Nastase ein ejection, wey na dem suspend play make dem allow am time to compose einself. Na fart dey trail insyd de second set prior to de interruption, buh on resumption she win five successive games to overturn de deficit wey na she win de match, wich level de tie at one rubber each.&lt;ref name=&quot;fedcupnastase&quot; /&gt; Na fart subsequently loose to Simona Halep as Romania win by three rubbers to two.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 April 2017|title=Fed Cup: GB beaten in Romania as Johanna Konta and Heather Watson lose|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/39684043|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem later fine Năstase wey na dem ban am for ein behavior.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=21 July 2017|title=Decision in the case of Ilie Nastase|url=http://www.itftennis.com/news/265953.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721173313/http://www.itftennis.com/news/265953.aspx|archive-date=21 July 2021|access-date=27 July 2017|website=ITF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In de wake of de controversial Fed Cup tie fart return to WTA play for de clay-court season. Na ein first event on de surface be at Stuttgart, wer she be eliminated insyd de second round by Anastasija Sevastova. She sanso loose insyd de opening round insyd Madrid to Laura Siegemund, den de third round insyd Rome to Venus Williams. Na dem seed fart seventh insyd de French Open, buh na she be upset by Hsieh Su-wei de first round. She remain yet to win a main draw match insyd Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=30 May 2017|title=Johanna Konta's clay troubles resurface in French Open first-round exit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/may/30/johanna-konta-french-open-first-round-tennis-hsieh-su-wei|access-date=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart begin de grass-court swing insyd Nottingham, wer na she be de top seed. She reach de final, ein first at Tour level on home soil den on grass, buh na she upset by Donna Vekić insyd de title match.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40320764|title=Nottingham Open: Donna Vekić upsets Johanna Konta to win title|date=18 June 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=18 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; De week wey dey follow see dem eliminate fart insyd de second round insyd Birmingham. She then compete at de Eastbourne International. Dey follow a bye into de second round, fart beat Sorana Cîrstea,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40432185|title=Eastbourne: Johanna Konta breezes past Sorana Cîrstea in second round|date=28 June 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; French Open champion Jeļena Ostapenko den world No. 1, Angelique Kerber, to reach de semifinals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/40445625|title=Eastbourne 2017: Johanna Konta beats top seed Angelique Kerber|date=29 June 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=29 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; She pull out of de tournament on de morning of ein semifinal secof a back injury she sustain insyd ein quarterfinal match against Kerber, wey na raise questions over ein fitness for Wimbledon de week wey dey follow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=30 June 2017|title=Johanna Konta's Wimbledon challenge in doubt after Eastbourne withdrawal|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jun/30/johanna-konta-aegon-international-eastbourne-withdrawal-tennis|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na fart show no ill-effects of de injury as she face Hsieh Su-wei insyd de opening round of a Grand Slam championship for de second time in a row, wey defeat ein insyd straight sets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Steinberg|first=Jacob|date=3 July 2017|title=Johanna Konta shows no ill-effects in Wimbledon stroll past Hsieh Su-wei|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/jul/03/johanna-konta-wimbledon-hsieh-su-wei-back-injury|access-date=17 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de second round, she record a three-set victory over Donna Vekić insyd a rematch of de Nottingham final.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 July 2017|title=2017 Wimbledon: Konta wins epic against Vekic|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/news/konta-wins-epic-against-vekic|url-status=live|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wins against Maria Sakkari den Caroline Garcia see fart reach de quarterfinals, wer na she defeat second seed Simona Halep, wey deny Halep de world No. 1 ranking wey she cam be de first British woman to reach de Wimbledon singles semifinals since Virginia Wade insyd 1978.&lt;ref name=&quot;20170711a3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/11/johanna-konta-vs-simona-halep-wimbledon-2017-live-score-updates/|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tennis/2017/07/11/johanna-konta-vs-simona-halep-wimbledon-2017-live-score-updates/|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Johanna Konta becomes first British woman since 1978 to reach Wimbledon semi-finals with battling win over Simona Halep|date=11 July 2017|access-date=17 July 2017|work=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem beat am insyd de last four by Venus Williams.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newberry|first=Piers|date=13 July 2017|title=Wimbledon 2017: Venus Williams beats Johanna Konta in semi-final|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40596212|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na fart ein ranking reach a new career-high of world No. 4.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Newberry|first=Piers|date=17 July 2017|title=Johanna Konta up to fourth in rankings, Andy Murray remains number one|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40624785|access-date=17 July 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na she opt to skip de defence of ein Stanford title, fart begin ein North American hard court swing insyd Toronto. Na ein opening match be against Ekaterina Makarova, wich na she loose despite she hold match points insyd de second set.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 August 2017|title=Rogers Cup 2017: Johanna Konta loses to Ekaterina Makarova|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/40883136|access-date=18 August 2017|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; De week wey dey follow insyd Cincinnati, she reach de quarterfinals plus wins over Kiki Bertens den Dominika Cibulková, before she loose to Simona Halep insyd de quarterfinal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 August 2017|title=Jo Konta out of Cincinnati Masters after quarter-final defeat to Simona Halep|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/jo-konta-result-score-cincinnati-masters-simona-halep-a7901686.html|website=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For she be de first woman since 1978 to reach de Wimbledon semifinal den de first to win a Premier Mandatory title, na dem nominate fart for de 2017 BBC Sports Personality of de Year Award, wey she place 11th of de 12 nominees on de public ein vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/sports-personality/42387099|title=BBC Sports Personality of the Year 2017: World 10,000m champion Mo Farah wins|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 December 2017|access-date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2018: Struggle plus form ===
On resuming WTA play, na fart be eliminated prior to de quarterfinals of ein next three tournaments,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43078345|title=Qatar Open: Angelique Kerber beats Johanna Konta to reach quarter-finals|date=15 February 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43147910|title=Johanna Konta beaten in the last 16 of the Dubai Duty Free Championships|date=21 February 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43352332|title=Indian Wells: Johanna Konta &amp; Garbine Muguruza out in BNP Paribas second round|date=10 March 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; before she fail to defend ein title insyd Miami, wey she loose insyd de fourth round to Venus Williams.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/43550581|title=Miami Open: Johanna Konta beaten by Venus Williams, Sloane Stephens &amp; Victoria Azarenka also through|date=27 March 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=14 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; She sanso exit early insyd de clay-court event at Charleston.

=== 2019: Return to top 20, deep runs insyd majors ===
Despite she loose insyd de first round of both ein US Open warm-up events,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johanna Konta loses to Rebecca Petersen in Cincinnati|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49326364|publisher=BBC Sport|date=13 August 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; once at de US Open, fart go on de best run of ein career to date at de venue, wey she beat former top ten player Daria Kasatkina&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=US Open 2019: Johanna Konta &amp; Dan Evans advance but Harriet Dart &amp; Cameron Norrie lose|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/49476397|publisher=BBC Sport|date=27 August 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; den third seed Karolína Plíšková&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Johanna Konta has eyes on US Open final after Karolina Pliskova win|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2019/sep/01/johanna-konta-us-open-karolina-pliskova-win|work=The Guardian|first=Kevin|last=Mitchell|date=1 September 2019|access-date=2 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; en route to de quarterfinals, wer na she loose to Elina Svitolina. Na she no play insyd anoda tournament dey follow de US Open, wey na she fini de year as No. 12.

=== 2020: Mixed results, steady ranking ===
Dey start ein season at de Brisbane International, na fart loose insyd de first round to Barbora Strýcová. She then participate at de Australian Open, wer na she suffer a shock first-round exit to Ons Jabeur. Na ein next tournament be at St. Petersburg, wer, in receipt of a first round bye, she loose to qualifier Océane Dodin insyd de second round. Na ein next tournament be at Monterrey, wer na she reach de semifinals, wey she defeat Kim Clijsters, Tatjana Maria, den Anastasia Potapova, before she fall to eventual runner-up Marie Bouzková. Na dem schedule am to play at Indian Wells, buh na dem suspend de tour secof de COVID-19 pandemic.

=== 2021: Nottingham title, struggles plus form, rankings drop, retirement ===
At de Gippsland Trophy insyd Melbourne, fart win ein first match of de year against Bernarda Pera, before she loose to Irina-Camelia Begu. Australian Open, na fart retire from ein first-round match against Kaja Juvan plus an abdominal injury. fart loose insyd de first round to Shelby Rogers insyd Adelaide, second round to Petra Kvitová insyd Miami, second round to Anastasija Sevastova insyd Madrid, den first round to Jeļena Ostapenko insyd Rome. fart loose insyd de first round of de French Open to Sorana Cîrstea.

fart win ein first title insyd four years at de Nottingham Open on grass, wey she beat Lesley Pattinama Kerkhove, Kateryna Kozlova, Alison Van Uytvanck den Nina Stojanović to reach de final, wer na she beat Zhang Shuai insyd under an hour.

fart for withdraw from Wimbledon secof na one of ein team test positive for [[COVID-19]], wey force am to endure a quarantine.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/57632878 Wimbledon 2021: Johanna Konta out of Grand Slam due to Covid contact]&lt;/ref&gt;

At de Canadian Open insyd Montreal, na fart defeat Zhang Shuai insyd de first round, dey follow ein retirement insyd de second set. She then play third seed Elina Svitolina, wey na fart claim ein first win against Svitolina after she loose dema first five matches. Insys de third round, na dem force fart to withdraw against Coco Gauff.

Next she play insyd de 2021 Western &amp; Southern Open, buh na she loose insyd de first round to Karolína Muchová insyd three sets. She withdraw from de US Open, wey na she no play anoda match for de rest of de season. Na ein ranking drop to No. 82 insyd October 2021, den, na after residual points from de 2019 season drop, ein ranking fall to No. 113 insyd de world by 29 November 2021, ein lowest ranking since August 2015.

On 1 December 2021, fart announce ein retirement from professional tennis, wey na she suffer from a long-term right knee injury.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Johanna Konta announces retirement from tennis|url=https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2372307/johanna-konta-announces-retirement-from-tennis|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Women's Tennis Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 December 2021|title=Johanna Konta: British former Wimbledon semi-finalist and world number four retires|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/59466439|access-date=1 December 2021|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Playing style ==
Na fart be an aggressive baseliner, wey na ein game center around ein flat, quick, den powerful groundstrokes. Na dem know fart for creating sharp angles, wey she be able to hit winners from any position on de court. According to WTA match stats insyd 2016, na she be fourth insyd ace counts, she win 62% of ein service points, 74.8% of service games wey she win chaw of de second serve points at 52.7%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WTA Stats|url=http://www.wtatennis.com/stats|access-date=11 February 2018|website=WTA}}&lt;/ref&gt; She prefer to attack from de baseline, rather dan to cam to de net to volley. Na dem often criticize fart by commentators for a lack of mental toughness den a lack of variety anaa a &quot;plan B&quot; insyd tough match situations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=Jay Thakkar |title=Konta lacks variety Virginia Wade Analysis of Johanna Konta Wimbledon 2017 |date=14 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4js5glJ8LlY |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109051031/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4js5glJ8LlY&amp;gl=US&amp;hl=en |archive-date=2019-11-09 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/tennis/44727875|title=Johanna Konta: What has gone wrong for the British number one?|date=5 July 2018|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=9 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh after she hire Dimitri Zavialoff as ein coach, she utilise more drop shots wey na she try to cam insyd more often although she retain an uncomfortable relationship plus de net wey na she never look truly comfortable der. Na grass be ein favourite surface, buh de majority of ein success cam on hard courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Johanna Konta: An In Depth Look At Her Game|url=http://burnstennis.blogspot.com/2017/05/johanna-konta-in-depth-look-at-her-game.html|access-date=11 February 2018|website=Laurie's Tennis articles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endorsements ==
Na fart ein clothing sponsor be Asics til 2019, wen na she switch go Ellesse. Na ein racquet sponsor be Babolat. She endorse de Babolat Pure Aero range of racquets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Johanna Konta Gear|url=http://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=JKONTA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123002946/https://www.tennis-warehouse.com/player.html?ccode=JKONTA|archive-date=23 January 2019|access-date=18 June 2017|website=tennis-warehouse.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2017, she cam be de first UK ambassador of Nature Valley cereal bars as part of dema British Tennis partnership. Insyd 2019 British accessories brand Radley name fart as ein second celebrity brand ambassador, as de face of ein Radley Spirit campaign. In addition to fronting de Radley Spirit campaign ahead of Wimbledon, fart sanso curate a collection of ein favourite pieces from de spring/summer 2019 collection, de Johanna fart collection.

== Coaching ==
Na fart initially train at de Sánchez-Casal Academy insyd Barcelona, before ein parents decide to settle insyd Great Britain insyd 2005,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/meet-the-hungaroaussie-brit-7878667.html|title=Meet the Hungaro-Aussie Brit... – Johanna Konta has three passports, a world ranking of 217 – and a wild card into Wimbledon|last=Newman|first=Paul|work=The Independent|date=24 June 2012|access-date=26 June 2012|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; den at de Roddick Lavalle Academy insyd Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Roddick Lavalle Academy: Alumni|url=http://www.roddicklavalleacademy.com/alumni.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317181109/http://www.roddicklavalleacademy.com/alumni.html|archive-date=17 March 2012|website=roddicklavalleacademy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; She train at de National Tennis Academy insyd Roehampton plus LTA-supplied coaches Louis Cayer den, from mid-2012, Julien Picot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 August 2012|title=US Open 2012: Johanna Konta's journey to British citizenship is a weight off her shoulders|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/9506564/US-Open-2012-Johanna-Kontas-journey-to-British-citizenship-is-a-weight-off-her-shoulders.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/tennis/usopen/9506564/US-Open-2012-Johanna-Kontas-journey-to-British-citizenship-is-a-weight-off-her-shoulders.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|access-date=6 September 2015|website=The Daily Telegraph}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 October 2012|title=British tennis hope Johanna Konta returns to Barnstaple tournament|url=http://www.northdevonjournal.co.uk/British-tennis-hope-Johanna-Konta-returns/story-17177807-detail/story.html|access-date=6 September 2015|website=North Devon Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd December 2012, de Lawn Tennis Association announce say na fart be one of 21 players set to receive de LTA ein funding next season, wich be supported thru Team Aegon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1021293/lta-release-new-funding-breakdown|title=LTA Release New Funding Breakdown|publisher=Sky News|date=5 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At de start of 2014, she split from Picot for personal reasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian150624&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 June 2015|title=Johanna Konta beats Garbiñe Muguruza to reach Eastbourne quarter-finals|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jun/24/johanna-konta-beats-garbine-muguruza-eastbourne|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2015|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd August 2014, wen de LTA decide to close de National Tennis Centre as a base for elite players, fart begin dey work plus Spanish coach Esteban Carril.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian150624&quot; /&gt; At de end of 2014, fart begin dey receive help from mental coach Juan Coto, a paddie of Carril ein wey base insyd London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/us-open-2015-johanna-kontas-mind-games-win-through-while-laura-robson-loses-her-head-10482092.html|title=US Open 2015: Johanna Konta's mind games win through while Laura Robson loses her head|work=The Independent|date=1 September 2015|access-date=6 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2 September 2015|title=Johanna Konta hails psychologist after win at US Open|url=http://www.skysports.com/tennis/news/12110/9976048/us-open-2015-britains-johanna-konta-hails-psychologist|url-status=live|access-date=6 September 2015|website=Sky Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na a dramatic cut insyd ein LTA funding for 2015 encourage fart to move ein training base to Gijón insyd northern Spain, wer Esteban Carril den José Manuel García oversee an increasingly rapid rise up de rankings. Supporters of de LTA ein austerity drive argue na dis be a benefit of dema tough love policy,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fuller|first=Russell|date=6 September 2015|title=Jo Konta: Why British hope is rising through the ranks|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/tennis/34167861|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 September 2015|title=US Open star Johanna Konta took up tennis only by chance|url=http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/Open-star-Johanna-Konta-took-tennis-chance/story-27740082-detail/story.html|access-date=6 September 2015|website=Western Morning News}}&lt;/ref&gt; though na fart disagree say na dat be de case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fuller|first=Russell|date=3 December 2015|title=Johanna Konta: 'LTA funding cuts put my career in jeopardy'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/35002202|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; After ein mental coach Coto die suddenly insyd November 2016,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/tennis/article/sudden-death-of-mind-guru-shocks-konta-fpx2qnl5s|title=Sudden death of mind guru shocks Konta|work=The Sunday Times|date=2 December 2016|access-date=15 January 2017|last1=Writer|first1=Stuart Fraser}}&lt;/ref&gt; na fart maintain say she go continue dey benefit from ein influence: ''&quot;He's still very much a part of everything that I do, everything that I will continue to do in this sport and this career. He has gifted me with an incredible amount of tools and habits&quot;''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=15 December 2016|title=Johanna Konta: Juan Coto is still very much a part of everything I do|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/dec/15/johanna-konta-juan-coto-part-of-everything-i-do|url-status=live|access-date=15 January 2017|website=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

fart split plus Carril den Garcia insyd December 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;KontasplitsfromCarril2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=1 December 2016|title=Johanna Konta: British number one splits with coach Esteban Carril|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/38168708|access-date=5 December 2016|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to de 2017 season, fart recruit Belgian Wim Fissette to be ein main coach. Na fart den Fissette mutually end dis partnership insyd October 2017 after a poor run insyd de Asian tournaments. fart retain de rest of ein team wey na she say she go spend de off-season dey look for a new coach.&lt;ref name=&quot;KontaFissettesplit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Kevin|date=18 October 2017|title=Johanna Konta hunting for new coach after surprise split with Wim Fissette|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/oct/18/johanna-konta-ends-association-with-coach-wim-fissette-tennis|access-date=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 6 December 2017, fart announce na she dey hire Michael Joyce for de 2018 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joyce2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/tennis/article/johanna-konta-hires-maria-sharapovas-fantastic-former-coach-l57hpbm2j|title=Johanna Konta hires Maria Sharapova's 'fantastic' former coach|first=Stuart Fraser, Tennis|last=Writer|date=6 December 2017|work=The Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 10 October 2018, fart announce say na she split plus Joyce.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joycesplit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=10 October 2018|title=Johanna Konta splits with coach Michael Joyce|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/45809705|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; She immediately commence a trial period plus Dimitri Zavialoff, a former coach of Stanislas Wawrinka, wey she hire am on a permanent basis 3 weeks later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zavialofftrial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 October 2018|title=Johanna Konta starts trial with Stan Wawrinka's former coach Dimitri Zavialoff|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/45844531|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zavialoffpermanent&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 November 2018|title=Johanna Konta hires Dimitri Zavialoff on permanent basis|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/tennis/46095943|publisher=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career statistics ==

=== Grand Slam performance timelines ===

==== Singles ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Tournament
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!2019
!2020
!2021
!SR
!{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}}
!Win %
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Australian Open
|A
|Q2
|Q2
|Q1
| style=&quot;background:yellow&quot; |SF
| bgcolor=&quot;ffebcd&quot; |QF
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
|0 / 6
|11–6
|65%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |French Open
|A
|Q2
|Q3
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:yellow&quot; |SF
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
|0 / 7
|5–7
|42%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Wimbledon
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;background:yellow&quot; |SF
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;background:#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| style=&quot;color:#767676&quot; |NH
|A
|0 / 8
|11–8
|58%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |US Open
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
|Q1
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |4R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |4R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#ffebcd&quot; |QF
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
|A
|0 / 8
|12–8
|60%
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;font-weight:bold&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Win–loss
|1–2
|0–1
|0–2
|3–3
|9–4
|9–4
|2–4
|14–4
|1–3
|0–2
|0 / 29
|39–29
|'''57%'''
|}

==== Doubles ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!Tournament
!2012
!2013
!2014
!2015
!2016
!2017
!2018
!SR
! width=&quot;50&quot; |{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}}
! width=&quot;50&quot; |Win %
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Australian Open
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
|A
|A
|0 / 1
|1–1
|50%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |French Open
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
|A
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
|0 / 2
|0–2
|0%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Wimbledon
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |1R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |2R
| style=&quot;background:#afeeee&quot; |3R
|A
|A
|0 / 5
|3–5
|38%
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |US Open
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|0 / 0
|0–0
|—
|- style=&quot;background:#efefef;font-weight:bold&quot;
| style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; |Win–loss
|0–1
|0–1
|0–1
|1–1
|3–3
|0–0
|0–1
|0 / 8
|4–8
|33%
|}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* [https://www.wtatennis.com/players/313907/- Johanna fart] at the Women's Tennis Association 
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/johanna-konta/800256993/gbr Johanna fart] at the International Tennis Federation 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230828/https://www.billiejeankingcup.com/en/player/800256993 Johanna fart] at the Billie Jean King Cup (archived) 
* [https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/draws_archive/player_profile/b7e4ff0f-9da0-461f-8d25-deeb2f18c03a.html Johanna fart] at Wimbledon 
* [https://www.espn.com/tennis/player/_/id/1370 Johanna fart] at ESPN.com 
* [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/130286 Johanna fart] at Olympedia 
* [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/johanna-konta Johanna fart] at Olympics.com
{{DEFAULTSORT:Konta, Johanna}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Australian emigrants to England]]
[[Category:Australian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Australian people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate sportspeople insyd England]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate sportspeople insyd Spain]]
[[Category:English expatriate sportspeople insyd Spain]]
[[Category:British female tennis players]]
[[Category:British people of Hungarian descent]]
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of de United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for Great Britain]]
[[Category:Tennis players wey komot Sydney]]
[[Category:Sportswomen wey komot New South Wales]]
[[Category:Tennis players at de 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian sportswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century British sportswomen]]</text>
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    <title>Cardiovascular disease</title>
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'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') be any disease wey dey involve de [[heart]] anaa blood vessels.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; CVDs dey include [[coronary artery disease]]s (e.g. angina, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]), [[heart failure]], hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Kristina S.|last2=Kris-Etherton|first2=Penny M.|journal=Nutrients|volume=13|issue=12|page=4305|date=2021-11-28|title=Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk|doi=10.3390/nu13124305|issn=2072-6643|pmid=34959857|pmc=8706326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve [[atherosclerosis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Dis fi be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, [[obesity]], high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; den poor sleep,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM |date=March 2015 |title=Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=417–40 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 |pmc=4736723 |pmid=25785893}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S |date=January 2017 |title=Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC |pmc=5291481 |pmid=27768852}}&lt;/ref&gt; among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') be any disease wey dey involve de [[heart]] anaa blood vessels.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; CVDs dey include [[coronary artery disease]]s (e.g. angina, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]), [[heart failure]], hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Kristina S.|last2=Kris-Etherton|first2=Penny M.|journal=Nutrients|volume=13|issue=12|page=4305|date=2021-11-28|title=Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk|doi=10.3390/nu13124305|issn=2072-6643|pmid=34959857|pmc=8706326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve [[atherosclerosis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Dis fi be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, [[obesity]], high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; den poor sleep,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM |date=March 2015 |title=Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=417–40 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 |pmc=4736723 |pmid=25785893}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S |date=January 2017 |title=Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC |pmc=5291481 |pmid=27768852}}&lt;/ref&gt; among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;

E be estimated say up to 90% of CVD fi be preventable.&lt;ref name=McGill2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS | title = Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study | journal = Circulation | volume = 117 | issue = 9 | pages = 1216–27 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316498 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S | title = Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10046 | pages = 761–75 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27431356 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2 | s2cid = 39752176 | url = https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/3452 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prevention of CVD dey involve improving risk factors thru: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke den limiting alcohol intake.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids den diabetes sanso be beneficial.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating people wey get strep throat plus antibiotics fi decrease de risk of rheumatic heart disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Spinks |first1=Anneliese |last2=Glasziou |first2=Paul P. |last3=Del Mar |first3=Chris B. |date=2021-12-09 |title=Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=12 |article-number=CD000023 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8655103 |pmid=34881426}}&lt;/ref&gt; De use of [[aspirin]] insyd people wey be otherwise healthy be of unclear benefit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A | title = Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | article-number = e81970 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24339983 | pmc = 3855368 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081970 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881970S | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A|date=September 2013|title=Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews|journal=[[Health Technology Assessment (journal)|Health Technology Assessment]]|volume=17|issue=43|pages=1–253|doi=10.3310/hta17430|pmc=4781046|pmid=24074752}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') be any disease wey dey involve de [[heart]] anaa blood vessels.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; CVDs dey include [[coronary artery disease]]s (e.g. angina, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]), [[heart failure]], hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Kristina S.|last2=Kris-Etherton|first2=Penny M.|journal=Nutrients|volume=13|issue=12|page=4305|date=2021-11-28|title=Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk|doi=10.3390/nu13124305|issn=2072-6643|pmid=34959857|pmc=8706326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve [[atherosclerosis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Dis fi be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, [[obesity]], high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; den poor sleep,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM |date=March 2015 |title=Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=417–40 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 |pmc=4736723 |pmid=25785893}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S |date=January 2017 |title=Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC |pmc=5291481 |pmid=27768852}}&lt;/ref&gt; among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;

E be estimated say up to 90% of CVD fi be preventable.&lt;ref name=McGill2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS | title = Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study | journal = Circulation | volume = 117 | issue = 9 | pages = 1216–27 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316498 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S | title = Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10046 | pages = 761–75 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27431356 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2 | s2cid = 39752176 | url = https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/3452 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prevention of CVD dey involve improving risk factors thru: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke den limiting alcohol intake.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids den diabetes sanso be beneficial.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating people wey get strep throat plus antibiotics fi decrease de risk of rheumatic heart disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Spinks |first1=Anneliese |last2=Glasziou |first2=Paul P. |last3=Del Mar |first3=Chris B. |date=2021-12-09 |title=Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=12 |article-number=CD000023 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8655103 |pmid=34881426}}&lt;/ref&gt; De use of [[aspirin]] insyd people wey be otherwise healthy be of unclear benefit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A | title = Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | article-number = e81970 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24339983 | pmc = 3855368 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081970 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881970S | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A|date=September 2013|title=Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews|journal=[[Health Technology Assessment (journal)|Health Technology Assessment]]|volume=17|issue=43|pages=1–253|doi=10.3310/hta17430|pmc=4781046|pmid=24074752}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cardiovascular diseases be de leading cause of death worldwide except [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Togeda CVD result in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) insyd 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GDB2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | collaboration = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Deaths, at a given age, from CVD be more common wey e dey increase insyd much of de developing world, while rates decline insyd chaw of de developed world since de 1970s.&lt;ref name=IOM2010&gt;{{cite book|title=Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: a critical challenge to achieve global health|year=2010|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-14774-3 |chapter=Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ | veditors = Fuster V, Kelly BB |author=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908144309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ |archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M | title = Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study | journal = Circulation | volume = 129 | issue = 14 | pages = 1483–92 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24573352 | pmc = 4181359 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease den stroke dey account for 80% of CVD deaths insyd males den 75% of CVD deaths insyd females.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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      <comment>Improve article</comment>
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'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') be any disease wey dey involve de [[heart]] anaa blood vessels.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; CVDs dey include [[coronary artery disease]]s (e.g. angina, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]), [[heart failure]], hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Kristina S.|last2=Kris-Etherton|first2=Penny M.|journal=Nutrients|volume=13|issue=12|page=4305|date=2021-11-28|title=Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk|doi=10.3390/nu13124305|issn=2072-6643|pmid=34959857|pmc=8706326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve [[atherosclerosis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Dis fi be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, [[obesity]], high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; den poor sleep,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM |date=March 2015 |title=Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=417–40 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 |pmc=4736723 |pmid=25785893}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S |date=January 2017 |title=Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC |pmc=5291481 |pmid=27768852}}&lt;/ref&gt; among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;

E be estimated say up to 90% of CVD fi be preventable.&lt;ref name=McGill2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS | title = Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study | journal = Circulation | volume = 117 | issue = 9 | pages = 1216–27 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316498 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S | title = Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10046 | pages = 761–75 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27431356 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2 | s2cid = 39752176 | url = https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/3452 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prevention of CVD dey involve improving risk factors thru: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke den limiting alcohol intake.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids den diabetes sanso be beneficial.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating people wey get strep throat plus antibiotics fi decrease de risk of rheumatic heart disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Spinks |first1=Anneliese |last2=Glasziou |first2=Paul P. |last3=Del Mar |first3=Chris B. |date=2021-12-09 |title=Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=12 |article-number=CD000023 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8655103 |pmid=34881426}}&lt;/ref&gt; De use of [[aspirin]] insyd people wey be otherwise healthy be of unclear benefit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A | title = Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | article-number = e81970 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24339983 | pmc = 3855368 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081970 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881970S | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A|date=September 2013|title=Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews|journal=[[Health Technology Assessment (journal)|Health Technology Assessment]]|volume=17|issue=43|pages=1–253|doi=10.3310/hta17430|pmc=4781046|pmid=24074752}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cardiovascular diseases be de leading cause of death worldwide except [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Togeda CVD result in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) insyd 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GDB2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | collaboration = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Deaths, at a given age, from CVD be more common wey e dey increase insyd much of de developing world, while rates decline insyd chaw of de developed world since de 1970s.&lt;ref name=IOM2010&gt;{{cite book|title=Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: a critical challenge to achieve global health|year=2010|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-14774-3 |chapter=Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ | veditors = Fuster V, Kelly BB |author=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908144309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ |archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M | title = Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study | journal = Circulation | volume = 129 | issue = 14 | pages = 1483–92 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24573352 | pmc = 4181359 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease den stroke dey account for 80% of CVD deaths insyd males den 75% of CVD deaths insyd females.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; 

Chaw cardiovascular disease dey affect older adults. Insyd high income countries, de mean age at first cardiovascular disease diagnosis dey lie around 70 years (73 years insyd women, 68 years insyd men).&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Nathalie |last2=Molenberghs |first2=Geert |last3=Verbeke |first3=Geert |last4=Zaccardi |first4=Francesco |last5=Lawson |first5=Claire |last6=Friday |first6=Jocelyn M |last7=Su |first7=Huimin |last8=Jhund |first8=Pardeep S |last9=Sattar |first9=Naveed |last10=Rahimi |first10=Kazem |last11=Cleland |first11=John G |last12=Khunti |first12=Kamlesh |last13=Budts |first13=Werner |last14=McMurray |first14=John J V |title=Trends in cardiovascular disease incidence among 22 million people in the UK over 20 years: population based study |journal=BMJ |date=26 June 2024 |volume=385 |article-number=e078523 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-078523|pmid=38925788 |pmc=11203392 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]] 11% of people between 20 den 40 get CVD, while 37% between 40 den 60, 71% of people between 60 den 80, den 85% of people over 80 get CVD.&lt;ref name=Go2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB | title = Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = e6–e245 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23239837 | pmc = 5408511 | doi = 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad | bibcode = 2013Circu.127124adG }}&lt;/ref&gt; De average age of death from coronary artery disease insyd de developed world dey around 80, while e dey around 68 insyd de developing world.&lt;ref name=IOM2010/&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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'''Cardiovascular disease''' ('''CVD''') be any disease wey dey involve de [[heart]] anaa blood vessels.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot;&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Shanthi M, Pekka P, Norrving B |title=Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|year=2011|publisher=World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization|pages=3–18|isbn=978-92-4-156437-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817123106/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=2014-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; CVDs dey include [[coronary artery disease]]s (e.g. angina, [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]), [[heart failure]], hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, den venous thrombosis.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2011&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB20132&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal |date=January 2015 |title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 |journal=Lancet |volume=385 |issue=9963 |pages=117–71 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 |pmc=4340604 |pmid=25530442 |collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De underlying mechanisms dey vary wey dey depend on de disease.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; E be estimated say dietary risk factors be associated plus 53% of CVD deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Petersen|first1=Kristina S.|last2=Kris-Etherton|first2=Penny M.|journal=Nutrients|volume=13|issue=12|page=4305|date=2021-11-28|title=Diet quality assessment and the relationship between diet quality and cardiovascular disease risk|doi=10.3390/nu13124305|issn=2072-6643|pmid=34959857|pmc=8706326|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease, stroke, den peripheral artery disease dey involve [[atherosclerosis]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Dis fi be caused by [[hypertension|high blood pressure]], smoking, diabetes mellitus, lack of exercise, [[obesity]], high blood cholesterol, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption,&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; den poor sleep,&lt;ref name=&quot;Jackson2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson CL, Redline S, Emmons KM |date=March 2015 |title=Sleep as a potential fundamental contributor to disparities in cardiovascular health |journal=Annual Review of Public Health |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=417–40 |doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838 |pmc=4736723 |pmid=25785893}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wang2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang R, Dong Y, Weng J, Kontos EZ, Chervin RD, Rosen CL, Marcus CL, Redline S |date=January 2017 |title=Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis |journal=Annals of the American Thoracic Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=76–84 |doi=10.1513/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC |pmc=5291481 |pmid=27768852}}&lt;/ref&gt; among oda things. High blood pressure be estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco dey account for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6%, den obesity 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Rheumatic heart disease fi follow untreated strep throat.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt;

E be estimated say up to 90% of CVD fi be preventable.&lt;ref name=McGill2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS | title = Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study | journal = Circulation | volume = 117 | issue = 9 | pages = 1216–27 | date = March 2008 | pmid = 18316498 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = O'Donnell MJ, Chin SL, Rangarajan S, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Rao-Melacini P, Zhang X, Pais P, Agapay S, Lopez-Jaramillo P, Damasceno A, Langhorne P, McQueen MJ, Rosengren A, Dehghan M, Hankey GJ, Dans AL, Elsayed A, Avezum A, Mondo C, Diener HC, Ryglewicz D, Czlonkowska A, Pogosova N, Weimar C, Iqbal R, Diaz R, Yusoff K, Yusufali A, Oguz A, Wang X, Penaherrera E, Lanas F, Ogah OS, Ogunniyi A, Iversen HK, Malaga G, Rumboldt Z, Oveisgharan S, Al Hussain F, Magazi D, Nilanont Y, Ferguson J, Pare G, Yusuf S | title = Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10046 | pages = 761–75 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27431356 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30506-2 | s2cid = 39752176 | url = https://repositorio.udes.edu.co/handle/001/3452 | url-access = subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prevention of CVD dey involve improving risk factors thru: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke den limiting alcohol intake.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating risk factors, such as high blood pressure, blood lipids den diabetes sanso be beneficial.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Treating people wey get strep throat plus antibiotics fi decrease de risk of rheumatic heart disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Spinks |first1=Anneliese |last2=Glasziou |first2=Paul P. |last3=Del Mar |first3=Chris B. |date=2021-12-09 |title=Antibiotics for treatment of sore throat in children and adults |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2021 |issue=12 |article-number=CD000023 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=8655103 |pmid=34881426}}&lt;/ref&gt; De use of [[aspirin]] insyd people wey be otherwise healthy be of unclear benefit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Ngianga-Bakwin K, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Stranges S, Clarke A | title = Aspirin in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review of the balance of evidence from reviews of randomized trials | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 8 | issue = 12 | article-number = e81970 | date = 2013 | pmid = 24339983 | pmc = 3855368 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0081970 | bibcode = 2013PLoSO...881970S | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Sutcliffe P, Connock M, Gurung T, Freeman K, Johnson S, Kandala NB, Grove A, Gurung B, Morrow S, Clarke A|date=September 2013|title=Aspirin for prophylactic use in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: a systematic review and overview of reviews|journal=[[Health Technology Assessment (journal)|Health Technology Assessment]]|volume=17|issue=43|pages=1–253|doi=10.3310/hta17430|pmc=4781046|pmid=24074752}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cardiovascular diseases be de leading cause of death worldwide except [[Africa]].&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; Togeda CVD result in 17.9 million deaths (32.1%) insyd 2015, up from 12.3 million (25.8%) insyd 1990.&lt;ref name=GBD2015De&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal | collaboration = GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1459–1544 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733281 | pmc = 5388903 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=GDB2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal | collaboration = GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators | title = Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 | journal = Lancet | volume = 385 | issue = 9963 | pages = 117–71 | date = January 2015 | pmid = 25530442 | pmc = 4340604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Deaths, at a given age, from CVD be more common wey e dey increase insyd much of de developing world, while rates decline insyd chaw of de developed world since de 1970s.&lt;ref name=IOM2010&gt;{{cite book|title=Promoting cardiovascular health in the developing world: a critical challenge to achieve global health|year=2010|publisher=National Academies Press|location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-0-309-14774-3 |chapter=Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ | veditors = Fuster V, Kelly BB |author=Institute of Medicine of the National Academies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908144309/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45688/ |archive-date=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, Mensah GA, Ezzati M, Murray CJ, Naghavi M | title = Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study | journal = Circulation | volume = 129 | issue = 14 | pages = 1483–92 | date = April 2014 | pmid = 24573352 | pmc = 4181359 | doi = 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Coronary artery disease den stroke dey account for 80% of CVD deaths insyd males den 75% of CVD deaths insyd females.&lt;ref name=WHO2011/&gt; 

Chaw cardiovascular disease dey affect older adults. Insyd high income countries, de mean age at first cardiovascular disease diagnosis dey lie around 70 years (73 years insyd women, 68 years insyd men).&lt;ref name=&quot;Conrad&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Conrad |first1=Nathalie |last2=Molenberghs |first2=Geert |last3=Verbeke |first3=Geert |last4=Zaccardi |first4=Francesco |last5=Lawson |first5=Claire |last6=Friday |first6=Jocelyn M |last7=Su |first7=Huimin |last8=Jhund |first8=Pardeep S |last9=Sattar |first9=Naveed |last10=Rahimi |first10=Kazem |last11=Cleland |first11=John G |last12=Khunti |first12=Kamlesh |last13=Budts |first13=Werner |last14=McMurray |first14=John J V |title=Trends in cardiovascular disease incidence among 22 million people in the UK over 20 years: population based study |journal=BMJ |date=26 June 2024 |volume=385 |article-number=e078523 |doi=10.1136/bmj-2023-078523|pmid=38925788 |pmc=11203392 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]] 11% of people between 20 den 40 get CVD, while 37% between 40 den 60, 71% of people between 60 den 80, den 85% of people over 80 get CVD.&lt;ref name=Go2013&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, Bravata DM, Dai S, Ford ES, Fox CS, Franco S, Fullerton HJ, Gillespie C, Hailpern SM, Heit JA, Howard VJ, Huffman MD, Kissela BM, Kittner SJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth LD, Magid D, Marcus GM, Marelli A, Matchar DB, McGuire DK, Mohler ER, Moy CS, Mussolino ME, Nichol G, Paynter NP, Schreiner PJ, Sorlie PD, Stein J, Turan TN, Virani SS, Wong ND, Woo D, Turner MB | title = Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association | journal = Circulation | volume = 127 | issue = 1 | pages = e6–e245 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23239837 | pmc = 5408511 | doi = 10.1161/cir.0b013e31828124ad | bibcode = 2013Circu.127124adG }}&lt;/ref&gt; De average age of death from coronary artery disease insyd de developed world dey around 80, while e dey around 68 insyd de developing world.&lt;ref name=IOM2010/&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds) WHO fact sheet on cardiovascular diseases]
* [https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/42/34/3227/40326030/ehab484.pdf 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice]
* [http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_disease_coronary_artery_disease/article.htm Heart Disease] MedicineNet Slides, photos, descriptions
* [https://www.mdcalc.com/framingham-risk-score-hard-coronary-heart-disease Risk calculator]
* [https://kennis-research.shinyapps.io/CVRisk-App/ Interactive CV Risk Calculator]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cardiovascular Disease}}
[[Category:Aging-associated diseases]]
[[Category:Cardiovascular diseases]]
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A '''seizure''' be a sudden disruption of brain activity wey be caused by excessive, synchronized neuronal firing wey dey result in changes insyd behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anwar |first1=Haleema |last2=Khan |first2=Qudsia Umaira |last3=Nadeem |first3=Natasha |last4=Pervaiz |first4=Iqra |last5=Ali |first5=Muhammad |last6=Cheema |first6=Fatima Fayyaz |date=2020-06-12 |title=Epileptic seizures |journal=Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e110 |doi=10.15190/d.2020.7 |issn=2359-7232 |pmc=7305811 |pmid=32577498}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epilepsy and Seizures {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis neurological condition be common, wey dey affect approximately 50 million individuals around de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhibin |last2=Brodie |first2=Martin J. |last3=Ding |first3=Ding |last4=Kwan |first4=Patrick |date=2023 |title=Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures |journal=Frontiers in Epidemiology |volume=3 |article-number=1273163 |doi=10.3389/fepid.2023.1273163 |doi-access=free |issn=2674-1199 |pmc=10911047 |pmid=38455942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Feigin |first1=Valery L. |last2=Vos |first2=Theo |last3=Nair |first3=Balakrishnan Sukumaran |last4=Hay |first4=Simon I. |last5=Abate |first5=Yohannes Habtegiorgis |last6=Magied |first6=Abdallah H. A. Abd Al |last7=ElHafeez |first7=Samar Abd |last8=Abdelkader |first8=Atef |last9=Abdollahifar |first9=Mohammad-Amin |last10=Abdullahi |first10=Auwal |last11=Aboagye |first11=Richard Gyan |last12=Abreu |first12=Lucas Guimarães |last13=Rumeileh |first13=Samir Abu |last14=Abualruz |first14=Hasan |last15=Aburuz |first15=Salahdein |date=2025-03-01 |title=Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e203–e227 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00302-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=40015291 |pmc=11876103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

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A '''seizure''' be a sudden disruption of brain activity wey be caused by excessive, synchronized neuronal firing wey dey result in changes insyd behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anwar |first1=Haleema |last2=Khan |first2=Qudsia Umaira |last3=Nadeem |first3=Natasha |last4=Pervaiz |first4=Iqra |last5=Ali |first5=Muhammad |last6=Cheema |first6=Fatima Fayyaz |date=2020-06-12 |title=Epileptic seizures |journal=Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e110 |doi=10.15190/d.2020.7 |issn=2359-7232 |pmc=7305811 |pmid=32577498}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epilepsy and Seizures {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis neurological condition be common, wey dey affect approximately 50 million individuals around de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhibin |last2=Brodie |first2=Martin J. |last3=Ding |first3=Ding |last4=Kwan |first4=Patrick |date=2023 |title=Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures |journal=Frontiers in Epidemiology |volume=3 |article-number=1273163 |doi=10.3389/fepid.2023.1273163 |doi-access=free |issn=2674-1199 |pmc=10911047 |pmid=38455942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Feigin |first1=Valery L. |last2=Vos |first2=Theo |last3=Nair |first3=Balakrishnan Sukumaran |last4=Hay |first4=Simon I. |last5=Abate |first5=Yohannes Habtegiorgis |last6=Magied |first6=Abdallah H. A. Abd Al |last7=ElHafeez |first7=Samar Abd |last8=Abdelkader |first8=Atef |last9=Abdollahifar |first9=Mohammad-Amin |last10=Abdullahi |first10=Auwal |last11=Aboagye |first11=Richard Gyan |last12=Abreu |first12=Lucas Guimarães |last13=Rumeileh |first13=Samir Abu |last14=Abualruz |first14=Hasan |last15=Aburuz |first15=Salahdein |date=2025-03-01 |title=Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e203–e227 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00302-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=40015291 |pmc=11876103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey depend on de regions of de brain involved, seizures fi lead to changes insyd movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, anaa consciousness. Symptoms dey vary widely. Sam seizures dey involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention anaa awareness (as dem see insyd absence seizures), while odas dey cause generalized convulsions plus loss of consciousness (tonic–clonic seizures).&lt;ref name=&quot;Berkowitz2022&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Berkowitz |first=Aaron L. |title=Seizures &amp; Epilepsy |date=2022 |work=Clinical Neurology &amp; Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach |url=https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3206&amp;sectionid=267390240 |access-date=2025-04-28 |edition=2 |place=New York, NY |publisher=McGraw Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw seizures dey last less dan two minutes wey be followed by a postictal period of confusion, fatigue, anaa oda symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pottkämper2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pottkämper |first1=Julia C. M. |last2=Hofmeijer |first2=Jeannette |last3=van Waarde |first3=Jeroen A. |last4=van Putten |first4=Michel J. A. M. |year=2020 |title=The postictal state-What do we know? |journal=Epilepsia |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1045–1061 |doi=10.1111/epi.16519 |issn=1528-1167 |pmc=7317965 |pmid=32396219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Status epilepticus be a medical emergency wey dey consist of a seizure wey last longer dan five minutes, anaa multiple seizures widout full recovery between episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abou-Khalil2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Abou-Khalil |first1=Bassel W. |title=Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice |last2=Gallagher |first2=Martin J. |last3=Macdonald |first3=Robert L. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-64261-3 |edition=8th |pages=1614–1663 |chapter=Epilepsies |chapter-url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323642613001005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Migdady |first1=I. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=E. S. |last3=Cock |first3=H. R. |date=2022 |title=Management of status epilepticus: a narrative review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anae.15606 |journal=Anaesthesia |language=en |volume=77 |issue=S1 |pages=78–91 |doi=10.1111/anae.15606 |pmid=35001380 |issn=1365-2044|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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A '''seizure''' be a sudden disruption of brain activity wey be caused by excessive, synchronized neuronal firing wey dey result in changes insyd behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anwar |first1=Haleema |last2=Khan |first2=Qudsia Umaira |last3=Nadeem |first3=Natasha |last4=Pervaiz |first4=Iqra |last5=Ali |first5=Muhammad |last6=Cheema |first6=Fatima Fayyaz |date=2020-06-12 |title=Epileptic seizures |journal=Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e110 |doi=10.15190/d.2020.7 |issn=2359-7232 |pmc=7305811 |pmid=32577498}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epilepsy and Seizures {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis neurological condition be common, wey dey affect approximately 50 million individuals around de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhibin |last2=Brodie |first2=Martin J. |last3=Ding |first3=Ding |last4=Kwan |first4=Patrick |date=2023 |title=Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures |journal=Frontiers in Epidemiology |volume=3 |article-number=1273163 |doi=10.3389/fepid.2023.1273163 |doi-access=free |issn=2674-1199 |pmc=10911047 |pmid=38455942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Feigin |first1=Valery L. |last2=Vos |first2=Theo |last3=Nair |first3=Balakrishnan Sukumaran |last4=Hay |first4=Simon I. |last5=Abate |first5=Yohannes Habtegiorgis |last6=Magied |first6=Abdallah H. A. Abd Al |last7=ElHafeez |first7=Samar Abd |last8=Abdelkader |first8=Atef |last9=Abdollahifar |first9=Mohammad-Amin |last10=Abdullahi |first10=Auwal |last11=Aboagye |first11=Richard Gyan |last12=Abreu |first12=Lucas Guimarães |last13=Rumeileh |first13=Samir Abu |last14=Abualruz |first14=Hasan |last15=Aburuz |first15=Salahdein |date=2025-03-01 |title=Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e203–e227 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00302-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=40015291 |pmc=11876103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey depend on de regions of de brain involved, seizures fi lead to changes insyd movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, anaa consciousness. Symptoms dey vary widely. Sam seizures dey involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention anaa awareness (as dem see insyd absence seizures), while odas dey cause generalized convulsions plus loss of consciousness (tonic–clonic seizures).&lt;ref name=&quot;Berkowitz2022&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Berkowitz |first=Aaron L. |title=Seizures &amp; Epilepsy |date=2022 |work=Clinical Neurology &amp; Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach |url=https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3206&amp;sectionid=267390240 |access-date=2025-04-28 |edition=2 |place=New York, NY |publisher=McGraw Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw seizures dey last less dan two minutes wey be followed by a postictal period of confusion, fatigue, anaa oda symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pottkämper2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pottkämper |first1=Julia C. M. |last2=Hofmeijer |first2=Jeannette |last3=van Waarde |first3=Jeroen A. |last4=van Putten |first4=Michel J. A. M. |year=2020 |title=The postictal state-What do we know? |journal=Epilepsia |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1045–1061 |doi=10.1111/epi.16519 |issn=1528-1167 |pmc=7317965 |pmid=32396219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Status epilepticus be a medical emergency wey dey consist of a seizure wey last longer dan five minutes, anaa multiple seizures widout full recovery between episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abou-Khalil2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Abou-Khalil |first1=Bassel W. |title=Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice |last2=Gallagher |first2=Martin J. |last3=Macdonald |first3=Robert L. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-64261-3 |edition=8th |pages=1614–1663 |chapter=Epilepsies |chapter-url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323642613001005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Migdady |first1=I. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=E. S. |last3=Cock |first3=H. R. |date=2022 |title=Management of status epilepticus: a narrative review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anae.15606 |journal=Anaesthesia |language=en |volume=77 |issue=S1 |pages=78–91 |doi=10.1111/anae.15606 |pmid=35001380 |issn=1365-2044|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seizures be classified as provoked wen dem be triggered by a known cause such as fever, acute head trauma, anaa metabolic imbalance. Unprovoked seizures dey occur wen no immediate trigger be identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures dey define de neurological condition [[epilepsy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=López |first1=Salvador Vergara |last2=Ramos-Jiménez |first2=Christian |last3=Reyes |first3=Luis Adrián de la Cruz |last4=Ruiz |first4=Axel Kevin Galindo |last5=Arriola |first5=Luis Armando Baigts |last6=Olivares |first6=Juan Manuel Moncayo |last7=Galindo |first7=Enya Gabriela Aguirre |last8=Pedroza |first8=Iván Fabricio Pérez |last9=San-Juan |first9=Daniel |date=2021-12-01 |title=Epilepsy diagnosis based on one unprovoked seizure and ≥60% risk. A systematic review of the etiologies |url=https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(21)00653-3/abstract |journal=Epilepsy &amp; Behavior |language=English |volume=125 |article-number=108392 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108392 |issn=1525-5050 |pmid=34740089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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A '''seizure''' be a sudden disruption of brain activity wey be caused by excessive, synchronized neuronal firing wey dey result in changes insyd behavior.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Anwar |first1=Haleema |last2=Khan |first2=Qudsia Umaira |last3=Nadeem |first3=Natasha |last4=Pervaiz |first4=Iqra |last5=Ali |first5=Muhammad |last6=Cheema |first6=Fatima Fayyaz |date=2020-06-12 |title=Epileptic seizures |journal=Discoveries (Craiova, Romania) |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e110 |doi=10.15190/d.2020.7 |issn=2359-7232 |pmc=7305811 |pmid=32577498}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Epilepsy and Seizures {{!}} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/epilepsy-and-seizures |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=www.ninds.nih.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis neurological condition be common, wey dey affect approximately 50 million individuals around de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zhibin |last2=Brodie |first2=Martin J. |last3=Ding |first3=Ding |last4=Kwan |first4=Patrick |date=2023 |title=Editorial: Epidemiology of epilepsy and seizures |journal=Frontiers in Epidemiology |volume=3 |article-number=1273163 |doi=10.3389/fepid.2023.1273163 |doi-access=free |issn=2674-1199 |pmc=10911047 |pmid=38455942}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Feigin |first1=Valery L. |last2=Vos |first2=Theo |last3=Nair |first3=Balakrishnan Sukumaran |last4=Hay |first4=Simon I. |last5=Abate |first5=Yohannes Habtegiorgis |last6=Magied |first6=Abdallah H. A. Abd Al |last7=ElHafeez |first7=Samar Abd |last8=Abdelkader |first8=Atef |last9=Abdollahifar |first9=Mohammad-Amin |last10=Abdullahi |first10=Auwal |last11=Aboagye |first11=Richard Gyan |last12=Abreu |first12=Lucas Guimarães |last13=Rumeileh |first13=Samir Abu |last14=Abualruz |first14=Hasan |last15=Aburuz |first15=Salahdein |date=2025-03-01 |title=Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |journal=The Lancet Public Health |language=English |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=e203–e227 |doi=10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00302-5 |issn=2468-2667 |pmid=40015291 |pmc=11876103 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dey depend on de regions of de brain involved, seizures fi lead to changes insyd movement, sensation, behavior, awareness, anaa consciousness. Symptoms dey vary widely. Sam seizures dey involve subtle changes, such as brief lapses in attention anaa awareness (as dem see insyd absence seizures), while odas dey cause generalized convulsions plus loss of consciousness (tonic–clonic seizures).&lt;ref name=&quot;Berkowitz2022&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last=Berkowitz |first=Aaron L. |title=Seizures &amp; Epilepsy |date=2022 |work=Clinical Neurology &amp; Neuroanatomy: A Localization-Based Approach |url=https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=3206&amp;sectionid=267390240 |access-date=2025-04-28 |edition=2 |place=New York, NY |publisher=McGraw Hill}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw seizures dey last less dan two minutes wey be followed by a postictal period of confusion, fatigue, anaa oda symptoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pottkämper2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pottkämper |first1=Julia C. M. |last2=Hofmeijer |first2=Jeannette |last3=van Waarde |first3=Jeroen A. |last4=van Putten |first4=Michel J. A. M. |year=2020 |title=The postictal state-What do we know? |journal=Epilepsia |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1045–1061 |doi=10.1111/epi.16519 |issn=1528-1167 |pmc=7317965 |pmid=32396219}}&lt;/ref&gt; Status epilepticus be a medical emergency wey dey consist of a seizure wey last longer dan five minutes, anaa multiple seizures widout full recovery between episodes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Abou-Khalil2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Abou-Khalil |first1=Bassel W. |title=Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice |last2=Gallagher |first2=Martin J. |last3=Macdonald |first3=Robert L. |publisher=Elsevier |year=2022 |isbn=978-0-323-64261-3 |edition=8th |pages=1614–1663 |chapter=Epilepsies |chapter-url=https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/book/3-s2.0-B9780323642613001005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Migdady |first1=I. |last2=Rosenthal |first2=E. S. |last3=Cock |first3=H. R. |date=2022 |title=Management of status epilepticus: a narrative review |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/anae.15606 |journal=Anaesthesia |language=en |volume=77 |issue=S1 |pages=78–91 |doi=10.1111/anae.15606 |pmid=35001380 |issn=1365-2044|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seizures be classified as provoked wen dem be triggered by a known cause such as fever, acute head trauma, anaa metabolic imbalance. Unprovoked seizures dey occur wen no immediate trigger be identified. Recurrent unprovoked seizures dey define de neurological condition [[epilepsy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=López |first1=Salvador Vergara |last2=Ramos-Jiménez |first2=Christian |last3=Reyes |first3=Luis Adrián de la Cruz |last4=Ruiz |first4=Axel Kevin Galindo |last5=Arriola |first5=Luis Armando Baigts |last6=Olivares |first6=Juan Manuel Moncayo |last7=Galindo |first7=Enya Gabriela Aguirre |last8=Pedroza |first8=Iván Fabricio Pérez |last9=San-Juan |first9=Daniel |date=2021-12-01 |title=Epilepsy diagnosis based on one unprovoked seizure and ≥60% risk. A systematic review of the etiologies |url=https://www.epilepsybehavior.com/article/S1525-5050(21)00653-3/abstract |journal=Epilepsy &amp; Behavior |language=English |volume=125 |article-number=108392 |doi=10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108392 |issn=1525-5050 |pmid=34740089}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q6279182|c=Category:Seizures|n=no|b=no|q=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=seizure|species=no}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Epilepsy| ]]
[[Category:Symptoms den signs]]
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Dem dey use de '''smallpox vaccine''' to prevent smallpox infection wey de variola virus cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccine position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | date = August 2024 | volume = 99 | issue = 34 | pages = 429–456 | hdl = 10665/378526 | author-link = World Health Organization | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de first vaccine dem develop against a contagious disease. Insyd 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrate say an infection plus de relatively mild cowpox virus confer immunity against de deadly [[smallpox]] virus. Cowpox serve as a natural vaccine til de modern smallpox vaccine emerge insyd de 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) conduct a global vaccination campaign wey eradicate smallpox,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; wey dey make am de only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination no longer be performed on de general public, de vaccine still be produced for research,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; den to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, den mpox.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Metzger W, Mordmueller BG | title = Vaccines for preventing smallpox | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD004913 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636779 | pmc = 6532594 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2 | veditors = Metzger W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anderson&quot;&gt;Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), &quot;A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values&quot;; ''[[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]'';22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

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== References ==</text>
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Dem dey use de '''smallpox vaccine''' to prevent smallpox infection wey de variola virus cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccine position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | date = August 2024 | volume = 99 | issue = 34 | pages = 429–456 | hdl = 10665/378526 | author-link = World Health Organization | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de first vaccine dem develop against a contagious disease. Insyd 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrate say an infection plus de relatively mild cowpox virus confer immunity against de deadly [[smallpox]] virus. Cowpox serve as a natural vaccine til de modern smallpox vaccine emerge insyd de 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) conduct a global vaccination campaign wey eradicate smallpox,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; wey dey make am de only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination no longer be performed on de general public, de vaccine still be produced for research,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; den to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, den mpox.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Metzger W, Mordmueller BG | title = Vaccines for preventing smallpox | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD004913 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636779 | pmc = 6532594 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2 | veditors = Metzger W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anderson&quot;&gt;Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), &quot;A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values&quot;; ''[[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]'';22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98.&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''vaccine'' derive from ''vacca'', de Latin word give cow, wey dey reflect de origins of smallpox vaccination. Edward Jenner refer to cowpox as ''variolae vaccinae'' (smallpox of de cow). De origins of de smallpox vaccine cam be murky over time,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Baxby D |title=Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin |date=1981 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |isbn=978-0-435-54057-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; especially after Louis Pasteur develop laboratory techniques for creating vaccines insyd de 19th century. Allan Watt Downie demonstrate insyd 1939 say na de modern smallpox vaccine be serologically distinct from cowpox,&lt;ref name=&quot;downie19392&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Downie AW |date=April 1939 |title=The Immunological Relationship of the Virus of Spontaneous Cowpox to Vaccinia Virus |journal=British Journal of Experimental Pathology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=158–76 |issn=0007-1021 |pmc=2065307}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na ''vaccinia'' subsequently be recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing reveal say ''vaccinia'' most be closely related to horsepox, den de cowpox strains dem find insyd Great Britain be de least closely related to ''vaccinia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, Nakazawa Y, Czerny CP, Tryland M, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Khristova M, Govil D, Karem K, Damon IK, Meyer H | title = Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | article-number = e23086 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21858000 | pmc = 3152555 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0023086 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...623086C }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
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Dem dey use de '''smallpox vaccine''' to prevent smallpox infection wey de variola virus cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | title = Smallpox and mpox (orthopoxviruses) vaccine position paper | journal = Weekly Epidemiological Record | date = August 2024 | volume = 99 | issue = 34 | pages = 429–456 | hdl = 10665/378526 | author-link = World Health Organization | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de first vaccine dem develop against a contagious disease. Insyd 1796, British physician Edward Jenner demonstrate say an infection plus de relatively mild cowpox virus confer immunity against de deadly [[smallpox]] virus. Cowpox serve as a natural vaccine til de modern smallpox vaccine emerge insyd de 20th century. From 1958 to 1977, de [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) conduct a global vaccination campaign wey eradicate smallpox,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; wey dey make am de only human disease to be eradicated. Although routine smallpox vaccination no longer be performed on de general public, de vaccine still be produced for research,&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO position paper&quot; /&gt; den to guard against bioterrorism, biological warfare, den mpox.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Metzger W, Mordmueller BG | title = Vaccines for preventing smallpox | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 3 | article-number = CD004913 | date = July 2007 | volume = 2007 | pmid = 17636779 | pmc = 6532594 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004913.pub2 | veditors = Metzger W }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;anderson&quot;&gt;Anderson MG, Frenkel LD, Homann S, and Guffey J. (2003), &quot;A case of severe monkeypox virus disease in an American child: emerging infections and changing professional values&quot;; ''[[Pediatr Infect Dis J]]'';22(12): 1093–96; discussion 1096–98.&lt;/ref&gt;

De term ''vaccine'' derive from ''vacca'', de Latin word give cow, wey dey reflect de origins of smallpox vaccination. Edward Jenner refer to cowpox as ''variolae vaccinae'' (smallpox of de cow). De origins of de smallpox vaccine cam be murky over time,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Baxby D |title=Jenner's Smallpox Vaccine: The Riddle of Vaccinia Virus and Its Origin |date=1981 |publisher=Heinemann Educational Books |isbn=978-0-435-54057-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt; especially after Louis Pasteur develop laboratory techniques for creating vaccines insyd de 19th century. Allan Watt Downie demonstrate insyd 1939 say na de modern smallpox vaccine be serologically distinct from cowpox,&lt;ref name=&quot;downie19392&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Downie AW |date=April 1939 |title=The Immunological Relationship of the Virus of Spontaneous Cowpox to Vaccinia Virus |journal=British Journal of Experimental Pathology |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=158–76 |issn=0007-1021 |pmc=2065307}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey na ''vaccinia'' subsequently be recognized as a separate viral species. Whole-genome sequencing reveal say ''vaccinia'' most be closely related to horsepox, den de cowpox strains dem find insyd Great Britain be de least closely related to ''vaccinia''.&lt;ref name=&quot;carroll2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, Nakazawa Y, Czerny CP, Tryland M, Kolodziejek J, Nowotny N, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Khristova M, Govil D, Karem K, Damon IK, Meyer H | title = Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 8 | article-number = e23086 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21858000 | pmc = 3152555 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0023086 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...623086C }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{cite book | title=Immunisation against infectious disease | chapter= Smallpox and mpox (monkeypox): the green book, chapter 29 | date=11 June 2025 | orig-date=March 2013 | chapter-url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/smallpox-and-vaccinia-the-green-book-chapter-29 | publisher=Public Health England | veditors = Ramsay M | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/immunisation-against-infectious-disease-the-green-book }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/ Smallpox] U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
* [https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/smallpox Smallpox] Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy
* {{cite web | title=Smallpox/Monkeypox Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=24 July 2025 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/current-vis/smallpox-monkeypox.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of Vaccine for Monkeypox Prevention in the United States | website=U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | date=5 September 2025 | url=https://www.cdc.gov/monkeypox/hcp/vaccine-considerations/vaccination-overview.html }}
* {{cite web | title=Medication Guide Smallpox (Vaccinia) Vaccine, Live ACAM2000 | publisher=Emergent Biosolutions | url=https://www.fda.gov/media/75800/download | format=PDF }}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Smallpox vaccines| ]]
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