Akosua Adoma Owusu

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="gpe">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>gpewiki</dbname>
    <base>https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Akosua Adoma Owusu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1209</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98358</id>
      <parentid>95995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T07:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>98358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33244" sha1="pr2h36ezgmoal7djf8mtiq4maea602p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q3607378}}
'''Akosua Adoma Owusu''' (dem born am January 1, 1984) be Ghanaian-American filmmaker den producer. Ein films explore de colliding identities of black immigrants wey dey America through multiple forms wey dey range from cinematic essays go experimental narratives go reconstructed Black popular media. If we interpret de notion of &quot;double consciousness,&quot; wey ebi coin by sociologist den civil rights activist W. E. B. Du Bois, Owusu dey aim say she go create sam third cinematic space or consciousness. For ein work insyd, feminism, queerness, den African dey identities dey interact for African, white American, den black American cultural spaces insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.artforum.com/interviews/akosua-adoma-owusu-talks-about-triple-consciousness-79725 &quot;Akosua Adoma Owusu talks about triple consciousness&quot;.] ''ArtForum''. Retrieved 2019-05-03.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;MacArthur, Julie (18 September 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211128025238/https://www.cinema.utoronto.ca/events/aesthetics-triple-consciousness-interdisciplinary-approaches-films-akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;The Aesthetics of Triple Consciousness&quot;.] ''University of Toronto''. Retrieved 2019-10-10.&lt;/ref&gt;

She be current Visiting Lecturer for Harvard University den de Pratt Institute for Brooklyn, New York.

== Ein early life den education ==
Ebe Ghanaian parents wey born Owusu wey rais dem raise am for sam immigrant community wey dey Alexandria, Virginia. She be de youngest of three siblings for Grace den Albert A. Owusu, Snr. Owusu dey hold master's degrees for de School of Film/Video den School of Fine Art from California Institute of de Arts, wey she get am for 2008 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://blog.calarts.edu/2010/07/21/40-festivals-and-counting-me-broni-ba-my-white-baby-on-the-film-circuit/ &quot;40 Festivals and Counting: Me Broni Ba (my white baby) on the Film Circuit&quot;.] ''California Institute of the Arts''. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 2010-07-21.&lt;/ref&gt; She graduate plus Bachelors interdisciplinary degree for Media Studies&lt;ref&gt;Govil, Nitin. [https://cinema.usc.edu/directories/profile.cfm?id=35474&amp;first=&amp;last=&amp;title=&amp;did=17&amp;referer=%2Fcriticalstudies%2Ffaculty.cfm&amp;startpage=1&amp;startrow=1 &quot;School of Cinematic Arts&quot;.] ''USC Department of Critical Studies''. Retrieved 2020-06-17.&lt;/ref&gt; den Studio Art insyd plus distinction from de University of Virginia for 2005 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://magazine.arts.virginia.edu/stories/hoos-for-art-adoma &quot;University of Virginia Arts Magazine - Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;.] ''University of Virginia''. Retrieved 2015-12-09.&lt;/ref&gt; Owusu start ein career as post-production assistant for Chris Rock ein HBO documentary “Good Hair” (2009).&lt;ref&gt;[http://store.cinemaguild.com/nontheatrical/product/2358.html &quot;ME BRONI BA (MY WHITE BABY) - Cinema Guild Non-Theatrical&quot;.] ''store.cinemaguild.com''. Retrieved 2023-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt; Soon thereafter, she transition go make ein own short, experimental films.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Art-of-Hair-Press-Release-_Final_rev-4-17-15.pdf &quot;Fowler In Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa&quot;] (PDF). ''Fowler Museum UCLA''. Retrieved 2015-01-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein career ==
Shortly afta say she graduate from CalArts for 2008 insyd, na Owusu be featured artist&lt;ref&gt;Lim, Dennis. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220925061600/https://www.nga.gov/content/dam/ngaweb/calendar/film/pdfs/2011/ngafilm-2011-spring.pdf &quot;On Work: A Selection of Shorts – The Flaherty 2010&quot;] (PDF). ''National Gallery of Art''. Retrieved 2011-06-10.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lisahillart.com/2011/05/screening-me-broni-ba/ &quot;In Praise of Independents: The Flaherty&quot;]. ''Lisa Hill''. Retrieved 2011-06-27.&lt;/ref&gt; of de 56th Robert Flaherty Film Seminar wey renowned critic den film curator Dennis Lim programme am.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dennis-lim.com/ &quot;Dennis Lim&quot;.] ''Dennis Lim''. Retrieved 2016-02-18.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Indiewire'' name am  as one of de six Avant-Garde Female Filmmakers Wey Redefine Cinema, den one of De Huffington Post‘s Black Artists: 30 Contemporary Art Makers Under 40 You Should Know,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/26/black-artists-under-40-contemporary-painters-sculptors-performance-race-representation-art_n_2725639.html &quot;30 Black Artists Under 40 You Should Know&quot;.] ''The Huffington Post''. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 2016-02-18.&lt;/ref&gt; Na Owusu be 2013 MacDowell Colony Fellow&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200603155950/https://www.macdowellcolony.org/artists/akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;Akosua Adoma Owusu - Artist&quot;.] ''MacDowell''. Retrieved 2023-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt; den 2015 Guggenheim Fellow.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20221214094935/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;2015 Guggenheim Fellows&quot;.] ''John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation''. Retrieved 2015-10-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2020 insyd, Owusu receive de Lincoln Center Award for Emerging Artists&lt;ref&gt;[http://aboutlincolncenter.org/press-room/release/1213?category_id=recent &quot;Emerging Artist Awards&quot;.] ''Lincoln Center''. Retrieved 2019-11-20.&lt;/ref&gt; Film for Lincoln Center bestow am.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Photo-Flash-BE-MORE-CHILL-Producer-Jennifer-Ashley-Tepper-and-More-Receive-2020-Emerging-Artist-Awards-at-Lincoln-Center-20200227 &quot;Lincoln Center Awards For Emerging Artists&quot;.] ''Broadway World''. Retrieved 2020-02-27.&lt;/ref&gt;

''Indiewire'' describe Owusu ein shape-shifting film style:&lt;blockquote&gt;Trafficking for de “complex contradictions” of blackness, displacement den memory, Owusu seamlessly transit between experimental cinema, fine art den African tradition so say ego create avant-garde films wey dey question de nature of identity.&lt;ref&gt;Page, Aubrey (7 October 2015). [http://www.indiewire.com/article/6-avant-garde-female-filmmakers-who-redefined-cinema-20151007 &quot;6 Avant-Garde Female Filmmakers Who Redefined Cinema&quot;.] ''Indiewire''. Retrieved 2016-02-18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ein permanent collections ==
Dem include ein work for de permanent collections of de Whitney Museum of American Art,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180910014808/http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu &quot;Whitney Museum Collections&quot;.] Archived from [http://collection.whitney.org/artist/14667/AkosuaAdomaOwusu the original] on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-09.&lt;/ref&gt; de Centre Georges Pompidou,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201103123126/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&amp;param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87 &quot;Global(e) Resistance - Centre Pompidou Collections&quot;.] Archived from [https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/agenda/event.action?param.id=FR_R-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87&amp;param.idSource=FR_E-fe46d1a3df9ce4b6ad849cd7721fb87 the original] on 2020-11-03. Retrieved 2020-06-03.&lt;/ref&gt; den de Fowler Museum for UCLA.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230127135750/https://curate.la/event.php?id=3781 &quot;Film Screening and Artist Talk: Akosua Adoma Owusu at Fowler Museum at UCLA&quot;.] ''curate.la''. Retrieved 2023-10-11.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rex Cinema ==
For 2013 insyd, Owusu launch sam global Kickstarter initiative wey go ‘Save the Rex’!&lt;ref&gt;[https://vimeo.com/81255397 ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Life &amp; Save the Rex Project Part 1''], retrieved 2023-10-11&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://au.news.yahoo.com/filmmaker-battles-to-save-historic-ghana-cinema-19978618.html &quot;Filmmaker battles to save historic Ghana cinema&quot;]. ''Yahoo US''. 22 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuEwUkOmsno &quot;Filmmaker hoping to rejuvenate Ghana's dilapidated old cinemas&quot;]. ''AFP news agency''. Retrieved 2013-10-27.&lt;/ref&gt; De Rex Cinema be one of Ghana ein oldest cinema houses. During sam tym of political insecurity for Ghana insyd for de 60s, 70s den 80s, na sam decline dey for Arts insyd. Dem close all of de cinema houses down for de wake of military coups den curfews. Owusu try save Rex Cinema for de purpose say she go preserve cinema houses.&lt;ref&gt;Rosen, Zachary. [https://africasacountry.com/2013/11/reimagining-ghanas-cinemaspace &quot;Reimagining Ghana's Cinemaspace&quot;]. ''Africa is a Country''. Retrieved 2013-11-13.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2016 insyd, Owusu develop sam screenplay wey edey base on ein global campaign give Save de Rex Cinema&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.opinion-internationale.com/2014/02/04/ghana-la-jeune-realisatrice-americano-ghaneenne-akosua-adoma-owusu-fait-revivre-le-rex-cinema_22035.html &quot;Ghana : La jeune réalisatrice américano-ghanéenne Akosua Adoma Owusu fait revivre le Rex Cinéma&quot;]. ''Opinion Internationale''. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/26491/politique/ghana-une-realisatrice-se-bat-pour-sauver-le-cinema-rex/ &quot;Ghana: une réalisatrice se bat pour sauver le cinéma Rex&quot;]. ''Jeune Afrique''. 27 November 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-28.&lt;/ref&gt; for Ghana insyd for de Camargo Foundation wey dey Cassis, France.&lt;ref&gt;Owusu, Akosua Adoma. [http://camargofoundation.org/programs/partnership-programs/jerome-foundation/art-matters/2016/akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Camargo Foundation&quot;]. ''The Camargo Foundation - Save the Rex''. Retrieved 2016-10-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Owusu, Akosua Adoma. [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5734222/?ref_=nm_knf_i4 &quot;Save the Rex&quot;]. ''IMDb''. Retrieved 2018-10-10.&lt;/ref&gt; For 2017 insyd, ''De Guardian'' announce say na Owusu dey work for sam part-real life, part-fictionalized feature film about ein campaign so say ego restore de historic Rex cinema.&lt;ref&gt;McCool, Alice (6 March 2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/mar/06/accra-60-independence-birthday-parade-arts-colonisation-ghana &quot;Accra at 60: concrete heads and colonial questions in Ghana's capital&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 2017-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ein international accomplishments ==
For 2015 insyd, Two films wey Owusu direct den produce na ebe critics' picks for Artforum magazine insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Sutton, Kate. [http://artforum.com/picks/id=56161 &quot;Akosua Adoma Owusu / Critics' Picks&quot;.] ''artforum.com''. Retrieved 2016-02-18.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Owusu ein film ''Reluctantly Queer'' be one of critics’ best films of 2016 for Sight den Sound, sam monthly film magazine wey British Film Institute (BFI) publish am.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bfi.org.uk/best-films-2016 &quot;The best films of 2016&quot;]. ''Sight &amp; Sound Magazine''. Retrieved 2016-12-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2016 insyd, Britain's Royal African Society name Owusu as dema Human of de Week den South Africa's ''Elle (magazine)'' too as one of 50 incredible women.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200218205209/http://whatsonafrica.org/whats-trending-014/ &quot;What's Trending #014: Human of the Week&quot;]. ''Whatsonafrica.org''. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-07.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2017 insyd, dem name am for ''Dazed'' magazine insyd as one of ten experimental filmmakers wey dey tackle de world ein big topics.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/34976/1/filmmakers-experimenting-with-big-subjects &quot;Ten experimental filmmakers tackling the world's big topics&quot;]. ''Dazed.com''. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2017-03-09.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2018 insyd, Cobo Center commission Owusu say make she produce sam video installation along Jefferson den Washington avenues for downtown Detroit, Michigan during Black History Month.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.crainsdetroit.com/article/20180309/news/654786/video-game-art-dances-across-cobo-center-marquee-as-part-of-yearlong &quot;Video game art dances across Cobo Center marquee as part of yearlong series&quot;]. ''Crain's Detroit Business''. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2023-02-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

Goethe-Institut Vila Sul award Owusu sam artist-in-residence for Salvador wey dey Bahia Brazil, for 2018 insyd, along plus celebrated British installation artist den filmmaker Isaac Julien.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.goethe.de/ins/br/en/sta/sal/ueb/vil/ako.html &quot;Akosua Adoma Owusu - 04/06 - 27/07/2018 - Goethe-Institut Brasilien&quot;]. ''www.goethe.de''. Retrieved 2023-02-17.&lt;/ref&gt;

Owusu participate as distinguished juror for de 57th annual Ann Arbor Film Festival wey she present sam special program wey dem dedicate for ein body of work.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aafilmfest.org/post/2019/02/21/black-history-month &quot;Black History Month - 57th Ann Arbor Film Festival&quot;.] ''Ann Arbor Film Festival''. Retrieved 2019-04-21&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2019 insyd, she lead sam workshop for filmmakers, critics den researchers for Triple Consciousness for Cinema Camp&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210418054211/https://www.cinema.camp/en &quot;Cinema Camp&quot;]. ''Electrified Identities''. Archived from [https://www.cinema.camp/en the original] on 2021-04-18. Retrieved 2019-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt; wey be annual four-day long summer event wey Meno Avilys Film Center dey organize wey dem dey base for Vilnius wey dey Lithuania.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zmones.lt/naujiena/is-ganos-kilusi-rezisiere-a-a-owusu-mes-afrikos-filmu-kurejai-turime-pasiulyti-kinui-kazka-autentisko.87280837-b99f-11e9-a421-aa000054c883 &quot;Iš Ganos kilusi režisierė A. A. Owusu&quot;]. ''ŽMONĖS''. Retrieved 2019-08-08.&lt;/ref&gt;

Owusu ein film ''White Afro''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190819042347/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/en/pardo/program/archive/2019/film?fid=1111691&amp;eid=72&amp; &quot;White Afro&quot;.] ''Locarno Film Festival''. Retrieved 2019-08-30.&lt;/ref&gt; receive de Premio Medien Patent Verwaltung AG prize for Pardi di domani (Leopards of Tomorrow) section of de 2019 Locarno Festival&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217223140/https://www.rsi.ch/news/vita-quotidiana/ciak-news/Il-programma-completo-della-67esima-edizione-1461910.html/BINARY/Il%20programma%20completo%20della%2067esima%20edizione &quot;Locarno Open Doors 2014&quot;.] ''Festival del film Locarno''. Retrieved 2014-08-24.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://variety.com/2012/film/news/locarno-open-doors-to-sub-saharan-africa-1118053160/ &quot;Locarno open doors to Sub-Saharan Africa&quot;]. ''Variety''. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-26.&lt;/ref&gt; for Switzerland. Dem subtitle de film for three central European languages insyd.

Owusu ein film ''Pelourinho: They Don't Really Care About Us'' na ebe one of critics’ best films of 2019 for Sight and Sound magazine wey British Film Institute (BFI) publish insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/polls-surveys/annual-round-ups/best-films-2019-all-votes#BeccaVoelcker &quot;The best films of 2019&quot;]. ''Sight &amp; Sound Magazine''. Retrieved 2019-12-20.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein selected exhibitions ==

* 2020: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' for de Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/6387 &quot;MoMA Documentary Fortnight&quot;.] ''Museum of Modern Art''. Retrieved 2020-02-08.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' for Contemporary Arts Center (New Orleans)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211028072648/https://cacno.org/welcometothejungle &quot;Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans&quot;.] ''Contemporary Arts Center New Orleans''. Retrieved 2020-02-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle'' for Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts&lt;ref&gt;[https://wattis.org/view?id=687 &quot;Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts&quot;.] ''CCA Wattis Institute''. Retrieved 2019-04-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Between Three Worlds: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for REDCAT&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220516084645/https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;REDCAT&quot;]. ''REDCAT(Roy and Edna Disney/CalArts Theater)''. Archived from [https://www.redcat.org/event/between-three-worlds-films-akosua-adoma-owusu the original] on 2022-05-16. Retrieved 2018-12-28.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Yerba Buena Center for the Arts&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sfcinematheque.org/screenings/triple-consciousness-films-by-akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Yerba Buena Center for the Arts&quot;]. ''SF Cinematheque''. Retrieved 2019-04-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Sala de Video: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de São Paulo Museum of Art&lt;ref&gt;[https://masp.org.br/en/exhibitions/video-room-akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;Video room: Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''Museu de Arte de São Paulo''. Retrieved 2019-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/204006/histrias-afro-atlnticas/ &quot;Afro-Atlantic Histories&quot;]. ''Museu de Arte de São Paulo''. Retrieved 2018-09-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Institute for Contemporary Art, Richmond&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://icavcu.org/films/short-film-showcase-akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Institute for Contemporary Art&quot;]. ''Institute for Contemporary Art(ICA)''. Retrieved 2019-03-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

* 2019: ''Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago&lt;ref&gt;[https://mcachicago.org/Calendar/2019/01/Screening-Akosua-Adoma-Owusu &quot;Screening: Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''MCA Chicago''. Retrieved 2018-12-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Triple Consciousness'' for BOZAR, Centre for Fine Arts, Brussels;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200810055234/https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness &quot;Triple Consciousness: Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''BOZAR Cinema''. Archived from [https://www.bozar.be/en/activities/147402-triple-consciousness the original] on 2020-08-10. Retrieved 2018-05-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''African Twilight'' for de Bowers Museum;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224129/https://www.bowers.org/index.php/component/yendifevents/event/1735-kwaku-ananse-screening-and-live-performance-by-baba-the-storyteller &quot;African Twilight&quot;]. ''African Twilight''. Retrieved 2018-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Fragments of a Dream'' for de McNay Art Museum;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150923/https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream &quot;Fragments of a Dream&quot;]. ''McNay Art Museum''. Archived from [https://www.mcnayart.org/exhibitions/upcoming/fragments-of-a-dream the original] on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-06-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: ''Screening and Conversation with Director Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Fowler Museum for UCLA;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/events/screening-conversation-monday-last-week-akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;On Monday of Last Week&quot;]. ''Fowler Museum''. Retrieved 2018-04-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220123211850/https://www.gf.org/news/events/akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Akosua Adoma Owusu - John Simon Memorial Foundation&quot;]. ''John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation''. Retrieved 2018-04-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Akosua Adoma Owusu and Bus Nut'' for de Atlanta Contemporary Art Center;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224542/https://atlantacontemporary.org/exhibitions/akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;Atlanta Contemporary Art Center&quot;]. ''Atlanta Contemporary''. Retrieved 2017-06-05.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Making Africa: Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cccb.org/en/participants/file/akosua-adoma-owusu/223091 &quot;New Voices of African Cinema - Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona''. Retrieved 2016-04-18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cccb.org/en/activities/file/new-voices-of-african-cinema-akosua-adoma-owusu/223059 &quot;Making Africa - Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;.] ''Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona - Akosua Adoma Owusu''. Retrieved 2016-04-21.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for Tabakalera&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190411052826/https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu &quot;Tabakalera&quot;]. ''Tabakalera''. Archived from [https://www.tabakalera.eu/en/akosua-adoma-owusu the original] on 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2016-04-06.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Castilla y León&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laguiago.com/evento/encuentro-akosua-adoma-owusu-musac/ &quot;Encuentro con Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''MUSAC''. 7 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for e Centre Georges Pompidou&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180624150435/https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR &quot;L'évènement Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''Centre Pompidou''. Archived from [https://www.centrepompidou.fr/cpv/resource/c45yK9a/rx5XKMR the original] on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2016-09-03.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Triple Consciousness'' for de Museum of Fine Arts, Houston&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cinemahtx.org/3889-2/ &quot;Triple Consciousness: Films of Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''Houston Cinema Arts Society''. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-25.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cinemahtx.org/introduction-to-the-2016-program/ &quot;Billy Woodberry - Bless Their Little Hearts&quot;]. ''Houston Cinema Arts Festival''. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-26.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016: ''Dreamlands: Immersive Cinema and Art, 1905–2016'' for de Whitney Museum of American Art&lt;ref&gt;[https://whitney.org/Events/Afrofuturism &quot;Dreamlands: Afrofuturism - Whitney Museum&quot;.] ''Whitney Museum of American Art''. Retrieved 2016-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201028032813/https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited &quot;Dreamlands: Pain Revisited - Whitney Museum&quot;]. ''Whitney Museum of American Art''. Archived from [https://whitney.org/Events/PainRevisited the original] on 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2016-12-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Modern Mondays: An Evening with Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Museum of Modern Art&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/1621 &quot;An Evening With Akosua Adoma Owusu - MoMA&quot;]. ''Museum of Modern Art''. Retrieved 2015-12-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Existential Crisis'' for de Rochester Art Center&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210614050241/https://rochesterartcenter.org/exhibition/akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Rochester Art Center&quot;]. Retrieved 2015-12-11.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''America Is Hard to See'' for de Whitney Museum of American Art&lt;ref&gt;[https://whitney.org/Exhibitions/AmericaIsHardToSee &quot;America is Hard To See&quot;]. ''Whitney Museum of American Art''. Retrieved 2015-05-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.calarts.edu/2015/04/20/calartians-named-2015-guggenheim-fellows/ &quot;24700 News from CalArts&quot;]. ''California Institute of the Arts''. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-07-09.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''The Art of Hair in Africa'' for de Fowler Museum for UCLA&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/fowler-focus-art-hair-africa/ &quot;Fowler in Focus: The Art of Hair in Africa&quot;]. ''Fowler Museum at UCLA''. Retrieved 2015-11-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Two Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for Art and Practice&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200603163249/https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/ &quot;In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu with Jamillah James&quot;]. ''Art and Practice''. Archived from [https://www.artandpractice.org/public-programs/in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu-with-jamillah-james/ the original] on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2015-09-24.&lt;/ref&gt;  insyd association plus de Hammer Museum&lt;ref&gt;[https://hammer.ucla.edu/programs-events/2015/09/off-site-program-in-conversation-njideka-akunyili-crosby-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Off-Site Program: In Conversation: Njideka Akunyili Crosby and Akosua Adoma Owusu&quot;]. ''Hammer Museum''. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-27.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Do/Tell'' for de Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia&lt;ref&gt;[https://icaphila.org/exhibitions/do-tell-erin-bernard-heather-hart-rachelle-mozman-and-akosua-adoma-owusu/ &quot;Do/Tell&quot;]. ''ICA Philadelphia''. 8 March 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-29.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014: ''Prospect.3: Notes for Now'' New Orleans Triennial&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.artforum.com/inprint/issue=201501&amp;id=49428 &quot;Prospect.3&quot;]. ''artforum.com''. Retrieved 2015-01-13.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2013: ''Films by Akosua Adoma Owusu'' for de Moderna Museet&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.modernamuseet.se/stockholm/sv/aktiviteter/cinemafrica-filmfestival/ &quot;CinemAfrica - Moderna Museet&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: ''Fore'' for de Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;[https://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1546O9V395595.39270&amp;profile=liball&amp;source=~!silibraries&amp;view=subscriptionsummary&amp;uri=full=3100001~!1025889~!1&amp;ri=2&amp;aspect=Keyword&amp;menu=search&amp;ipp=20&amp;spp=20&amp;staffonly=&amp;term=akosua+adoma+owusu&amp;index=GW&amp;uindex=&amp;aspect=Keyword&amp;menu=search&amp;ri=2 &quot;Fore - Smithsonian Libraries&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2012: ''The Bearden Project'' for de Studio Museum for Harlem insyd&lt;ref&gt;[http://gailgregg.com/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Beardenmania.pdf &quot;Beardenmania&quot;] (PDF). ''ARTnews''. Retrieved 2012-06-01.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/841590034 ''The Bearden Project''.] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/841590034 841590034]. Retrieved 2012-12-20 &amp;#x2013; via WorldCat.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''VideoStudio: Changing Same'' for de Studio Museum for Harlem insyd&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20181230025935/https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same &quot;VideoStudio: Changing Same&quot;]. Archived from [https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/videostudio/changing-same the original] on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2010-11-12.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''Quadruple Consciousness'' for de Vox Populi (art gallery)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230217224928/http://voxpopuligallery.org/exhibitions/quadruple-consciousness/ &quot;Quadruple Consciousness&quot;.] ''voxpopuligallery.org''. Retrieved 2011-01-06.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''30 Seconds Off an Inch'' for de Studio Museum in Harlem&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/11/arts/design/11inch.html &quot;A Beating Heart of Social Import&quot;.] ''NY Times''. Retrieved 2009-12-10.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2009: ''Me Broni Ba'' for de Museum of Modern Art Documentary Fortnight&lt;ref&gt;[http://press.moma.org/wp-content/press-archives/PRESS_RELEASE_ARCHIVE/DocMonth_Release.pdf &quot;MoMA Documentary Fortnight&quot;] (PDF). ''Museum of Modern Art''. Retrieved 2009-02-01.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ein awards den nominations ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Award
!Work
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2005
|Virginia Film Festival
|''Ajube Kete''
|Ken Jacobs Award for Best Experimental Short Film
|Chop
|
|-
|2008
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Berlinale Talent Campus
|Chop
|
|-
|2008
|California Institute of the Arts
|''Good Hair''
|Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2008
|Detroit Docs
|''Intermittent Delight''
|Most Progressive Filmmaker Award
|Chop
|
|-
|2008
|Mexico International Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Silver Palm Award
|Chop
|
|-
|2009
|Athens International Film and Video Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Best Documentary Short
|Chop
|
|-
|2009
|Chicago Underground Film Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Best Documentary Short
|Chop
|
|-
|2010
|Robert J. Flaherty Film Seminar
|Work
|Featured Artist
|Chop
|
|-
|2010
|Real Life Documentary Festival
|''Me Broni Ba/My White Baby''
|Special Jury Mention, Best Short Film
|Chop
|
|-
|2011
|Black Maria Film Festival
|''Drexciya''
|Jury's Citation Prize
|Chop
|
|-
|2011
|African Film Festival, Tarifa
|''Drexciya''
|Special Jury Mention
|Chop
|
|-
|2011
|Expresión en Corto International Film Festival
|''Drexciya''
|Best Experimental Short
|Chop
|
|-
|2012
|Focus Features Africa First
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Production Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2012
|Creative Capital Foundation
|''Black Sunshine''
|Film/Video Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2012
|Art Matters Foundation
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Post-Production Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2013
|Ann Arbor Film Festival
|''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful''
|Most Promising Filmmaker Prize
|Chop
|
|-
|2013
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Golden Bear Best Short Film
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2013
|Africa Movie Academy Award
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Best Short Film
|Chop
|
|-
|2013
|Académie des Arts et Techniques du Cinéma
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Best Short Film of the Year
|Chop
|
|-
|2013
|Arte International Prize
|''Black Sunshine''
|Development Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2013
|MacDowell Colony Fellowship
|''Black Sunshine''
|Screenwriting Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2014
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Black Sunshine''
|Production Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2015
|Association Cinémas et Cultures d'Afrique
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|Special Jury Mention
|Chop
|
|-
|2015
|John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
|''Black Sunshine''
|Guggenheim Fellowship
|Chop
|
|-
|2015
|Tribeca Film Institute
|''Black Sunshine''
|Tribeca All Access Development Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2016
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Golden Bear for Best Short Film
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2016
|Berlin International Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Teddy Award for Best Short Film
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2016
|Baltimore International Black Film Festival
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|Audience Award for Best International Short Film
|Chop
|
|-
|2016
|The Camargo Foundation
|''Save the Rex''
|Travel Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2017
|Africa Movie Academy Award
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|Best Short Film
|Dem nominate am
|
|-
|2018
|Pratt Institute
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|Mellon Research Grant
|Chop
|
|-
|2018
|International Short Film Festival Oberhausen
|Oberhausen Film Seminar
|Featured Artist
|Chop
|
|-
|2018
|Goethe-Institut Vila Sul Salvador-Bahia
|''Black Sunshine''
|Artist-in-Residence
|Chop
|
|-
|2018
|Cobo Center Marquee Video Art Series
|''Intermittent Delight''
|John S. and James L. Knight Foundation
|Chop
|
|-
|2019
|Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts
|''Akosua Adoma Owusu: Welcome to the Jungle''
|The Westridge Foundation
|Chop
|
|}

== Ein filmography ==

=== Filmography ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
|-
|2005
|''Ajube Kete''
|writer, director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2006
|''Tea 4 Two''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2007
|''Intermittent Delight''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2008
|''Revealing Roots''
|actress, director, producer
|-
|2008
|''Boyant: A Michael Jordan in a Speedo is Far Beyond the Horizon''
|actress, producer
|-
|2009
|''Me Broni Ba''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2010-11
|''Drexciya''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2012
|''Split Ends, I Feel Wonderful''
|director, producer
|-
|2013
|''Kwaku Ananse''
|writer, director, producer
|-
|2015
|''Bus Nut''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2016
|''Reluctantly Queer''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2017
|''On Monday of Last Week''
|writer, director, producer
|-
|2018
|''Mahogany Too''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2019
|''Pelourinho: They Don’t Really Care About Us''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2019
|''White Afro''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|2020
|''King of Sanwi''
|director, producer, cinematographer
|-
|in production
|''Black Sunshine'' (feature film)
|writer, director, producer
|}

== Further reading ==

* Owusu, Akosua Adoma, and Adwoa Adu-Gyamfi. ''Me broni ba''. New York, NY: Cinema Guild (2009).
* Baron, Jaimie. ''Inappropriate Bodies: Contemporary Filmmakers Challenging Gender Constructions through Appropriation.'' [1] UCLA Center for the Study of Women (2009).
* Birchall, Danny. ''Things Said Again'' (2010) Film Quarterly Volume 63, Issue 3, pg. 55-57
* Nelmes, Jill. ''Introduction to Film Studies'' (2012) [2]
* Dovey, Lindiwe. ''African Feminist Engagements with Film'' (2012) [3], p. 18-23.
* Mask, Mia, Contemporary Black American Cinema: Race, Gender and Sexuality at the Movies (2012).
* Kendall, Nzingha, Commentary: Haunting in Akosua Adoma Owusu's Short Experimental Films (2013). ''Black Camera''
* Agyeman, Erica. Akosua Adoma Owusu: Exploring 'Threeness, ''The International Review of African American Art'' 24.3 (2013), 11–13.
* Prabhu, Anjali. ''Contemporary Cinema of Africa and the Diaspora'' [4] (2014).
* Laderman, David. ''Sampling Media'' [5] (2014).
* UNESCO. ''Égalité des genres: patrimoine et créativité'' [6] (2014).
* Ellerson, Beti. ''Gaze Regimes: Film And Feminisms In Africa'' (2015) [7]
* Johnson, Elizabeth. ''Female Narratives in Nollywood Melodramas'' (2016) [8], p. 113.
* Kelly, Gabrielle. ''Celluloid Ceiling: Women Film Directors Breaking Through'' (2018) [9]
* Lené Hole, Kristin. ''Film Feminisms: A Global Introduction'' [10] (2018).
* Bisschoff, Lizelle. ''Women in African Cinema: Beyond the Body Politic.'' [11] (2019).
* Nyeck, S.N. ''Routledge Handbook of Queer African Studies'' [12] (2019).
* Williams, James S. ''Ethics and Aesthetics in Contemporary African Cinema: The Politics of Beauty'' [13] (2019).
* Dasilva, Dax. ''Age of Union: Igniting The Changemaker'' [14] (2020).
* Huberman, Anthony. ''Abbas to Yuki: Writing Alongside Exhibitions'' [15] (2020).

== References ==
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Ghanaian American]]
[[Category:Ghanaian film directors]]
[[Category:University of Virginia alumni]]
[[Category:Ghanaian women film directors]]
[[Category:People from Virginia]]
[[Category:Artists from Virginia]]
[[Category:American women film producers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Virginia]]
[[Category:African-American film directors]]
[[Category:African-American women artists]]
[[Category:American women artists]]
[[Category:American women film directors]]
[[Category:California Institute of the Arts alumni]]
[[Category:American video artists]]
[[Category:People from Alexandria, Virginia]]
[[Category:African-American artists]]
[[Category:Ghanaian artists]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American people]]
[[Category:21st-century African-American women]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American people]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American women]]
[[Category:American people of Ghanaian descent]]</text>
      <sha1>pr2h36ezgmoal7djf8mtiq4maea602p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prophet's Mosque</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98359</id>
      <parentid>66602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>61</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:SaudiArabiaP25-100Riyals-(1984)-donatedth_b.jpg|SaudiArabiaP25-100Riyals-(1984)-donatedth_b.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Well-Informed Optimist|Well-Informed Optimist]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests</comment>
      <origin>98359</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21639" sha1="jwv2y3xyok7p5il2drh54vfgeb2ywla" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Prophet's Mosque''' (Arabic: ٱلْمَسْجِد ٱلنَّبَوِي‎, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''al-Masjid al-Nabawī'', &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'Mosque of de Prophet') be de second mosque wey de Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]] build insyd [[Medina]], after de Quba Mosque, as well as de second largest mosque den holiest site insyd [[Islam]], after de [[Masjid al-Haram]] insyd [[Mecca]], insyd de Saudi region of de Hejaz.&lt;ref&gt;Trofimov, Yaroslav (2008), ''The Siege of Mecca: The 1979 Uprising at Islam's Holiest Shrine'', New York, p.&amp;nbsp;79, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47290-8|978-0-307-47290-8]]&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; De mosque dey locate for de heart of Medina, wey ebe a major site of pilgrimage wey dey fall under de purview of de Custodian of de Two Holy Mosques.

Na Muhammad einself be involved insyd de construction of de mosque. For de time, na de mosque ein land belong to two young orphans, Sahl den Suhayl, den wen dem learn say na Muhammad wish make he acquire dema land take erect a mosque, dem go to Muhammad wey dem offer de land to am as a gift; na Muhammad insist on make he pay a price for de land secof na dem be orphaned kiddies. Na de price dem agree upon wey Abu Ayyub al-Ansari pay, wey thus he cam turn de endower anaa donor (Arabic: وَاقِف, &lt;small&gt;romanized:&lt;/small&gt; ''wāqif'') of de mosque, on behalf anaa for favor of Muhammad.Na al-Ansari sanso accommodate Muhammad upon ein arrival for Medina insyd 622.

Originally an open-air building, na de mosque serve as a community center, a court of law, den a religious school. Na e contain a raised platform anaa pulpit (''minbar'') give de people wey na he teach de [[Quran]] den for Muhammad make he give de Friday sermon (''khutbah''). Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expand den decorate de mosque, wey dem name ein walls, doors den minarets after demaselves den dema forefathers. After an expansion during de reign of de Umayyad caliph al-Walid I (&lt;abbr&gt;r.&lt;/abbr&gt; 705–715), e now dey incorporate de final resting place of Muhammad den de first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr (&lt;abbr&gt;r.&lt;/abbr&gt; 632–634) den Umar (&lt;abbr&gt;r.&lt;/abbr&gt; 634–644).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], pp. 88–89, 109&lt;/ref&gt; One of de most notable features of de site be de Green Dome insyd de south-east corner of de mosque,&lt;ref name=&quot;Peterson&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-20387-3|last=Petersen|first=Andrew|title=Dictionary of Islamic Architecture|date=11 March 2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/183 183]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/183}}&lt;/ref&gt; originally Aisha ein house,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; wer de tomb of Muhammad dey locate. Chaw pilgrims wey perform de [[Hajj]] sanso dey go to Medina make dem visit de Green Dome.
[[Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text]]
Insyd 1909, under de reign of Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II, e cam turn de first place insyd de Arabian Peninsula make dem provide am plus electrical lights.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The History of Electrical lights in the Arabian Peninsula|url=http://www.suhuf.net.sa/2001jaz/jul/3/ec19.htm|access-date=15 June 2020|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001160159/http://www.suhuf.net.sa/2001jaz/jul/3/ec19.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; From de 14th century, na de mosque be guarded by eunuchs, na de last remaining guardians dem photograph for de request of then-Prince Faisal bin Salman Al Saud, den insyd 2015, na five per wey lef.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2014|title=Portrait of Saeed Adam Omar|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_2014-6048-8|access-date=2022-04-29|website=The British Museum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-10-12|title='The Guardians' at Leighton House Museum|url=http://theparkgallery.com/exhibition/theguardians-leightonhouse/|access-date=2022-04-29|website=The Park Gallery|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem generally dey gbele am regardless of date anaa time, wey na dem close am to visitors once insyd modern times, as Ramadan approach during de COVID-19 pandemic insyd 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Farrell|first=Marwa Rashad, Stephen|date=24 April 2020|title=Islam's holiest sites emptied by coronavirus crisis as Ramadan begins|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-ramadan-idUKKCN22612J|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095439/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-ramadan-idUKKCN22612J|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 24, 2020|access-date=12 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Under Muhammad den de Rashidun (622–660 AD) ===
[[File:Hadith_Masjid_an-Nabawi_Calligraphy_1.png|thumb|A [[hadith]] dem inscribe insyd de mosque wich dey say ''&quot;A prayer in this mosque of mine is better than a thousand prayers anywhere else, except for Al-Masjid al-Haram''.&quot;]]

Na Muhammad build de mosque insyd 622 AD after ein arrival insyd Medina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Prophet's Mosque [Al-Masjid An-Nabawi]|url=http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/articles/154991/the-prophets-mosque-al-masjid-an-nabawi|publisher=Islam Web|access-date=17 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na he dey ride a camel dem call Qaswa, he arrive for de place wer na dem build dis mosque, wich na dem dey use am as a burial ground.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 49.&lt;/ref&gt; Na he refuse make he accept de land as a gift from de two orphans, Sahl den Suhayl, wey own de land, na he buy de land wich na Abu Ayyub al-Ansari bia, wey e take seven months make dem plete de construction of de mosque. E measure {{convert|30.5|×|35.62|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De roof wich na be supported by palm trunks dem make am of beaten clay den palm leaves. Na ebe for a height of {{convert|3.60|m|abbr=on}}. Na de three doors of de mosque be de ''Bāb ar-Raḥmah'' (بَاب ٱلرَّحْمَة, &quot;Gate of de Mercy&quot;) to de south, ''Bāb Jibrīl'' (بَاب جِبْرِيْل, &quot;Gate of Gabriel&quot;) to de west, den ''Bāb an-Nisāʾ'' (بَاب ٱلنِّسَاء, &quot;Gate of de Women&quot;) to de east.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; For dis time point insyd de history of de mosque, na de wall of de ''qiblah'' dey face north to Jerusalem, wey na de Suffah dey along de northern wall. Insyd de year 7 AH, after de Battle of Khaybar, na dem expand de mosque&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt; to {{convert|47.32|m|abbr=on}} for each side, wey na dem build three rows of columns beside de west wall, wich e cam turn de place of praying.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt; Na de mosque remain unaltered during de reign of Abu Bakr.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Na Umar demolish all de houses around de mosque, except those of Muhammad ein wifeys, make he expand am.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Atiqur Rahman|title=Umar Bin Khattab: The Man of Distinction|year=2003|publisher=Adam Publishers|isbn=978-81-7435-329-0|page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de new mosque ein dimensions cam turn {{convert|57.49|×|66.14|m|abbr=on}}. Na dem use sun-dried mud bricks take construct de walls of de enclosure. Besides strewing pebbles for de floor, na dem increse de roof ein height to {{convert|5.6|m|abbr=on}}. Umar construct three more gates for entrance. Na he sanso add ''Al-Buṭayḥah'' ({{Lang|ar|ٱلْبُطَيْحَة}}) for people make dem recite poetry.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;

De third Rashidun caliph Uthman demolish de mosque insyd 649. Na dem spend ten months insyd building de new rectangular shaped mosque wey na dem turn ein face towards de [[Kaaba]] insyd Mecca. Na de new mosque measure {{convert|81.40|×|62.58|m|abbr=on}}. De number of gates as well as dema names remain de same.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 55.&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem make de enclosure of stones dem lay insyd mortar. Na dem replace de palm trunk columns by stone columns wich na dem join by iron clamps. Na dem use teakwood insyd reconstructing de ceiling filza.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 56.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architecture ==

[[File:Gumbad_e_Khizarah.jpg|thumb|Na dem give de Green Dome ein signature color insyd 1837]]

De modern-day mosque dey situate for a rectangular plot wey ebe two stories tall. De Ottoman prayer hall, wich be de oldest part of de mosque, dey lie towards de south. E get a flat paved roof topped plus 27 sliding domes for square bases. Holes dem pierce into de base of each dome illuminate de interior wen dem close de domes. Dem dey close de sliding roof during de afternoon prayer (''Dhuhr'') make e protect de visitors. Wen de domes slide out for metal tracks make dem shade areas of de roof, dem dey create light wells give de prayer hall. For dese times, dem sanso dey shade de courtyard of de Ottoman mosque plus umbrellas dem affix to freestanding columns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Archnet|url=http://archnet.org/sites/3789|work=archnet.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem dey access de roof by stairs den escalators. Dem sanso dey use de paved area around de mosque for prayer, dem equip plus umbrella tents.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=MakMax (Taiyo Kogyo Group)|title=Large scale umbrellas (250 units) completed, covering the pilgrims worldwide with membrane architecture : MakMax|url=http://www.makmax.com/news/2012/nw0214.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026072356/http://www.makmax.com/news/2012/nw0214.html|archive-date=26 October 2015|access-date=10 June 2013|work=makmax.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na de sliding domes den retractable umbrella-like canopies be designed by de German Muslim architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch, ein firm SL Rasch GmbH, den Buro Happold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Derek|title=The Confidence to Build|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=1998|isbn=0-419-24060-8|location=p 69|page=176}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== De Green Dome ===
De chamber adjacent to de ''Rawdah'' dey hold de tombs of Muhammad den two of ein companions den father-in-laws, Abu Bakr den Umar. Dem reserve a fourth grave give ʿĪsā (Jesus), as Muslims dey believe say he go return wey dem go bury am for de site. Dem cover de site by de Green Dome. Na dem construct am insyd 1817 CE during de reign of de Ottoman sultan Mahmud II wey he paint am green insyd 1837 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== De Rawdah ===
[[File:Rawdah_by_Uleke.jpg|thumb|''Ar-Rawdah ash-Sharifah'' be mostly crowded plus worshippers, wey movement be restricted by policemen for all times]]

''Ar-Rawḍah ash-Sharīfah'' (Arabic: ٱلرَّوْضَة ٱلشَّرِيْفَة, &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'De Noble Garden') be an area between de ''minbar'' den de burial-chamber of Muhammad. Dem dey regard am as one of de ''Riyāḍ al-Jannah'' (Arabic: رِيَاض ٱلْجَنَّة, &lt;small&gt;lit. &lt;/small&gt;'Gardens of de Paradise').&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Malik ibn Anas|author-link=|title=Muwatta Imam Malik|chapter=14.5.11|chapter-url=http://sunnah.com/urn/404650}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem use a green carpet take distinguish de area from de red carpet insyd de rest of de mosque, though now nu e sanso be green.

=== Mihrabs ===
[[File:Qibla_Nabvi_mosque.jpg|thumb|Na Muhammad wey construct de old mihrab  Na dem remodel am chaw times over de centuries, wey currently dem set am for marble insyd.]]

Der be two mihrabs anaa niches wey dey indicate de ''qiblah'' insyd de mosque, na Muhammad build one wey Uthman build anoda. De one wey de latter build be larger dan dat of Muhammad ein own, wey e dey act as de functional mihrab, whereas Muhammad ein mihrab be a &quot;commemorative&quot; mihrab.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Prophet's_Mosque#CITEREFAriffin2005|Ariffin 2005]], p. 57.&lt;/ref&gt; Besides de ''mihrab'', de mosque sanso get oda niches wich act as indicators for praying. Dis dey include de ''Miḥrāb Fāṭimah'' (Arabic: مِحْرَاب فَاطِمَة) anaa ''Miḥrāb at-Tahajjud'' (Arabic: مِحْرَاب ٱلتَّهَجُّد), wich na ebe built by Muhammad for de late-night prayer.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Prophet's Mosque|url=http://www.lastprophet.info/the-prophet-s-mosque-%E2%94%82-masjid-al-nabawi|access-date=19 June 2015|publisher=Last Prophet|archive-date=15 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915021948/http://www.lastprophet.info/the-prophet-s-mosque-%E2%94%82-masjid-al-nabawi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Minbars ===
[[File:Minbar_at_Masjid_Nabvi,_Medina.JPG|thumb|De ''minbar'' wey Sultan Murad III commission dem still dey use am for de mosque today]]
Na de original ''minbar'' (مِنـۢبَر) wey Muhammad use be a block of date palm wood. Na he replace dis plus a tamarisk one, wich na e get dimensions of {{convert|50|x|125|cm|abbr=on}}. Insyd 629 CE, na dem add a three staired ladder to am. Na Abu Bakr den Umar no use de third step as a sign of respect to Muhammad, buh Uthman place a fabric dome over am, wey dem cover de rest of de stairs plus ebony. Na Baybars I replace de ''minbar'', by Shaykh al-Mahmudi insyd 1417, den by Qaitbay insyd 1483. Insyd 1590 na de Ottoman sultan Murad III replace am plus a marble ''minbar'', while na dem move Qaytbay minbar to de Quba Mosque. As of 2013, dem still dey use de Ottoman minbar insyd de mosque.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot; /&gt;

=== Minarets ===
[[File:Prophet’s_Mosque_Minaret_2021.jpg|thumb|Minaret insyd Prophet ein Mosque]]
Na dem construct de first recorded minarets, four in number, between 707 den 709 during de reign of al-Walid I. Na dem be 26 feet (7.9 m) high.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot; /&gt; Insyd 1307, na al-Nasir Muhammad add a minaret dem title ''Bāb as-Salām'' ''Bāb as-Salām'' (بَاب ٱلسَّلَام, &quot;Gate of de Peace&quot;) wich na Mehmed IV renovate am. After de renovation project of 1994, na der be ten minarets wich na dem be 104 metres (341 ft) high. De minarets dema upper, middle, den bottom portions be cylindrical, octagonal, den square shaped respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;PM&quot; /&gt;

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:'Madinah Sharif' Indian token.jpg|An 18th century bronze token wey dey depict de original Mamluk era dome, wer de Green Dome dey stand today.
File:Green Dome of Madinah.jpg|De Green Dome over Muhammad ein tomb, den de smaller silver dome next to am.
File:Masjid e Nabawi Interior 2.jpg|Interior of de new section
File:Masjid e Nabawi Interior.jpg|Inner courtyard
File:Masjid e Nabawi Courtyard Umbrellas.jpg|Courtyard
File:Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi umbrella.jpg|De umbrellas protect pilgrims from de harsh summer temperatures of Medina. De sanso attach fan spraying water to each umbrella pillar, make e keep de square den pilgrims alike cool.
File:Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door.jpg|Dem inscribe &quot;Muhammad the Messenger of God&quot;
File:Masjid Nabawi Library.jpg|De library for de mosque dey house chaw old manuscripts, books den dey specialize insyd de preservation of Islamic history.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
== List of current den former Imams ==

=== Current Imams&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Steve|date=2022-05-14|title=List of 8 Imams of Masjid al Nabawi|url=https://lifeinsaudiarabia.net/list-of-imams-of-masjid-al-nabawi/#Sheikh_Ahmed_Bin_Talib|access-date=2024-09-17|website=Life in Saudi Arabia|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-09-16|title=Imam Schedule For Masjid al Haram and Nabawi (Updated)|url=https://theislamicinformation.com/more/imam-schedule-masjid-al-haram-nabawi/|access-date=2024-09-17|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* Ali ibn Abdur-Rahman al Hudhaify — chief of imams for Prophet ein Mosque.
* Salah Al Budair — deputy chief of imams for de Prophet ein Mosque
* Abdulbari ath-Thubaity
* Ahmad bin Talib Hamid,
* Abdulmuhsen Al-Qasim,
* Abdullah bin Abdurahman al-Bu'ayjaan
* Ahmad bin Ali al-Hudhaify, son of Ali ibn Abdur-Rahman al Hudhaify
* Khalid al Muhanna
* Muhammad Burhaji, guest imam insyd [[Ramadan]] 2024, dem appoint am permanent imam insyd October 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-10-03|title=Four new imams appointed at the Two Holy Mosques|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2573829/saudi-arabia|access-date=2024-10-04|website=Arab News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abdullah Qarafi, dem appoint am insyd October 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-10-03|title=Sheikh Badr Al-Turki among four imams appointed at Two Holy Mosques|url=https://www.saudigazette.com.sa/article/645981/SAUDI-ARABIA/Sheikh-Badr-Al-Turki-among-four-imams-appointed-at-Two-Holy-Mosques|access-date=2024-10-04|website=Saudigazette|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Former Imams ===

* Muhammad Ayyub&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Taj|first=Ejaz|date=2016-04-16|title=The Passing of Sheikh Muhammad Ayyoub|url=https://www.islam21c.com/editorials/the-passing-of-sheikh-muhammad-ayyoub/|access-date=2024-09-17|website=Islam21c|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Sa'ad al Ghamdi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shakeel|first=Vajiha|date=2022-01-11|title=Saad Al-Ghamdi - Biography, Age, Facts, Family, Son, Wife|url=https://thecognate.com/saad-al-ghamdi/|access-date=2024-09-17|website=The Cognate|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''(for [[Tarawih]] only)''
* Ibrahim Akhdar
* Abdullah Awad Al-Juhani, now imam of Masjid al-Haram
* Abdul Wadood Hanif
* Emad Hafidh
* Hussain Aal Sheikh
* Mahmood al Qari
* Muhammad al Qari
== References==
&lt;references /&gt;

=== Sources ===
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jP850CjN_voC |title=Architectural Conservation in Islam: Case Study of the Prophet's Mosque |first=Syed Ahmad Iskandar Syed |last=Ariffin |year=2005 |publisher=Penerbit UTM |isbn=978-983-52-0373-2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bacharach |first1=Jere L. |author-link= |editor1-last=Necpoğlu |editor1-first=Gülru |title=Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World, Volume 13 |date=1996 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10633-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdCTI5FqayAC |chapter=Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |title=The Minaret |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0748637256 |location=Edinburgh |language=en |oclc=856037134}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ettinghausen |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins-Madina |first3=Marilyn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780300088670 |edition=2nd |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hillenbrand |first1=Robert |title=Islamic Architecture: Form, Function and Meaning |date=1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-231-10132-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=81uo8Vc04gQC }}
* {{cite book|title=The Holy City of Medina: Sacred Space in Early Islamic Arabia|first=Harry|last= Munt|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04213-1|date=31 July 2014}}

== Read further ==
* {{cite book|last=Fahd|first=Salem Bahmmam|title=Pilgrimage in Islam: A description and explanation of the fifth pillar of Islam|date=30 January 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=63nBAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=prophet%27s+mosque|publisher=Modern Guide, 2014|isbn=978-1-78338-174-6|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spwm_KmDsikC&amp;q=prophet%27s+mosque|title=Hasrat Muhammad the Prophet of Islam|publisher=Adam Publishers|isbn=978-81-7435-582-9|ref=none}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuC1AwAAQBAJ&amp;q=prophet%27s+mosque|title=The Road To Mecca|publisher=The Book Foundation, 1954|last=Muhammad|first=Asad|year=1954|isbn=978-0-9927981-0-9|ref=none}}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnOjC-r2GbwC&amp;q=prophet%27s+mosque|title=Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to Al-Madinah &amp; Meccah, Volume 2|last=Sir|first=Richard Francis Burton|date=January 1964|publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=978-0-486-21218-0|ref=none}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Prophets-Mosque Prophet's Mosque: mosque, Medina, Saudi Arabia], in ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online'', by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Brian Duignan, Kanchan Gupta, John M. Cunningham and Amy Tikkanen

== External links ==
{{sister project links|d=Q486080|n=Annual Islamic pilgrimage takes place|voy=Medina|species=no|mw=no|wikt=no|m=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|s=no}}
*''[http://mecca.net/masjid-al-nabawi-in-madinah-live-prayers/ Watch Live Al-Masjid an-Nabawi]''
*''Detailed information on [http://islamicencyclopedia.org/public/index/topicDetail/id/644 Masjid Al-Nabawi الْمَسْجِد النَّبَوي]'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20160920064246/http://islamicencyclopedia.org/public/index/topicDetail/id/644 Archived] 2016-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
* ''[http://jamiat.org.za/the-curious-tale-of-the-abyssinian-guardians-of-masjid-nabawi-saw/ The curious tale of the Abyssinian Guardians of Masjid Nabawi SAW]''
*''[https://web.archive.org/web/20190501094045/https://www.spinattic.com/1481/12833 prophet muhammad's mosque 360º Virtual Tour]''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabawi}}
[[Category:622 establishments]]
[[Category:8th-century establishments insyd de Umayyad Caliphate]]
[[Category:7th-century mosques]]
[[Category:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi| ]]
[[Category:Islamic holy places]]
[[Category:Mausoleums insyd Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Mosques insyd Medina]]
[[Category:Umayyad architecture]]
[[Category:Abbasid architecture]]
[[Category:Mamluk mosques insyd Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures of de Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ziyarat]]
[[Category:Muhammad]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings plus domes insyd Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings plus minarets insyd Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Religious buildings den structures dem plete insyd de 600s]]
[[Category:2025 Wiki Dey Love Ramadan Contributions]]</text>
      <sha1>jwv2y3xyok7p5il2drh54vfgeb2ywla</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:PK2</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>22601</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98357</id>
      <parentid>82367</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T04:17:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PK2</username>
        <id>863</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>add user pages for new Wikipedia editions</comment>
      <origin>98357</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35942" sha1="dud3tixug1qffje4pl8q76cccmmhg8l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:85%&quot;
|-
| [[User:PK2/sandbox|This]] is where my sandbox pages in different languages are
|}

;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size:85%&quot;&gt;My user pages in different languages by language code&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ A
|-
| [[:ab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ace:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Acehnese language|Acehnese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ace&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ady:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Adyghe language|Adyghe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ady&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:af:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Afrikaans|Afrikaans]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;af&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:als:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Alemannic German|Alemannic German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;als&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:alt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;alt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:am:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;am&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ami:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Amis language|Amis]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ami&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:an:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aragonese language|Aragonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;an&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ang:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old English|Old English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ang&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ann:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Obolo language|Obolo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ann&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:anp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Angika|Angika]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;anp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aramaic|Aramaic]] ([[:en:Syriac language|Syriac]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ary:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moroccan Arabic|Moroccan Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ary&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:arz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian Arabic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;arz&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:as:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Assamese language|Assamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;as&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ast:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Asturleonese language|Asturleonese]] ([[:en:Asturian language|Asturian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ast&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:atj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atikamekw language|Atikamekw]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;atj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:av:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Avar language|Avar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;av&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:avk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kotava|Kotava]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;avk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:awa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Awadhi language|Awadhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;awa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aymara language|Aymara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:az:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;az&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:azb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Azerbaijani language#South Azerbaijani|South Azerbaijani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;azb&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ B
|-
| [[:ba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bashkir language|Bashkir]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ban:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Balinese language|Balinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ban&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bar:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bavarian language|Bavarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bar&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bat-smg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samogitian language|Samogitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bat-smg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bbc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toba Batak language|Toba Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bbc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bcl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Bikol|Central Bikol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bcl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bdr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sama–Bajaw languages|West Coast Bajau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bdr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:be-tarask:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ([[:en:Taraškievica|Taraškievica]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;be-tarask&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bew:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Betawi language|Betawi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bew&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bihari languages|Bihari]] ([[:en:Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bislama|Bislama]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bjn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Banjarese language|Banjarese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bjn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:blk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pa'O language|Pa'O]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;blk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bambara language|Bambara]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bengali language|Bengali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Tibetan|Central Tibetan]] ([[:en:Lhasa Tibetan|Lhasa Tibetan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bpy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bishnupriya Manipuri|Bishnupriya Manipuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bpy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:br:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Breton language|Breton]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;br&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:bs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:btm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mandailing Batak language|Mandailing Batak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;btm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buginese language|Buginese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:bxr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Buryat language|Buryat]] (Russia Buriat)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;bxr&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ C
|-
| [[:ca:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Catalan language|Catalan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ca&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cbk-zam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chavacano|Chavacano]] (Zamboanga)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cbk-zam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cdo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Eastern Min|Eastern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cdo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ce:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chechen language|Chechen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ce&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ceb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cebuano language|Cebuano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ceb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ch:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chamorro language|Chamorro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ch&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cherokee language|Cherokee]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:chy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cheyenne language|Cheyenne]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;chy&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:ckb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Sorani|Sorani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ckb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:co:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Corsican language|Corsican]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;co&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:crh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;crh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cs:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Czech language|Czech]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cs&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:csb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;csb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chuvash language|Chuvash]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:cy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Welsh language|Welsh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;cy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ D
|-
| [[:da:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Danish language|Danish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;da&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagbani language|Dagbani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:de:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:German language|German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;de&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dagaare language|Dagaare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:din:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dinka language|Dinka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;din&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:diq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zaza language|Zaza]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;diq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dtp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dusun language|Dusun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dtp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Doteli|Doteli]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maldivian language|Maldivian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:dz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dzongkha|Dzongkha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;dz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ E
|-
| [[:ee:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ewe language|Ewe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ee&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:el:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Greek language|Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;el&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Emilian–Romagnol|Emilian–Romagnol]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:en:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:English language|English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;en&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Esperanto|Esperanto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:es:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Spanish language|Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;es&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:et:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Estonian language|Estonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;et&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:eu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basque language|Basque]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;eu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ext:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Extremaduran language|Extremaduran]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ext&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ F
|-
| [[:fa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Persian language|Persian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] ([[:en:Fante dialect|Fante]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ff:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fula language|Fula]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ff&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Finnish language|Finnish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fiu-vro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Võro language|Võro]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fiu-vro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fijian language|Fijian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Faroese language|Faroese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fon:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fon language|Fon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fon&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Franco-Provençal|Franco-Provençal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:frr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:North Frisian language|North Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;frr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Friulian language|Friulian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:fy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Frisian language|West Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;fy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ G
|-
| [[:ga:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Irish language|Irish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ga&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gagauz language|Gagauz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gan Chinese|Gan Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gcr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:French Guianese Creole|French Guianese Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gcr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scottish Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Galician language|Galician]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:glk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gilaki language|Gilaki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;glk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Guarani language|Guarani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gom:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Konkani language|Konkani]] (Goan Konkani)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gom&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:gor:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gorontalo language|Gorontalo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gor&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:got:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gothic language|Gothic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;got&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gpe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ghanaian Pidgin English|Ghanaian Pidgin English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gpe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gujarati language|Gujarati]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wayuu language|Wayuu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Farefare language|Farefare]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:guw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Gun language|Gun]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;guw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:gv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Manx language|Manx]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;gv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ H
|-
| [[:ha:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hausa language|Hausa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ha&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hak:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hakka Chinese|Hakka Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hak&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:haw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;haw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:he:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;he&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hindi|Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hif:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Fiji Hindi|Fiji Hindi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hif&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hsb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hsb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ht:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Haitian Creole|Haitian Creole]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ht&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hungarian language|Hungarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hu&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Armenian language|Armenian]] ([[:en:Eastern Armenian|Eastern Armenian]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:hyw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Western Armenian|Western Armenian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;hyw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ I
|-
| [[:ia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingua|Interlingua]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iba:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iban language|Iban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iba&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:id:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Indonesian language|Indonesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;id&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ie:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Interlingue|Interlingue]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ie&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igbo language|Igbo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:igl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Igala language|Igala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;igl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ik:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Iñupiaq language|Iñupiaq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ik&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ilo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ilocano language|Ilocano]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ilo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:inh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ingush language|Ingush]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;inh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:io:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ido|Ido]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;io&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:is:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Icelandic language|Icelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;is&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:it:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Italian language|Italian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;it&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:iu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;iu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ J
|-
| [[:ja:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Japanese language|Japanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ja&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jbo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lojban|Lojban]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jbo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:jv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;jv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ K
|-
| [[:ka:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Georgian language|Georgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ka&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kab:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabyle language|Kabyle]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kab&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karai-karai|Karai-karai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kaj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Jju language|Jju]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kaj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabardian language|Kabardian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kbp:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kabiye language|Kabiye]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kbp&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kcg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tyap|Tyap]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kcg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kongo language|Kongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kge:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komering language|Komering]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kge&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kazakh language|Kazakh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:km:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Khmer language|Khmer]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;km&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:kn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kannada|Kannada]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:knc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Central Kanuri|Central Kanuri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;knc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ko:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Korean language|Korean]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ko&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:koi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;koi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:krc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Karachay-Balkar|Karachay-Balkar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;krc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ks:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ks&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ksh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ripuarian language|Ripuarian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ksh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ku:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kurdish language|Kurdish]] ([[:en:Kurmanji|Kurmanji]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ku&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kus:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kusaal language|Kusaal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kus&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Komi language|Komi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:kw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cornish language|Cornish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;kw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ky:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ky&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ L
|-
| [[:la:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latin|Latin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;la&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Judaeo-Spanish|Judaeo-Spanish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luxembourgish|Luxembourgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lbe:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lak language|Lak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lbe&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lez:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lezgian language|Lezgian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lez&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lfn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingua Franca Nova|Lingua Franca Nova]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lfn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Luganda|Luganda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:li:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Limburgish|Limburgish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;li&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:lij:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ligurian language|Ligurian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lij&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lld:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ladin language|Ladin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lld&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lmo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lombard language|Lombard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lmo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ln:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lingala|Lingala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ln&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lao language|Lao]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ltg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latgalian language|Latgalian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ltg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:lv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Latvian language|Latvian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;lv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ M
|-
| [[:mad:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Madurese language|Madurese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mad&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mai:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maithili language|Maithili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mai&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:map-bms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Javanese language|Javanese]] ([[:en:Banyumasan dialect|Banyumasan]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;map-bms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mdf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Moksha language|Moksha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mdf&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malagasy language|Malagasy]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mhr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mhr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Māori language|Māori]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:min:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;min&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ml:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malayalam|Malayalam]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ml&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mongolian language|Mongolian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:mni:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Meitei language|Meitei]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mni&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mnw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mon language|Mon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mnw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:m:mos:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mooré|Mooré]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mos&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Marathi language|Marathi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mrj:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mrj&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Malay language|Malay]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Maltese language|Maltese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mwl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mirandese language|Mirandese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mwl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:my:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Burmese language|Burmese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;my&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:myv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Erzya language|Erzya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;myv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:mzn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mazanderani language|Mazanderani]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;mzn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ N
|-
| [[:nah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nahuatl|Nahuatl]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Low German|Low German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nds-nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch Low Saxon|Dutch Low Saxon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nds-nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ne:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nepali language|Nepali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ne&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:new:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Newar language|Newar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;new&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nia:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nias language|Nias]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nia&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Dutch language|Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Nynorsk|Nynorsk]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nn&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:no:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ([[:en:Bokmål|Bokmål]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;no&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nov:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Novial|Novial]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nov&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nqo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:N'Ko language|N'Ko]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nqo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Ndebele language|Southern Ndebele]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nrm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Norman language|Norman]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nrm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nso:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sotho|Northern Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nso&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nupe language|Nupe]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:nv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Navajo language|Navajo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;nv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ny:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chewa language|Chewa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ny&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ O
|-
| [[:oc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Occitan language|Occitan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;oc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:olo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;olo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:om:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oromo language|Oromo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;om&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:or:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Odia language|Odia]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;or&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:os:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ossetian language|Ossetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;os&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ P
|-
| [[:pa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pag:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pag&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pam:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pam&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pap:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Papiamento|Papiamento]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pap&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Picard language|Picard]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pcm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pcm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pdc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pdc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pfl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Palatine German dialects|Palatine German]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pfl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pali|Pali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:pl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Polish language|Polish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pms:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pms&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnb:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (Western Punjabi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnb&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pnt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pontic Greek|Pontic Greek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pnt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ppl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Nawat language|Nawat]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ppl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ps:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pashto|Pashto]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ps&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:pwn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Paiwan language|Paiwan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;pwn&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Q
|-
| [[:qu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Quechuan languages|Quechua]] ([[:en:Southern Quechua|Southern Quechua]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;qu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ R
|-
| [[:rki:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rakhine language|Rakhine]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rki&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romansh language|Romansh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rmy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romani language|Romani]] ([[:en:Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rmy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kirundi|Kirundi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ro:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Romanian language|Romanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ro&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-rup:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Aromanian language|Aromanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-rup&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:roa-tara:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]] ([[:en:Tarantino dialect|Tarantino]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;roa-tara&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rsk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Pannonian Rusyn|Pannonian Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rsk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ru:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Russian language|Russian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ru&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:rw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Kinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;rw&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ S
|-
| [[:sa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sah:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yakut language|Yakut]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sah&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sat:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Santali language|Santali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sat&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sc:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sardinian language|Sardinian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sc&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:scn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sicilian language|Sicilian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;scn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sco:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Scots language|Scots]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sco&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sindhi language|Sindhi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:se:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Northern Sámi|Northern Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;se&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sango language|Sango]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbo-Croatian|Serbo-Croatian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:shi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shilha language|Shilha]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shi&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:shn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shan language|Shan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;shn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:si:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sinhala language|Sinhala]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;si&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:simple:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Basic English|Basic English]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;simple&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:skr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saraiki language|Saraiki]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;skr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Samoan language|Samoan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:smn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Inari Sámi language|Inari Sámi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;smn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Shona language|Shona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:so:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Somali language|Somali]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;so&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Albanian language|Albanian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sq&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:sr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:srn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sranan Tongo|Sranan Tongo]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;srn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ss:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swazi language|Swazi]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ss&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:st:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sotho language|Sotho]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;st&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:stq:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;stq&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:su:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sundanese language|Sundanese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;su&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swedish language|Swedish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:sw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Swahili language|Swahili]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;sw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:syl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sylheti language|Sylheti]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;syl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:szy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Sakizaya language|Sakizaya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;szy&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ T
|-
| [[:ta:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ta&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tay:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Atayal language|Atayal]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tay&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tcy:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tulu language|Tulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tcy&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tdd:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tai Nuea language|Tai Nuea]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tdd&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:te:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Telugu language|Telugu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;te&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tet:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tetum language|Tetum]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tet&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tg:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tajik language|Tajik]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tg&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:th:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Thai language|Thai]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;th&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ti:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ti&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tig:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tigre language|Tigre]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tig&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkmen language|Turkmen]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tl:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tagalog language|Tagalog]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tl&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tly:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Talysh language|Talysh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tly&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| [[:tn:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tswana language|Tswana]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tn&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:to:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tongan language|Tongan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;to&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tok:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Toki Pona|Toki Pona]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tok&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tpi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tok Pisin|Tok Pisin]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tpi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tr:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Turkish language|Turkish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tr&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:trv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Seediq language|Seediq]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;trv&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ts:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tsonga language|Tsonga]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ts&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tt:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tatar language|Tatar]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tt&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tum:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tum&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tw:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Akan language|Akan]] (Twi)&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tw&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ty:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tahitian language|Tahitian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ty&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:tyv:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Tuvan language|Tuvan]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;tyv&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ U
|-
| [[:udm:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Udmurt language|Udmurt]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;udm&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ug:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uyghur language|Uyghur]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ug&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uk:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uk&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:ur:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Urdu|Urdu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ur&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:uz:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Uzbek language|Uzbek]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;uz&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ V
|-
| [[:ve:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venda language|Venda]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;ve&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vec:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Venetian language|Venetian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vec&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vep:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Veps language|Veps]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vep&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vls:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:West Flemish|West Flemish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vls&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:vo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;vo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ W
|-
| [[:wa:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Walloon language|Walloon]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wa&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:war:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Waray language|Waray]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;war&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wolof language|Wolof]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wo&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:wuu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Wu Chinese|Wu Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;wuu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ X
|-
| [[:xal:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Oirat language|Oirat]] ([[:en:Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk Oirat]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xal&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Xhosa language|Xhosa]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:xmf:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;xmf&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Y
|-
| [[:yi:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yiddish|Yiddish]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yi&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:yo:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Yoruba language|Yoruba]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;yo&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size:85%&quot;
|+ Z
|-
| [[:za:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zhuang languages|Zhuang]] ([[:en:Standard Zhuang|Standard Zhuang]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;za&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zea:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zeelandic|Zeelandic]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zea&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zgh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Standard Moroccan Amazigh|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zgh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Chinese language|Chinese]] ([[:en:Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]])&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-classical:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Classical Chinese|Classical Chinese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-classical&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-min-nan:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Southern Min|Southern Min]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-min-nan&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zh-yue:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Cantonese|Cantonese]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zh-yue&lt;/code&gt;)
| [[:zu:User:PK2|User page]] in [[:en:Zulu language|Zulu]]&lt;br /&gt;(code: &lt;code&gt;zu&lt;/code&gt;)
|}</text>
      <sha1>dud3tixug1qffje4pl8q76cccmmhg8l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dwarfism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22681</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98371</id>
      <parentid>82654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:53:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>98371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7124" sha1="0xctxr9cedtqmnbr465891ckf3pfo3i" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Dwarfism''' be a condition of people den animals mark by unusually small size anaa short stature.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dwarfism|title=Definition of DWARFISM|website=Merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd humans, dem sam times define am as an adult height of less dan {{convert|4|ft|10|in|cm|order=flip}}, regardless of sex; de average adult height among people plus dwarfism be {{convert|4|ft|cm|order=flip}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;NLM2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=MedlinePlus: Dwarfism |url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/dwarfism.html |access-date=2008-10-03 |work=MedlinePlus |publisher=National Institute of Health}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lpaonline&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FAQ |url=http://www.lpaonline.org/faq-#Definition |access-date=2017-05-04 |website=Lpaonline.org |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo-symptoms2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dwarfism: Symptoms |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=symptoms |access-date=2009-01-29 |work=MayoClinic.com |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Disproportionate dwarfism'' be characterized by either short limbs anaa a short torso. Insyd cases of ''proportionate dwarfism'', both de limbs den torso be unusually small. Intelligence be usually normal, wey chaw people plus am get a nearly normal life expectancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Restricted growth (dwarfism) – NHS Choices |url=http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/restricted-growth/Pages/Introduction.aspx |access-date=2017-05-04 |website=Nhs.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pau2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Pauli |first1=RM |last2=Adam |first2=MP |last3=Ardinger |first3=HH |last4=Pagon |first4=RA |last5=Wallace |first5=SE |last6=Bean |first6=LJH |last7=Mefford |first7=HC |last8=Stephens |first8=K |last9=Amemiya |first9=A |last10=Ledbetter |first10=N |date=2012 |title=Achondroplasia |journal=GeneReviews |pmid=20301331}}&lt;/ref&gt; People plus dwarfism usually fi bear kiddies, although der be additional risks to de mommie den kiddie wey dey depend upon de underlying condition.

De most common den recognizable form of dwarfism insyd humans (dey comprise 70% of cases) be achondroplasia, a genetic disorder wer by de limbs be diminutive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Çevik-20102&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Çevik |first1=Banu |last2=Çolakoğlu |first2=Serhan |year=2010 |title=Anesthetic management of achondroplastic dwarf undergoing cesarean section |url=http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=M.E.J. Anesth. |volume=20 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713022612/http://www.meja.aub.edu.lb/downloads/20_6/907.pdf |archive-date=July 13, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Growth hormone deficiency be responsible for chaw oda cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlDwarfism2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Dwarfism |url=http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/growth/dwarfism.html |access-date=2015-06-30 |publisher=[[KidsHealth]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Der be chaw oda less common causes. Treatment of de condition dey depend on de underlying cause. Those plus genetic disorders such as osteochondrodysplasia sam times fi be treated plus surgery anaa physical therapy. Hormone disorders sanso fi be treated plus growth hormone therapy before de kiddie ein growth plates fuse. Individual accommodations, such as specialized furniture, dem often use by people plus dwarfism.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14671400&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hagenäs L, Hertel T |year=2003 |title=Skeletal dysplasia, growth hormone treatment and body proportion: comparison with other syndromic and non-syndromic short children |url=http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&amp;file=HRE2003060S03065 |journal=Horm. Res. |volume=60 Suppl 3 |issue=3 |pages=65–70 |doi=10.1159/000074504 |pmid=14671400 |s2cid=29174195 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2008-11-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw support groups dey provide services to aid individuals den de discrimination dem fi face.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo-treatment&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2007-09-27 |title=Dwarfism: Treatment and drugs |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dwarfism/DS01012/DSECTION=treatments-and-drugs |access-date=2008-11-18 |publisher=Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to de medical aspect of de condition der be social aspects. For a person plus dwarfism, height discrimination fi lead to ridicule insyd kiddie time den discrimination insyd adulthood.&lt;ref name=&quot;UPenn&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University of Pennsylvania, Arts and Sciences: 'The Effect of Adolescent Experience on Labor Market Outcomes: The Case of Height' |url=http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710052009/http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~persico/research/Papers/short.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2007 |access-date=2 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ScienceBlog&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Science Blog – Short children more likely to be bullied at school |url=http://www3.scienceblog.com/community/older/2000/A/200000988.html |publisher=3.scienceblog.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], den oda English-speaking countries, labels wey sam people plus dwarfism dey accept include ''dwarf'' (plural: ''dwarfs''), ''little person'' (LP), anaa ''person of short stature'' (see [[Dwarfism#Terminology|terminology]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;LPA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2006-07-09 |title=Dwarfism Resources: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516011550/http://www.lpaonline.org/resources_faq.html |archive-date=2006-05-16 |access-date=2006-11-14 |publisher=Little People of America}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LittlePeople UK |url=http://www.littlepeopleuk.org/ |access-date=3 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, na dem use de term ''midget'' to describe dwarfs (primarily proportionate); however, sam now dey consider dis term offensive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LittlePeople UK |url=http://www.littlepeopleuk.org/ |access-date=3 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q194101|c=Category:Dwarfism|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=dwarf|species=no}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210510232841/https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/ Little People of the World Organization] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510232841/https://www.littlepeopleoftheworld.org/ |date=2021-05-10 }} [Hub for all International Organizations; services/advocacy/know your rights/support]
* [http://www.lpaonline.org/ Little People of America] (Includes a list of International support groups)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210505200836/https://littlepeopleofcanada.com/ Little People of Canada] (Includes a list of Canadian Provincial support groups)
* [https://littlepeopleuk.org/ Little People UK]
* [http://www.dsauk.org/ Dwarf Sports Association UK]
* [https://rgauk.org/ Restricted Growth Association UK]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dwarfism| ]]
[[Category:Growth disorders]]
[[Category:Human height]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>0xctxr9cedtqmnbr465891ckf3pfo3i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cholangiocarcinoma</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23440</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98361</id>
      <parentid>84885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:32:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>98361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7804" sha1="3rlz5jey4g7rvasfy2ccmd5e4ps9m3l" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Cholangiocarcinoma''', dem sanso know as '''bile duct cancer''', be a type of [[cancer]] wey dey form insyd de bile ducts.&lt;ref name=NCI2019Def&gt;{{cite web |title=cholangiocarcinoma |url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cholangiocarcinoma |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=21 January 2019 |date=2 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Symptoms of cholangiocarcinoma fi include abdominal pain, [[jaundice|yellowish skin]], weight loss, generalized itching, den fever.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro&gt;{{cite web |title=Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) Treatment |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/bile-duct-treatment-pdq#section/all |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=29 May 2021 |date=23 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Light colored stool anaa dark urine sanso fi occur.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Sym/&gt; Oda biliary tract cancers dey include gallbladder cancer den cancer of de ampulla of Vater.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Benavides M, Antón A, Gallego J, Gómez MA, Jiménez-Gordo A, La Casta A, Laquente B, Macarulla T, Rodríguez-Mowbray JR, Maurel J | display-authors = 6 | title = Biliary tract cancers: SEOM clinical guidelines | journal = Clinical &amp; Translational Oncology | volume = 17 | issue = 12 | pages = 982–7 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26607930 | pmc = 4689747 | doi = 10.1007/s12094-015-1436-2 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Risk factors give cholangiocarcinoma dey include primary sclerosing cholangitis (an inflammatory disease of de bile ducts), [[ulcerative colitis]], [[cirrhosis]], [[hepatitis C]], hepatitis B, infection plus certain liver flukes, den sam congenital liver malformations.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Razumilava N, Gores GJ |date=June 2014 |title=Cholangiocarcinoma |journal=Lancet |volume=383 |issue=9935 |pages=2168–79 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0 |pmc=4069226 |pmid=24581682 |doi-access=free |title-link=doi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Steele JA, Richter CH, Echaubard P, Saenna P, Stout V, Sithithaworn P, Wilcox BA | display-authors = 6 | title = Thinking beyond Opisthorchis viverrini for risk of cholangiocarcinoma in the lower Mekong region: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Infectious Diseases of Poverty | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | page = 44 | date = May 2018 | pmid = 29769113 | pmc = 5956617 | doi = 10.1186/s40249-018-0434-3 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}&lt;/ref&gt; Chaw people get no identifiable risk factors.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20142&quot; /&gt; De diagnosis be suspected based on a combination of blood tests, medical imaging, endoscopy, den sam times surgical exploration.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Sym/&gt; De disease be confirmed by examination of cells from de tumor under a microscope.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Sym&gt;{{cite web |title=Bile Duct Cancer (Cholangiocarcinoma) |url=https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/patient/about-bile-duct-cancer-pdq#section/all |website=National Cancer Institute |access-date=21 January 2019 |date=5 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; E typically be an adenocarcinoma (a cancer wey dey form glands anaa dey secrete mucin).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet20142&quot; /&gt;

Cholangiocarcinoma typically be incurable at diagnosis, wich be why early detection be ideal.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCI2018Pro&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Tan |last2=Zhang |first2=Sina |last3=Jin |first3=Chen |last4=Lin |first4=Zixia |last5=Deng |first5=Tuo |last6=Xie |first6=Xiaozai |last7=Deng |first7=Liming |last8=Li |first8=Xueyan |last9=Ma |first9=Jun |last10=Ding |first10=Xiwei |last11=Liu |first11=Yaming |last12=Shan |first12=Yunfeng |last13=Yu |first13=Zhengping |last14=Wang |first14=Yi |last15=Chen |first15=Gang |display-authors=3 |year=2021 |title=A Predictive Model Based on the Gut Microbiota Improves the Diagnostic Effect in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma |journal=Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |volume=11 |article-number=751795 |doi=10.3389/fcimb.2021.751795 |pmc=8650695 |pmid=34888258 |doi-access=free |last16=Li |first16=Jialiang}}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd dese cases palliative treatments fi include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, den stenting procedures.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro/&gt; Insyd about a third of cases wey dey involve de common bile duct den, less commonly, plus oda locations, de tumor fi be completely removed by surgery, wey dey offer a chance of a cure.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro/&gt; Even wen surgical removal be successful, chemotherapy den radiation therapy be generally recommended.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro/&gt; Insyd sam instances, surgery fi include a liver transplantation.&lt;ref name=Lancet2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Razumilava N, Gores GJ | title = Cholangiocarcinoma | journal = Lancet | volume = 383 | issue = 9935 | pages = 2168–79 | date = June 2014 | pmid = 24581682 | pmc = 4069226 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0 | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}&lt;/ref&gt; Even wen surgery be successful, de 5-year survival probability typically be less dan 50%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brid20162&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Bridgewater JA, Goodman KA, Kalyan A, Mulcahy MF |date=2016 |title=Biliary Tract Cancer: Epidemiology, Radiotherapy, and Molecular Profiling |journal=American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting |volume=35 |issue=36 |pages=e194-203 |doi=10.1200/EDBK_160831 |pmid=27249723 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cholangiocarcinoma be rare insyd de Western world, plus estimates of e dey occur insyd 0.5–2 people per 100,000 per year.&lt;ref name=NCI2018Pro/&gt;&lt;ref name=Brid2016/&gt; Rates be higher insyd Southeast Asia wer liver flukes be common.&lt;ref name=&quot;WCR2014_5.6&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bosman |first1=Frank T.|editor1-last=Stewart |editor1-first=Bernard W. |editor2-last=Wild |editor2-first=Christopher P |title=World Cancer Report |date=2014 |publisher=the International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-832-0443-5 |pages=403–12 |url=https://publications.iarc.fr/_publications/media/download/5839/bc44643f904185d5c8eddb933480b5bc18b21dba.pdf |chapter=Chapter 5.6: Liver cancer}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rates insyd parts of Thailand be 60 per 100,000 per year.&lt;ref name=WCR2014_5.6/&gt; E typically dey occur insyd people insyd dema 70s, den insyd de 40s for those plus primary sclerosing cholangitis.&lt;ref name=Lancet2014/&gt; Na rates of cholangiocarcinoma within de liver insyd de Western world increase.&lt;ref name=Brid2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Bridgewater JA, Goodman KA, Kalyan A, Mulcahy MF | title = Biliary Tract Cancer: Epidemiology, Radiotherapy, and Molecular Profiling | journal = American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Annual Meeting | volume = 35 | issue = 36 | pages = e194-203 | date = 2016 | pmid = 27249723 | doi = 10.1200/EDBK_160831 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310210114/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/CRI_2_3x.asp?dt=69 American Cancer Society Detailed Guide to Bile Duct Cancer].
* [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/bileduct/Patient/ Patient information on extrahepatic bile duct tumors], from the National Cancer Institute.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120825034704/http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer Cancer.Net: Bile Duct Cancer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825034704/http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bile-duct-cancer |date=25 August 2012 }}
* [https://cholangiocarcinoma.org Cholangiocarcinoma Foundation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180121184239/http://worldcholangiocarcinomaday.org/ World Cholangiocarcinoma Day]

[[Category:Digestive system neoplasia]]
[[Category:Infectious causes of cancer]]
[[Category:Rare cancers]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>3rlz5jey4g7rvasfy2ccmd5e4ps9m3l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Chinedum Babalola</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25897</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98360</id>
      <parentid>96334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:30:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>98360</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10105" sha1="mbd8laaa5mopw3ijbre1bn6lmidcfjc" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Chinedum Peace Babalola''' (née '''Anyabuike''') FAS, FAAS be Nigerian Professor of Pharmaceutical chemistry den Pharmacokinetics. She dey teach pharmacy for [[University of Ibadan]], FAS, den FAAS,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520084559/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/babalola-peace-chinedum Babalola Peace Chinedum | The AAS]&quot;. ''www.aasciences.africa''. Archived from [https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/babalola-peace-chinedum the original] on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she serve as vice-chancellor of Chrisland University from 2017 reach 2024.&lt;ref&gt;Onyegbula, Esther (12 November 2024). &quot;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/academic-icon-prof-babalola-leaves-lasting-impact-on-chrisland-university/ Academic icon, Prof Babalola leaves lasting impact on Chrisland University]&quot;. ''[[:en:Vanguard_(Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 21 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Background ==
'''Education'''

Babalola get Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) degree for 1983, Master of Science for Pharmaceutical Chemistry for 1987, den Doctor of Philosophy for Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Pharmacokinetics option) for 1997 from University of Ife, wey now be [[Obafemi Awolowo University]]. She win World Bank/NUC scholarship for staff training wey she plete ein pre-doctoral fellowship for University of British Columbia between 1994 den 1995.&lt;ref&gt;admin (27 November 2017). &quot;[https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/professor-chinedum-peace-babalola-is-our-personality-of-the-month/ Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is our Personality of the Month]&quot;. ''Pharmanewsonline''. Retrieved 25 May 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nigerian Universities Commission (2017). &quot;[https://nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System.pdf Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2017]&quot; (PDF). ''NUC''. p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2012, Babalola earn postgraduate Diploma for Industrial Pharmacy Advanced Training (IPAT) wey Kilimanjaro School of Pharmacy for Tanzania den Purdue University for USA issue togeda.&lt;ref&gt;Admin (27 November 2017). &quot;[https://www.pharmanewsonline.com/professor-chinedum-peace-babalola-is-our-personality-of-the-month/ Professor Chinedum Peace Babalola is our Personality of the Month 2003 while in 2006 she was confirmed full professor]&quot;. Pharmacy Heath cast. Retrieved 15 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Career'''

Babalola start ein academic career as Junior Trainee/Graduate Assistant for Obafemi Awolowo University insyd 1985.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long Profile of Prof Mrs Chinedum 2024 (2) (1).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G2wkZpapMQvogVZtVM0KmROY59L6jvSX/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1994, she move go University of British Columbia to complete pre-doctoral fellowship. She rise reach Lecturer I for Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Obafemi Awolowo University before she join University of Ibadan as Senior Lecturer insyd 1998. By October 2006, Babalola cam be University of Ibadan first female Professor of Pharmacy.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;'[https://web.archive.org/web/20160504085159/http://www.swankpharm.com/2014/12/18/drugs-are-poisons-prof-babalola-dean-faculty-of-pharmacy-ui/ Drugs are poisons' ~ Prof. Babalola, Dean Faculty Of Pharmacy UI]&quot;. ''swankpharm.com''. Archived from [http://www.swankpharm.com/2014/12/18/drugs-are-poisons-prof-babalola-dean-faculty-of-pharmacy-ui/ the original] on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 2002,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032 Chinedum Babalola]&quot;. ''ORCID''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Babalola dey work as adjunct Researcher for Institute of Advanced Medical Research and Training&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201030154511/http://com.ui.edu.ng/institute-detail/1 Chinedum Babalola]&quot;. ''College Of Medicine, University Of Ibadan''. 30 October 2020. Archived from [http://com.ui.edu.ng/institute-detail/1 the original] on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; (IAMRAT) under Genetic &amp; Bioethics Research Unit; College of Medicine, University of Ibadan. Na de same unit she head from 2010 reach 2012.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20260412112826/https://nalonline.org.ng/adebola-babatunde-ekanola/ Adebola Babatunde Ekanola]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Before dem appoint Babalola as Vice Chancellor for Chrisland University, she serve as de first female Dean for Faculty of Pharmacy University of Ibadan (2013–2017),&lt;ref&gt;Nigerian Universities Commission (2017). &quot;[https://nuc.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Directory-of-Full-Professors-in-the-Nigerian-University-System.pdf Directory of Full Professors in the Nigerian University System 2017]&quot; (PDF). ''NUC''. p. 275.&lt;/ref&gt; wey she sanso be adjunct Professor for Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, [[Olabisi Onabanjo University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Long Profile of Prof Mrs Chinedum 2024 (2) (1).pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G2wkZpapMQvogVZtVM0KmROY59L6jvSX/view?usp=sharing&amp;usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Google Docs}}&lt;/ref&gt; She be two-term Director of General Studies (2005–2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2015-07-01 |title=UI pharmacy faculty marks White Coat Ceremony |url=http://pharmanewsonline.com/ui-pharmacy-faculty-marks-white-coat-ceremony/ |access-date=2026-04-02 |website=Pharmanews |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; for [[University of Ibadan]]. She be de first pharmacist wey dem appoint as specialist adviser den consultant for Nigerian hospital—[[:en:University_College_Hospital,_Ibadan|University College Hospital]] (UCH), Ibadan.&lt;ref&gt;Obayendo, Temitope (30 April 2023). &quot;[https://pharmanewsonline.com/chinedum-babalola-first-nigerian-lady-pharmacist-to-emerge-vice-chancellor/ Chinedum Babalola: First Nigerian Lady Pharmacist to Emerge Vice-Chancellor]&quot;. ''Pharma News Online''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; From 2018 to 2019, she spend thirteen months as Doctor of Pharmacy for [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Chinedum Babalola&quot;. ''ORCID''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2024, Babalola fini ein role as Principal Investigator for de USAID sponsored USP PQM+ project wey dey promote Quality of Medicines for LMIC insyd CDDDP, UI core-flex (a cooperative agreement – $160M Global).&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9173-8032 Chinedum Babalola]&quot;. ''ORCID''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

From 2017 reach 2024, Babalola serve as vice-chancellor for Chrisland University, Abeokuta wey dey Ogun State.&lt;ref&gt;Obayendo, Temitope (30 April 2023). &quot;[https://pharmanewsonline.com/chinedum-babalola-first-nigerian-lady-pharmacist-to-emerge-vice-chancellor/ Chinedum Babalola: First Nigerian Lady Pharmacist to Emerge Vice-Chancellor]&quot;. ''Pharma News Online''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Oboh (11 November 2024). &quot;[https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/academic-icon-prof-babalola-leaves-lasting-impact-on-chrisland-university/ Academic icon, Prof Babalola leaves lasting impact on Chrisland University]&quot;. [[:en:Vanguard_(Nigeria)|''Vanguard''.]] Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 19 January 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since she cam be professor, Babalola supervise hundreds of undergraduate students den over 30 postgraduate students (PGD, MSc, M.Phil. &amp; PhD). She get more dan 150 scholarly articles for academic journals plus books, book chapters, conference abstracts den monographs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150825061907/http://bioreports.net/news/breaking-the-yoke-of-patriarchy-nigerian-women-in-the-various-professions-politics-and-governance-1914-2014-by-siyan-oyeweso/ Breaking the Yoke of Patriarchy: Nigerian Women in Governance (1914-2014)]&quot;. ''Bioreport.com''. Archived from [http://bioreports.net/news/breaking-the-yoke-of-patriarchy-nigerian-women-in-the-various-professions-politics-and-governance-1914-2014-by-siyan-oyeweso/ the original] on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 2024, ein h-index be 22.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Lvw32FsAAAAJ&amp;hl=en Chinedum Babalola]&quot;. ''Google Scholar''. Retrieved 12 December 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Academic contributions ==
Babalola research focus be ethics of human research, pharmacogenetics, clinical trials, drug interaction PK/PD, den non-communicable diseases like [[sickle cell disease]] den [[cancer]]. She develop High-performance liquid chromatography method wey dem dey use analyze quinine for biometrics. Dis method help show de pharmacokinetics of quinine. Ein feasibility studies on drug interactions den metabolism show say sam antibiotics dey lose bio-availability den bacterial activity wen dem combine plus certain anti-malaria drugs.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064807/http://www.aasciences.org/index.php/nigeria/288-babalola-chinedum-peace-prof-ms Professor Babalola Chinedum Peace]&quot;. ''African Academy of Science''. Archived from [http://www.aasciences.org/index.php/nigeria/288-babalola-chinedum-peace-prof-ms the original] on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ein report on how Nigerians dey use proguanil show say sam Nigerians dey carry mutant CYP2C19 genes, wey dem no dey metabolize drug well.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/pharmacist-tasks-colleagues-on-professionalism/ Pharmacist tasks colleagues on professionalism]&quot;. ''Vanguard''. Lagos, Nigeria. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q21934164|c=Category:Chinedum Babalola|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* [https://chinedumpeacebabalola.org/ Chinedum Peace Babalola]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babalola, Chinedum}}
[[Category:Human]]
[[Category:Nigerian people]]
[[Category:Nigerian women academics]]
[[Category:Obafemi Awolowo University alumni]]
[[Category:Igbo academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of de University of Ibadan]]
[[Category:Nigerian pharmacists]]
[[Category:University of British Columbia alumni]]
[[Category:Women pharmacists]]
[[Category:21st-century pharmacists]]
[[Category:Fellows of de African Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Nigerian Christians]]</text>
      <sha1>mbd8laaa5mopw3ijbre1bn6lmidcfjc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Clopidogrel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26966</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98335</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T15:41:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1487006|Clopidogrel]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>98335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98336</id>
      <parentid>98335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:04:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98336</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="997" sha1="7i69tq8hc4pluwz6z4nfw4kslpiz5vh" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clopidogrel''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plavix''' among odas, be an antiplatelet medication dem use to reduce de risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] den [[stroke]] insyd those at high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E sanso be used togeda plus [[aspirin]] insyd [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s den dey follow de placement of a coronary artery stent (dual antiplatelet therapy).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Ein effect dey start about two hours after intake den dey last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7i69tq8hc4pluwz6z4nfw4kslpiz5vh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98337</id>
      <parentid>98336</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:07:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1891" sha1="h6wqoblmst60u83xyivcjmyotdbvcs9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clopidogrel''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plavix''' among odas, be an antiplatelet medication dem use to reduce de risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] den [[stroke]] insyd those at high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E sanso be used togeda plus [[aspirin]] insyd [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s den dey follow de placement of a coronary artery stent (dual antiplatelet therapy).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Ein effect dey start about two hours after intake den dey last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include headache, nausea, easy bruising, itching, den heartburn.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; More severe side effects dey include bleeding den thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; While der be no evidence of harm from use during [[pregnancy]], such use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnanacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clopidogrel dey insyd de thienopyridine-class of antiplatelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E dey work by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor dem call P2Y&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; on platelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h6wqoblmst60u83xyivcjmyotdbvcs9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98338</id>
      <parentid>98337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:12:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98338</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4038" sha1="3spf9ke9k0kxp2l7eedkhvgkocjv0kt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clopidogrel''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plavix''' among odas, be an antiplatelet medication dem use to reduce de risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] den [[stroke]] insyd those at high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E sanso be used togeda plus [[aspirin]] insyd [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s den dey follow de placement of a coronary artery stent (dual antiplatelet therapy).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Ein effect dey start about two hours after intake den dey last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include headache, nausea, easy bruising, itching, den heartburn.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; More severe side effects dey include bleeding den thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; While der be no evidence of harm from use during [[pregnancy]], such use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnanacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clopidogrel dey insyd de thienopyridine-class of antiplatelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E dey work by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor dem call P2Y&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; on platelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt;

Dem patent clopidogrel insyd 1982, wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plavix FDA label2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=Plavix- clopidogrel bisulfate tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222235/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=DailyMed |publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130738/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 41st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 15{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Clopidogrel Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clopidogrel | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>3spf9ke9k0kxp2l7eedkhvgkocjv0kt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98339</id>
      <parentid>98338</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:19:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Society den culture */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98339</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8650" sha1="97ozdtqn1o1v36z0dtrb0c157xm9u1g" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clopidogrel''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plavix''' among odas, be an antiplatelet medication dem use to reduce de risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] den [[stroke]] insyd those at high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E sanso be used togeda plus [[aspirin]] insyd [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s den dey follow de placement of a coronary artery stent (dual antiplatelet therapy).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Ein effect dey start about two hours after intake den dey last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include headache, nausea, easy bruising, itching, den heartburn.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; More severe side effects dey include bleeding den thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; While der be no evidence of harm from use during [[pregnancy]], such use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnanacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clopidogrel dey insyd de thienopyridine-class of antiplatelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E dey work by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor dem call P2Y&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; on platelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt;

Dem patent clopidogrel insyd 1982, wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plavix FDA label2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=Plavix- clopidogrel bisulfate tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222235/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=DailyMed |publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130738/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 41st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 15{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Clopidogrel Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clopidogrel | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== Society den culture ==
=== Names ===
Generic clopidogrel be marketed by chaw companies worldwide under chaw brand names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Clopidogrel International brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{collapse top|List of brand names}}
{{As of|March 2017}}, brands include Aclop, Actaclo, Agregex, Agrelan, Agrelax, Agreless, Agrelex, Agreplat, Anclog, Angiclod, Anplat, Antiagrex, Antiban, Antigrel, Antiplaq, Antiplar, Aplate, Apolets, Areplex, Artepid, Asogrel, Atelit, Atelit, Ateplax, Atervix, Atheros, Athorel, Atrombin, Attera, Bidogrel, Bigrel, Borgavix, Carder, Cardogrel, Carpigrel, Ceraenade, Ceruvin, Cidorix, Clatex, Clavix, Clentel, Clentel, Clidorel, Clodel, Clodelib, Clodian, Clodil, Cloflow, Clofre, Clogan, Clogin, Clognil, Clogrel, Clogrelhexal, Clolyse, Clont, Clood, Clopacin, Clopcare, Clopeno, Clopex Agrel, Clopez, Clopi, Clopid, Clopida, Clopidep, Clopidexcel, Clopidix, Clopidogrel, Clopidogrelum, Clopidomed, Clopidorex, Clopidosyn, Clopidoteg, Clopidowel, Clopidra, Clopidrax, Clopidrol, Clopigal, Clopigamma, Clopigrel, Clopilet, Clopimed, Clopimef, Clopimet, Clopinovo, Clopione, Clopiright, Clopirite, Clopirod, Clopisan, Clopistad, Clopistad, Clopitab, Clopithan, Clopitro, ClopiVale, Clopivas, Clopivaz, Clopivid, Clopivin, Clopix, Cloplat, Clopra, Cloprez, Cloprez, Clopval, Clorel, Cloriocard, Cloroden, Clotix, Clotiz, Clotrombix, Clova, Clovas, Clovax, Clovelen, Clovex, Clovexil, Clovix, Clovvix, Copalex, Copegrel, Copidrel, Copil, Cordiax, Cordix, Corplet, Cotol, CPG, Cugrel, Curovix, Dapixol, Darxa, Dasogrel-S, Dclot, Defrozyp, Degregan, Deplat, Deplatt, Diclop, Diloxol, Dilutix, Diporel, Doglix, Dogrel, Dogrel, Dopivix, Dorel, Dorell, Duopidogrel, DuoPlavin, Eago, Egitromb, Espelio, Eurogrel, Expansia, Farcet, Flucogrel, Fluxx, Freeclo, Globel, Glopenel, Grelet, Greligen, Grelix, Grepid, Grepid, Grindokline, Heart-Free, Hemaflow, Hyvix, Idiavix, Insigrel, Iscover, Iskimil, Kafidogran, Kaldera, Kardogrel, Karum, Kerberan, Keriten, Klepisal, Klogrel, Klopide, Klopidex, Klopidogrel, Klopik, Klopis, Kogrel, Krossiler, Larvin, Lodigrel, Lodovax, Lofradyk, Lopigalel, Lopirel, Lyvelsa, Maboclop, Medigrel, Miflexin, Mistro, Mogrel, Monel, Monogrel, Moytor, Myogrel, Nabratin, Nadenel, Nefazan, Niaclop, Nivenol, Noclog, Nofardom, Nogreg, Nogrel, Noklot, Norplat, Novigrel, Oddoral, Odrel, Olfovel, Opirel, Optigrel, Panagrel, Pedovex, Pegorel, Piax, Piclokare, Pidgrel, Pidogrel, Pidogul, Pidovix, Pigrel, Pingel, Placta, Pladel, Pladex, Pladogrel, Plagerine, Plagrel, Plagril, Plagrin, Plahasan, Plamed, Planor, PlaquEx, Plasiver, Plataca, Platarex, Platec, Platel, Platelex, Platexan, Platil, Platless, Platogrix, Platrel, Plavedamol, Plavicard, Plavictonal, Plavidosa, Plavigrel, Plavihex, Plavitor, Plavix, Plavocorin, Plavogrel, Plavos, Pleyar, Plogrel, Plvix, Pravidel, Pregrel, Provic, Psygrel, Q.O.L, Ravalgen, Replet, Respekt, Revlis, Ridlor, Roclas, Rozak, Sanvix, Sarix, Sarovex, Satoxi, Shinclop, Sigmagrel, Simclovix, Sintiplex, Stazex, Stroka, Stromix, Sudroc, Synetra, Talcom, Tansix, Tessyron, Thinrin, Throimper, Thrombifree, Thrombo, Timiflo, Tingreks, Torpido, Triosal, Trogran, Troken, Trombex, Trombix, Tuxedon, Unigrel, Unplaque, Vaclo, Vasocor, Vatoud, Venicil, Vidogrel, Vivelon, Vixam, Xydrel, Zakogrel, Zillt, Zopya, Zylagren, Zyllt, and Zystol.&lt;ref name=brands&gt;{{cite web |title=Clopidogrel International brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |archive-date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{As of|2017}}, na dem market am as a combination drug plus acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) under de brand names Anclog Plus, Antiban-ASP, Asclop, Asogrel-A, Aspin-Plus, Cargrel-A, Clas, Clasprin, Clavixin Duo, Clodrel Forte, Clodrel Plus, Clofre AS, Clognil Plus, Clontas, Clopid-AS, Clopid-AS, Clopida A, Clopil-A, Clopirad-A, Clopirin, Clopitab-A, Clorel-A, Clouds, Combiplat, Coplavix, Coplavix, Cugrel-A, Dorel Plus, DuoCover, DuoCover, DuoPlavin, DuoPlavin, Ecosprin Plus, Grelet-A, Lopirel Plus, Myogrel-AP, Noclog Plus, Noklot Plus, Norplat-S, Odrel Plus, Pidogul A, Pladex-A, Plagerine-A, Plagrin Plus, Plavix Plus, Replet Plus, Stromix-A, and Thrombosprin.
{{collapse bottom}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>97ozdtqn1o1v36z0dtrb0c157xm9u1g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98340</id>
      <parentid>98339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98340</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9838" sha1="qqmrydo0lmaeceep8l93rp8jmfsc9ub" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Clopidogrel''', dem sell under de brand name '''Plavix''' among odas, be an antiplatelet medication dem use to reduce de risk of [[Cardiovascular disease|heart disease]] den [[stroke]] insyd those at high risk.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E sanso be used togeda plus [[aspirin]] insyd [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]]s den dey follow de placement of a coronary artery stent (dual antiplatelet therapy).&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Dem dey take am by mouth.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; Ein effect dey start about two hours after intake den dey last for five days.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel Bisulfate|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=8 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010729/https://www.drugs.com/monograph/clopidogrel-bisulfate.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Common side effects dey include headache, nausea, easy bruising, itching, den heartburn.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; More severe side effects dey include bleeding den thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; While der be no evidence of harm from use during [[pregnancy]], such use no be well studied.&lt;ref name=&quot;Drugs.com pregnanacy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Clopidogrel (Plavix) Use During Pregnancy|url=https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|website=Drugs.com|access-date=14 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221010752/https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/clopidogrel.html|archive-date=21 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clopidogrel dey insyd de thienopyridine-class of antiplatelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt; E dey work by irreversibly inhibiting a receptor dem call P2Y&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt; on platelets.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;/&gt;

Dem patent clopidogrel insyd 1982, wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plavix FDA label2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=17 May 2019 |title=Plavix- clopidogrel bisulfate tablet, film coated |url=https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804222235/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=01b14603-8f29-4fa3-8d7e-9d523f802e0b |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=26 December 2019 |website=DailyMed |publisher=Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Fis2006&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR |title=Analogue-based Drug Discovery|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-3-527-60749-5|page=453|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130738/https://books.google.ca/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA453|archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | year = 2023 | hdl = 10665/371090 | publisher = [[World Health Organization]] | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 41st most commonly prescribed medication insyd de [[United States]], plus more dan 15{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Clopidogrel Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2013 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Clopidogrel | access-date = 18 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;

== Society den culture ==
=== Names ===
Generic clopidogrel be marketed by chaw companies worldwide under chaw brand names.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 April 2017 |title=Clopidogrel International brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Drugs.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{collapse top|List of brand names}}
{{As of|March 2017}}, brands include Aclop, Actaclo, Agregex, Agrelan, Agrelax, Agreless, Agrelex, Agreplat, Anclog, Angiclod, Anplat, Antiagrex, Antiban, Antigrel, Antiplaq, Antiplar, Aplate, Apolets, Areplex, Artepid, Asogrel, Atelit, Atelit, Ateplax, Atervix, Atheros, Athorel, Atrombin, Attera, Bidogrel, Bigrel, Borgavix, Carder, Cardogrel, Carpigrel, Ceraenade, Ceruvin, Cidorix, Clatex, Clavix, Clentel, Clentel, Clidorel, Clodel, Clodelib, Clodian, Clodil, Cloflow, Clofre, Clogan, Clogin, Clognil, Clogrel, Clogrelhexal, Clolyse, Clont, Clood, Clopacin, Clopcare, Clopeno, Clopex Agrel, Clopez, Clopi, Clopid, Clopida, Clopidep, Clopidexcel, Clopidix, Clopidogrel, Clopidogrelum, Clopidomed, Clopidorex, Clopidosyn, Clopidoteg, Clopidowel, Clopidra, Clopidrax, Clopidrol, Clopigal, Clopigamma, Clopigrel, Clopilet, Clopimed, Clopimef, Clopimet, Clopinovo, Clopione, Clopiright, Clopirite, Clopirod, Clopisan, Clopistad, Clopistad, Clopitab, Clopithan, Clopitro, ClopiVale, Clopivas, Clopivaz, Clopivid, Clopivin, Clopix, Cloplat, Clopra, Cloprez, Cloprez, Clopval, Clorel, Cloriocard, Cloroden, Clotix, Clotiz, Clotrombix, Clova, Clovas, Clovax, Clovelen, Clovex, Clovexil, Clovix, Clovvix, Copalex, Copegrel, Copidrel, Copil, Cordiax, Cordix, Corplet, Cotol, CPG, Cugrel, Curovix, Dapixol, Darxa, Dasogrel-S, Dclot, Defrozyp, Degregan, Deplat, Deplatt, Diclop, Diloxol, Dilutix, Diporel, Doglix, Dogrel, Dogrel, Dopivix, Dorel, Dorell, Duopidogrel, DuoPlavin, Eago, Egitromb, Espelio, Eurogrel, Expansia, Farcet, Flucogrel, Fluxx, Freeclo, Globel, Glopenel, Grelet, Greligen, Grelix, Grepid, Grepid, Grindokline, Heart-Free, Hemaflow, Hyvix, Idiavix, Insigrel, Iscover, Iskimil, Kafidogran, Kaldera, Kardogrel, Karum, Kerberan, Keriten, Klepisal, Klogrel, Klopide, Klopidex, Klopidogrel, Klopik, Klopis, Kogrel, Krossiler, Larvin, Lodigrel, Lodovax, Lofradyk, Lopigalel, Lopirel, Lyvelsa, Maboclop, Medigrel, Miflexin, Mistro, Mogrel, Monel, Monogrel, Moytor, Myogrel, Nabratin, Nadenel, Nefazan, Niaclop, Nivenol, Noclog, Nofardom, Nogreg, Nogrel, Noklot, Norplat, Novigrel, Oddoral, Odrel, Olfovel, Opirel, Optigrel, Panagrel, Pedovex, Pegorel, Piax, Piclokare, Pidgrel, Pidogrel, Pidogul, Pidovix, Pigrel, Pingel, Placta, Pladel, Pladex, Pladogrel, Plagerine, Plagrel, Plagril, Plagrin, Plahasan, Plamed, Planor, PlaquEx, Plasiver, Plataca, Platarex, Platec, Platel, Platelex, Platexan, Platil, Platless, Platogrix, Platrel, Plavedamol, Plavicard, Plavictonal, Plavidosa, Plavigrel, Plavihex, Plavitor, Plavix, Plavocorin, Plavogrel, Plavos, Pleyar, Plogrel, Plvix, Pravidel, Pregrel, Provic, Psygrel, Q.O.L, Ravalgen, Replet, Respekt, Revlis, Ridlor, Roclas, Rozak, Sanvix, Sarix, Sarovex, Satoxi, Shinclop, Sigmagrel, Simclovix, Sintiplex, Stazex, Stroka, Stromix, Sudroc, Synetra, Talcom, Tansix, Tessyron, Thinrin, Throimper, Thrombifree, Thrombo, Timiflo, Tingreks, Torpido, Triosal, Trogran, Troken, Trombex, Trombix, Tuxedon, Unigrel, Unplaque, Vaclo, Vasocor, Vatoud, Venicil, Vidogrel, Vivelon, Vixam, Xydrel, Zakogrel, Zillt, Zopya, Zylagren, Zyllt, and Zystol.&lt;ref name=brands&gt;{{cite web |title=Clopidogrel International brand names |url=https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |publisher=Drugs.com |access-date=1 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401144417/https://www.drugs.com/international/clopidogrel.html |archive-date=1 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{As of|2017}}, na dem market am as a combination drug plus acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) under de brand names Anclog Plus, Antiban-ASP, Asclop, Asogrel-A, Aspin-Plus, Cargrel-A, Clas, Clasprin, Clavixin Duo, Clodrel Forte, Clodrel Plus, Clofre AS, Clognil Plus, Clontas, Clopid-AS, Clopid-AS, Clopida A, Clopil-A, Clopirad-A, Clopirin, Clopitab-A, Clorel-A, Clouds, Combiplat, Coplavix, Coplavix, Cugrel-A, Dorel Plus, DuoCover, DuoCover, DuoPlavin, DuoPlavin, Ecosprin Plus, Grelet-A, Lopirel Plus, Myogrel-AP, Noclog Plus, Noklot Plus, Norplat-S, Odrel Plus, Pidogul A, Pladex-A, Plagerine-A, Plagrin Plus, Plavix Plus, Replet Plus, Stromix-A, and Thrombosprin.
{{collapse bottom}}

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
==Read further ==
* {{cite book | title=Medical Genetics Summaries | chapter=Clopidogrel Therapy and CYP2C19 Genotype | chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK84114/ | veditors=Pratt VM, McLeod HL, Rubinstein WS, Scott SA, Dean LC, Kattman BL, Malheiro AJ | display-editors=3 | publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) | year=2012 | pmid=28520346 | id=Bookshelf ID: NBK84114 | vauthors=Dean L | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/ }}
== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/US4847265A/en US Patent US4847265A] for &quot;Dextro-rotatory enantiomer of methyl alpha-5 (4,5,6,7-tetrahydro (3,2-c) thieno pyridyl) (2-chlorophenyl)-acetate and the pharmaceutical compositions containing it&quot;
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitors]]
[[Category:Drugs wey Bristol Myers Squibb develop]]
[[Category:Carboxylate esters]]
[[Category:2-Chlorophenyl compounds]]
[[Category:CYP2B6 inhibitors]]
[[Category:CYP2C8 inhibitors]]
[[Category:Hepatotoxins]]
[[Category:Methyl esters]]
[[Category:Prodrugs]]
[[Category:Sanofi]]
[[Category:Thienopyridines]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>qqmrydo0lmaeceep8l93rp8jmfsc9ub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98341</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:29:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98341</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitors</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26968</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98342</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:29:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98342</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:CYP2C8 inhibitors</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26969</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98343</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:29:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98343</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Thienopyridines</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26970</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98344</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T16:30:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98344</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hallucination</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26971</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98345</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T17:20:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1457003|Hallucination]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>98345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98346</id>
      <parentid>98345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T17:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98346</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2089" sha1="909b3dw5wjp3vh9ahidq0wzhq6g84os" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>909b3dw5wjp3vh9ahidq0wzhq6g84os</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98347</id>
      <parentid>98346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T22:16:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98347</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3281" sha1="ioy24y0pyr06t21ffn7h07rcklomeyn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>ioy24y0pyr06t21ffn7h07rcklomeyn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98348</id>
      <parentid>98347</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T22:21:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98348</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5338" sha1="d0dw62q4dccqrsx6jbahnpzxce9uv38" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mild form of hallucination be known as a ''disturbance'', wey fi occur insyd chaw of de senses above. Dese fi be things like seeing movement insyd peripheral vision, anaa hearing faint noises anaa voices. Auditory hallucinations be very common insyd [[schizophrenia]]. Dem fi be benevolent (telling de subject good things about demaselves) anaa malicious (cursing de subject). 55% of auditory hallucinations be malicious in content,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, people wey dey talk about de subject, no dey speak to dem directly. Like auditory hallucinations, de source of de visual counterpart sanso fi be behind de subject. Dis fi produce a feeling of being looked anaa stared at, usually plus malicious intent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, auditory hallucinations den dema visual counterpart be experienced by de subject togeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>d0dw62q4dccqrsx6jbahnpzxce9uv38</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98349</id>
      <parentid>98348</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T22:28:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98349</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6464" sha1="62qi0dtj497ekwjlrwjjknc89fhafkt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mild form of hallucination be known as a ''disturbance'', wey fi occur insyd chaw of de senses above. Dese fi be things like seeing movement insyd peripheral vision, anaa hearing faint noises anaa voices. Auditory hallucinations be very common insyd [[schizophrenia]]. Dem fi be benevolent (telling de subject good things about demaselves) anaa malicious (cursing de subject). 55% of auditory hallucinations be malicious in content,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, people wey dey talk about de subject, no dey speak to dem directly. Like auditory hallucinations, de source of de visual counterpart sanso fi be behind de subject. Dis fi produce a feeling of being looked anaa stared at, usually plus malicious intent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, auditory hallucinations den dema visual counterpart be experienced by de subject togeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hypnagogic hallucinations den hypnopompic hallucinations be considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations fi occur as one wey dey fall asleep den hypnopompic hallucinations dey occur wen one dey wake up. Hallucinations fi be associated plus [[Psychoactive drug|drug]] use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, [[psychosis]] (wey dey include stress-related psychosis&lt;ref&gt;Prateek Varshney, Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pl&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=stress+induced+psychosis&amp;oq=stress-induce#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1742630032925&amp;u=%23p%3D6TsexlTiHo0J Stress related and stress induced psychosis]&lt;/ref&gt;), neurological disorders, den [[delirium tremens]]. Chaw hallucinations sanso dey happen during [[sleep paralysis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newrev2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jalal B | title = The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 235 | issue = 11 | pages = 3083–3091 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30288594 | pmc = 6208952 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>62qi0dtj497ekwjlrwjjknc89fhafkt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98350</id>
      <parentid>98349</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T22:41:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98350</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6966" sha1="7i8cjdkp2u6f8g2614zsm92apxsxqfw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mild form of hallucination be known as a ''disturbance'', wey fi occur insyd chaw of de senses above. Dese fi be things like seeing movement insyd peripheral vision, anaa hearing faint noises anaa voices. Auditory hallucinations be very common insyd [[schizophrenia]]. Dem fi be benevolent (telling de subject good things about demaselves) anaa malicious (cursing de subject). 55% of auditory hallucinations be malicious in content,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, people wey dey talk about de subject, no dey speak to dem directly. Like auditory hallucinations, de source of de visual counterpart sanso fi be behind de subject. Dis fi produce a feeling of being looked anaa stared at, usually plus malicious intent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, auditory hallucinations den dema visual counterpart be experienced by de subject togeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hypnagogic hallucinations den hypnopompic hallucinations be considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations fi occur as one wey dey fall asleep den hypnopompic hallucinations dey occur wen one dey wake up. Hallucinations fi be associated plus [[Psychoactive drug|drug]] use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, [[psychosis]] (wey dey include stress-related psychosis&lt;ref&gt;Prateek Varshney, Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pl&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=stress+induced+psychosis&amp;oq=stress-induce#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1742630032925&amp;u=%23p%3D6TsexlTiHo0J Stress related and stress induced psychosis]&lt;/ref&gt;), neurological disorders, den [[delirium tremens]]. Chaw hallucinations sanso dey happen during [[sleep paralysis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newrev2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jalal B | title = The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 235 | issue = 11 | pages = 3083–3091 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30288594 | pmc = 6208952 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de word &quot;hallucination&quot; einself be introduced into de English language by de 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne insyd 1646 from de derivation of de Latin word ''alucinari'' wey dey mean to wander insyd de mind. For Browne, hallucination dey mean a sort of vision wey be &quot;depraved den dey receive[s] ein objects erroneously&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Browne T | date = 1646 | title = Pseudodoxia Epidemica | volume = III | chapter = XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>7i8cjdkp2u6f8g2614zsm92apxsxqfw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98351</id>
      <parentid>98350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:19:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Read further */ Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98351</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7696" sha1="geo48i59ewejwoz0fnnqjbxry0zlkl0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mild form of hallucination be known as a ''disturbance'', wey fi occur insyd chaw of de senses above. Dese fi be things like seeing movement insyd peripheral vision, anaa hearing faint noises anaa voices. Auditory hallucinations be very common insyd [[schizophrenia]]. Dem fi be benevolent (telling de subject good things about demaselves) anaa malicious (cursing de subject). 55% of auditory hallucinations be malicious in content,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, people wey dey talk about de subject, no dey speak to dem directly. Like auditory hallucinations, de source of de visual counterpart sanso fi be behind de subject. Dis fi produce a feeling of being looked anaa stared at, usually plus malicious intent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, auditory hallucinations den dema visual counterpart be experienced by de subject togeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hypnagogic hallucinations den hypnopompic hallucinations be considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations fi occur as one wey dey fall asleep den hypnopompic hallucinations dey occur wen one dey wake up. Hallucinations fi be associated plus [[Psychoactive drug|drug]] use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, [[psychosis]] (wey dey include stress-related psychosis&lt;ref&gt;Prateek Varshney, Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pl&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=stress+induced+psychosis&amp;oq=stress-induce#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1742630032925&amp;u=%23p%3D6TsexlTiHo0J Stress related and stress induced psychosis]&lt;/ref&gt;), neurological disorders, den [[delirium tremens]]. Chaw hallucinations sanso dey happen during [[sleep paralysis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newrev2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jalal B | title = The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 235 | issue = 11 | pages = 3083–3091 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30288594 | pmc = 6208952 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de word &quot;hallucination&quot; einself be introduced into de English language by de 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne insyd 1646 from de derivation of de Latin word ''alucinari'' wey dey mean to wander insyd de mind. For Browne, hallucination dey mean a sort of vision wey be &quot;depraved den dey receive[s] ein objects erroneously&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Browne T | date = 1646 | title = Pseudodoxia Epidemica | volume = III | chapter = XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{cite book | vauthors = Johnson FH |title=The Anatomy of Hallucinations |date=1978 |publisher=Nelson-Hall |location=Chicago |isbn=0-88229-155-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Slade PD, Bentall RP |title=Sensory Deception: A Scientific Analysis of Hallucination |date=1988 |publisher=Croom Helm |location=London Sydney |isbn=0-7099-3961-2}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Aleman A, Larøi F |title=Hallucinations: The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception |date=2008 |publisher=American Psychological Association |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-4338-0311-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Sacks OW |title=Hallucinations |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-95724-5 |edition=1. American}}

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>geo48i59ewejwoz0fnnqjbxry0zlkl0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98352</id>
      <parentid>98351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:29:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98352</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8688" sha1="5nqbab4flxdr3x76yt85g5bv22eotup" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
A '''hallucination''' be a perception insyd de absence of an external context stimulus wey get de compelling sense of reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=El-Mallakh |first1=Rif S. |last2=Walker |first2=Kristin L. |title=Hallucinations, Psuedohallucinations, and Parahallucinations |journal=Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes |date=2010 |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1521/psyc.2010.73.1.34 |pmid=20235616 |url=https://guilfordjournals.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1521%2Fpsyc.2010.73.1.34 |access-date=8 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem be distinguishable from several related phenomena, such as dreaming (REM sleep), wich no dey involve wakefulness; pseudohallucination, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be accurately perceived as unreal; illusion, wich dey involve distorted anaa dem misinterprete real perception; den mental imagery, wich no dey mimic real perception, wey be under voluntary control.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chiu&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Chiu LP|year=1989|title=Differential diagnosis and management of hallucinations|journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Medical Association|volume=t 41|issue=3|pages=292–7|url=http://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|access-date=2014-05-29|archive-date=2021-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224145743/https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/2c023b7934fcf5e064bfd487061eaa53.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hallucinations sanso differ from &quot;delusional perceptions&quot;, insyd wich a correctly sensed den interpreted stimulus (i.e., a real perception) be given sam additional significance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Adámek |first1=Petr |last2=Langová |first2=Veronika |last3=Horáček |first3=Jiří |date=2022-03-21 |title=Early-stage visual perception impairment in schizophrenia, bottom-up and back again |journal=Schizophrenia |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=27 |doi=10.1038/s41537-022-00237-9 |pmid=35314712 |issn=2754-6993|pmc=8938488 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hallucinations fi occur insyd any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive den chronoceptive. Hallucinations be referred to as multimodal if multiple sensory modalities occur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Montagnese M, Leptourgos P, Fernyhough C, Waters F, Larøi F, Jardri R, McCarthy-Jones S, Thomas N, Dudley R, Taylor JP, Collerton D, Urwyler P | title = A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 237–248 | date = January 2021 | pmid = 32772114 | doi = 10.31219/osf.io/zebxv | pmc = 7825001 | s2cid = 243338891 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Dudley R, Aynsworth C, Cheetham R, McCarthy-Jones S, Collerton D | title = Prevalence and characteristics of multi-modal hallucinations in people with psychosis who experience visual hallucinations | journal = Psychiatry Research | volume = 269 | pages = 25–30 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30145297 | doi = 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.032 | s2cid = 52092886 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mild form of hallucination be known as a ''disturbance'', wey fi occur insyd chaw of de senses above. Dese fi be things like seeing movement insyd peripheral vision, anaa hearing faint noises anaa voices. Auditory hallucinations be very common insyd [[schizophrenia]]. Dem fi be benevolent (telling de subject good things about demaselves) anaa malicious (cursing de subject). 55% of auditory hallucinations be malicious in content,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Auditory Hallucinations in Adult Populations|url=https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|access-date=2021-02-01|journal=Psychiatric Times|series=Vol 31 No 12|date=30 December 2014|volume=31|issue=12|vauthors=Waters F|archive-date=2022-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607052027/https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/auditory-hallucinations-adult-populations|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; for example, people wey dey talk about de subject, no dey speak to dem directly. Like auditory hallucinations, de source of de visual counterpart sanso fi be behind de subject. Dis fi produce a feeling of being looked anaa stared at, usually plus malicious intent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Sense of Being Stared At -- Part 1: Is it Real or Illusory? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233632394}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auditory Hallucinations |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/23233-auditory-hallucinations |website=clevelandclinic.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Frequently, auditory hallucinations den dema visual counterpart be experienced by de subject togeda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters F, Collerton D, Ffytche DH, Jardri R, Pins D, Dudley R, Blom JD, Mosimann UP, Eperjesi F, Ford S, Larøi F | title = Visual hallucinations in the psychosis spectrum and comparative information from neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease | journal = Schizophrenia Bulletin | volume = 40 | issue = 4 | pages = S233–S245 | date = July 2014 | pmid = 24936084 | pmc = 4141306 | doi = 10.1093/schbul/sbu036 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hypnagogic hallucinations den hypnopompic hallucinations be considered normal phenomena. Hypnagogic hallucinations fi occur as one wey dey fall asleep den hypnopompic hallucinations dey occur wen one dey wake up. Hallucinations fi be associated plus [[Psychoactive drug|drug]] use (particularly deliriants), sleep deprivation, [[psychosis]] (wey dey include stress-related psychosis&lt;ref&gt;Prateek Varshney, Santosh Kumar Chaturvedi: [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=pl&amp;as_sdt=0%2C5&amp;q=stress+induced+psychosis&amp;oq=stress-induce#d=gs_qabs&amp;t=1742630032925&amp;u=%23p%3D6TsexlTiHo0J Stress related and stress induced psychosis]&lt;/ref&gt;), neurological disorders, den [[delirium tremens]]. Chaw hallucinations sanso dey happen during [[sleep paralysis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;newrev2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Jalal B | title = The neuropharmacology of sleep paralysis hallucinations: serotonin 2A activation and a novel therapeutic drug | journal = Psychopharmacology | volume = 235 | issue = 11 | pages = 3083–3091 | date = November 2018 | pmid = 30288594 | pmc = 6208952 | doi = 10.1007/s00213-018-5042-1 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de word &quot;hallucination&quot; einself be introduced into de English language by de 17th-century physician Sir Thomas Browne insyd 1646 from de derivation of de Latin word ''alucinari'' wey dey mean to wander insyd de mind. For Browne, hallucination dey mean a sort of vision wey be &quot;depraved den dey receive[s] ein objects erroneously&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Browne T | date = 1646 | title = Pseudodoxia Epidemica | volume = III | chapter = XVIII: That Moles are blinde and have no eyes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* {{cite book | vauthors = Johnson FH |title=The Anatomy of Hallucinations |date=1978 |publisher=Nelson-Hall |location=Chicago |isbn=0-88229-155-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Slade PD, Bentall RP |title=Sensory Deception: A Scientific Analysis of Hallucination |date=1988 |publisher=Croom Helm |location=London Sydney |isbn=0-7099-3961-2}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Aleman A, Larøi F |title=Hallucinations: The Science of Idiosyncratic Perception |date=2008 |publisher=American Psychological Association |location=Washington, DC |isbn=978-1-4338-0311-6}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Sacks OW |title=Hallucinations |date=2012 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-307-95724-5 |edition=1. American}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links||d=Q130741|c=Category:Hallucination|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.psychanalyse-paris.com/843-Anthropology-and.html |title=Anthropology and Hallucinations; chapter from ''The Making of Religion'' |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=November 4, 2006 |website=psychanalyse-paris.com |access-date=October 4, 2016 |archive-date=May 29, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529110305/http://psychanalyse-paris.com/843-Anthropology-and.html }}
* [https://sites.dartmouth.edu/dujs/2009/11/21/hallucination-a-normal-phenomenon/ Hallucination: A Normal Phenomenon?]
* [http://www.math.utah.edu/~bresslof/publications/01-1.pdf Geometric visual hallucinations, Euclidean symmetry and the functional architecture of striate cortex]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hallucinations| ]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Nonexistent things]]
[[Category:Symptoms den signs of mental disorders]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>5nqbab4flxdr3x76yt85g5bv22eotup</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Nonexistent things</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98353</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:34:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98353</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Furosemide</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26973</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98354</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:37:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1458335|Furosemide]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>98354</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98355</id>
      <parentid>98354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:44:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98355</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="977" sha1="ez0ccudmpmnvn27k9h2zfe31191j1u5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

== References ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
      <sha1>ez0ccudmpmnvn27k9h2zfe31191j1u5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98356</id>
      <parentid>98355</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-21T23:48:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98356</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1640" sha1="cf4qucavd1scrquo4r1vx95ik2nh5p6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common side effects dey include orthostatic hypotension (decrease insyd blood pressure while standing, den associated lightheadedness), [[tinnitus]] (ringing insyd de ears), den photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Potentially serious side effects dey include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, den hearing loss.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem dey recommend say serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, den liver den kidney functioning be monitored insyd patients wey dey take furosemide. E sanso e recommended to be alert for de occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cf4qucavd1scrquo4r1vx95ik2nh5p6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98362</id>
      <parentid>98356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:47:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2168" sha1="i5j7h3tgt26fv2dqnwp7efhnsasz8og" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common side effects dey include orthostatic hypotension (decrease insyd blood pressure while standing, den associated lightheadedness), [[tinnitus]] (ringing insyd de ears), den photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Potentially serious side effects dey include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, den hearing loss.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem dey recommend say serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, den liver den kidney functioning be monitored insyd patients wey dey take furosemide. E sanso e recommended to be alert for de occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; 

Furosemide dey work by decreasing de reabsorption of sodium by de kidneys.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Common side effects of furosemide injection dey include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), den dizziness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 22, 2020 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=22 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-december-22-2020 | access-date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>i5j7h3tgt26fv2dqnwp7efhnsasz8og</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98363</id>
      <parentid>98362</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:52:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5382" sha1="gytnc5z59xgrj5aamyorqlmf3spimku" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common side effects dey include orthostatic hypotension (decrease insyd blood pressure while standing, den associated lightheadedness), [[tinnitus]] (ringing insyd de ears), den photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Potentially serious side effects dey include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, den hearing loss.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem dey recommend say serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, den liver den kidney functioning be monitored insyd patients wey dey take furosemide. E sanso e recommended to be alert for de occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; 

Furosemide dey work by decreasing de reabsorption of sodium by de kidneys.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Common side effects of furosemide injection dey include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), den dizziness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 22, 2020 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=22 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-december-22-2020 | access-date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem patent furosemide insyd 1959 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR | date = 2006 | title = Analogue-based Drug Discovery | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | page = 458 | isbn = 978-3-527-60749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA458 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], e be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 29th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 19{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Furosemide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Furosemide | access-date = 13 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2020/21 na e be de twentieth most prescribed medication insyd England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCA England |url=https://nhsbsa-opendata.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/pca/pca_summary_narrative_2020_21_v001.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=NHS Business Services Authority }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Anti-Doping Agency ein banned drug list secof concerns say e fi mask oda drugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Anti-doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2022|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|access-date=27 July 2022|page=12|date=2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154918/https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used insyd race horses for de treatment den prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sullivan S, Hinchcliff K | title = Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 187–198 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770069 | doi = 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, van Erck E | title = Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 743–758 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25996660 | pmc = 4895427 | doi = 10.1111/jvim.12593 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>gytnc5z59xgrj5aamyorqlmf3spimku</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98364</id>
      <parentid>98363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:54:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>98364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5940" sha1="cdc58on0vc3l7awkogvkfogkatfd6hk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common side effects dey include orthostatic hypotension (decrease insyd blood pressure while standing, den associated lightheadedness), [[tinnitus]] (ringing insyd de ears), den photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Potentially serious side effects dey include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, den hearing loss.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem dey recommend say serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, den liver den kidney functioning be monitored insyd patients wey dey take furosemide. E sanso e recommended to be alert for de occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; 

Furosemide dey work by decreasing de reabsorption of sodium by de kidneys.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Common side effects of furosemide injection dey include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), den dizziness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 22, 2020 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=22 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-december-22-2020 | access-date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem patent furosemide insyd 1959 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR | date = 2006 | title = Analogue-based Drug Discovery | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | page = 458 | isbn = 978-3-527-60749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA458 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], e be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 29th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 19{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Furosemide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Furosemide | access-date = 13 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2020/21 na e be de twentieth most prescribed medication insyd England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCA England |url=https://nhsbsa-opendata.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/pca/pca_summary_narrative_2020_21_v001.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=NHS Business Services Authority }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Anti-Doping Agency ein banned drug list secof concerns say e fi mask oda drugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Anti-doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2022|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|access-date=27 July 2022|page=12|date=2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154918/https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used insyd race horses for de treatment den prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sullivan S, Hinchcliff K | title = Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 187–198 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770069 | doi = 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, van Erck E | title = Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 743–758 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25996660 | pmc = 4895427 | doi = 10.1111/jvim.12593 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* Aventis Pharma (1998). ''Lasix Approved Product Information''. Lane Cove: Aventis Pharma Pty Ltd.
* {{cite book | vauthors = Forney B | year = 2007 | title = Understanding Equine Medications, Revised Edition (Horse Health Care Library) | publisher = Eclipse Press | isbn = 978-1-58150-151-3 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web | title=Furosemide Injection | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616046.html }}
* [http://www.thinkythings.org/horseracing/lasixinfo.html Lasix and horse bleeding]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>cdc58on0vc3l7awkogvkfogkatfd6hk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98365</id>
      <parentid>98364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:57:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add categories</comment>
      <origin>98365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6518" sha1="o8e7aqxhqxkvl5gxfwf2od2umepeh0f" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Furosemide''', dem sell under de brand name '''Lasix''' among odas, be a loop diuretic medication dem use to treat [[edema]] secof [[heart failure]], liver scarring, anaa kidney disease.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|title=Furosemide|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=23 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119161939/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/furosemide.html|archive-date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furosemide sanso fi be used for de treatment of [[hypertension|high blood pressure]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem fi take am intravenously anaa orally.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; When dem give intravenously, furosemide typically dey take effect within five minutes; wen dem take am orally, e typically dey metabolize within an hour.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt;

Common side effects dey include orthostatic hypotension (decrease insyd blood pressure while standing, den associated lightheadedness), [[tinnitus]] (ringing insyd de ears), den photosensitivity (sensitivity to light).&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Potentially serious side effects dey include electrolyte abnormalities, low blood pressure, den hearing loss.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Dem dey recommend say serum electrolytes (especially potassium), serum CO2, creatinine, BUN levels, den liver den kidney functioning be monitored insyd patients wey dey take furosemide. E sanso e recommended to be alert for de occurrence of any potential blood dyscrasias.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; 

Furosemide dey work by decreasing de reabsorption of sodium by de kidneys.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Common side effects of furosemide injection dey include hypokalemia (low potassium level), hypotension (low blood pressure), den dizziness.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release | title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: December 22, 2020 | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | date=22 December 2020 | url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-december-22-2020 | access-date=22 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na dem patent furosemide insyd 1959 wey dem approve am for medical use insyd 1964.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = Fischer J, Ganellin CR | date = 2006 | title = Analogue-based Drug Discovery | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons | page = 458 | isbn = 978-3-527-60749-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FjKfqkaKkAAC&amp;pg=PA458 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO23rd&quot;&gt;{{cite book | vauthors = ((World Health Organization)) | year = 2023 | title = The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex A: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 23rd list (2023) | publisher = World Health Organization | hdl = 10665/371090 | author-link = World Health Organization | location = Geneva | id = WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.02 | hdl-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd de [[United States]], e be available as a generic medication.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015/&gt; Insyd 2023, na e be de 29th most commonly prescribed medication insyd de United States, plus more dan 19{{nbsp}}million prescriptions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top300Drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Top 300 of 2023 | url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | website=ClinCalc | access-date=12 August 2025 | archive-date=12 August 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812130026/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Furosemide Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 | website = ClinCalc | url = https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Furosemide | access-date = 13 August 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Insyd 2020/21 na e be de twentieth most prescribed medication insyd England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PCA England |url=https://nhsbsa-opendata.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/pca/pca_summary_narrative_2020_21_v001.html |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=NHS Business Services Authority }}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey on de World Anti-Doping Agency ein banned drug list secof concerns say e fi mask oda drugs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Anti-doping Code International Standard Prohibited List 2022|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|access-date=27 July 2022|page=12|date=2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710154918/https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2022list_final_en.pdf|archive-date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso be used insyd race horses for de treatment den prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sullivan S, Hinchcliff K | title = Update on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage | journal = The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice | volume = 31 | issue = 1 | pages = 187–198 | date = April 2015 | pmid = 25770069 | doi = 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK, Morley PS, Robinson NE, Sweeney CR, van Erck E | title = Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement | journal = Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 743–758 | date = 2015 | pmid = 25996660 | pmc = 4895427 | doi = 10.1111/jvim.12593 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Read further ==
* Aventis Pharma (1998). ''Lasix Approved Product Information''. Lane Cove: Aventis Pharma Pty Ltd.
* {{cite book | vauthors = Forney B | year = 2007 | title = Understanding Equine Medications, Revised Edition (Horse Health Care Library) | publisher = Eclipse Press | isbn = 978-1-58150-151-3 }}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite web | title=Furosemide Injection | website=MedlinePlus | url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a616046.html }}
* [http://www.thinkythings.org/horseracing/lasixinfo.html Lasix and horse bleeding]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anthranilic acids]]
[[Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors]]
[[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Chloroarenes]]
[[Category:Equine medications]]
[[Category:2-Furyl compounds]]
[[Category:GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators]]
[[Category:Glycine receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Loop diuretics]]
[[Category:Nephrotoxins]]
[[Category:NMDA receptor antagonists]]
[[Category:Sanofi]]
[[Category:Sulfonamides]]
[[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances]]
[[Category:World Health Organization essential medicines]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>o8e7aqxhqxkvl5gxfwf2od2umepeh0f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Anthranilic acids</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98366</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26975</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98367</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98367</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:2-Furyl compounds</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26976</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98368</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:58:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Loop diuretics</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>26977</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98369</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T10:58:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
      <origin>98369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Astigmatism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>26978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98370</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-22T11:01:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1459043|Astigmatism]] to:gpe #mdwikicx</comment>
      <origin>98370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u" xml:space="preserve">
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
      <sha1>r0gf7axtnvt68k0p85plnlehx64o08u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>