Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 1 2124 98480 97298 2026-05-27T17:14:41Z MediaWiki message delivery 110 /* Vote now in the 2026 U4C election */ new section 98480 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Admin == Hello everybro, as ebe me wey I start de Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for be de admin so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, as I started the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can be the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to be an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, support new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:47, 6 July 2023 (GMT) :[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT) I strongly support [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) ==Support== #[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]] ([[User talk:NanaYawBotar|talk]]) 18:00, 6 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 18:54, 6 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]] ([[User talk:Gyanford|talk]]) 19:27, 6 July 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Cornelius Agordome|Cornelius Agordome]] ([[User talk:Cornelius Agordome|talk]]) 11:05, 10 July 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Amuzujoe|Amuzujoe]] ([[User talk:Amuzujoe|talk]]) 21:39, 10 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 18:27, 19 July 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]]) # [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) == Support == support [[Special:Contributions/197.210.76.72|197.210.76.72]] 13:56, 14 August 2023 (GMT) == Support == support [[User:Umargana1|Umargana1]] ([[User talk:Umargana1|talk]]) 13:58, 14 August 2023 (GMT) == Update links from Incubator to local == Some links on the FA blurb are still external to the incubator project. (Also, if we could get some more templates and modules imported from enwiki, like [[:en:Template:Documentation]], that would be great. Maybe we can raise it on Meta so someone with more experience can import/recreate them with dependencies?). [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:32, 23 August 2023 (GMT) :Also, the page is using a Portuguese map, instead of the English file: [[:File:Ghana Regions map.png]] [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 19:35, 23 August 2023 (GMT) ::Thanks for the observation [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:43, 2 September 2023 (GMT) == Request to continue Adminship == Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:41, 13 October 2023 (GMT) ===Support=== # [[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]] ([[User talk:Ibn Dagara|talk]]) 22:15, 17 October 2023 (GMT) #[[User:Azorbli|Azorbli]] ([[User talk:Azorbli|talk]]) # [[User:MartinezYA|MartinezYA]] ([[User talk:MartinezYA|talk]]) 05:51, 18 October 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Xibitgh|Xibitgh]] ([[User talk:Xibitgh|talk]]) #[[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 14:01, 19 October 2023 (GMT) # [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] ([[User talk:Yaw tuba|talk]]) 06:23, 22 October 2023 (GMT) == Ghana Month Edit-a-thon == Dear Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia Community, We are excited to announce a month-long initiative aimed at enhancing gender representation on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. This project, organized by the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikimedians Community, seeks to address the underrepresentation of notable female personalities on our platform. Project Objectives: 1. To increase the visibility and representation of Ghanaian women on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. 2. To create a more inclusive and diverse portrayal of Ghanaian history and culture. 3. To engage the community in actively contributing to articles related to notable female personalities. Planned Activities: 1. Editing Workshops: Hands-on workshops to teach participants how to contribute and edit articles on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Guidance on creating and improving articles related to notable female personalities in Ghana. 2. Panel Discussions: Featuring gender activists, notable female personalities, and Wikimedians. Discussing the importance of gender representation and its impact on knowledge diversity. 3. Content Creation Competition: A friendly competition encouraging participants to create or improve Wikipedia articles. Incentives such as awards, certificates, or recognition for outstanding contributions. 4. Outreach Events: Awareness campaigns at media stations with urban reach using Ghanaian Pidgin. Emphasizing that Ghanaian Pidgin is a written language, encouraging public participation. 5. Closing Ceremony: An in-person event at the end of the month to celebrate achievements. Showcasing edited articles, sharing success stories, and expressing gratitude to participants. Significance of the Project: Gender representation is a crucial aspect of creating a comprehensive and diverse narrative. By actively participating in this initiative, you contribute to breaking gender stereotypes and fostering a more inclusive portrayal of Ghanaian history and achievements. Your involvement is instrumental in making a positive impact on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia community. How You Can Participate: Join our WhatsApp group for regular updates and discussions. Follow us on X (formerly Twitter) for real-time updates and engagement ([https://twitter.com/Ghpidginwiki @Ghpidginwiki]) . Register for upcoming events using Wikimedia Event Registration tools. Let's come together as a community to make a meaningful change. Your participation matters! Thank you for your support and commitment. Best regards, [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:54, 14 January 2024 (GMT) == Enabling Section Translation: a new mobile translation experience == {{int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] is pleased to let you know about our plans to enable the [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section translation]] tool in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. For this, our team would want you to read about the tool and test it so you can: * Give us your feedback * Ask us questions * Tell us how to improve it. Below is background information about Section translation, why we have chosen your community, and how to test it. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. More than one million articles have been created across all languages since the tool was released in 2015. The Wikimedia Foundation Language team has improved the translation experience further with the Section Translation. The WMF Language team enabled the early version of the tool in February 2021 in Bengali Wikipedia. Through their feedback, the tool was improved and ready for your community to test and provide feedback to make it better. [https://design.wikimedia.org/strategy/section-translation.html Section Translation] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time in order to expand existing articles or create new ones. * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device. Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia seems an ideal candidate to enjoy this new tool since it has a Content Translation tool enabled by default. We plan to enable the tool by 15th of February 2024, if there are no objections from your community. After it is enabled, we’ll monitor the content created with the tool and process all the feedback. In any case, feel free to raise any concerns or questions you may already have in any of the following formats: * As a reply to this message * On [[mw:Talk:Content_translation/Section_translation|the project talk page]]. '''Try the tool''' Before the enablement, you can try the current implementation of the tool in [https://test.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&from=en&to=gpe&sx=true#/sx our testing instance]. Once it is enabled on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, you’ll have access to [[:trv:Special:ContentTranslation|https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation]] with your mobile device. You can select an article to translate, and machine translation will be provided as a starting point for editors to improve. '''Provide feedback''' Please provide feedback about Section translation in any of the formats you are most comfortable with. We want to hear about your impressions on: * The tool * What you think about our plans to enable it * Your ideas for improving the tool. Thanks, and we look forward to your feedback. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 05:26, 31 January 2024 (GMT) On behalf of the WMF Language team. :Thanks for this message and we are grateful the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia has been selected to try this new feature. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:09, 1 February 2024 (GMT) == Flower of the month == [[File:Chrysothemis_pulchella_̠11.jpg|thumb|<center>Chrysothemis pulchella</center>]] Dear all. For your huge efforts on Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia I want to award you with the [[:als:Wikipedia:Blueme vum Monet|Flower of the month]]. Best regards, --[[User:Holder|Holder]] ([[User talk:Holder|talk]]) 06:00, 8 March 2024 (GMT) :We appreciate you @[[User:Holder|Holder]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:55, 8 March 2024 (GMT) == Request to continue Adminship == Hello everybro, I dey seek de support of fellow editors so say I go continue be de Administrator give dis project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I for continue de adminship so say I go fi perform oda tasks wey dey hia such as make we komot invalid articles, support fresh editors, komot vandalism den develop existing editors. Thanks waa * Hello everyone, I am seeking the support of fellow editors so that I can continue being the Administrator of this project. To promote Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia, I have to continue being an admin so that I can perform important tasks such as removing of invalid articles, supporting new editors, remove vandalism and also developing existing editors. Thanks very much ''You go fi support me for here '' '''Thanks everybro''' - [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 11 October 2024 (GMT) :Carry on plus the good job, adey throw my support give you. [[Special:Contributions/154.161.146.186|154.161.146.186]] 01:43, 12 October 2024 (GMT) ==== Support ==== *[[User:Heatrave|Heatrave]] ([[User talk:Heatrave|talk]]) 11:26, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *Bro dey for long on Wikipedia top n so he get more knowledge on it top, I dey support am strongly [[User:Ruky Wunpini|Ruky Wunpini]] ([[User talk:Ruky Wunpini|talk]]) 11:48, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *yh we dey give you total support. [[User:Jwale2|Jwale2]] ([[User talk:Jwale2|talk]]) 13:15, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *I Dey support DaSupremo. Eve hard working and he Dey do the job well. [[Special:Contributions/154.160.6.233|154.160.6.233]] 14:46, 11 October 2024 (GMT) *[[User:Zakaria Tunsung|Zakaria Tunsung]] ([[User talk:Zakaria Tunsung|talk]]) 00:55, 13 October 2024 (GMT) *I dey support Supremo for dis role [[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]] *Adey support DaSupremo for dis role sake of he be the co-founder wey he sana be experienced editor [[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]] == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 9th November 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 03:28, 23 October 2024 (GMT) :Hello [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], thanks for reaching out and thanks for considering the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia for this feature. I will share this info on our WhatsApp page for others' valuable contribution. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:41, 23 October 2024 (GMT) ::Hello [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], ::Thank you for responding to this message. We will go ahead and enable the feature since there are no objections to having it in your Wiki. [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:59, 6 November 2024 (GMT) :::Noted with thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 23:11, 6 November 2024 (GMT) == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:55, 13 March 2025 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon == Hello everyone! Our Digi Rights Edit-a-thon be project wey dey seek make e amplify youth voices den dey enhance civic engagement insyd a secure digital space by make we create den improve content on Wikipedia den Wikidata. De focus regions dey include de Sahel region, neighbouring West Africa, den de Horn of Africa. We go contribute to bridging content gaps on topics such as de African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection, e-democracy, digital mobilisation insyd social movements, SDG16, freedom of expression, den human rights. Additionally, de initiative go highlight de roles of governments, NGOs, den grassroots organisations wey dey address censorship, surveillance, den online disinformation insyd Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, den Togo You fi join dis campaign for dis link top: (https://w.wiki/EWvG). Thanks waa [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:51, 19 June 2025 (GMT) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Confidence Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 00:35, 6 January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-12-22_Wikipedias&oldid=29825860 --> == Annual review of de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines == <section begin="announcement-content" /> I dey wrep to you make you know say dem now gbele de annual review period give de Universal Code of Conduct den Enforcement Guidelines. You fi make suggestions for changes thru 9 February 2026. Dis be de first step of chaw dem go take for de annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information den find a conversation to join on de UCoC page for Meta top]]. De [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) be a global group dem dedicate to providing an equitable den consistent implementation of de UCoC. Na dem plan den implement dis annual review by de U4C. For more information den de responsibilities of de U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you fi review de U4C Charter]]. Please share dis information plus oda members insyd your community werever else wey fi be appropriate. -- In cooperation plus de U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> 21:01, 19 January 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Re-using references with different details – introducing Sub-referencing == [[File:Sub-referencing re-use + RefPreview.png|thumb|Sub-referencing: Example]] Hi, I’m Johannes from WMDE’s [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Sorry for writing in English, please support us by translating this message! We’ve been working on a new feature to improve re-using references with different details: '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]]'''. We’ve deployed the feature to German-language Wikipedia four months ago. After iterating on the initial feedback we’re ready to rollout sub-referencing to additional wikis. '''What to expect?''' You will notice footnotes like [1.1] in Wikipedia articles, if citations are used with different details (e.g. different page numbers) using sub-references. We are implementing a [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/History|long-held community wish]]: Many Wikipedia articles currently contain references that are almost identical but differ in details such as the page number. This leads to cluttered reference lists which make it harder for readers to quickly assess how many different sources have been used. And unlike with [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references in wikitext and VisualEditor|identical reuses]], re-using references with different details [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in wikitext|previously required duplicating the reference]], which led to longer wikitext and – [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Status quo: Re-using references with different details in VisualEditor|especially in VisualEditor]] – also to more time expenditure. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] solves these issue: We are adding a new [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In wikitext|wikitext attribute]] <code><nowiki>details="..."</nowiki></code> – similar to the existing attribute <code><nowiki>ref name="..."</nowiki></code>. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#In VisualEditor|VisualEditor users]] can use the "add details" button to insert sub-references. You can find detailed instructions [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our project page]]. We also [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published a report]] about our learnings on the first three months of sub-referencing on German Wikipedia which you might find interesting. '''Deployment''' We’ll likely deploy sub-referencing to this project on February 17. Please let me know if you have any questions. We look forward to your feedback on the new feature, either on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our discussion page]], my [[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|user talk page]], or as a reply to this post. Best regards from the Technical Wishes team --[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 15:34, 3 February 2026 (GMT) :Today we've deployed [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing]] to gpewiki. Please let us know if you notice any issues or if you have suggestions on how to improve the feature. We’re already [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings#Further deployments and our next steps|working on some ideas]] like improving the reader’s view if there are lots of sub-references in the same article. You can find more information about the feature and how to re-use references with different details using sub-references in VisualEditor and Wikitext in the announcement above or on [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|our project page]]. :: :Some suggestions: We are using a [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] for pages using sub-referencing to quickly identify any issues with the new feature. You can change the category name via [[MediaWiki:Cite-tracking-category-ref-details]]. You might want to create the category page (currently [[:Category:Pages that use sub-references]]) using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> to hide it from the default reader’s view (see [[:d:Q129764848]]). :: :You could also consider creating local versions of [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link]] and [[MediaWiki:Cite-ve-dialog-subreference-help-dialog-link-ve]] to point directly at [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|translated versions of our project page]] (if existing – or link to local help pages on sub-referencing if the community creates them). The default ''Special:MyLanguage'' links to our metawiki project page unfortunately won't work properly for logged-out editors and will always lead to the English version. Both links are used for VisualEditor users, the first one is displayed in a pop-up when using the "add details" button for the first time, the second link is permanent when using the VE dialogue to add details to a reference. :: :If you’ve enabled the gadget [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference tooltips]] in your user preferences instead of using the default [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews/sv|Reference Previews]], you [[:phab:T416304#11622766|won’t see the entire sub-reference information]]. We will soon provide guidance to communities on how to update the gadget. :: :You can use our [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing talk page]] to provide feedback on the new feature – or just reply to this post. Thanks for piloting the feature! [[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 16:23, 24 February 2026 (GMT) == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:57, 26 April 2026 (GMT) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. 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Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 May 2026 (GMT) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> 8sn05vte43tdkxx67pr2wblw1x9e2uw 0 3546 98594 85448 2026-05-28T09:18:45Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q725198}} '''Ashesi University''' (/ɑːʃˈs/ a-shii-si') be private, non-profit university wey dey insyd Berekuso, edey close to [[Accra]]. De mission of Ashesi University be say ego educate ethical, entrepreneurial leaders insyd Africa; to cultivate within students de critical thinking skills, de concern for others, den de courage be ego take make e transform de African continent.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230522164329/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about.html "Educating Ethical, Entrepreneurial Leaders, with the Compassion and Courage to Transform Africa"]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</ref> Ashesi wey dem establish am as independent, public benefit education institution wey dey operate on a not-for-profit basis. De university dey obtain accreditation from de Ghanaian National Accreditation Board (now de [https://web.archive.org/web/20231228191903/https://www.gtec.edu.gh/general-overview Ghana Tertiary Education Commission]) insyd September 2001 to operate under de mentorship of de University of Cape Coast (UCC), plus degrees wey dem confer by UCC. Ashesi begin ein instruction on 4th March 2002. Ashesi University come receive Presidential Charter from [[Ghana]] ein Presido, effective January 2018, making am de independent university wey dey confer ein own degrees.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html "Our Mission, Vision and History"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref> Ebe member of de Council of Independent Universities,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240203121952/http://ciughana.com/members?limit_start=2 "Members"]. ''ciughana.com''. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</ref> de Association of African Universities<ref>[https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ "Our Members"]. ''aau.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200518003051/https://www.aau.org/subs/membership/ Archived] from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> den de Association of Commonwealth Universities.<ref>[https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/ "ACU members"]. ''acu.ac.uk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200629150405/https://www.acu.ac.uk/our-members/ Archived] from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.</ref> == History == === Feasibility study === Team of four MBA students from de University of California Berkeley ein Haas School of Business travel come to Ghana to evaluate de feasibility of establishing a fresh university insyd 1998. De team administer over 3,300 surveys to students den parents; wey dem conduct interviews den focus groups plus parents, teachers den business leaders; den dem gather secondary information from local den international sources. De study wey dem conclude am significant demand for a new private university insyd Ghana, dat Ghanaian parents wey be willing say dem go pay for high-quality local university education, den dat de Ghanaian government wey dem support private involvement insyd tertiary education.<ref>[http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/BULLETIN/EARLIEST_YEARS/FEASIBILITY_STUDY/feasibility_study.html "Early years feasibility study"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. 16 January 2004. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110106021317/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/BULLETIN/EARLIEST_YEARS/FEASIBILITY_STUDY/feasibility_study.html Archived] from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref> === Foundation den accreditation === Dem establish Ashesi University Foundation insyd 1999. Ein name dey commot from Akan ein word " Ahyɛase" wey dey mean say "beginning".<ref>[http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/history.html "History: Meaning of Ashesi"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. 7 July 2002. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111117100304/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/history.html#Meaning_of_Ashesi Archived] from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref> De National Accreditation Board of Ghana grant de university accreditation insyd 2001 under de mentorship of de [[University of Cape Coast]] den begin classes insyd 2002. Dem dey elect Ashesi students ein first female university student government president insyd history for Ghana in 2006 den ein first Examination Honour Code insyd 2008.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html "Our Mission, Vision and History"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. Ashesi University. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111201805/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/mission-history.html Archived] from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</ref> Ashesi University plete ein new campus insyd Berekuso for 2011 insyd. Insyd 2015, Ashesi launch ein engineering programme,<ref name=":0">[https://www.ashesi.org/about/history/ "History – Ashesi University Foundation"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200711132424/https://www.ashesi.org/about/history/ Archived] from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> den ein founder, Patrick Awuah, come make MacArthur fellow.<ref>[https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2015/1015/Ghana-s-first-ever-liberal-arts-college-opens-the-door-for-more-in-Africa "Ghana's first-ever liberal arts college opens the door for more in Africa"]. ''Christian Science Monitor''. 15 October 2015. ISSN&nbsp;[[issn:0882-7729|0882-7729]]. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> Insyd 2018, dem receive a charter from de president of Ghana, wey dey allow am say e go grant degrees insyd ein own name instead of de University of Cape Coast.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/akufo-addo-grants-ashesi-university-presidential-charter/ "Akufo-Addo grants Ashesi University Presidential Charter"]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 3 May 2018. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</ref> == Campus == [[File:Ashesi_Todd_&_Ruth_Warren_Library.jpg|alt=The Todd & Ruth Warren Library at Ashesi|thumb|De Todd & Ruth Warren Library for Ashesi]] Ashesi University ein 100-acre campus dey contain de [https://web.archive.org/web/20231228191904/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/library/online-databases/176-academics/faculty-pages-arts-and-sciences-2/176-health-and-wellbeing.html Natembea Health Centre], two sports courts den sports centre plus football field, running track den gym.<ref name=":1">[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/campus-tour.html "Our Campus"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200401002603/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/campus-tour.html Archived] from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref><ref>University, Ashesi (28 March 2019). [https://at.ashesi.edu.gh/history-and-euphoria-as-ashesi-opens-new-sports-centre-dfbba45ec000 "History and euphoria as Ashesi opens new sports centre"]. ''Medium''. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> Esan dey host de Ghana Climate Innovation Centre.<ref>[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/05/17/climate-innovation-center-launched-to-support-ghanas-green-economy "Climate Innovation Center Launched to Support Ghana's Green Economy"]. ''World Bank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180418033546/https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2016/05/17/climate-innovation-center-launched-to-support-ghanas-green-economy Archived] from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanacic.org/about/ "About | GCIC"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200120211059/https://www.ghanacic.org/about/ Archived] from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> De architecture borrow from de Ghanaian vernacular, plus echoes of traditional compound houses, as well as elements of traditional Northern wey manners dey dwell. De natural contours for de site be wah dem use for de concert plus buildings come create exterior gathering spaces throughout campus, as well as ramps wey dey provide wheelchair access to buildings. Buildings wey dem design say ego maximize natural views, light den ventilation. Dem supplement am plus ground water wey dem dey harvest rainwater, filter den treat am say ego provide potable water all year round. A community-scale sewage den organic treatment plant wey dey provide environmental den economic benefits say ego convert waste go biogas for some of de campus ein cooking needs den recycling treated water for landscaping.<ref>[https://www.admissionsgh.com/ashesi-university/ "Ashesi University"]. ''AdmissionsGh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170708061350/https://www.admissionsgh.com/ashesi-university/ Archived] from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> De university dey meet 40% of ein daytime electrical need with solar power.<ref name=":1" /> == Organisation den governance == Ashesi University get 88 teaching staff den more than 150 administrative staff<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231212034247/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/about/at-a-glance/quick-facts.html "Quick Facts"]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 22 May 2023.</ref> wey organise am into departments of Humanities den Social Sciences, Business Administration, Computer Science den Information Systems, den Engineering,<ref>[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html "Academic Departments"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200401000816/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html Archived] from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> De Ashesi University Foundation,<ref name=":2">[http://archives.ashesi.edu.gh/V2_2002_2004/ABOUT/govern.html "Ashesi University College – Governance"]. ''archives.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190404040659/http://archives.ashesi.edu.gh/V2_2002_2004/ABOUT/govern.html Archived] from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> wey dey raise funding come support de mission of de university, be United States 501(c)(3) organization.<ref>[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/governance.html "Governance – Ashesi University"]. ''v6.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221518/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/governance.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> De foundation dey oversee by ein board of trustees,<ref name=":2" /> wey de university san dey oversee by ein board of directors.<ref>[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html "Board of Directors (College) – Ashesi University"]. ''v6.ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221508/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/ashesi-s-leadership/board-of-directors-ghana.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> == Academics den recognition == Ashesi dey offer four-year bachelors program insyd multidisciplinary core curriculum, featuring majors insyd business administration, management information systems, computer science, electrical den electronic engineering, computer engineering den mechanical engineering.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200401000816/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes.html "Academic Departments"]. ''www.ashesi.edu.gh''. Retrieved 23 May 2023.</ref> Edey run Ashesi Innovation Experience, ebe two-week programme wey dey expose students between de ages of 15 den 19 to Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Robotics, Creativity den Engineering basics to wey edey help prepare dem for transitioning into college,<ref>[http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/outreach-programmes/aix.html "Ashesi Innovation Experience (AIX)"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191231221548/http://v6.ashesi.edu.gh/about/outreach-programmes/aix.html Archived] from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</ref> den oversees de curriculum development for de Next Generation Cocoa Youth Programme.<ref>[https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes/business-administration/ba-research-list/3217-maso.html "The Next Generation Cocoa Youth Program (MASO)"]. ''ashesi.edu.gh''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200726040203/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/academics/programmes/business-administration/ba-research-list/3217-maso.html Archived] from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> Insyd 2012, PwC rank de university as de seventh most respected organisation insyd Ghana, wey e cam turn de first university to make such list. Ashesi ein presido, Patrick Awuah, dem san rank am as de 4th Most Respected CEO insyd Ghana.<ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/news/425396/ut-bank-rlg-bosses-outshine-rivals-8211at-ghanas-most.html "UT Bank, Rlg bosses outshine rivals –at Ghana's Most Respected CEO awards"]. ''Modern Ghana''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Prince-Amoabeng-is-Ghana-s-Most-Respected-CEO-again-253921 "Prince Amoabeng is Ghana's Most Respected CEO again"]. ''Ghana Web''. 22 October 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref> Dem rank am as one of Ghana ein 50 Best Places to work by Ghanaian consulting firm Goodman AMC insyd 2015; Esan be de only university for de list top.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626152838/https://goodmanamc.blogspot.com/2015/03/top-50-best-places-to-work-in-ghana.html "Goodman AMC: Top 50 Best Places To Work in Ghana"]. 26 June 2015. Archived from [https://goodmanamc.blogspot.com/2015/03/top-50-best-places-to-work-in-ghana.html the original] on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref><ref>Online, Peace FM. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240204140557/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/201508/249891.php "Despite Group Among 50 Best Places To Work In Ghana"]. ''Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news''. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref> Esan be insyd dat same year wey, Ashesi ein presido dem rank am as one of de World ein 50 Greatest Leaders.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200726041638/https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/patrick-awuah/ "Patrick Awuah | Fortune"]. 26 July 2020. Archived from [https://fortune.com/worlds-greatest-leaders/2015/patrick-awuah/ the original] on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> Insyd 2017, dem award Ashesi de World Innovation Summit insyd Education Prize, one of de world ein biggest prizes insyd education, for ein impact on higher education insyd Africa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180118011423/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/people/interview-patrick-awuah "Interview with Patrick Awuah | THE People"]. 18 January 2018. Archived from [https://www.timeshighereducation.com/people/interview-patrick-awuah the original] on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> Insyd 2020, dem rank Ashesi University first insyd Ghana, ninth insyd Africa, den insyd de world ein top 400 insyd de Global Times Higher Education University Impact Rankings.<ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/ashesi-ranked-1st-in-ghana-9th-in-africa-in-2020-times-higher-education-impact-ranking/ "Ashesi ranked 1st in Ghana, 9th in Africa in 2020 Times Higher Education Impact Ranking"]. ''MyJoyOnline.com''. 28 April 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200428231303/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/education/ashesi-ranked-1st-in-ghana-9th-in-africa-in-2020-times-higher-education-impact-ranking/ Archived] from the original on 28 April 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</ref><ref>[https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/impact/2020/overall "Impact Ranking"]. ''Times Higher Education (THE)''. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</ref> == References == <references /> == Sources == * [http://www.modernghana.com/news/83700/1/ashesi-university-re-accredited-for-five-years.html ''Ghana News Agency'' (Ghana): "Ashesi University Re-Accredited"], 10 August 2005. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100804075131/http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/NEWS/NEWS/2009_NEWS/2009_Jul_news.html#Goundbreaking "Ashesi breaks ground on new campus"], August 2009. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240203135519/https://www.ashesi.edu.gh/news-and-events/1239-ashesi-celebrates-historic-milestone-with-inauguration-for-its-new-campus-.html "Ashesi celebrates historic milestone with inauguration of its new campus"], August 2011. * Awuah, Patrick. 2019. "Courage is the cornerstone of progress". In ''Practicing development: Upending assumptions for positive change'', edited by Susan H Holcombe and Marion Howard. Kumarian Press, Boulder. == External links == {{Commons}} * [http://www.ashesi.edu.gh/ Ashesi University] * [https://www.ted.com/talks/patrick_awuah_how_to_educate_leaders_liberal_arts Patrick Awuah on educating leaders | Video on TED.com] [[Category:Education insyd Accra]] [[Category:Swarthmore College]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2002]] [[Category:2002 establishments insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Liberal arts colleges]] [[Category:Private universities den colleges insyd Africa]] [[Category:Education insyd de Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Ashesi University]] [[Category:Universities insyd Ghana]] jfril6ojqjsodskuufpyolh6kp41j32 0 23792 98593 87836 2026-05-28T09:08:43Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Asafo_Flag,_No._2_Company;_created_by_Akwa_Osei;_Ghana,_Fante_people;_c._1900,_Cotton_and_rayon,_embroidery_and_appliqué.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Asafo flag, No. 2 Company; wey Akwa Osei create, Ghana, Fante people; c. 1900, Cotton den rayon, embroidery den appliqué]] [[File:Asafo_no_1_company_flag.jpg|thumb|Asafo flag, No. 1 Company]] '''Asafo''' be traditional warrior groups insyd [[Akan people|Akan]] culture, wey base on lineal descent.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeCorse |first=Christopher R. |last2=Sam Spiers |date=2009 |title=A tale of two polities: socio-political transformation on the Gold Coast in the Atlantic World |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/72fc/667b123a59e90491d9bb2597bdb89ee407f6.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Australasian Historical Archaeology |volume=27 |page=36 |s2cid=67755840 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215081331/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/72fc/667b123a59e90491d9bb2597bdb89ee407f6.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-15}}</ref> De word dey derive from sa, wey dey mean war, den fo, wey dey mean people. De traditional role of de Asafo companies be defence of de state. As de result of contact plus European colonial powers on de [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]] (present-day Ghana), de [[Fante people|Fante]], wey dey inhabit de coastal region, develop an especially complex version of de concept in terms of ein social den political organization based on martial principles, den plus elaborate traditions of visual art,<ref name="twi.bb">{{Cite web |title=Asafo Companies |url=http://www.twi.bb/akan-asafo.php |access-date=23 April 2012 |publisher=twi.bb}}</ref> wey dey include flag banners plus figurative scenes,<ref name="Casely-Hayford">{{Cite web |last=Casely-Hayford, Gus |author-link=Gus Casely-Hayford |date=4 February 2016 |title=Gus Casely-Hayford on Fante Asafo Flags – Artist & Empire |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXZd_oDMkeI |publisher=Tate |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Asafo Flags: Stitches Through Time |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uh2XaqB_pl0 |website=Heni Talks}}</ref> den designs wey dey allude to historical events anaa proverbs.<ref>Ong, Jyni, [https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/asafo-flags-fante-people-misc-110918 "Asafo flags embody cultural meanings and narratives from Ghana’s Fante people"], ''It's Nice That'', 11 September 2018.</ref> ''Posuban'' shrines (dem derive de name from a corrupted form of de word "post" dem combine plus de word "ban", wey dey signify a fortification) be traditional structures dem usually make of concrete, intricately designed den painted plus bright colours, wey dey serve as both military den religious posts give Asafo groups, as well as meeting grounds.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Posuban Shrines of Ghana |url=https://www.asafoflags.com/post/posuban-shrines-of-ghana#:~:text=Posuban%20shrines%20are%20traditional%20fortified,%E2%80%9Cban%E2%80%9D%20meaning%20a%20fortification. |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Asafo Flags}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.culturalencyclopaedia.org/posuban-fante-military-shrines|title=Posuban: Fante Military Shrines|first=Désiré|last=Eli-Zafoe|encyclopedia=The Cultural Encyclopaedia|access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref> == Asafo societies on de Gold Coast == === Elmina === [[File:Asafo_No._4_Wombir_post.JPG|thumb|Posuban of Asafo company No. 4 Wombir insyd [[Elmina]].]] [[File:Asafo_No._1_Ankobea_post.JPG|thumb|Posuban of Asafo company No. 1 Ankobea.]] [[File:Asafo_No._10_Akrampafo_flag.JPG|thumb|Flag of Asafo company No. 10 Akrampafo, dem sanso know as de ''Vrijburgers'', wich dem wrep (white-on-white, so difficult to see) on de white part of de flag.]] Insyd [[Elmina]], Asafo companies emerge insyd de early 18th century out of de wards of Elmina wey exist since at least de 17th century. De omission of a description of Asafo companies insyd Willem Bosman ein Nauwkeurige beschrijving (1703) dey lead academic Harvey Feinberg to de conclusion say na dese companies no fi be very important by dat date.{{sfn|Feinberg|1989|p=105}} Dis change insyd de first quarter of de 18th century, wen na dem complement de original three wards by four new wards wey dey consist of new immigrant groups to Elmina.{{sfn|Feinberg|1989|p=105}} Insyd 1724, wen na de Dutch dey hia de help of de Elminese to oust John Canoe from Fort Groß Friedrichsburg, dem organize de wards into rank order, wey each ward get a number den an established military formation. Na e be dis occasion wey give rise to de domination of Asafo companies insyd de socio-political life of Elmina, den of de 10 Asafo companies wey dey exist today, na dem mention seven insyd 1724:{{sfn|Feinberg|1989|p=105}} * No. 1 Ankobea (sanso Ankobia) * No. 2 Akyemfo (sanso Akim) * No. 3 Akyem-Nkodwo (sanso Encodjo) * No. 4 Wombir (previously Assamfoe, Appendjafoe) * No. 5 Abese (sanso Abesi) * No. 6 Alatamanfo (sanso Allade, Adjadie) * No. 7 Eyampa Na all companies be headed by a tufohen, den each one of dem get ein own flag.<ref>Adler, Peter, and Nicholas Barnard, ''Asafo!: African Flags of the Fante'', London: Thames & Hudson, 1992.</ref>{{sfn|Yarak|2003}} Na dem rank de Asafo companies insyd reverse order of importance. Asafo company No. 7 Eyampa suppose to be de company of de founder of Elmina, Kwa Amankwaa.{{sfn|Feinberg|1989|p=106}} Dis company still dey elect de King of Elmina, wey for either be from de Nsona anaa Anona royal family.<ref name="Ulzen2">{{cite book |last=Ulzen |first=T. P. Manus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TCs-UspIcOQC&q=Akrampafo+burgomaster&pg=PA97 |title=Java Hill: An African Journey: A nation's evolution through ten generations of a family linking four continents |date=2013 |publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=9781479791217 |page=97}}</ref> Asafo company No. 3 Akyem-Nkodwo dey elect de leader of all Asafo companies dem know as de Great Ensign (Dutch: Groot Vaandrig).<ref name="Ulzen2" /> Na dis be de case under Dutch influence. However, de commander of all de Asafo companies insyd Elmina now be known as de Tufuhene. De importance of rank be illustrated by de conflict between No. 5 Abese den No. 6 Alatamanfo insyd de late 1750s over de number six position.{{sfn|Feinberg|1989|p=106}} Na e be only wen Governor Jan Pieter Theodoor Huydecoper threaten to fire cannon from Fort Coenraadsburg into Elmina wey na dem finally settle de conflict. Insyd de 19th century, na dem add three Asafo companies to de existing seven:  * No. 8 Brofomba * No. 9 Maa wore * No. 10 Akrampafo No. 8 Brofomba consist of refugees from Eguafo den Simbiw, wey flee to Elmina during de Fante War of 1810. No. 9 Maa wore consist of de descendants of de slaves wey na dem work give de Dutch West India Company wey dem collectively dismissed insyd de early 19th century. No. 10 Akrampafo consist of free citizens (Dutch: ''vrijburgers''). Dis company comprise mulattoes wey na dem consider equals to de European officers, wey na dem often work insyd de lower ranks of de Dutch administration. Dis company elect de burgomaster of Elmina.<ref name="Ulzen2" /> === Cape Coast === Insyd [[Cape Coast]] (Oguaa traditional area) der be traditionally seven asafo companies: ''Bentsir, Anaafo, Ntin, Nkum, Brofomba, Akrampa'' den ''Amanful.'' Each company be headed by a superior captain (''"Supi"'') den under de ''Supi'' be a captain (''"Safohen"''). De leader of de asafo companies be de ''Tufuhen'', dem sanso spell ''Twafohen'' anaa ''Twaafohen''<ref>Baah-Acheamfour, Kwaku, [https://allafrica.com/stories/200808251181.html "Ghana: Heroes Are Better Honoured Alive"], ''[[AllAfrica]]'', 25 August 2008.</ref><ref>Asmah, Kobby, and Timothy Gobah, [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/be-neutral-professional-political-parties-urge-stakeholders.html "Be neutral, professional — Political parties urge stakeholders"], ''Graphic Online'', 15 September 2016.</ref> (master of arms),<ref>Elicot Nana Kweku Okyere III, [https://elicotgroup.wordpress.com/2021/07/02/the-tufohen-stool-of-oguaa-traditional-areathe-general-commander-of-the-state-master-of-arms-of-the-seven-asafo-companies-in-oguaa/ "THE TUFOHEN STOOL OF OGUAA TRADITIONAL AREA (The General Commander of the State & Master of Arms of the Seven Asafo Companies in Oguaa)"], ''Oguaa in perspectives'', 2 July 2021.</ref> wey be regarded as de General Captain plus responsibility for giving orders den directing affairs if war break out.<ref>[http://capecoast.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_=50&sa=2655 Cape Coast metropolitan Assembly.]</ref> De asafo companies dey feature largely insyd de [[Fetu Afahye]] festival of Cape Coast, dem hold annually on de first Saturday of September.<ref>Paintsil, David Allan, [http://thechronicle.com.gh/oguaa-to-showcase-potential-of-traditional-warriors-in-2012-fetu-afahye/ "Oguaa to showcase potential of traditional warriors…in 2012 Fetu Afahye"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075050/http://thechronicle.com.gh/oguaa-to-showcase-potential-of-traditional-warriors-in-2012-fetu-afahye/|date=6 October 2014}}, ''The Chronicle'' (Ghana), 11 May 2012.</ref> == Colours == Each Asafo company get designated uniform colours wey na be historically established.<ref>Du Toit, Herman (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=bfUZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 ''Pageants and Processions: Images and Idiom as Spectacle''], Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009, p. 118.</ref> [[Esi Sutherland-Addy]] dey identify dese insyd Oguaa as:<ref>Sutherland-Addy, Esi, [http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/Institue%20of%20African%20Studies%20Research%20Review/1998v14n2/asrv014002002.pdf "Women and Verbal Arts in the Oguaa-Edina Area"], ''Research Review (NS)'', Vol. 14, No. 2 (1998), p. 7.</ref> * No. 1. Bentsir – red * No. 2. Anafo – blue and white * No. 3. Ntsin – green * No. 4. Nkum – yellow * No. 5. Amanful – wine and black * No. 6. Abrofomba (Brofo Nkoa) – white * No. 7. Ankrampa – white and black == Read further == * {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=George Jnr |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320264773 |title=Colonial Heritage, Memory and Sustainability in Africa |date=2016 |publisher=Langaa RPCI |isbn= |editor-last=Mawere |editor-first=Munyaradzi |chapter=Akan Asafo Company: A Practical Model for Achieving True African Liberation and Sustainable Development |editor-last2=Tapuwa R. Mubaya}} * {{Cite book |last=Casely-Hayford |first=Augustus Lavinus |author-link=Gus Casely-Hayford |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32194/1/Casely-Hayford_1702.pdf |title=A Genealogical History of Cape Coast Stool Families |date=1992 |publisher=The School of Oriental and African Studies}} PhD Thesis. * {{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Ansu |date=October 1972 |title=The Fante ''Asafo'': a Re-examination |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/fante-asafo-a-reexamination/A13EE0A5A1F3B1D3764BFA4831E22189 |journal=Africa |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=305–315 |doi=10.2307/1158498 |jstor=1158498 |s2cid=144209815 |url-access=subscription}} * {{Cite journal |last=Datta |first=Ansu K. |last2=R. Porter |date=1971 |title=The Asafo System in Historical Perspective |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/180884 |journal=[[The Journal of African History]] |volume=12 |pages=279–97 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700010689 |jstor=180884 |s2cid=143911820 |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 September 2020}} * {{Cite book |last=Feinberg |first=Harvey M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SELAAAAIAAJ |title=Africans and Europeans in West Africa: Elminans and Dutchmen on the Gold Coast During the Eighteenth Century |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1989 |isbn=9780871697974 |location=Philadelphia}} * {{Cite journal |last=Shaloff |first=Stanley |year=1974 |title=The Cape Coast Asafo Company Riot of 1932 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=591–607 |doi=10.2307/216597 |jstor=216597}} * {{Cite book |last=Van der Meer |first=Dirk |url=http://members.casema.nl/dirkvandermeer/goudkust/goudkust.htm |title=De goudkust na de slavenhandel: Plannen om de Nederlandse Bezittingen ter kuste van Guinea rendabel te maken |publisher=Universiteit Utrecht |year=1990 |location=Utrecht |access-date=2012-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001606/http://members.casema.nl/dirkvandermeer/goudkust/goudkust.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}} * {{Cite journal |last=Yarak |first=Larry W. |year=2003 |title=A West African Cosmopolis: Elmina (Ghana) in the Nineteenth Century |url=http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/yarak.html |url-status=dead |journal=Seascapes, Littoral Cultures, and Trans-Oceanic Exchanges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329042920/http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/yarak.html |archive-date=29 March 2010 |access-date=23 April 2012}} == Sanso spy == * [[Akan chieftaincy]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190227223209/http://www.twi.bb/akan-asafo.php twi.bb Online dictionary for the Twi language of the Akan people of Ghana in West Africa.] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpFVeWPQCAQ Fetu Afahye Festival 2010 2/2 Chiefs arrive, YouTube.] * Brian L. Perkins (10 January 1994), [http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=african_diaspora_isp "Traditional Institution in Coastal Development: Asafo Companies in Cape Coast History"], DigitalCollections@SIT, African Diaspora Collection. * Ella Jeffreys, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240513191850/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/37840/1/Jeffreys_2022.pdf "War People: A Cultural History of Violence among the Fante Asafo"] (PhD thesis). SOAS, University of London, 2021. [[Category:Akan culture]] [[Category:History of Ghana]] [[Category:African warriors]] r5yo7eg63lzbj0elt1sel9x5lzectm0 0 25487 98592 98478 2026-05-28T08:11:33Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 98592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Prime Minister of Niger since 2023}} {{use dmy dates|date=August 2023}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ali Lamine Zeine <!-- use common name/article title --> | image = Ali Lamine Zeine (2024) (cropped).jpg | image_size = | caption = Zeine in 2024 | alt = | office = [[List of prime ministers of Niger|Prime Minister of Niger]] | president = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | term_start = 8 August 2025 | term_end = 10 August 2025 | predecessor = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland]] | successor = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | office1 = [[List of prime ministers of Niger|Prime Minister of Niger]] | president1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | term_start1 = 8 August 2023 | term_end1 = 7 August 2025 | predecessor1 = [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland]] | successor1 = [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] | office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (Niger)|Minister of Finance]] | president2 = Abdourahamane Tchiani | prime_minister2 = ''Himself'' | term_start2 = 10 August 2023 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = [[Ahmat Jidoud]] | successor2 = | president3 = [[Mamadou Tandja]] | prime_minister3 = [[Hama Amadou]]<br>[[Seyni Oumarou]] | term_start3 = 24 October 2003 | term_end3 = 18 February 2010 | predecessor3 = [[Ali Badjo Gamatie]] | successor3 = [[Mamane Malam Annou]] | birth_name = Ali Mahamane Lamine Zeine | birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1965}} | birth_place = [[Zinder]], Niger | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />{{small|(''Affiliated with the [[National Movement for the Society of Development|MNSD–Nassara]], the [[Patriotic Movement for the Republic|MPR-Jamhuriya]] and the [[Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation|MODEN/FA-Lumana]]'')}} | spouse = | children = | relations = | alma_mater = | profession = | awards = | blank1 = Religion | data1 = [[Islam]] | blank2 = Ethnicity | data2 = | signature = }} '''Ali Mahamane Lamine Zeine''' (born 1965) is a politician in [[Niger]] who served as the [[Prime Minister of Niger]] from 2023 to 2025. . He previously served as [[Finance Minister of Niger|minister of the Economy and Finance]] from 2003 to 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.finances.gouv.ne/index.php/le-ministere/historique/photos-des-ministres|title=Photos des ministres - Ministère des Finances du NIGER|website=www.finances.gouv.ne}}</ref> == Biography == {{Expand section|date=August 2023}} Member of the [[Tubu people]], Ali Lamine Zeine was born in 1965 in [[Zinder]] and graduated from the Centre for Financial, Economic and Banking Studies in [[Marseille]] and [[Paris-I]]. He worked as a resident representative of the [[African Development Bank]] in Chad, Ivory Coast and [[Gabon]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-07 |title=Niger : Ali Lamine Zeine nommé premier ministre par les putschistes, une émissaire américaine reconnaît des discussions « difficiles » |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/08/07/coup-d-etat-au-niger-une-delegation-officielle-du-mali-et-du-burkina-a-niamey-en-solidarite_6184710_3212.html |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref> After serving as Director of the Cabinet of President [[Mamadou Tandja]],<ref>Cherif Ouazani, [https://web.archive.org/web/20061121231101/http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07114alilaenieze0 "Ali Lamine Zeine"], Jeuneafrique.com, 7 November 2004 {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> Zeine was appointed to the government as Minister of the Economy and Finance on 24 October 2003.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100220184730/http://www.presidence.ne/PagesHtm/GouvTandja.htm "GOUVERNEMENTS DE LA TRANSITION DE TANDJA MAMADOU"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927000706/http://www.presidence.ne/PagesHtm/GouvTandja.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}, official website of the Nigerien presidency {{in lang|fr}}.</ref> In 2009, a newspaper editor, Boussada Ben Ali, alleged that Zeine had stolen money that was part of an oil contract between Niger and [[China]]. Ben Ali was later arrested and sentenced to three months in prison for disseminating false information.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-06 |title=Journalist Boussada Ben Ali convicted of "disseminating false information likely to disturb public order", sentenced to three month imprisonment |url=https://ifex.org/journalist-boussada-ben-ali-convicted-of-disseminating-false-information-likely-to-disturb-public-order-sentenced-to-three-month-imprisonment/ |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=IFEX |language=en-US}}</ref> Tandja was ousted in a [[2010 Nigerien coup d'état|military coup]] on 18 February 2010 and his government was dissolved. As one of Tandja's key associates, Zeine was one of only three ministers who were not promptly released from [[house arrest]] in the days after the coup.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8527442.stm "Niger coup leaders promise fresh elections"], BBC News, 21 February 2010.</ref> According to one of the junta leaders, Colonel [[Djibrilla Hima Hamidou]], the ministers "still under surveillance" had held "very sensitive portfolios" and therefore it was necessary "to ensure their security". The [[National Movement for the Development of Society|MNSD]] called for the release of Zeine, Tandja, and the others.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vidjingninou |first1=Fiacre |last2=Hama |first2=Boureima |date=2010-02-24 |title=Niger: la junte s'installe, appels à un retour rapide de la démocratie |language=fr-CA |work=La Presse via [[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/afrique/201002/24/01-954850-niger-la-junte-sinstalle-appels-a-un-retour-rapide-de-la-democratie.php |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2010-02-21 |title=Junta to run country until elections, promises new constitution |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20100221-junta-run-country-until-elections-promises-new-constitution |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=France 24 via [[Agence France-Presse]] |language=en}}</ref> Zeine was appointed prime minister by the [[National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland|Nigerien military junta]] on 8 August 2023, is a politician in [[Niger]] who served as the [[Prime Minister of Niger]] from 2023 to 2025. <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2023 |title=La diplomatie "est la meilleure voie à suivre" au Niger, selon la Cédéao |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20230807-%F0%9F%94%B4-en-direct-les-militaires-au-pouvoir-au-niger-nomment-ali-mahaman-lamine-zeine-premier-ministre}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Niger junta appoints transitional prime minister |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/niger-junta-appoints-transitional-prime-minister/2963263 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> His government included members of the [[Nigerien Democratic Movement for an African Federation|MODEN/FA-Lumana]], which became [[Independent politician|Independent]] from the 26 March 2025 on.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-10 |title=Niger: le pays a un nouveau gouvernement, les putschistes s'attribuent six ministères |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230810-niger-le-pays-a-un-nouveau-gouvernement-les-putschistes-s-attribuent-six-minist%C3%A8res |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=RFI |language=fr}}</ref> Zeine is a politician in [[Niger]] who served as the [[Prime Minister of Niger]] from 2023 to 2025. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2522p088.xml0/-ministre-interview-Ali-Lamine-Zeine-Ali-Lamine-Zeine----Tous-les-revenus-miniers-sont-reinvestis--.html Ali Lamine Zeine : « Tous les revenus miniers sont réinvestis »]. Marianne Meunier & Jean-Michel Meyer, Jeune Afrique. 22 May 2009. {{DEFAULTSORT:Zeine, Ali Lamine}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Nigerien people]] [[Category:People wey komot Zinder Region]] [[Category:Finance ministers of Niger]] [[Category:Ministers of council of Niger]] [[Category:Prime ministers of Niger]] [[Category:Nigerien economists]] [[Category:21st-century Nigerien politicians]] q2alyhi6gdvrp1fr9gcn24xypp6weia 0 27003 98479 2026-05-27T14:53:36Z R-Weirdo 6148 I start d pej 98479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adebayo Temitayo''' (born 2 August 2005), wey people know online as '''Realjjfrosh''', be Nigerian content creator. == Early life == Temitayo born for Ode-Irele, Ondo State, Nigeria. He start making short videos in 2019.<ref name="Punch1">{{cite news|last=Okamgba|first=Justice|title=TikTok star Realjjfrosh plans social platform for creators|url=https://punchng.com/tiktok-star-realjjfrosh-plans-social-platform-for-creators/|newspaper=Punch|date=2 April 2025|access-date=11 June 2025}}</ref> == Career == For 2023, Temitayo create TikTok audio wey dem call "1000 Views 2 Likes". Other TikTok users later use the sound.<ref name="Punch1"/>For same year, he start TikTok challenge wey dem call "100 Billion Comments". The challenge was widely shared for Nigeria.<ref name="Punch1"/>For July 2025, Punch report say Temitayo comment on changes to TikTok recommendation system and how e affect small accounts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Okamgba|first=Justice|title=Creators decry drop in TikTok video engagement|url=https://punchng.com/creators-decry-drop-in-tiktok-video-engagement/|newspaper=Punch|date=15 July 2025|access-date=14 August 2025}}</ref>For August 2025, ThisDay report say he talk about income and engagement challenges for content creators for Nigeria.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ajakaiye|first=Fadekemi|title=Realjjfrosh Urges Nigerian Creators to Stay Consistent Amid Challenges|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/08/27/realjjfrosh-urges-nigerian-creators-to-stay-consistent-amid-challenges/|newspaper=ThisDay|date=27 August 2025|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref>For November 2025, BusinessDay report say he dey plan social media platform wey go support content creators with monetisation tools for small accounts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Michael|first=Chisom|title=Young Nigerian entrepreneur builds pathways for Africa's digital creators|url=https://businessday.ng/life/article/young-nigerian-entrepreneur-builds-pathways-for-africas-digital-creators/|newspaper=BusinessDay|date=1 November 2025|access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>For December 2025, Daily Trust report say he dey apply theatre training methods for video production and dey work with students for Ekiti State University.<ref>{{cite news|title=EKSU Student Applies Theatre Training To Digital Content|url=https://dailytrust.com/eksu-student-applies-theatre-training-to-digital-content/|newspaper=Daily Trust|date=8 December 2025|access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>For January 2026, Legit.ng report say he produce content while living for area wey internet access no stable.<ref>{{cite news|last=Imoh|first=Felix|title=Young Ondo creator grows online audience amid network hurdles|url=https://www.legit.ng/people/1696849-young-ondo-creator-grows-online-audience-network-hurdles/|newspaper=Legit.ng|date=14 January 2026|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> == Awards and nominations == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! Ref |- | 2025 | African Entertainment Awards USA | Social Media Influencer of the Year | Nominated | <ref>{{cite news|last=Umeh|first=Juliet|title=Young Nigerian influencer Realjjfrosh bags int'l nomination|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/10/young-nigerian-influencer-realjjfrosh-bags-intl-nomination/amp/|newspaper=Vanguard|date=18 October 2025|access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=THE AFRICAN ENTERTAINMENT AWARDS, USA (AEAUSA) ANNOUNCES 2025 FINALISTS, CONTINUING A LEGACY OF CELEBRATING AFRICAN AND CARIBBEAN EXCELLENCE|url=https://vote.aeausa.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/AEAUSA-2025_Nominees.pdf|publisher=African Entertainment Awards USA|date=October 2025|access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref> |- | 2026 | Niger Delta Advancement Awards 8.0 | Mega Influencer of the Year | Nominated | <ref>{{cite web|title=NDAA 8.0 Edition Nominees List|url=https://ndaawards.juvenismag.com/8-0-edition-nominees-list/|publisher=Niger Delta Advancement Awards|access-date=21 March 2026}}</ref> |} == References == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Temitayo, Adebayo}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Ondo State]] [[Category:Nigerian content creators]] trh0qcu084uircil2bcy46rn03tbfwb 0 27004 98481 2026-05-27T23:25:10Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356467094|Mother and Child Hospital]]" 98481 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Mother and Child Hospital''' (formerly Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) be a public hospital wey dey locate insyd Kasoa insyd de [[Awutu Senya East (municipal district)|Awutu Senya East Municipal Assembly]] of de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] insyd Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> As at 2021, na de Medical Superintendent of de hospital be Dr David Mekano. == History == [[John Mahama]] build de facility.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Insyd 2026, Dr. Grace Ayensu-Danquah donate equipment to de hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Facilities == De hospital get de following facilities:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-24 |title=Faulty anaesthetic machine at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital raises patient safety alarm |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/02/faulty-anaesthetic-machine-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-raises-patient-safety-alarm/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> * 80 beds * Surgical theatre == Controversies == Insyd 2024, na dem accuse de facility of medical negligence after a 17-year-old boy dem call Nana Adu die der.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tetteh |first=Calvis |date=2024-04-25 |title=Kasoa: Family accuses hospital of medical negligence, extortion in death of 17-year-old |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2024/04/family-accuses-hospital-in-kasoa-of-medical-negligence-extortion-in-death-of-17-year-old/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd 2026, a pregnant woman dem name Abigail Opoku dem report she die at de hospital after she be allegedly unable to undergo a caesarean section secof de unavailability of beds insyd de facility ein recovery ward.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> De Central Regional Health Directorate of de Ghana Health Service start an investigation into de incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == References == dmp7dzdo59hpjuo99kykg5jpfrbfsg0 0 27005 98482 2026-05-28T00:42:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98482 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. lk8cdgvpw3iw8n2jh735x1esfrxskan 98483 98482 2026-05-28T00:42:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98483 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. e7fwh7zhqv0mrj5sqk0tyef06gtrl38 98484 98483 2026-05-28T00:43:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98484 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. 4t9mv8c2h1tklkw5ag2tlqvnano582j 98485 98484 2026-05-28T00:47:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. iygcbs0ld7cqpaawdp0er6jc0zs6j4g 98486 98485 2026-05-28T00:57:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). g1th0xqesxixcbxxcsz48nryuqk0pac 98487 98486 2026-05-28T00:58:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). 5m4op2dt2henw9twe9oly4fbgf1ghjv 98488 98487 2026-05-28T00:58:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia. gl54e9s72wax17gno6jxrov89x65jk9 98489 98488 2026-05-28T00:59:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> c3cclqt0pdtupvilu3lle5zqyjeuaiw 98490 98489 2026-05-28T01:00:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== == References == rsnxxfrjwc75l6fcpjjz6q60zga2dzn 98491 98490 2026-05-28T01:05:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). == References == djq3f7y61te3z8c82w9qs0n5gu8jn6i 98492 98491 2026-05-28T01:06:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. == References == gi0xn9m2muwbz79bo8sya65qfn4w3eq 98493 98492 2026-05-28T01:07:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile". == References == risf5l7hxo9avmslujvyy2otym1noxv 98494 98493 2026-05-28T01:07:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> == References == pn3htwvbr0txvfltul7ita4i2mppr89 98495 98494 2026-05-28T01:07:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. == References == eyj7r5q5jvsbspmv357pmk9812ezx9r 98496 98495 2026-05-28T01:12:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. == References == hwwsfqsz57ncg4mnl70c211cx923g6a 98497 98496 2026-05-28T01:13:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. == References == lxebtritqnzkqn68wjvjsqjr8ayjp3s 98498 98497 2026-05-28T01:13:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> == References == qv6p5de8gm7fwyalo5dfqhf4svksak5 98499 98498 2026-05-28T01:14:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== == References == orwe41z9vwoq569d10o7oz6rt9qj3he 98500 98499 2026-05-28T01:15:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]] == References == nr4qtpq93sfuk9q3vi6bo7esxn9ji6q 98501 98500 2026-05-28T01:18:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. == References == 7z6xqypveolw23zdzov5iaqa1o3tx4a 98502 98501 2026-05-28T01:18:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == References == en0vt2d68hj5dv07w4rwdpq11y7nug5 98503 98502 2026-05-28T01:18:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == == References == 75il0y8s6c10scauebxbuu3hievwi4p 98504 98503 2026-05-28T01:19:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]] == References == njimhbgf04xg0bcr4r7auta28qt3j3e 98505 98504 2026-05-28T01:24:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. == References == rqzx2r0kqegp3hi6x5b2v3qfray4oga 98506 98505 2026-05-28T01:25:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. == References == sxxfh0dpf1j31e89heu9ccy987gs3za 98507 98506 2026-05-28T01:25:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. == References == qtzsa7iopz61k55hhegg7m2y63sc85y 98508 98507 2026-05-28T01:25:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black. == References == qhzsz3nhyruq50y6sacxith10horr4e 98509 98508 2026-05-28T01:26:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> == References == bpdc1n6g5g4rjfvnz70jmstz6rwi311 98510 98509 2026-05-28T01:30:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow. == References == apunk96v1mo9dv2j8yg5or646vcmfns 98511 98510 2026-05-28T01:31:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> == References == jj4gmdmnkfek3d6wwfp96v1qz1vdv6o 98512 98511 2026-05-28T01:31:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. == References == 6jb5seiwjzdafpaofr8t43lxw0mck4e 98513 98512 2026-05-28T01:33:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. == References == ew361zjtehmz3ukgtrgliakbq7cprvf 98514 98513 2026-05-28T01:33:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. == References == plobm09hfbx9a32ywxdo643fl27mmqq 98515 98514 2026-05-28T01:35:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. == References == 9qc2nu2nqwqezl31v7lnm7k9ia5ifb5 98516 98515 2026-05-28T01:36:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. == References == blmld26jtpk2nzzjdqt014oerm6tkhv 98517 98516 2026-05-28T01:36:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd. == References == czitr18e2ku7uisj9aor4d1jow5hfp7 98518 98517 2026-05-28T01:37:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> == References == kz52s7l3otxy74ifxpnlx16axp51xra 98519 98518 2026-05-28T01:37:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd. == References == 1tv1r2s00d4p0c8vfeno1anxi8v4l11 98520 98519 2026-05-28T01:38:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == References == ozirog5hvfwns5dgaeiu0im2ysr17uc 98521 98520 2026-05-28T01:40:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] == References == rdwa5v525zfmsuomd199pn1wam99tdj 98522 98521 2026-05-28T01:41:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]] == References == rmex6x71os5xyq4axd8n8pjyqulknk6 98523 98522 2026-05-28T02:20:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. == References == sf6wypxi5es1pa7yct2wz6meovu6hzj 98524 98523 2026-05-28T02:22:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. == References == rb2wngvm5bq0c9qu7v39898n3gui9y4 98525 98524 2026-05-28T02:23:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. == References == adoyrhjnw7an8ngeaemuoqo27h0df3e 98526 98525 2026-05-28T02:24:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. == References == o2rr3izttdwsl5ugss7gxve0s1iu9ce 98527 98526 2026-05-28T02:25:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am. == References == dt6px6uctg8nixb6g6bgvukdb9rvvr4 98528 98527 2026-05-28T02:25:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> == References == t71pubb8g98c4qtmjh2vduugfwbo7ur 98529 98528 2026-05-28T02:26:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. == References == n9vmwqksv0qagl425dwenf9f3y68k3o 98530 98529 2026-05-28T02:27:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der. == References == 2htn6uvr7s9nbl4bra7kmmrqhxisrte 98531 98530 2026-05-28T02:28:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> == References == flvld42hjwyv8vclez2ghhggcvgjqtu 98532 98531 2026-05-28T02:30:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. == References == hri0gxebkg5ln3cedglhyuxl8rfn52v 98533 98532 2026-05-28T02:31:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. == References == 0xj8t22mvbzszrwmpwq9cxx1lq7cvh7 98534 98533 2026-05-28T02:32:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd. == References == 7zz1264wqewkss6j8hyle2xpw4ui79u 98535 98534 2026-05-28T02:33:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> == References == rhko9kaiqkdbfvgpmcgd0b4odxtgw91 98536 98535 2026-05-28T02:34:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top. == References == lh4i6jdds8ts8nc27qewv9tb036s9tq 98537 98536 2026-05-28T02:35:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> == References == ab1morf29sw0wjpbvnqjnob8mheifix 98538 98537 2026-05-28T02:36:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. == References == hntuh3dg4xvtha6m91km4lkp3o5q7gn 98539 98538 2026-05-28T02:37:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. == References == tusefhc47ud76poj2rizbbzzlkkq81k 98540 98539 2026-05-28T02:38:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. == References == rwtsoigtuxbvk7lcdalma0t7sg34s0p 98541 98540 2026-05-28T02:39:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. == References == 3vr4mptezv3b56ef747d64l9hi5bezl 98542 98541 2026-05-28T02:40:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. == References == k0mskjyvdsf0laxrhs8oqshupcrml3a 98543 98542 2026-05-28T02:41:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana. == References == s443mkw5i9hc6u9r9ezq00vapk9vcmm 98544 98543 2026-05-28T02:42:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> == References == hnhlt548g2z4wzi759vpw5o7o9gmd71 98545 98544 2026-05-28T02:43:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. == References == lc6ajpqpgg51rkszbk489f4qzp7m1pb 98546 98545 2026-05-28T02:44:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd. == References == 7r08wwb7v6x9535zrfjd9d1t9m242s3 98547 98546 2026-05-28T02:44:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> == References == nnvl40vc73xw01nio2b4zvourptzg4l 98548 98547 2026-05-28T02:45:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. == References == qvwma6t4dnwqk07gqk1krgmj5zigt0l 98549 98548 2026-05-28T02:46:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am. == References == oxc8nsqn16i4xv5pyzq0tex71toea90 98550 98549 2026-05-28T02:47:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> == References == qep7sxviik9akvca496is5libllqqzf 98551 98550 2026-05-28T02:47:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. == References == fg8ly9xndvhr882yfczqprfsxnd69tr 98552 98551 2026-05-28T02:48:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. == References == bkapucndfcp8un6uxvrb5obwmyfu6uv 98553 98552 2026-05-28T02:49:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards. == References == s0wd1ac02o87zv759ovxqowdtzt4ziv 98554 98553 2026-05-28T02:50:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards. == References == cbua5znivnzrfayeqwm57o1q3kvo147 98555 98554 2026-05-28T02:51:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> == References == 9eznsmu6i5tr6fpeam9zefnlcit7kba 98556 98555 2026-05-28T02:51:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. == References == 9y9sy4c4s9jgjez91fwb6x50m6jw7nw 98557 98556 2026-05-28T02:52:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. == References == 6ww0kvj076zyzgnw2krknsg0cql1npf 98558 98557 2026-05-28T02:53:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd. == References == d2amwzxkht9oov0p4cp7zw029guf2jv 98559 98558 2026-05-28T02:54:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> == References == l0mqw3x4w00igjjcdq7h4fjww1792bu 98560 98559 2026-05-28T02:55:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood. == References == mnuvayr9srfvwkqj2cu0i8q805fkpb3 98561 98560 2026-05-28T02:55:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> == References == 8a1p8x3uvq6vuq40sf20vowp0ais88w 98562 98561 2026-05-28T02:56:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. == References == 8vg0tzsz8q3f7e2gvouz0mjxxzkku5m 98563 98562 2026-05-28T02:57:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. == References == n6rsn3bbbu1zdt6tcicfi0v4015yef7 98564 98563 2026-05-28T02:57:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd. == References == i65bhpoo5fr5hoy3xrlumftt02y6hb6 98565 98564 2026-05-28T02:58:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> == References == hggwfxuavkqz4gd9592md76z1uz69yr 98566 98565 2026-05-28T02:59:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. == References == nnczvgrix0dhzjw68ssqe6acjuruoz0 98567 98566 2026-05-28T03:00:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 iinsyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. == References == aveb4qtgl8hdwdrp0uol5zokzxrc586 98568 98567 2026-05-28T03:00:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids. == References == bia9h4jxrokbgbj4dljph182not07he 98569 98568 2026-05-28T03:00:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == References == hpv0eugvp6dw0s1hw9w81966p9kmrex 98570 98569 2026-05-28T03:01:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == == References == f9k0izx4ftlb23upw6e9qvxovw352cz 98571 98570 2026-05-28T03:02:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == References == ros9n5bdbzjwfykx7yirvcovi3ppk7q 98572 98571 2026-05-28T03:02:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == hm64lbn39n1e3gzrgxsge09l754evjf 98573 98572 2026-05-28T03:03:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == Notes == == References == braf56v64rhkmrfnyfv901yeuw2ihed 98574 98573 2026-05-28T03:06:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} ie0rs5vw41c5ka3gzit3lj13qx05eo7 98575 98574 2026-05-28T03:12:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] * eted36jqvtjry9agf7dbyj4rm1j3rrc 98576 98575 2026-05-28T03:15:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] ewsqv8idvcqp8qc6l1ch49w20gfycmu 98577 98576 2026-05-28T03:17:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} 3u66nr7o2p05lwd3hbj0ohxqqopwe07 98578 98577 2026-05-28T03:24:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Nile |- !Tributaries | * |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * Aswan High Dam * Aswan Low Dam * Bujagali Falls * Bujagali Power Station * Cataracts of the Nile * Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam * Khashm el-Girba Dam * Murchison Falls * Merowe Dam * Nalubaale dam * Owen Falls Dam * Roseires Dam * Sennar Dam * Tekezé Dam * Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * African Great Lakes * Lake Albert * Lake Edward * Lake Keilak * Lake Kivu * Lake Kundi * Lake Kyoga * Lake Moeris * Lake Nasser-Nubia * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} jd3njarfquxzya3b4118gr93lw4pxu5 98579 98578 2026-05-28T03:26:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Nile |- !Tributaries | ** [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] ** [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] ** '''Blue Nile''' ** [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] ** [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) ** [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] ** [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] ** [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * Aswan High Dam * Aswan Low Dam * Bujagali Falls * Bujagali Power Station * Cataracts of the Nile * Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam * Khashm el-Girba Dam * Murchison Falls * Merowe Dam * Nalubaale dam * Owen Falls Dam * Roseires Dam * Sennar Dam * Tekezé Dam * Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * African Great Lakes * Lake Albert * Lake Edward * Lake Keilak * Lake Kivu * Lake Kundi * Lake Kyoga * Lake Moeris * Lake Nasser-Nubia * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} f66i23jmw4n5ojgznjvf82y58wl57jy 98580 98579 2026-05-28T03:29:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |Nile |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * Nalubaale dam * Owen Falls Dam * Roseires Dam * Sennar Dam * Tekezé Dam * Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * African Great Lakes * Lake Albert * Lake Edward * Lake Keilak * Lake Kivu * Lake Kundi * Lake Kyoga * Lake Moeris * Lake Nasser-Nubia * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} k6zc1z6jophzgm7bivd5547tvjr2utm 98581 98580 2026-05-28T03:33:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * African Great Lakes * Lake Albert * Lake Edward * Lake Keilak * Lake Kivu * Lake Kundi * Lake Kyoga * Lake Moeris * Lake Nasser-Nubia * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} fguzk1pufvzaf13pvx93q752zkspjtz 98582 98581 2026-05-28T03:34:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * Lake Kyoga * Lake Moeris * Lake Nasser-Nubia * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} ql4xpyx570oifv27ylby4qwayu54ajd 98583 98582 2026-05-28T03:36:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * Lake No * Lake Tana * Lake Victoria * Sudd |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} fpgdeddqj7pnx8mexhscq7yvk0mmh5v 98584 98583 2026-05-28T03:37:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, and waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes and reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, and politics | * Climate change in Egypt * Nile Basin Initiative * Scramble for Africa * Water politics in the Nile Basin |- !People | * Muhammad Ali of Egypt * Samuel Baker * Richard Francis Burton * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Other | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} knac8t91f2cq0wg9hrela0p83nkpcle 98585 98584 2026-05-28T03:40:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * James Augustus Grant * Pedro Páez * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Oda | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} 3tm4tdxhjpgh7o2osvu7ucdty0q6tql 98586 98585 2026-05-28T03:41:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * John Hanning Speke * Henry Morton Stanley |- !Oda | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} cqw9omf3w1jmfwxf6f0ptdu1ywa5q9x 98587 98586 2026-05-28T03:42:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * [[:en:John_Hanning_Speke|John Hanning Speke]] * [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] |- !Oda | * Flooding of the Nile * Nilometer * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} of2230nwko46qi1iz00hqq7sc79p5n3 98588 98587 2026-05-28T03:43:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * [[:en:John_Hanning_Speke|John Hanning Speke]] * [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] |- !Oda | * [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|Flooding of the Nile]] * [[:en:Nilometer|Nilometer]] * Nile Basin * Nile Delta * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} gxcuofj1apeppthtituiphlylzbwnk5 98589 98588 2026-05-28T03:45:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * [[:en:John_Hanning_Speke|John Hanning Speke]] * [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] |- !Oda | * [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|Flooding of the Nile]] * [[:en:Nilometer|Nilometer]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]] * [[:en:Nile_Delta|Nile Delta]] * Nilotic landscape * Nilotic languages * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} 07jmqa6zoaneil22jc3ds9p7n2o4xj9 98590 98589 2026-05-28T03:46:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * [[:en:John_Hanning_Speke|John Hanning Speke]] * [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] |- !Oda | * [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|Flooding of the Nile]] * [[:en:Nilometer|Nilometer]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]] * [[:en:Nile_Delta|Nile Delta]] * [[:en:Nilotic_landscape|Nilotic landscape]] * [[:en:Nilotic_languages|Nilotic languages]] * Nilotic peoples * Pollution |} fjuwg0x7xe22xat4uuh96ype402vocq 98591 98590 2026-05-28T03:47:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Blue Nile''' be river wey e originate at Lake Tana for Ethiopia iinsyd. E dey travel give approximately 1,450 km (900 mi) thru Ethiopia den Sudan. Along plus de White Nile, e be one of de two major tributaries of de Nile den e dey supply about 85.6% of de water to de Nile during de rainy season. == Course == De distance of de river from ein source to ein confluence, dem variously report am between 1,460 den 1,600 kilometres (910 and 990 mi). Dis uncertainty fi result from de fact dat de impenetrable gorges cut for de Ethiopian Highlands to a depth of sam 1,500 metres (4,900 ft). According to materials wey de Central Statistical Agency publish am, an Ethiopian government agency, de Blue Nile get a total length of 1,450 kilometres (900 mi), of wey 800 kilometres (500 mi) dey insyd Ethiopia.<ref>[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=13 November 2010}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> ==== For Ethiopia insyd ==== De Blue Nile dey originate at [[:en:Gish_Abay|Gish Abay]] at [[:en:Sekela|Sekela]] for Ethiopia insyd (wey dem bell am de Abay River). De river dey flow generally south before e enter a canyon about {{convert|400|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} long, about {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Lake Tana, wey be tremendous obstacle give travel den communication between north den south Ethiopia. Dem first refer to de canyon as de "Grand Canyon" for 1968 insyd by a British team dat accomplish de first descent of de river from Lake Tana to de end of de canyon; subsequent river rafting parties bell am de "Grand Canyon of de Nile".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engelking |first1=Marina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzx5qS4AvzwC&dq=%22Grand+Canyon+of+the+Nile%22&pg=PA37 |title=Breakthroughs: An Integrated Advanced English Program |last2=McPherson-Ramirez |first2=Gloria |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-542738-7 |via=Google Books}}</ref> De [[:en:Blue_Nile_Falls|Blue Nile Falls]] ([[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: Tis Abay, literally "great smoke"), one of Ethiopia ein biggest tourist attractions, dem dey locate am at de start of de canyon. De river dey loop across northwest Ethiopia before numerous tributaries feed am between Lake Tana den de [[:en:Ethiopia–Sudan_border|Ethiopia–Sudan border]]. Those for ein left bank top, for downstream order insyd, dey include de Wanqa River, de [[:en:Bashilo_River|Bashilo River]], de [[:en:Walaqa_River|Walaqa River]], de [[:en:Wanchet_River|Wanchet River]], de [[:en:Jamma_River|Jamma River]], de [[:en:Muger_River|Muger River]], de [[:en:Guder_River|Guder River]], de Agwel River, de Nedi River, de [[:en:Didessa_River|Didessa River]] den de [[:en:Dabus_River|Dabus River]]. Those for de right side top, sanso for downstream order insyd, dey include de Handassa, Tul, Abaya, Sade, Tammi, Cha, Shita, Suha, [[:en:Muga_River_(Ethiopia)|Muga]], [[:en:Gulla_(river)|Gulla]], [[:en:Temcha|Temcha]], Bachat, Katlan, Jiba, Chamoga, Weter den de [[:en:Beles_River|Beles]].<ref name="Huntingford">These lists are based on the compilation in G.W.B. Huntingford, ''Historical Geography of Ethiopia from the first century AD to 1704'' (London: British Academy, 1989), p. 34</ref> ==== For Sudan insyd ==== [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|Satellite image wey White den Blue Niles dey merge]]De Blue Nile then dey head northwest into Sudan. E travel give approximately {{Convert|650|km|mi|abbr=on}}, wey e flow past [[:en:Er_Roseires|Er Roseires]] den e receive de [[:en:Dinder_River|Dinder River]] for ein right bank top at [[:en:Dinder,_Sudan|Dinder]]. At [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de Blue Nile dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] den, as de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], e dey flow thru [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] to de [[:en:Mediterranean_Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] at [[:en:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. == Water flow == [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of de Blue den White Nile rivers near [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]]]]De flow of de Blue Nile dey reach maximum volume for de rainy season from June to September insyd, wen e dey supply 80{{endash}}86% of de water of de Nile proper. De river be a major source of de [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|flooding of]] [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|de Nile]] for Egypt insyd dat contribute to de fertility of de Nile Valley den de consequent rise of [[:en:Ancient_Egypt|Ancient Egypt]] den [[:en:Egyptian_mythology|Egyptian mythology]]. Plus de completion of de [[:en:Aswan_Dam|Aswan Dam]] for 1970 insyd, dem floods stopped occurring for lower Egypt insyd. During de summer [[:en:Monsoon|monsoon]] season, de Blue Nile floods erode a vast amount of fertile soil from de Ethiopian Highlands dem carry am downstream as [[:en:Silt|silt]], wey e turn de water dark brown anaa almost black.<ref>{{cite web |title=Its Origin, Falls, and Gorge |url=http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820192901/http://www.dinkneshethiopiatour.com/index.htm |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Dinknesh Ethiopia Tour}}</ref> De Blue Nile dey vital to de livelihood of Egypt: as de most significant tributary of de Nile, e dey contribute ova 85% of de Nile ein streamflow.<ref name="handle2012">Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa Elsanabary{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> Though shorter dan de White Nile, 59% of de water dat dey reach Egypt dey originate from de Ethiopian highlands via de Blue Nile. De river sanso be an important resource give Sudan, wey de [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] den [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] dey contribute to de 80% of de country ein electricity generation from [[:en:Hydropower|hydropower]]. Dem dams sanso help dey irrigate de [[:en:Gezira_Scheme|Gezira Scheme]], wey be most famous give ein high-quality [[:en:Cotton|cotton]], as well as [[:en:Wheat|wheat]] den animal feed crop production for de area insyd. For November 2012 insyd, Ethiopia begin construction of de [[:en:Grand_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]], a 6000-megawatt hydroelectric dam for de river top. Dem dey expect de dam to be a boost give de Ethiopian economy. Sudan den Egypt, howeva, voice demma concerns ova a potential reduction for water available insyd.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ethiopia: Nile Dam Project a Hydropower Hope, but Regional Sore Point |year=2012 |url=http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |access-date=9 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714191513/http://www.trust.org/item/?map=nile-dam-project-a-hydropower-hope-but-regional-sore-point |archive-date=14 July 2015 |url-status=live |location=[[Africa]] |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters Foundation]]}}</ref> Electricity generation begin for February 2022 insyd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60451702|title=Ethiopia starts generating power from River Nile dam|work=BBC News|date=20 February 2022}}</ref> == History == [[File:Completed new Sebara Dildiy bridge.jpg|thumb|Suspension bridge ova de Blue Nile River. E be de only pedestrian cable bridge ova de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd.]] [[File:Bridges across the Blue Nile Gorge.jpg|thumb|Blue Nile Gorge for Ethiopia insyd.]]De Egyptian dey fear dat Ethiopia fi block de Blue Nile be major factor for de long den complex Ethiopian-Egyptian relationship insyd. While Egypt rely for Ethiopia top give ein waters, Ethiopia depend for de [[:en:Coptic_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria|Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]] top give patriarchal authority den de appointment of ein metropolitan. Dis interdependence shape events since de 11th century. Give centuries, de threat of blocking de Blue Nile be an effective strategy for dey ensure de appointment of Egyptian metropolitans. Howeva, for practice insyd, neither a diversion nor large-scale use of de river ein waters, dem eva attempt am.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> An early crisis emerge during de reign of Zagwe King [[:en:Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela|Gebre Mesqel Lalibela]], whom de Egyptians suspect of attempting to divert de river, even though ein kingdom neva extend to de Blue Nile. E be Emperor [[:en:Amda_Seyon_I|Amda Seyon I]] wey first occupy de Blue Nile basin den begin dey spread Christianity der.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De Emperors of de Solomonic dynasty, particularly [[:en:Dawit_II|Dawit II]], [[:en:Yeshaq_I|Yeshaq I]], den [[:en:Zara_Yaqob|Zara Yaqob]], continue dey assert Ethiopia ein control ova de river as a diplomatic tool. Dem sanso reinforce dis concept for religious terms insyd, wey e identify de Blue Nile plus de biblical Gihon den dey adapt de Tammera Maryam to legitimize demma authority ova de waters. Medieval European myths about a powerful Christian Ethiopia wey e aid for de destruction of Islam insyd further elevate de significance of de Blue Nile for Ethio-Egyptian relations insyd.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uhlig |first1=Siegbert |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C |date=2003 |pages=27}}</ref> De first European dem know to have seen de Blue Nile for Ethiopia insyd den de river ein source be [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]], a Spanish [[:en:Society_of_Jesus|Jesuit]] wey reach de river ein source for 21 April 1618 top.<ref>R. E. Cheesman, ''Geographical Journal'', '''71''' (1928), p.&nbsp;361</ref> Howeva, de Portuguese João Bermudes, de self-described "Patriarch of Ethiopia", provide de first description of de Tis Abay River Falls for ein memoirs insyd wey e publish for 1565 insyd, den any number of Europeans wey live for de Ethiopia insyd for de late 15th century insyd such as [[:en:Pêro_da_Covilhã|Pêro da Covilhã]] could have seen de river long before Páez, but not reach ein source. De source of de Nile proper sanso reach for 1629 insyd by de Portuguese Jesuit missionary [[:en:Jerónimo_Lobo|Jerónimo Lobo]] den for 1770 insyd by de Scottish explorer [[:en:James_Bruce|James Bruce]]. Although European explorers contemplate dey trace de course of de Nile from de Blue Nile ein confluence plus de White Nile to Lake Tana, de Blue Nile Canyon discourage all attempts since [[:en:Frédéric_Cailliaud|Frédéric Cailliaud]] ein attempt for 1821 insyd. De first serious attempt by a non-local to explore dis reach of de river, de American W.W. Macmillan undertake am for 1902 insyd, wey de Norwegian explorer B.H. Jenssen assist am; Jenssen proceed upriver from Khartoum while Macmillan sail downstream from Lake Tana. Howeva, de rapids at [[:en:Famaka|Famaka]] short of de Sudan-Ethiopia border block Jenssen ein boats, den wreck Macmillan ein boats shortly after dem launch am. Macmillan encourage Jenssen to try to sail upstream from Khartoum again for 1905 insyd, but dem force am to stop {{convert|300|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip|abbr=on}} short of Lake Tana.<ref>Alan Moorehead, ''The Blue Nile'', revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), pp.&nbsp;319f</ref> [[:en:Robert_Ernest_Cheesman|Robert Cheesman]], wey record ein surprise for dey arrive for Ethiopia insyd for dey find dat de upper waters of "one of de most famous of de rivers of de world, den one wey dem know ein name well to de ancients" dey for ein lifetime insyd "dotted lines mark for de map top", manage to map de upper course of de Blue Nile between 1925 den 1933. He do dis not by dey follow de river along ein banks den thru ein impassable canyon but by dey follow am from de highlands above, wey e travel sam {{convert|5000|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} by mule for de adjacent country insyd.<ref>Cheesman, pp.&nbsp;358–374.</ref> For de 1950s den 1960s insyd, several kayakers paddle parts of de canyon. For 1968 insyd, at de request of [[:en:Haile_Selassie|Haile Selassie]], a team of 60 British den Ethiopian servicemen den scientists make de first full descent of de river from Lake Tana to a point near de Sudanese border wey explorer [[:en:John_Blashford-Snell|John Blashford-Snell]] lead am.<ref>Snailham, Richard. 1970. ''The Blue Nile Revealed''. London: Chatto and Windus.</ref> De team use specially-built [[:en:Avon_Inflatables|Avon Inflatables]] den modify [[:en:Royal_Engineers|Royal Engineers]] [[:en:Assault_boat|assault boats]] to navigate de formidable rapids. Subsequent rafting expeditions for de 1970s den 1980s insyd generally only cover parts of de river canyon. For 1999 insyd, writer Virginia Morell<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile: Ethiopia's River of Magic and Mystery - Bookreporter.com |url=http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608171628/http://www.bookreporter.com/reviews/0792279514.asp |archive-date=8 June 2011 |access-date=3 May 2018 |website=bookreporter.com}}</ref> den photographer Nevada Wier make de journey by raft from Lake Tana to Sudan, wey e publish a documentary about demma journey afterwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Blue Nile @ nationalgeographic.com |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006021132/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0012/feature1/ |archive-date=6 October 2012 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com}}</ref> For 2000, American den National Geographic reader, Kenneth Frantz, see a photo wey Nevada Wier take am give ''National Geographic'' wey fi lead am to found de charity Bridges to Prosperity. Dis photo show a bridge broken during World War II, plus 10 men for either side of de broken span top wey dem pull each oda across de dangerous gap by rope. Dis historic bridge was built by Emperor Fasilides in approximately 1660 with Roman bridge technology bring to Ethiopia by Portuguese soldiers during de battle plus de Muslim invaders for 1507 insyd.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |last=Baynes |first=Thomas Spencer |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ |title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, Volume 1 |publisher=Henry G. Allen and Company |year=1838 |edition=Ninth |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_TKcMAAAAYAAJ/page/n76 65] |chapter=Abyssinia}}</ref> For both 2001 den 2009 insyd, Bridges to Prosperity volunteers travel from de United States to repair de broken bridge across de Blue Nile den later build a new suspension bridge not susceptible to flood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning a world where poverty caused by rural isolation no longer exists |url=http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112041000/http://www.bridgestoprosperity.org/ |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=27 January 2013 |publisher=Bridges to Prosperity}}</ref> For 28 April 2004 top, geologist Pasquale Scaturro den ein partner, kayaker den documentary filmmaker Gordon Brown, becam de first pippoe dem know to navigate de Blue Nile for ein entirety insyd. Though demma expedition include several odas, Brown den Scaturro be de only ones to remain for de expedition top give de entire journey. Dem chronicle demma adventure plus an IMAX camera den two handheld video cameras, wey dem share demma story for de film ''Mystery of the Nile'' insyd den for a book of de same title insyd.<ref>Richard Bangs and Pasquale Scaturro, ''Mystery of the Nile''. New York: New American Library, 2005</ref> For 29 January 2005 top, Canadian Les Jickling den ein teammate New Zealander Mark Tanner complete de first fully human-powered transit of de entire Blue Nile den de Nile for de Sudan den Egypt insyd. Demma journey of ova {{Convert|5000|km|mi|abbr=on}} take five months den travel thru Ethiopia, Sudan, den Egypt. Dem recount dat dem paddle thru civil war conflict zones, regions dem know give bandits, den encounter multiple hazards den rapids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department - Alumni Association |url=http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202121003/http://web.uvic.ca/torch/torch2005s/dept_alumni_4.htm |archive-date=2 February 2018 |access-date=1 August 2018 |website=web.uvic.ca}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Sudan|List of rivers of Sudan]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070506010335/http://www.aber.ac.uk/quaternary/tana/ De Tana Project] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512003609/http://www.niletrip.com/ Paddling de Blue Nile] {{Authority control}} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="2" |[[:en:Nile|Nile]] |- !Tributaries | * [[:en:Atbarah_River|Atbarah River]] * [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] * '''Blue Nile''' * [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]] * [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] ([[:en:Bahr_al_Jabal_(river)|Bahr al Jabal]]) * [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat River]] * [[:en:Victoria_Nile|Victoria Nile]] * [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]] |- !Dams, powerplants, den waterfalls | * [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] * [[:en:Aswan_Low_Dam|Aswan Low Dam]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] * [[:en:Bujagali_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]] * [[:en:Cataracts_of_the_Nile|Cataracts of the Nile]] * [[:en:Great_Ethiopian_Renaissance_Dam|Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam]] * [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] * [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] * [[:en:Merowe_Dam|Merowe Dam]] * [[:en:Nalubaale_dam|Nalubaale dam]] * [[:en:Owen_Falls_Dam|Owen Falls Dam]] * [[:en:Roseires_Dam|Roseires Dam]] * [[:en:Sennar_Dam|Sennar Dam]] * [[:en:Tekezé_Dam|Tekezé Dam]] * [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex]] |- !Lakes den reservoirs | * [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]] * [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]] * [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] * Lake Keilak * [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]] * [[:en:Lake_Kundi|Lake Kundi]] * [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] * [[:en:Lake_Moeris|Lake Moeris]] * [[:en:Lake_Nasser|Lake Nasser-Nubia]] * [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]] * [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] * [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] * [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]] |- !History, government, den politics | * [[:en:Climate_change_in_Egypt|Climate change in Egypt]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin_Initiative|Nile Basin Initiative]] * [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin|Water politics in the Nile Basin]] |- !Pippoe | * [[:en:Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt|Muhammad Ali of Egypt]] * [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] * [[:en:Richard_Francis_Burton|Richard Francis Burton]] * [[:en:James_Augustus_Grant|James Augustus Grant]] * [[:en:Pedro_Páez|Pedro Páez]] * [[:en:John_Hanning_Speke|John Hanning Speke]] * [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] |- !Oda | * [[:en:Flooding_of_the_Nile|Flooding of the Nile]] * [[:en:Nilometer|Nilometer]] * [[:en:Nile_Basin|Nile Basin]] * [[:en:Nile_Delta|Nile Delta]] * [[:en:Nilotic_landscape|Nilotic landscape]] * [[:en:Nilotic_languages|Nilotic languages]] * [[:en:Nilotic_peoples|Nilotic peoples]] * [[:en:Water_politics_in_the_Nile_Basin#Pollution_of_the_Nile_River|Pollution]] |} 9exyz57055dosxju1kjdw7k42k0s1vq 0 27006 98595 2026-05-28T09:42:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98595 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. 3xx78mcxuqwt3x7afc7p6hrt13r3dl1 98596 98595 2026-05-28T09:42:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98596 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile. 3dobtnq410aag070y36pkah7cwgl95v 98597 98596 2026-05-28T09:42:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98597 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile. De name "White" dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color. nbhysl6fd4rett4el7fgobgrezeuepe 98598 98597 2026-05-28T09:46:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile. De name "White" dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color. ttgq2qeujkg4bfogq86seem8oxd4z4f 98599 98598 2026-05-28T09:47:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile.<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color. osgdpnerrtphdu9le3lav2lcvarmjbw 98600 98599 2026-05-28T09:47:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile.<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color. == References == 3pxs7au5wroentbc2hkjm8iz5wsgd36 98601 98600 2026-05-28T09:48:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major tributaries of de Nile, de larger being de Blue Nile.<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay sediment wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == 91pzfa4p7se0gzdwuf2xukxivezj4a0 98602 98601 2026-05-28T09:56:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == kbcv1jw3v3h56za4pzr4zatppegnt1e 98603 98602 2026-05-28T09:58:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == References == hapb25ozin7lm5sn9tvz69em2idflr5 98604 98603 2026-05-28T09:59:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== == References == 6j842e0hyi847gtq97dq6pao7tv3n8s 98605 98604 2026-05-28T10:00:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]] == References == 3ox24g8jtqmrajzgbxbcqz18gt8gakp 98606 98605 2026-05-28T10:09:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. == References == 9ylff3ywqd2b35t6r9o1tpo8vkhupwp 98607 98606 2026-05-28T10:09:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd. == References == n4pjq76p8da9bit3qaljhqbjba4hbeu 98608 98607 2026-05-28T10:10:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == p44hyderkcuk2p5238vp9sj294ro1yi 98609 98608 2026-05-28T10:10:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == 48a846q4odc5j4233dy3dw8gu7o791y 98610 98609 2026-05-28T10:17:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. == References == 003fz0yep27fknwlj4rnhl9nv4ptlhk 98611 98610 2026-05-28T10:17:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". == References == lm9j4lhia0mmmwndspzr54f5mg4r159 98612 98611 2026-05-28T10:17:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. == References == 3es6ac1frufeebbfb53alnogf93sa3c 98613 98612 2026-05-28T10:20:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== == References == dtem0xkq8963fyzstmakwhnrz24ll4h 98614 98613 2026-05-28T10:21:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]] == References == 680czywvla1f5tbec9qbhfv3ytmgjo8 98615 98614 2026-05-28T10:22:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. == References == r4mix9jqakkm8dxccla1vbi3w1wffnr 98616 98615 2026-05-28T10:23:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== == References == cikvdueg1e0epkkmwcnzty9d1j7js1i 98617 98616 2026-05-28T10:24:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]] == References == 1244k5cmvu8kvbgtnzvl9kt5g9sls03 98618 98617 2026-05-28T10:28:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top. == References == 2zdadnm7gvk1pethgjyqxj3cp4jtxd2 98619 98618 2026-05-28T10:28:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> == References == pmt4dplroazb4cuuii2tiwd90oscvrw 98620 98619 2026-05-28T10:29:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. == References == lgxma1ckdvtfkytkckwtn6gounmc9y1 98621 98620 2026-05-28T10:29:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. == References == 34ovtq99kvgaiut68ilvihlhtiznd9m 98622 98621 2026-05-28T10:43:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. == References == 5k6w1yxr4l1mdkh1vii72d2x2fmoxy2 98623 98622 2026-05-28T10:44:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. == References == 3vlr8i2fiettg731xxznt3vn9h4afvl 98624 98623 2026-05-28T10:44:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd. == References == 5j14jl5xj2phgjyaqs8zd5jhvruobv6 98625 98624 2026-05-28T10:45:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == References == hd7xw8f2itopno86k91ddlf1rmpr36y 98626 98625 2026-05-28T10:45:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary. == References == 24ag4fi615mqhwm4btwa426aoj6vftm 98627 98626 2026-05-28T10:45:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> == References == qzc0jimz01tz3kbfvotlepoz2q47739 98628 98627 2026-05-28T10:48:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. == References == 9ac8p8a2ste9o87wis4r9cugmgk8v40 98629 98628 2026-05-28T10:49:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. == References == 69zypoje27cr8n8iv5mc3qfd3v3os8n 98630 98629 2026-05-28T10:51:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile". == References == 2sespo7dyo9djhvq3e7mjs769e08ggd 98631 98630 2026-05-28T10:51:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> == References == ij8c9gmc1gf4xh5lttfon9u7wkk5mzd 98632 98631 2026-05-28T10:52:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== == References == jrevprljqqsbfazlgxyla4rmk4lupir 98633 98632 2026-05-28T10:53:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]] == References == 71jezno89gzgoqhggyju336nhwzwjkw 98634 98633 2026-05-28T10:58:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". == References == qkq33mxlqi8sasa6wp3pyu3738wusgs 98635 98634 2026-05-28T10:58:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. == References == ibvj96h1q5sgf90uib94cgul4795yq8 98636 98635 2026-05-28T10:59:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. == References == k8ypavu4ao5kxcupqbxczs719u7bu59 98637 98636 2026-05-28T10:59:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. == References == e2s99mqzz8hzntqr4gzguua8czrs4oz 98638 98637 2026-05-28T11:00:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== == References == nsz8z2fepu0dcvjcaqidmjsx1pzl0y6 98639 98638 2026-05-28T11:02:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]] == References == 4d8zmi08a6gz3uk5yyb595w6trbxn0m 98640 98639 2026-05-28T11:07:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". == References == gumqisgr9pkih8xsr403jf8ql9mjeah 98641 98640 2026-05-28T11:07:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. == References == 9xitvsz5cli045s6t3fgnoyah5g00fo 98642 98641 2026-05-28T11:09:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98642 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== == References == nisg74gn8p9a537xw266y7ibigk3tf2 98643 98642 2026-05-28T11:10:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]] == References == crybzasiotrzb15o69q90usvob0t9kl 98644 98643 2026-05-28T11:18:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain". == References == toeuckkgvx05ougp79jaqlfxekuombl 98645 98644 2026-05-28T11:18:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref> == References == 4hseine6o1uaxgk1enasmcizwtcnxec 98646 98645 2026-05-28T11:19:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Nile|volume=19|last1=Garstin|first1=William Edmund|author1-link=William Edmund Garstin|last2=Cana|first2=Frank Richardson|author2-link=|pages=692&ndash;699|short=1}}</ref> == References == jptbajc6k4scxha2s85q6kn9cv2rr4u 98647 98646 2026-05-28T11:19:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Nile|volume=19|last1=Garstin|first1=William Edmund|author1-link=William Edmund Garstin|last2=Cana|first2=Frank Richardson|author2-link=|pages=692&ndash;699|short=1}}</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006. == References == nml5pb9wbuitxtvhix5j3x73y6ienmu 98648 98647 2026-05-28T11:20:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Nile|volume=19|last1=Garstin|first1=William Edmund|author1-link=William Edmund Garstin|last2=Cana|first2=Frank Richardson|author2-link=|pages=692&ndash;699|short=1}}</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> == References == f12j4ak48cv123ndp5ehpnygefrii2z 98649 98648 2026-05-28T11:42:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. == References == jcxlorsug61444yiuw04che35wsugtg 98650 98649 2026-05-28T11:43:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile. == References == q5xnzbcmgbeqh05gb8t535bmkp2ktyy 98651 98650 2026-05-28T11:44:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref> == References == lmaefmczwiavn5vljvyutojb5yf4yy5 98652 98651 2026-05-28T11:44:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> == References == bwm1qvp8g4jd2k88i9j4vtti6hc47lv 98653 98652 2026-05-28T11:45:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. == References == ehebc2noh0dri0vtap8kf72fvwxqmml 98654 98653 2026-05-28T11:45:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de Fula (Fola) Rapids. == References == cah79apzhvusa5h9rs9saihbql9kj7p 98655 98654 2026-05-28T11:46:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> == References == 50q1e0ob4ms8ps5y7yyepzvlzgzqz3x 98656 98655 2026-05-28T11:46:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> == References == dy2afidjw9w7kifytvvthsu3bfuddmc 98657 98656 2026-05-28T11:49:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]] == References == tm70aneyg4k1nhxlv4eurlvcx1yanr1 98658 98657 2026-05-28T11:49:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]] ==== White Nile proper ==== == References == i2tgsaslgkcb6p3fer6gwmxuni0par9 98659 98658 2026-05-28T11:52:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":02">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]] ==== White Nile proper ==== To sam pippoe, de White Nile dey start at de confluence of de Mountain Nile plus de Bahr el Ghazal at Lake No. == References == ffy58025wxazthf21oh6xmob5vvvhv5 98660 98659 2026-05-28T11:54:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]] ==== White Nile proper ==== To sam pippoe, de White Nile dey start at de confluence of de Mountain Nile plus de Bahr el Ghazal at Lake No.<ref name="Parsons" /> == References == rqynw5oen6hfpegg2uj3t8zmoa4gxes 98661 98660 2026-05-28T11:58:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 98661 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].<ref name="handle2012">{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}</ref> De name "White" dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&q=clay&pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA362&q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> For de strict meaning insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, "White Nile" dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de "Albert Nile" to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Bahr-al-Jabal" down to Lake No.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&q=Kyoga&pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&pg=PA345&q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> "White Nile" may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.<ref name="abc-clio">{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&q=Luvironza&pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA299&q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]] == Course == ==== Headwaters ==== [[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd<ref>{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}</ref> (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.<ref>{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell "de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd". De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria. ==== For Uganda insyd ==== [[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of "Victoria Nile" from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de "Albert Nile" from der to de border plus South Sudan. ==== Victoria Nile ==== [[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.<ref name="Fishery">{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}</ref> Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert. At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.<ref>{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}</ref> Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd. De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de "Kyoga Nile".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Albert Nile ==== [[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de "Albert Nile". E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe. ==== For South Sudan den Sudan ==== [[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of "Mountain Nile". From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de "White Nile" for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. ==== Mountain Nile ==== [[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de "Mountain Nile" anaa "Baḥr al-Jabal" (sanso "Baḥr el-Jebel", {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally "Mountain River" anaa "River of de Mountain".<ref>The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river</ref><ref name="EB">[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|"Nile"]]&#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&#x20;19 (11th&#x20;ed.). pp.&#x20;692–699.</ref> De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}</ref> De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.<ref name="Parsons">{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]] ==== White Nile proper ==== To sam pippoe, de White Nile dey start at de confluence of de Mountain Nile plus de Bahr el Ghazal at Lake No.<ref name="Parsons" /> De 120 kilometers of White Nile dat dey flow east from Lake No to de mouth of de [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat]] dey very gently sloping den hold many swamps den lagoons. == References == 9a9ejpcimo97gp96y3mf9qvhwo9ipps