User talk:DaSupremo

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      <text bytes="38672" sha1="qz3pmf0zlt3xny8bbk7ore5juorihnq" xml:space="preserve">== Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! ==

Hi DaSupremo, and also ping @[[User:Yaw tuba|Yaw tuba]], @[[User:Gyanford|Gyanford]], @[[User:Feliciopedro2|Feliciopedro2]], @[[User:Sunkanmi12|Sunkanmi12]], @[[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]], @[[User:NanaYawBotar|NanaYawBotar]], @[[User:Afimaame|Afimaame]], @[[User:Elkay20|Elkay20]] and @[[User:Ibn Dagara|Ibn Dagara]].

Welcome to the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia! You and all your co-contributors have done a great job so far in getting here, and I would like to congratulate you on finally having the newest official Wikipedia edition! Well done to all of you!

For previous wikis, there have usually been some technical issues that take some time to fix, but for the first time in many years, I think all of the normal technical issues have actually already bene solved now, less than one day after the Wikipedia was created. Visual editor works like it should, the same with the DiscussionTools, Wikidata support has been enabled, and the statistics in [[Special:Statistics]] look correct.

But still, if you notice any issues, or if there are things you want to do but aren't able to for some reason, please feel free to reach out to me, and I can help figure out how to solve them.

Best of luck to all of you with your new Wikipedia, and happy editing! 🎉 [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 01:07, 6 July 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) thanks for that and we are also grateful for your continuous help and support. We would like to fix the use of bare URLS for references. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:48, 6 July 2023 (GMT)
:Thanks  [[User:NanaKojo16|NanaKojo16]] ([[User talk:NanaKojo16|talk]]) 08:38, 7 July 2023 (GMT)
==Modifications to the home page==
Hello dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]]
I've made a slight modification to the homepage, by adding the number of existing articles.
And I designed and programmed a new template for the introduction of the home page.
I hope you see it:[[User:Osps7/Test]]

With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 18:26, 19 August 2023 (GMT)

:Wow...thanks for that. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) It will help us track and remove vandalism on articles. Really grateful [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 21:38, 19 August 2023 (GMT)
==Important inquiry==
Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I am trying to work on developing the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding new tools and improving the work of the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia by adding software tools that contribute to increasing effectiveness and contribute to protecting the encyclopedia from vandalism.
I'm trying to work on an add-on (MediaWiki:Gadget-autocomplete.js)
But I need permissions, how can I request permissions?

With regards--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 11:42, 20 August 2023 (GMT)

:I think you can propose it on [[phab:|Phabricator]] and start working on it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:36, 20 August 2023 (GMT)

== Suggestions ==

First off, congratulations on leading the creation of and becoming admin of this Wikipedia, which is still the newest AFAIK. Hope that this project continues to grow and thrive. Onto the suggestions: with regards to the references, I think if you used your admin permissions to import the CS1 citation templates from enwiki it would also take care of the dependent modules. Or maybe someone from the community should file a request on MetaWiki. Documentation templates would also be handy I also think it might be a good idea to add a system or template for handling linguistic issues: for instance, I've already seen a page copied from enwiki with no effort made to translate it (although I can't find the specific page right now). Thanks! [[User:MSG17|MSG17]] ([[User talk:MSG17|talk]]) 15:43, 24 August 2023 (GMT)

:Thanks for the good wishes. I would really need help cos I am not conversant with the templates. I will ask a couple of guys around. Thanks again [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:34, 24 August 2023 (GMT)
==suggestion==
Dear [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]],
What do you think of the idea of ​​adding a new section to the home page called “In the News” and updating it continuously?--[[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 12:00, 10 September 2023 (GMT)

:Sounds good. A very good idea [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:07, 10 September 2023 (GMT)

== Note ==

Dear @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I hope you are well.
Over the past few days, I have developed a bot that I will activate here soon. It will create categories and templates that will help us. [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]) 22:03, 3 November 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Osps7|Osps7]] ([[User talk:Osps7|talk]]), I am good and you? Noted and thanks for the continuous support. We really appreciate it. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:21, 3 November 2023 (GMT)

== Translation ==
Hi, could you please translate this to Ghanaian Pidgin?

Guosa is a constructed interlanguage originally created by Alex Igbineweka in 1965. It was designed to be a combination of the indigenous languages of Nigeria and to serve as a lingua franca to West Africa.

It has the following characteristics:
* It is an isolating language with subject–verb–object word order.
* There are no articles.
* There is no grammatical gender or noun class system.
* Most grammatical meaning is expressed through particles that precede the words they modify.
* Adjectives follow the noun.
* Guosa is generally prepositional.

Thank you. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:12, 16 November 2023 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]), thanks for reaching out. This is the Ghanaian Pidgin translation:
:Guosa be constructed interlanguage wey Alex Igbineweka originally create am for 1965 insyd. Dem design am make e be combination of de indigenous languages for Nigeria wey e go serve as lingua franca go West Africa.
:E get de characteristics wey dey follow:
:•E be language wey dey isolate plus subject–verb–object word order.
:•No articles dey.
:•No grammatical gender anaa noun class system dey.
:•Dem dey express chaw grammatical meaning thru particles wey dey precede de words dem modify.
:•Adjectives dey follow de noun.
:•Guosa be generally prepositional. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:03, 16 November 2023 (GMT)

==Importing citation templates==
Was looking at importing cite journal, cite book, and cite web. Best way to do this would be to use this tool and select &quot;Include all templates and transcluded pages&quot; https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Import

Would be happy to but only certain user groups have permission to use the tool. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:30, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
:By the way hope to see you do more healthcare translations. Once we get the templates imported things will come through better. Best [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 12:44, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
::Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) for this information. It is valuable for us. I have checked it out and I realized it is a good tool. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:05, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
:::Are you able to make me a member of one of these groups &quot;Administrators or Importers&quot; so that I can help. Looking at &quot;Template:Cite book&quot; and not sure it worked properly. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 23:17, 26 October 2024 (GMT)
::::No please. But I think you can request for a temporal admin [[metawiki:Steward_requests/Permissions#Administrator_access|here]] to enable you carry that task.  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:05, 27 October 2024 (GMT)

== delete ==

Can you please delete [[Talk:Audrey Sitsofe Gadzekpo]] and [[Talk:Joseph Kwame Kumah]]? they are orphaned. Best regards, [[User:TenWhile6|TenWhile6]] ([[User talk:TenWhile6|talk]]) 17:01, 14 November 2024 (GMT)

:Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:59, 14 November 2024 (GMT)

== Thank you for being a medical translator! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
{| style=&quot;background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;&quot; | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|100px]]
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;&quot; |'''The 2024 Cure Translators Award''' 
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2024 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;project=all&amp;year=2024&amp;start=Filter joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We look forwards to working together in 2025.
|}

Thanks again :-)  -- [https://mdwiki.org/wiki/User:Doc_James &lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:54, 26 January 2025 (GMT)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Translators_2024&amp;oldid=28173086 --&gt;
:I appreciate the award. Hope to do more this year [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 10:24, 26 January 2025 (GMT)

== Request for help ==

Hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]],

My name is [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|Uzoma]], I am the Movement Communications Specialist supporting the [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization]] team. I am reaching out because you [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&amp;_Community-defined_lists/Collaborators#User_names_and_campaigns|indicated interest]] in participating in the [[mediawikiwiki:Translation_suggestions:_Topic-based_&amp;_Community-defined_lists|Translation suggestions: Topic-based &amp; Community-defined lists]] project.

We now have the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=sw&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=collections&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en Community-defined list feature] in the [https://sw.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=sw&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=draft&amp;from=en Content translation tool]. We want to approach organisers of Wiki campaigns that involve translation happening now or soon to add the collection tags to their article list. So that people who use the Content translation tool can discover these campaigns and participate directly from the moment they access the tool using their mobile device. The campaign suggestions will be in the &quot;All Collection&quot; category of the Translation suggestion feature in the tool, as illustrated in the GIF below.

[[File:How_to_select_a_specific_collection_&amp;_all_collections_(1).gif|Screen record of how to select a specific collection and &quot;all collections&quot;]]

'''Our request'''

Please help us by providing a list of the campaigns happening in your community and the organisers we can approach to add the tag. This is important to us because we need to learn from its usage for campaigns.

I would appreciate your help connecting me to the campaigns you are preparing for in your community.

I look forward to your response, and please let me know if you need any clarification. Thank you so much!

Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 22:28, 11 February 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] thanks for reaching out. The Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia will be participating in this year's [[metawiki:Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025/Participants#Participating_Communities|Wiki Loves Ramadan]]. I will keep you posted when the community participates in subsequent editathons and campaigns. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:43, 11 February 2025 (GMT)
::Thank you so much, @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], for this information. I will keep in touch.
::Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 18:47, 13 February 2025 (GMT)
:::Ok @[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:14, 13 February 2025 (GMT)

== Follow-up on Incomplete Information for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 ==

Hi DaSupremo,

Thank you for signing up your community for For Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Please provide the following missing information on the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants|participants' page of Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]].

* Local Project Page Link
* Local Organizer
* Jury Tools Link
* Jury Members

''For the Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 05:49, 1 April 2025 (GMT)

:Hello [[User:ZI Jony|'''ZI Jony''']] [[User talk:ZI Jony|&lt;sup&gt;''(Talk)''&lt;/sup&gt;]], thanks for the message. Please none of the information above were created because I am the only person contributing on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia participating in the contest. Thanks [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo#top|talk]]) 11:00, 1 April 2025 (UTC) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:01, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], thank you for your efforts. Unfortunately, above requirements are mandatory. I would like to request you to create an local Wikipedia project page (you would be able to copy content from [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Sample|here]], and then translate in your local language). Ask others to join with you as local organizer and jury members. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:23, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
:::Thanks. Can I still participate as a participant because we did not apply for a grant to organise this event so we have no funds to award winners and its associated cost? [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 14:29, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
::::@[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], you still can continue as an local participant. Most of local organizers work without grant, as there are international prizes available. [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 14:46, 1 April 2025 (GMT)
:::::Oh okay...thanks. I will set up the local page then. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 15:10, 1 April 2025 (GMT)

== Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May ==

Dear DaSupremo,

Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities!

This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''.

Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page:  
'''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]'''

Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page:  
'''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]'''

If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out.

Thank you for your continued dedication and support!


For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 May 2025 (GMT)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&amp;oldid=28651179 --&gt;

==Testing the tool==
Hey DaSupremo was just testing the tool here and thus had put it in my user space. Article is not actually translated

https://gpe.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabies&amp;action=history

[[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:24, 7 May 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Doc James|Doc James]], yeah I realized that and that is the reason I am moving them to mainspace and translating them. Thanks  [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:01, 7 May 2025 (GMT)
::Excellent, and we have the disease infobox / other infoboxes formating correctly now. See [[Glioblastoma]] [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 15:59, 8 May 2025 (GMT)
:::Great. Thank you for this. Now we can have infoboxes on the Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia. Greatly appreciated [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 17:28, 8 May 2025 (GMT)

== Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD ==

Dear DaSupremo,

This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD.

Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible:

* Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]'''
* Add a brief summary of your local event under the &quot;Results&quot; column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]'''

Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration.

If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team.

Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work!


''Warm regards,''&lt;br/&gt;
'''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 May 2025 (GMT)
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== Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 ==

Dear DaSupremo

Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms.

To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you.

* '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here]
* '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025

It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future.

Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns!


Warm regards,&lt;br/&gt;
''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 May 2025 (GMT)
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== Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 – Global Top 10 Winner: Congratulations! ==

'''Dear DaSupremo,'''

Congratulations! You have been selected as one of the '''Top 10 Global Winners''' (ranks 4 to 10) of the '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' campaign. Your contributions and participation have greatly enriched the project, and we sincerely appreciate your efforts.

To send you your prize and the official campaign T-shirt, we kindly request the following details:

* Full name:  
* Wikimedia username:  
* Country of residency:  
* Email address:  
* Preferred T-shirt size (M, L, XL):  
* Preferred T-shirt color (Black, White, Navy):  

'''Please send the above information within 24 hours to:''' '''support@wikilovesramadan.org'''

Your prize will be delivered through the [https://www.tremendous.com/catalog/ Tremendous] platform.

Also, we kindly request you to fill the '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Participant Feedback Form]''' at your earliest convenience.

Once again, thank you for your amazing contribution.

'''Best regards,'''  
''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'', [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 03:43, 27 May 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]], Thanks for the message. I have some reservations about the Winner of the campaign. I do not understand the language but it is clear when an article is created in a particular language. Most of their contributions (from what I sampled) where actually 'discussion pages' rather than translated articles. See [[:bn:আলাপ:মরক্কোতে_আশুরা|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:গ্রেটার_টলেডো_ইসলামিক_সেন্টার|this]], [[:bn:আলাপ:মুসলিম_আমেরিকান_সোসাইটি|this]] and most could be found on the [[xtools:pages/bn.wikipedia.org/Hasan muntaseer/1|Xtool]]. Moreover, they were not even registered on the dashboard as we were told it was a requirement. On the dashboard, only [[wmfdashboard:courses/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan/Wiki_Loves_Ramadan_2025|241 articles]] where created in the Bangla Wikipedia. I might be wrong but their results need to be reviewed to ensure fairness and transparency. Thank you. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 08:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT)
::[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]], I believe that the same question you maybe asked to Dnshitobu earlier! Mostly tracking categories are used in the talk page of the articles for almost all Wikipedia, including Bangla and English Wikipedia. They use a template on the article talk page where a description also placed, instead of using on the main articles. Using dashboard were not a mandatory tool, because many wikis' developed thier own jury tools, like Bangla, Ukrainian, even English Wikipedia also used a different tool called [https://fountain.toolforge.org Fountain], it’s depend on local organizers which tool they are comfortable to use. Bangla Wikipedia was submitted 1806 articles, due to non-relevant issue they removed several articles. For you clarity, Bangla Wikipedia was looking for additional jury members to complete thier jury process in time, and I joined to help then, in the meantime I have re-reviewd several articles. So, I believe that the jury process were well strictured and trusted. I kindly request you to provide the details you have been asked at your earliest convenience. Additional inquiry, are you attending EduWiki Conference 2025? Or, someone who can receive your gift and certificate from the conference let me know in the same email. Thank you! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ([[User talk:ZI Jony|talk]]) 10:51, 27 May 2025 (GMT)
:::Ok...thanks for the detailed explanation. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 11:03, 27 May 2025 (GMT)

== [[José Rafael Córdero Sánchez]] ==

Hi DaSupremo, I need your help about this article because is a crosswiki spam, for more details please check: [[:nl:Overleg Wikipedia:Checklijst langdurig structureel vandalisme/Josercs1|this report]] from Dutch Wikipedia. Thank you. [[User:Taichi|Taichi]] ([[User talk:Taichi|talk]]) 23:48, 16 October 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Taichi|Taichi]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 00:01, 17 October 2025 (GMT)

== [[Samata (fashion entrepreneur)]] ==

Hi DaSupremo, I noticed that you expanded this article in 2023 by translating content from English Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia article was deleted earlier this year as most of the sources were found to be spam or unreliable. Other language Wikipedias like French, Arabic, Swahili and Igbo have also deleted this article on similar grounds. It seems the original English article was written by a spammer for promotional purposes, therefore the Ghanaian Pidgin article (which was primarily translated from English) should also be deleted. Let me know your thoughts. [[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]] ([[User talk:Acoustical|talk]]) 19:16, 25 November 2025 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Acoustical|Acoustical]]. Thanks for reaching out and well noted. Since it has been deleted from other language Wikipedias, I think it should be deleted too on the Ghanaian Pidgin WIkipedia. [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 22:32, 25 November 2025 (GMT)

== Undeletion Request ==

hello @[[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]]

I noticed that you previously improved the article about Adebayo Temitayo (Realjjfrosh). I wanted to let you know that the page was later deleted.

If you have time, I would appreciate any guidance on whether the sources used (Punch, Vanguard, ThisDay, BusinessDay, Daily Trust) meet the project’s notability standards, or how the article could be reworked to comply fully with policy.

Thank you for your earlier improvements and for any advice you may be able to offer. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|&amp;#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:13, 3 February 2026 (GMT)

:It was deleted because of (Spam and it was a ([[metawiki:steward|steward]] action)) [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 12:19, 3 February 2026 (GMT)
::Ok thanks  [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|&amp;#126;2026-74643-7]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-74643-7|talk]]) 12:39, 3 February 2026 (GMT)

== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

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| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2025 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2025_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We appreciate you and the vital work you do! 

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs.

Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating].
|}

Look forwards to collaborating in the year ahead. Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:42, 14 February 2026 (GMT)
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== Thank you for being a medical translator! ==

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| style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;&quot; |In 2025 you [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php?camp=all&amp;user_group=all&amp;year=2025&amp;month=All joined us as a medical translator]. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public.

Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider formally joining the organization for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs.
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Look forwards to collaborating further in the year ahead. Thanks again :-)  -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#0000f1&quot;&gt;'''Doc James'''&lt;/span&gt;]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:53, 14 February 2026 (GMT)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 – Community Organisers &amp; Jury ==

Hello {{PAGENAME}}!,

Thank you for taking the lead in organising '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' in your community. We truly appreciate your efforts!

To ensure a smooth and successful campaign, please make sure you have:
* Fully completed all details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Feminism and Folklore 2026 Project Page]]:
* Started promoting the campaign within your community.
* Requested a local administrator to place a '''sitenotice''' about the campaign so users are notified.
* Used the '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/fnf/ Article List Generator Tool]''' and shared the generated article lists with your community.

=== Internet &amp; Childcare Support ===
Community organisers and jury members who require '''internet and childcare support''' (non-mandatory, opt-in, request-only support) should fill the support request form '''by 22 February 2026'''.

'''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeutXEF1yTnJfExWUYPIf6SkhcnTgul07BeI-biqT4RE_vsrA/viewform Link to the form]'''

Requests submitted after this date will not be entertained.

=== Important Participation Guidelines ===

* Minimum article size: '''3000 bytes and 300 words''' (final decision may be set by local organisers).
* If your country is not listed on the Article list generator tool, please contact us.

=== Community Engagement ===

* Keep your community active and motivated throughout the campaign.
* Share your achievements and notable articles with us so we can highlight them globally.
* In the support form, please indicate if you would like a '''quick coordination call after the campaign'''.
Let’s make '''Feminism and Folklore''', under the banner of '''#WeTogether''', help bridge the '''gender gap''' and '''folklore gap''' on Wikipedia worldwide. 🌍✊

Thank you for your collaboration!

''If someone from your community organisers or jury has missed this message feel free to share this message with them.''

Feminism and Folklore International Team.

–[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 05:17, 16 February 2026 (GMT)
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== Translation request ==

Hello, DaSupremo.

Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Bazardüzü]] and [[:en:Campi Flegrei]] in Ghanaian Pidgin Wikipedia? 

Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 07:39, 15 March 2026 (GMT)

:Hello @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]]. Noted [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 13:22, 15 March 2026 (GMT)
::Hello, DaSupremo.
::Thank you very much for the new article.
::Yours sincerely, [[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] ([[User talk:Kurcke|talk]]) 16:43, 9 April 2026 (GMT)
:::Welcome @[[User:Kurcke|Kurcke]] [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:47, 9 April 2026 (GMT)

== Next Steps and Feedback meeting for Feminism and Folklore Organizers ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge; padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|center|550px|frameless]]

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;padding: 1em 2em;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

Dear Organizer,

I hope this message finds you well.

First and foremost, on behalf of the International Team I want to extend my gratitude to you for your efforts in organizing the '''Feminism and Folklore 2026''' campaign on your local Wikipedia. Your contribution has been instrumental in bridging the gender and folk gap on Wikipedia, and we truly appreciate your dedication to this important cause.

As the campaign has ended I wanted to inform you about the next steps. It's time to commence the jury process using the CampWiz or Fountain tool where your campaign was hosted. Please ensure that you update the details of the jury, campaign links and the names of organizers accurately on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|sign-up page]].

Once the jury process is completed, kindly update only the top 3 winners details on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Results|results page]] accordingly. The deadline for jury submission of results is '''April 30, 2026'''. However, if you find that the number of articles is high and you require more time, please don't hesitate to inform us via email or on campaign Meta Wiki talk page. We are more than willing to approve an extension if needed.

Should you encounter any issues with the tools, please feel free to reach out to us on Telegram for assistance. 

Your feedback and progress updates are crucial for us to improve the campaign and better understand your community's insights. Therefore, we kindly ask you to spare just an hour to collectively share your progress and achievements with us during our '''[[:m:Event:Feminism and Folklore 2026 Post-Campaign Office Hour|community feedback session]]'''. Your input will greatly assist us in making the campaign more meaningful and impactful.

Thank you once again for your hard work and dedication to the Feminism and Folklore campaign. Your efforts are deeply appreciated, and we look forward to hearing from you soon.

Warm regards,

[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]]

on behalf of Feminism and Folklore International Team 

&lt;nowiki&gt;#WeTogether&lt;/nowiki&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
--[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 11:57, 11 April 2026 (GMT)
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== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 April 2026 (GMT) &lt;/div&gt;
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== Ghanaian Pidgin ==

Hello. I'm looking for Ghanaian Pidgin translation of descriptions of a few items for Wikidata. Would you help? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 19:45, 7 May 2026 (GMT)

:Sure [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 20:07, 7 May 2026 (GMT)
:: I'm looking for:
: &quot;studio album by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;compilation album by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;song by Käärijä den Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;single by Käärijä den Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;promotional single by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;music video by Basshunter&quot;
: &quot;lyric video by Basshunter&quot;
:: [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 20:17, 7 May 2026 (GMT)
:::@[[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] Done [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 16:25, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::: So they are almost like English with the only difference of &quot;den&quot;? [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 18:00, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::::Ghanaian Pidgin is more of English with a bit of local Ghanaian languages [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] ([[User talk:DaSupremo|talk]]) 18:50, 8 May 2026 (GMT)
:::::: Good to know. All added. Thanks a lot. [[User:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[User talk:Eurohunter|talk]]) 21:30, 8 May 2026 (GMT)

== Request writing about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) ==

hi DaSupremo Would you like to write about Isabelle de Charriere (Q123386) for the GPE Wikipedia? It'll be appreciated if it 'll be done. [[User:Boss-well63|Boss-well63]] ([[User talk:Boss-well63|talk]]) 18:41, 29 May 2026 (GMT)</text>
      <sha1>qz3pmf0zlt3xny8bbk7ore5juorihnq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>White Nile</title>
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      <id>98885</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:57:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>29</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="16750" sha1="1dmdnld4cr0vy2jblw1gmc412tkkmon" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''White Nile''' (Arabic: النيل الأبيض ''an-nīl al-'abyaḍ'') be river for North den East Africa insyd. E be de less-voluminous, but longer (den wider den shallower), of de two major [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]], de larger being de [[Blue Nile]].&lt;ref name=&quot;handle2012&quot;&gt;{{Citation |last1=Elsanabary |first1=Mohamed Helmy Mahmoud Moustafa |title=Teleconnection, Modeling, Climate Anomalies Impact and Forecasting of Rainfall and Streamflow of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin |year=2012 |location=[[Canada]] |publisher=[[University of Alberta]] |doi=10.7939/R3377641M |hdl=10402/era.28151}}&lt;/ref&gt; De name &quot;White&quot; dey come from de clay [[:en:Sediment|sediment]] wey dem carry for de water insyd dat changes de water to a pale color.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=clay&amp;pg=PA362 |title=The New American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, Volume 12 |date=1867 |page=362 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330124542/https://books.google.com/books?id=foVRAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA362&amp;q=clay |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de strict meaning insyd, &quot;White Nile&quot; dey refer to de river formed at [[:en:Lake_No|Lake No]], at de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de Bahr al Jabal den [[:en:Bahr_el_Ghazal_River|Bahr el Ghazal]] Rivers. For de wider sense insyd, &quot;White Nile&quot; dey refer to all de stretches of river wey e drain from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] thru to de merger plus de Blue Nile: de &quot;Victoria Nile&quot; from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], then de &quot;Albert Nile&quot; to de [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] border, den then de &quot;Mountain Nile&quot; anaa &quot;Bahr-al-Jabal&quot; down to Lake No.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dumont |first1=Henri J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&amp;q=Kyoga&amp;pg=PA345 |title=The Nile: Origin, Environments, Limnology and Human Use |date=2009 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=9781402097263 |pages=344–345 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114516/https://books.google.com/books?id=iF_U1NoknHoC&amp;pg=PA345&amp;q=Kyoga |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;White Nile&quot; may sometimes include de headwaters of Lake Victoria, de most remote of which being 3,700 km (2,300 mi) from de Blue Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc-clio&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Penn |first1=James R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&amp;q=Luvironza&amp;pg=PA299 |title=Rivers of the World: A Social, Geographical, and Environmental Sourcebook |date=2001 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9781576070420 |page=299 |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330114518/https://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&amp;pg=PA299&amp;q=Luvironza |archive-date=30 March 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:White and Blue Nile-en.svg|thumb|A map wey dey show de White Nile den de [[:en:Blue_Nile|Blue Nile]] for East Africa insyd.]]

== Course ==

=== Headwaters ===
[[File:RusumoFalls2.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]]]]De [[:en:Kagera_River|Kagera River]], wey dey flow into Lake Victoria near deTanzanian town of [[:en:Bukoba|Bukoba]], be de longest feeder river give Lake Victoria, although sources no gree for wey e be de longest tributary of de Kagera top, den hence de most distant source of de [[:en:Nile|Nile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=McLeay|first=cam|date=2 July 2006|title=The truth about the source of R. Nile|work=[[New Vision]]|url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409215243/http://www.newvision.co.ug/PA/8/459/507212|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem fi consider de source of de Nile to be either de[[:en:Ruvyironza_River|Ruvyironza]], wey dey emerge for de [[:en:Bururi_Province|Bururi Province]], Burundi insyd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Nile River |url=http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110025022/http://www.egyptattraction.com/nile-river-egypt.html |archive-date=10 January 2007 |access-date=5 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; (near Bukirasaz), anaa de [[:en:Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]], wey dey flow from [[:en:Nyungwe_Forest|Nyungwe Forest]] for Rwanda insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=BBC News|date=31 March 2006|title=Team reaches Nile's 'true source'|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|access-date=4 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601132100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/4864782.stm|archive-date=1 June 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem two feeder rivers dey meet near [[:en:Rusumo_Falls|Rusumo Falls]] for de border between Rwanda den Tanzania top. Dem know dem [[:en:Waterfall|waterfalls]] give an event for 28–29 April 1994 top, when 250,000 Rwandans cross de bridge at Rusumo Falls into [[:en:Ngara|Ngara]], Tanzania, for 24 hours insyd, for wat de [[:en:United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees|United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] bell &quot;de largest den fastest refugee exodus for modern times insyd&quot;. De Kagera dey form part of de Rwanda–Tanzania den Tanzania–Uganda borders before e flow into Lake Victoria.  

==== For Uganda insyd ====
[[File:Flipping raft in Bujagali falls, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Rafters wey dey flip for [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] insyd near de mouth of deVictoria Nile]]De White Nile for Uganda insyd dey go under de name of &quot;Victoria Nile&quot; from Lake Victoria via [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] to Lake Albert, den then as de &quot;Albert Nile&quot; from der to de border plus South Sudan.

==== Victoria Nile ====
[[File:Victoria Nile River, Uganda (15235696844).jpg|thumb|Victoria Nile, Uganda]]De Victoria Nile dey start at de outlet of Lake Victoria, at [[:en:Jinja,_Uganda|Jinja, Uganda]], for de northern shore of de lake top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishery&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=vanden Bossche |first1=J.-P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA291 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Issue 18, Volume 1 |last2=Bernacsek |first2=G. M. |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]], United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=92-5-102983-0 |page=291 |access-date=4 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Downstream from de [[:en:Nalubaale_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Nalubaale Power Station]] den de [[:en:Kiira_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Kiira Power Station]] at de outlet of de lake, de river dey go ova [[:en:Bujagali_Falls|Bujagali Falls]] (de location of de [[:en:Bujagali_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Bujagali Power Station]]) about 15 km (9.3 mi) downstream from Jinja. De river then dey flow northwest thru Uganda to Lake Kyoga for de centre of de country insyd, thence west to Lake Albert.  

At [[:en:Karuma_Falls|Karuma Falls]], de river dey flow under Karuma Bridge ({{coord|2|14|45.40|N|32|15|9.05|E|type:landmark}}) at de southeastern corner of [[:en:Murchison_Falls_National_Park|Murchison Falls National Park]]. During much of de insurgency of de [[:en:Lord's_Resistance_Army|Lord's Resistance Army]], Karuma Bridge, dem build am for 1963 insyd to help de cotton industry, be de key stop for de way to [[:en:Gulu|Gulu]] top, wey vehicles gather for convoys insyd before dem provide am plus a military escort give de final run north. For 2009 insyd, de government of Uganda announce plans to construct a 750-megawatt hydropower project several kilometres north of de bridge, wey dem schedule give completion for 2016 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Holland |first=Hereward |date=8 May 2009 |title=Uganda To Increase Capacity of Electricity Project |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012623/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/08/uganda-energy-idAFL8103159920090508 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |work=[[Reuters]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[:en:World_Bank|World Bank]] approve funding a smaller 200-megawatt power plant, but Uganda opt give a larger project, wey de Ugandans go fund internally if necessary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Wacha |first=Joe |date=29 October 2011 |title=Uganda Oil Money to Finance Karuma Power Project |url=http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419041625/http://www.ugandaradionetwork.com/a/story.php?s=37967 |archive-date=19 April 2014 |access-date=18 April 2014 |publisher=Uganda Radio Network Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Just before e enter Lake Albert, dem compress de river into a passage just seven meters wide at [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]], wey dey mark ein entry into de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|western branch]] of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De river then dey flow into Lake Albert opposite de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]] for de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] insyd.      

De stretch of river from Lake Kyoga to Lake Albert, dem dey sometimes bell am de &quot;Kyoga Nile&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of International Law: Official Organ of the Indian Society of International Law |date=1980 |publisher=M.K. Nawaz |page=398 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152340/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UoEvAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Albert Nile ====
[[File:A track and pedestrians cross the Albert Nile bridge in Northern Uganda.jpg|thumb|Bridge for Albert Nile top]]Dem bell de river wey dey drain from Lake Albert to de north de &quot;Albert Nile&quot;. E dey separate de [[:en:West_Nile_sub-region|West Nile sub-region]] of Uganda from de rest of de country. A bridge dey pass ova de Albert Nile near ein inlet for [[:en:Nebbi_District|Nebbi District]] insyd, but dem build no oda bridge ova dis section. A ferry dey connect de roads between [[:en:Adjumani|Adjumani]] den [[:en:Moyo_Town|Moyo]], den navigation of de river be otherwise dan by small boat anaa canoe.   

==== For South Sudan den Sudan ====
[[File:Zusammenfluss der Nile.JPG|thumb|Confluence of Blue den White Nile near Khartoum]]From de point wey de river dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]] from Uganda, de river dey go under de name of &quot;Mountain Nile&quot;. From Lake No for South Sudan insyd, de river dey becam de &quot;White Nile&quot; for ein strictest sense insyd, den so dey continue northwards into [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] wey e end at ein confluence plus de Blue Nile. 

==== Mountain Nile ====
[[File:White Nile River (30741802592).jpg|thumb|De white Nile Uganda]]From [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] for South Sudan insyd, close to de border plus Uganda, de river dey becam known as de &quot;Mountain Nile&quot; anaa &quot;Baḥr al-Jabal&quot; (sanso &quot;Baḥr el-Jebel&quot;, {{lang|ar|بحر الجبل}}), literally &quot;Mountain River&quot; anaa &quot;River of de Mountain&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The [[:en:Arabic|Arabic]] word ''baḥr'' (بحر) can refer to either a sea or a large river&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EB&quot;&gt;[[:en:William_Edmund_Garstin|Garstin, William Edmund]]; Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Nile|&quot;Nile&quot;]]&amp;#x20;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol.&amp;#x20;19 (11th&amp;#x20;ed.). pp.&amp;#x20;692–699.&lt;/ref&gt; De Southern Sudanese state of [[:en:Central_Equatoria|Central Equatoria]] thru wey de river dey flow dem know am as ''Bahr al-Jabal'' until 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 April 2006 |title=Southern Sudan Bahr al-Jabal State changes name |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004191445/http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article15073 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=4 October 2017 |website=[[Sudan Tribune]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De southern stretch of de river dey encounter several rapids before e reach de Sudan plain den de vast swamp of de [[:en:Sudd|Sudd]]. E dey make ein way to Lake No, wey e dey merge plus de Bahr el Ghazal den der dey form de White Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Parsons |first1=Ellen C. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281 |title=Christus Liberator: An Outline Study of Africa |date=1905 |publisher=Macmillan Company |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.157281/page/n20 7] |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=The Source of the Nile: Rwenzori Mountains National Park |date=16 June 2010 |url=http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |access-date=2020-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803182239/http://www.unesco.org/archives/multimedia/document-1472 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |url-status=live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; An anabranch river wey dem bell Bahr el Zeraf dey flow out of de Bahr al-Jabal at den dey flow thru de Sudd, to eventually join de White Nile. De Mountain Nile dey cascade thru narrow gorges den ova a series of rapids dat dey include de [[:en:Fula_Rapids|Fula (Fola) Rapids]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nile River (Mountain) {{!}} Waterbodies.org |url=http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021185241/http://www.waterbodies.org/waterbody/nile-river-mountain |archive-date=21 October 2020 |access-date=2020-08-20 |website=www.waterbodies.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Whiteandblueniles.jpg|thumb|De White den Blue Niles dey merge at [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]], de capital of [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]].]]

==== White Nile proper ====
To sam pippoe, de White Nile dey start at de confluence of de Mountain Nile plus de Bahr el Ghazal at Lake No.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parsons&quot; /&gt;

De 120 kilometers of White Nile dat dey flow east from Lake No to de mouth of de [[:en:Sobat_River|Sobat]] dey very gently sloping den hold many swamps den lagoons.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shahin&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Shahin |first1=Mamdouh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |title=Hydrology of the Nile Basin |date=1985 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=9780444424334 |page=40 |language=en |access-date=5 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005152213/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FhRHvYmTPqQC |archive-date=5 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wen for flood insyd, de Sobat River tributary dey carry a large amount of [[:en:Sediment|sediment]], wey e add greatly to de White Nile ein pale color.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sobat River |url=http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-9068426 |access-date=21 January 2008 |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |edition=Online Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; From South Sudan ein second city [[:en:Malakal|Malakal]], de river dey run slowly but swamp-free into Sudan den north to Khartoum. Downstream from Malakal dey lie [[:en:Kodok|Kodok]], de site of de 1898 [[:en:Fashoda_Incident|Fashoda Incident]] dat mark an end to de [[:en:Scramble_for_Africa|Scramble for Africa.]]

For Sudan insyd, de river dey lend ein name to de Sudanese state of [[:en:White_Nile_(state)|White Nile]], before e merge plus de larger Blue Nile at Khartoum den dey form de River Nile.   

== Inland waterways ==
De White Nile be navigable [[:en:Waterway|waterway]] from de Lake Albert to [[:en:Khartoum|Khartoum]] thru [[:en:Jebel_Aulia_Dam|Jebel Aulia Dam]], only between [[:en:Juba|Juba]] den Uganda dey require de river upgrade anaa channel to make am navigable.

During part of de year, de rivers dey navigable up to [[:en:Gambela_(city)|Gambela, Ethiopia]], den [[:en:Wau,_South_Sudan|Wau, South Sudan]].

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124034329/http://atlas.nilebasin.org/treatise/inland-waterway-transport/ Nile inland Waterways]
* [https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+South+Sudan+Waterways+Assessment South Sudan Waterway Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609034353/https://dlca.logcluster.org/display/public/DLCA/2.5+South+Sudan+Waterways+Assessment |date=9 June 2022 }}
* [https://content.unops.org/publications/South-Sudan-River-Barge-System-Feasibility-Report-2018.pdf?mtime=20180309110200 Feasibility study river barge system] (Cranes on trucks/loader cranes and [[pallet]]s can increase efficiency)
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:White Nile| ]]
[[Category:Nile]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]]
[[Category:Rivers of South Sudan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uganda]]
[[Category:Lake Albert (Africa)]]
[[Category:Lake Victoria]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
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    <title>White Volta</title>
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De '''White Volta''' anaa '''Nakambé''' (French: ''Volta blanche'') be de headstream of de Volta River, [[Ghana]] ein main waterway.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amisigo&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Amisigo |first=Barnabas Akurigo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBXya_-FfJAC&amp;q=nakanbe+volta&amp;pg=PA27 |title=Modelling Riverflow in the Volta Basin of West Africa: A Data-driven Framework |date=2005 |publisher=Cuvilier |isbn=9783865377012 |page=27 |access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; De White Volta dey emerge insyd northern [[Burkina Faso]], den dey flow thru Northern Ghana den dey empty into [[Lake Volta]] insyd Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt; De White Volta ein main tributaries be de Black Volta den de Red Volta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot; /&gt;

== Impact ==
De White Volta be a major source of drinking water give chaw communities along ein banks den further away from de water channel. E sanso dey cause seasonal flooding to chaw of de communities along ein banks.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Volta River</title>
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De '''Volta River''' (Akan: ''Asuo Firaw'', Ewe: ''Amuga'', French: ''Fleuve Volta'') be de main river system insyd de [[West Africa|West African]] country of [[Ghana]]. E dey flow south into Ghana from de Bobo-Dioulasso highlands of [[Burkina Faso]]. 

De three main parts of de river be de Black Volta, de White Volta, den de Red Volta. Insyd de northwest, de Black Volta dey form de international borders of de [[Ivory Coast]], Ghana, den Burkina Faso. De Volta dey flow southward along de Akwapim-Togoland highlands, den dey empty into de Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of Guinea at Ada Foah. One of ein smaller tributaries, de Oti River, dey enter Ghana from [[Togo]] insyd de east. Dem dam de Volta River at Akosombo for generating hydroelectricity. Dem name de reservoir [[Lake Volta]] dey stretch from [[Akosombo Dam]] insyd de south to de northern part of de country, wey e be de largest man-made reservoir by area insyd de world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=7 April 2002 |title=Lake Volta, Ghana |url=https://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=58197 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Visible Earth |publisher=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na de country of [[Burkina Faso]] formerly be called Upper Volta, after de river.
[[File:Ada,_Volta_River.jpg|thumb|Ada, Volta River]]

== De reservoir ==
Lake Volta be a reservoir wey de [[Akosombo Dam]] impound on de lower Volta River insyd southern Ghana. E be one of de largest reservoirs insyd de world. E dey extend from de Akosombo Dam insyd southeastern Ghana to de town of Yapei insyd de Central Gonja District, [[Northern Region (Ghana)|Northern Region of Ghana]], sam 400 kilometres (250 mi) to de north.

De dam ein [[Power station|power plant]] dey generate electricity give tde [[Volta River Authority]], wey de reservoir sanso dey provide water transport routes. E be a resource give irrigation den fish farming.

De depth of de river be about 45 feet (14 m) below Lake Volta. De Adome Bridge dey cross de Volta River just below de Akosombo Dam.

== History ==
De Akwamu people wey once build a kingdom on both de east den west banks of de river wey dey span present day [[Ghana]], [[Togo]] den [[Benin]] bell am '''Firaw'''. Dem get a deity dem dedicate to de river dem name ''Mfodwo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wissing |first=Kirsty |date=November 2019 |title=Assistance and resistance of (hydro-)power: Contested relationships of control over the Volta River, Ghana |journal=Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space |volume=37 |issue=7 |pages=1167, 1169 |doi=10.1177/0263774x18807482}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Portuguese gold traders insyd Ghana name de Volta River. Na e be dema furthest extent of exploration before dem return (''volta'' be Portuguese give &quot;twist&quot; anaa &quot;turn&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Volta - etymology&quot; /&gt; Na e be known as de ''&quot;River of return&quot;'' (perhaps secof na e be wer ships turn around den head for home) anaa &quot;river of de bend&quot;, in reference to ein curved course.&lt;ref name=&quot;Volta - etymology&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=volta {{!}} Search Online Etymology Dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=Volta |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=www.etymonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakewell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Wilks |first=Ivor |title=Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas |date=1997 |publisher=Variorum, Ashgate Publishing Limited |editor-last=Bakewell |editor-first=Peter |location=Aldershot |page=15 |chapter=Wangara, Akan, and Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sanso spy ==

* [[Akosombo Dam|Impacts of the Akosombo Hydroelectric Project]] — environmental and human health issues from the Akosombo Dam and Lake Volta.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Volta River| ]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Gulf of Guinea]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ivory Coast]]</text>
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    <title>Oti River</title>
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De '''Oti River''' anaa '''Pendjari River''' (French: ''Rivière Pendjari'') be an international river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey rise insyd [[Benin]], dey form de border between Benin den [[Burkina Faso]], dey flow thru [[Togo]], den dey join de Volta River insyd [[Ghana]].

== Geography ==
De Oti River be about 520 km (323 mi) long. Ein headwaters be insyd Benin den Burkina Faso, e dey flow thru Benin den Togo den dey join de Volta River insyd Ghana. Tributaries on de left bank insyd Togo dey originate from de Togo Mountains to de south. One of ein eastern tributaries be de Kara River, de confluence be on de Ghana–Togo border, wer anoda tributary, de Koumongou River, dey join from de south. Na de mouth of de Oti formerly be on de Volta River, buh e now dey flow into [[Lake Volta]] reservoir insyd Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Philip's |title=Atlas of the World |publisher=Reed International |year=1994 |isbn=0-540-05831-9 |page=101}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river dey cross de northern part of Togo insyd a savannah-clad valley sam 40 anaa 50 km (25 anaa 31 mi) wide. Along de margins of de river be gallery forest wich dey flood periodically. De dry season hie dey last from about November til April, wey de hot dry Harmattan wind dey blow from de north. At dis time of de year de river ein flow be minimal. Both de Oti den de Koumongou get floodplains, sam 10 den 4 km (6.2 den 2.5 mi) wide, respectively. Dese dey flood extensively during de wet season, buh during de dry season dem cam be dry, dusty plains, plus de occasional pond anaa lake insyd a depression. Cattle dey graze on de floodplains during de dry season. Der sanso be sam small-scale growing of crops, den de hunting of game dey take place der.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes, R.H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA443 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== International borders ===
De river dey form part of de international borders between [[Ghana]], [[Burkina Faso]], [[Togo]], den [[Benin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rivers and Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2017-08-17 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Parks ===
De Oti River dey flow thru Pendjari National Park insyd Benin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Parc National de la Pendjari |url=http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714032607/http://www.pendjari.net/en/ |archive-date=14 July 2017 |access-date=21 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; den de Oti-Kéran National Park insyd Togo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes, R.H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA443 |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |pages=443–447}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Volta River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Benin]]
[[Category:Rivers of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:Rivers of Togo]]
[[Category:Lake Volta]]
[[Category:Benin–Burkina Faso border]]
[[Category:Benin–Togo border]]
[[Category:Burkina Faso–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ghana–Togo border]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Benin]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]</text>
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De '''Atbarah River''' (Arabic: نهر عطبرة; [[:en:Arabic_transliteration|transliterated]]: Nahr 'Atbarah), dem sanso refer am as de '''Red Nile''' den / anaa '''Black Nile''', be river for northeast [[:en:Africa|Africa]] insyd. E dey rise for northwest [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, approximately 50&amp;nbsp;km north of [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] den 30&amp;nbsp;km west of [[:en:Gondar|Gondar]]. E then dey flow about 805&amp;nbsp;km (500&amp;nbsp;mi) to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]] for north-central [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, wey e join am at de city of [[:en:Atbarah|Atbarah]] ({{coord|17.677|N|33.970|E|}}). De river ein [[:en:Tributary|tributary]], de [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé (Setit) River]], perhaps be de true upper course of de Atbarah, as de Tekezé dey follow de longer course prior to de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de two rivers (at 14° 10' N, 36° E) for northeastern Sudan insyd. De Atbarah ne de last tributary of de Nile before e dey reach de [[:en:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]].

For much of de year, e be little more dan a stream. Howeva, during de rainy season (generally July to October), de Atbarah dey rise sam 18&amp;#x20;ft (5 m) above ein normal level. At dis time, e dey form a formidable barrier between de northern den central districts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] of Ethiopia. Besides de Tekezé, oda important tributaries of de Atbarah dey include de [[:en:Shinfa_River|Shinfa River]] wey dey rise west of Lake Tana, den de [[:en:Greater_Angereb_River|Greater Angereb]] wey get ein source north of de city of [[:en:Gondar|Gondar]].

== History ==
De earliest surviving mention of de Atbarah be by [[:en:Strabo|Strabo]] (16.4.8), wey bell de river ''Astaboras'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Ασταβόρας).&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot;&gt;Claude Rilly, Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique, Peeters, Louvain 2010, p. 179&lt;/ref&gt; Oda ancient authors wey dey mention de name dey include [[:en:Agatharchides|Agatharchides]], wey bell am ''Astabaras'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Ασταβάρας),&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; den [[:en:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] ([[:en:Geography_(Ptolemy)|Geography]] 4.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 7 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/4/7*.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] den odas argue say dem go fi understand de name as &quot;River of de Boras people&quot;, wey dem fi relate ''asta'' to Proto-[[:en:Nubian_languages|Nubian]] ''asti'' &quot;water&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; while dem fi link ''-boras'' to a number of Roman allusions to a tribe wey dem bell am de Bora (Bera), wey live near [[:en:Meroe|Meroe]],&lt;ref&gt;Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; den anoda tribe wey dem name'em ''Megabares'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Μεγάβαροι for Eratosthenes den Strabo insyd, [[:en:Latin_language|Latin]]: ''Megabarri'' for [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny de Elder]] insyd).&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny]] [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|de Elder]] dey provide a slightly different etymology of Astaboras, wey e state say &quot;for de language of de local pippoe insyd&quot; de name dey mean &quot;water wey dey cam from de shades below&quot; (''[[:en:Natural_History_(Pliny)|N.H.]]'' 5.10).  

For April 1898 insyd, dem fight a major [[:en:Battle_of_Atbara|battle]] beside de river during de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_invasion_of_Sudan_1896–1899|Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899]] between [[:en:Mahdist_Sudan|Mahdist]] forces den an Anglo-Egyptian Army under de command of [[:en:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], wey result for de destruction of de 20,000-strong Mahdist detachment insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Winston Churchill |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The River War Volume 1 |date=1899 |publisher=Longmans |page=416 Chapter XIII}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:River War 1-13 Atbara Campaign.jpg|thumb|Atbara river campaign]]For 1964 insyd, de [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] dam de river near [[:en:Kassala|Kassala]] for Sudan insyd to provide irrigation to de newly built town of Halfa Dughaym insyd an otherwise fairly den region den to resettle de Sudanese population driven away by de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] (Sad al-Aali) for Egypt insyd, wey flood 500&amp;#x20;km of de Nile Valley for southern Egypt den northern Sudan insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hurni |first1=Hans |last2=Tato |first2=Kebede |last3=Zeleke |first3=Gete |date=May 2005 |title=The Implications of Changes in Population, Land Use, and Land Management for Surface Runoff in the Upper Nile Basin Area of Ethiopia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0147:tiocip]2.0.co;2 |issn=0276-4741 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Construction for a $1.9 billion twin dam project about 20&amp;#x20;km upstream from de confluence of de Upper Atbara den Setit rivers, de [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Rumela]] [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|den Burdana dams]], wey begin for 2011 insyd den Presido [[:en:Omar_al-Bashir|Omar al-Bashir]] inaugurate am for February 2017 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hydrology ==
Average monthly flow (1912&amp;#x2013;1982) of de Atbarah wey dem measure approximately 25&amp;#x20;km upstream of ein mouth, dem measure am for m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s insyd:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2000-02-26 |title=Nile - Kilo 3 |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1664100.html |publisher=University of New Hampshire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;timeline&gt;
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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ethiopia.html Maps of Ethiopia] - Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, [[:en:University_of_Texas_at_Austin|University of Texas]]</text>
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De '''Atbarah River''' (Arabic: نهر عطبرة; [[:en:Arabic_transliteration|transliterated]]: Nahr 'Atbarah), dem sanso refer am as de '''Red Nile''' den / anaa '''Black Nile''', be river for northeast [[:en:Africa|Africa]] insyd. E dey rise for northwest [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, approximately 50&amp;nbsp;km north of [[:en:Lake_Tana|Lake Tana]] den 30&amp;nbsp;km west of [[:en:Gondar|Gondar]]. E then dey flow about 805&amp;nbsp;km (500&amp;nbsp;mi) to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]] for north-central [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] insyd, wey e join am at de city of [[:en:Atbarah|Atbarah]] ({{coord|17.677|N|33.970|E|}}). De river ein [[:en:Tributary|tributary]], de [[:en:Tekezé_River|Tekezé (Setit) River]], perhaps be de true upper course of de Atbarah, as de Tekezé dey follow de longer course prior to de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] of de two rivers (at 14° 10' N, 36° E) for northeastern Sudan insyd. De Atbarah ne de last tributary of de Nile before e dey reach de [[:en:Mediterranean|Mediterranean]].

For much of de year, e be little more dan a stream. Howeva, during de rainy season (generally July to October), de Atbarah dey rise sam 18&amp;#x20;ft (5 m) above ein normal level. At dis time, e dey form a formidable barrier between de northern den central districts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara Region]] of Ethiopia. Besides de Tekezé, oda important tributaries of de Atbarah dey include de [[:en:Shinfa_River|Shinfa River]] wey dey rise west of Lake Tana, den de [[:en:Greater_Angereb_River|Greater Angereb]] wey get ein source north of de city of [[:en:Gondar|Gondar]].

== History ==
De earliest surviving mention of de Atbarah be by [[:en:Strabo|Strabo]] (16.4.8), wey bell de river ''Astaboras'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Ασταβόρας).&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot;&gt;Claude Rilly, Le méroïtique et sa famille linguistique, Peeters, Louvain 2010, p. 179&lt;/ref&gt; Oda ancient authors wey dey mention de name dey include [[:en:Agatharchides|Agatharchides]], wey bell am ''Astabaras'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Ασταβάρας),&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; den [[:en:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] ([[:en:Geography_(Ptolemy)|Geography]] 4.7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography — Book IV, Chapter 7 |url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/4/7*.html |access-date=2013-12-10 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[:en:Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)|Richard Pankhurst]] den odas argue say dem go fi understand de name as &quot;River of de Boras people&quot;, wey dem fi relate ''asta'' to Proto-[[:en:Nubian_languages|Nubian]] ''asti'' &quot;water&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; while dem fi link ''-boras'' to a number of Roman allusions to a tribe wey dem bell am de Bora (Bera), wey live near [[:en:Meroe|Meroe]],&lt;ref&gt;Richard Pankhurst, ''The Ethiopian Borderlands'' (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 27&lt;/ref&gt; den anoda tribe wey dem name'em ''Megabares'' ([[:en:Greek_language|Greek]]: Μεγάβαροι for Eratosthenes den Strabo insyd, [[:en:Latin_language|Latin]]: ''Megabarri'' for [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny de Elder]] insyd).&lt;ref name=&quot;rilly&quot; /&gt; [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny]] [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|de Elder]] dey provide a slightly different etymology of Astaboras, wey e state say &quot;for de language of de local pippoe insyd&quot; de name dey mean &quot;water wey dey cam from de shades below&quot; (''[[:en:Natural_History_(Pliny)|N.H.]]'' 5.10).  

For April 1898 insyd, dem fight a major [[:en:Battle_of_Atbara|battle]] beside de river during de [[:en:Anglo-Egyptian_invasion_of_Sudan_1896–1899|Anglo-Egyptian invasion of Sudan 1896–1899]] between [[:en:Mahdist_Sudan|Mahdist]] forces den an Anglo-Egyptian Army under de command of [[:en:Horatio_Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], wey result for de destruction of de 20,000-strong Mahdist detachment insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Winston Churchill |author-link=Winston Churchill |title=The River War Volume 1 |date=1899 |publisher=Longmans |page=416 Chapter XIII}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:River War 1-13 Atbara Campaign.jpg|thumb|Atbara river campaign]]For 1964 insyd, de [[:en:Khashm_el-Girba_Dam|Khashm el-Girba Dam]] dam de river near [[:en:Kassala|Kassala]] for Sudan insyd to provide irrigation to de newly built town of Halfa Dughaym insyd an otherwise fairly den region den to resettle de Sudanese population driven away by de [[:en:Aswan_High_Dam|Aswan High Dam]] (Sad al-Aali) for Egypt insyd, wey flood 500&amp;#x20;km of de Nile Valley for southern Egypt den northern Sudan insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hurni |first1=Hans |last2=Tato |first2=Kebede |last3=Zeleke |first3=Gete |date=May 2005 |title=The Implications of Changes in Population, Land Use, and Land Management for Surface Runoff in the Upper Nile Basin Area of Ethiopia |journal=Mountain Research and Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=147–154 |doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2005)025[0147:tiocip]2.0.co;2 |issn=0276-4741 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Construction for a $1.9 billion twin dam project about 20&amp;#x20;km upstream from de confluence of de Upper Atbara den Setit rivers, de [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|Rumela]] [[:en:Upper_Atbara_and_Setit_Dam_Complex|den Burdana dams]], wey begin for 2011 insyd den Presido [[:en:Omar_al-Bashir|Omar al-Bashir]] inaugurate am for February 2017 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Gregory B. Poindexter |date=2 February 2017 |title=Sudan inaugurates US$1.9 billion Upper Atbara and Setit Dam hydropower project |url=https://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2017/02/sudan-inaugurates-us-1-9-billion-upper-atbara-and-setit-dam-hydropower-project.html |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=HydroWorld}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hydrology ==
Average monthly flow (1912&amp;#x2013;1982) of de Atbarah wey dem measure approximately 25&amp;#x20;km upstream of ein mouth, dem measure am for m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s insyd:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2000-02-26 |title=Nile - Kilo 3 |url=http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P1664100.html |publisher=University of New Hampshire}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;timeline&gt;
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== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ethiopia.html Maps of Ethiopia] - Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, University of Texas
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Atbarah River| ]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Rivers of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sudan]]
[[Category:Nile basin]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Nile]]
[[Category:Articles wich dey contain graphical timelines]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Benue River</title>
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'''Benue River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''la Bénoué''), previously dem know am as de '''Chadda River''' anaa '''Tchadda''', be de major [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] den sanso be de second-longest river for Nigeria insyd. De size of ein [[:en:Catchment_basin|catchment basin]] be 319,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (123,000 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Almost ein entire length of [[:en:Approximation|approximately]] 1,400 km (870 mi) dey navigable during de summer [[:en:Month|months]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Babangida&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Babangida|first=Abdulkareem Mojeed, Mohammed|date=December 16, 2022|title=SPECIAL REPORT: How poor infrastructure worsened flood disasters in states across Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/570687-special-report-how-poor-infrastructure-worsened-flood-disasters-in-states-across-nigeria.html|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, e be an important [[:en:Transportation|transportation]] route for de [[:en:Region|regions]] insyd thru wey e dey flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Benue River |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/benue-river.html |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De name ''[[:en:Benue_State|Benue]]'' dey come from ''bernor,'' wey dey mean 'river anaa lake of hippos’ for de [[:en:Tiv_language|Tiv]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Benue Wikipedia |first=Martin Zachary |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29268/1/10731363.pdf |title=THE RISE AND FALL OF FULANI RULE IN ADAMAWA 1809 - 1901 |publisher=University of London |year=1969 |pages=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Benue SE Yola.jpg|thumb|De River Benue dey look south east from [[:en:Jimeta|Jimeta]].]]
[[File:Benuerivermap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show de Benue River drainage basin.]]

== Geography ==
De Benue dey rise for de [[:en:Adamawa_Plateau|Adamawa Plateau]] of northern [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] insyd, from wey e dey flow west, den thru de town of [[:en:Garoua|Garoua]] den [[:en:Lagdo_Reservoir|Lagdo Reservoir]], into [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] south of de [[:en:Mandara_mountains|Mandara mountains]], den thru [[:en:Jimeta|Jimeta]], [[:en:Ibi,_Nigeria|Ibi]] den [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]] before e meet de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] at [[:en:Lokoja|Lokoja]].

Large tributaries be de [[:en:Faro_River|Faro]], de [[:en:Gongola_River|Gongola]] den de [[:en:Mayo_Kébbi|Mayo Kébbi]], wey dey connect am plus de [[:en:Logone_River|Logone]] (part of de [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] system) during [[:en:Flood|floods]]. Oda tributaries dey include [[:en:Taraba_River|Taraba]], [[:en:Donga_River|Donga]] den [[:en:River_Katsina_Ala|Katsina Ala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katsina Ala River {{!}} river, western Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At de point of confluence, de Benue dey exceed de Niger by volume. De mean discharge before 1960 be 3,400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (120,000 cu ft/s) give de Benue den 3,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (110,000 cu ft/s) give de Niger.  

== Climate ==
Benue State get a [[:en:Tropical_savanna_climate|tropical savanna climate]]. E be warm every month of de year thrruout both wet den dry seasons. De annual temperature be 34&amp;#x20;°C den der be about 244 inch of rain for a year insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benue weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature |url=https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/benue-4042927/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.besttravelmonths.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De state get an average humidity of 61%, dew point of 25&amp;#x20;°C, an UV-index of 7 den e dey mainly dry give 169 days for a year insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather for Makurdi, Benue, Nigeria |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/makurdi |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Major floods ==
Nigeria ein [[:en:National_Emergency_Management_Agency_(Nigeria)|National Emergency Management Agency]] (NEMA), conduct a “disaster risk management analysis” den advise Ministries, Departments, den Agencies (MDAs) to take proactive steps to mitigate de impact of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]]. De agency advise say water bodies across some states be desilted den [[:en:Dredging|dredged]] regularly to make water available give various purposes. De agency urge relevant institutions to carry out routine monitoring of dams den water bodies to ensure demma operation rule curve give [[:en:Reservoir|reservoirs]] dey adhere to.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nseyen&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nseyen|first=Nsikak|date=September 19, 2022|title=Flooding: NEMA issues warning to Adamawa, Taraba, Benue, others|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/09/19/flooding-nema-issues-warning-to-adamawa-taraba-benue-others/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2022 Flood ====
For September 23, 2022 top, flooding affect all riverine local government areas of Benue, according to de state Commissioner give [[:en:Water_resources|Water Resources]] den Environment, Godwin Oyiwona. De flooding affect [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]], [[:en:Agatu|Agatu]], Logo, Guma, [[:en:Buruku|Buruku]], [[:en:Otukpo|Otukpo]], den [[:en:Gwer_West|Gwer-West]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Flooding hits riverine areas in Benue |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/flooding-hits-riverine-areas-in-benue/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De government work to mitigate flooding effects den release funds give dey clean de Idye Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Flooding hits riverine areas in Benue |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/flooding-hits-riverine-areas-in-benue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For October 2022 insyd, farmers for [[:en:Adamawa_State|Adamawa State]] insyd struggle to clear off remnants of crops wey de flooding destroy am. De disaster disrupt many communities across [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] [[:en:Nigeria|ein]] 36 states, plus hundreds of villages den urban centers wey submerge for water insyd. De [[:en:Disaster|disaster]] unsettle ova 2.4 million people den dem record ova 600 fatalities. Additionally, &quot;expansive hectares of farmlands across affected states were swept off.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Babangida&quot; /&gt;

De worst hit be mostly residents of [[:en:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] communities near major tributaries for seven of de 21 local government areas insyd for de state insyd. Within three months, 12 [[:en:Local_government_area|Local Government Areas]] (LGAs) submerge, wey e affect 82,730 residents, 13,788 households, 51 pippoe injured, den 27 deaths. Farmlands worth [[:en:Billion|billions]] of [[:en:Nigerian_naira|naira]] destroy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thecjid.org/special-report-women-children-suffer-as-floods-submerge-adamawa-communities/ &quot;SPECIAL REPORT: Women, Children Suffer As Floods Submerge Adamawa Communities&quot;]. ''thecjid.org''. Retrieved 29-05-2026&lt;/ref&gt;

==== January 2020 ====
Presido [[:en:Muhammadu_Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari]] inaugurate a 3.35-km drainage channel project for[[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]], [[:en:Benue_State|Benue]] insyd, to address [[:en:Ecology|ecological]] challenges for de Idye Community insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=January 3, 2020|title=Buhari inaugurates 3.35km drainage in Benue|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-inaugurates-3-35km-drainage-in-benue/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Presido for de [[:en:Fourth_quarter_of_a_calendar_year|fourth quarter]] of 2017insyd approve de project, part of de 17 ecological intervention projects, den dem complete am for 48 weeks insyd. De project aim to address de devastating effects of erosion den flood for de region insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 3, 2020 |title=Buhari Inaugurates 3.35km Drainage In Benue |url=https://theglittersonline.com.ng/buhari-inaugurates-3/ |website=theglittersonline.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria&quot; /&gt;

==== 2017 Flood ====
[[:en:News_Agency_of_Nigeria|News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)]] report say Idye Community dey among de worst-hit areas of de 2017 flood dat displace ova 120,000 persons&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=August 28, 2022|title=Floods ravage Benue villages as Governor Ortom lounges in Europe|url=https://gazettengr.com/floods-ravage-benue-villages-as-governor-ortom-lounges-in-europe/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for de [[:en:Benue_State|Benue]] capital insyd, [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]]. Floods devastate more dan 200 households for [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Report|first=Agency|date=September 14, 2022|title=Floods destroy 200 households in Makurdi|url=https://punchng.com/floods-destroy-200-households-in-makurdi/|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2012 Flood ====
De Benue River flood for October 2012 insyd, wey e result for a large increase insyd for de [[:en:Population_(biology)|population]] of [[:en:Echis_ocellatus|venomous snakes]] insyd for de Duguri [[:en:District|District]] insyd, [[:en:Alkaleri|Alkaleri Local Government Area]], [[:en:Bauchi_State|Bauchi State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/141373-snakes-kill-over-200-people-in-bauchi-council-as-government-takes-no-action.html?tztc=1|title=Snakes kill over 200 people in Bauchi council, as government takes no action|access-date=July 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A July 2013 report indicate say ova 200 pippoe for de [[:en:District|district]] insyd die of [[:en:Snakebite|snakebite]]. De [[:en:Hospital|General Hospital]] for[[:en:Kaltungo|Kaltungo]] insyd, [[:en:Gombe_State|Gombe State]] for Nigeria insyd, be de nearest location give treatment of snakebite; &quot;whoever dey lucky to make am to [[:en:Kaltungo|Kaltungo]], dem treat for only two days insyd den then dem return home.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agbo |first=Catherine |date=July 22, 2013 |title=Nigeria: Snakes Kill 200 in Bauchi |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307220201.html |access-date=May 11, 2014 |work=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=June 22, 2021|title=Bauchi residents groan over snakebites|url=https://guardian.ng/news/bauchi-residents-groan-over-snakebites/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 3, 2023|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|Benoue huts
File:Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|Benoue view from drone
File:Traversée_de_la_Benoué_à_pirogue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Benou%C3%A9_%C3%A0_pirogue.jpg|Dey cross de Benue River from Lagdo plus a Canoe
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Pollution ==
Benue Hike Tourism den [[:en:Conservation_Foundation_(United_Kingdom)|Conservation Foundation]], for an attempt insyd to protect de river from various forms of pollution, inform de [[:en:Benue_State|Benue State Government]] about de irregularities of sam companies for de state insyd give dey empty waste for de river insyd. [[:en:Waste|Waste]] like [[:en:Ethanol|ethanol]], dat fi easily cause damage to human den [[:en:Aquatic_mammal|aquatic]] life, dem dump am into Benue River. Subsequently, de Benue State Government take an immediate attempt to address de issue to prevent further damages give ein citizenry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Orsar|first=Hembadoon|date=April 18, 2023|title=Benue River Pollution: You Have Failed, Ortom Tells 3 Commissioners|url=https://leadership.ng/benue-river-pollution-you-have-failed-ortom-tells-3-commissioners/|access-date=July 6, 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Charles|first=John|date=2023-04-17|title=Ortom orders firm's probe for alleged River Benue pollution|url=https://punchng.com/ortom-orders-firms-probe-for-alleged-river-benue-pollution/|access-date=2023-07-26|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|date=2023-04-17|title=Biotech company accused of polluting River Benue with cassava plant waste|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/04/17/biotech-company-accused-of-polluting-river-benue-with-cassava-plant-waste/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-07-26|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==
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== External links ==</text>
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      <text bytes="13188" sha1="lwt9yt0ll7cr6wxnke1et213sxq4y0s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Benue River''' ([[:en:French_language|French]]: ''la Bénoué''), previously dem know am as de '''Chadda River''' anaa '''Tchadda''', be de major [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] den sanso be de second-longest river for Nigeria insyd. De size of ein [[:en:Catchment_basin|catchment basin]] be 319,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (123,000 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Almost ein entire length of [[:en:Approximation|approximately]] 1,400 km (870 mi) dey navigable during de summer [[:en:Month|months]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Babangida&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Babangida|first=Abdulkareem Mojeed, Mohammed|date=December 16, 2022|title=SPECIAL REPORT: How poor infrastructure worsened flood disasters in states across Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/570687-special-report-how-poor-infrastructure-worsened-flood-disasters-in-states-across-nigeria.html|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, e be an important [[:en:Transportation|transportation]] route for de [[:en:Region|regions]] insyd thru wey e dey flow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Benue River |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/benue-river.html |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De name ''[[:en:Benue_State|Benue]]'' dey come from ''bernor,'' wey dey mean 'river anaa lake of hippos’ for de [[:en:Tiv_language|Tiv]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Benue Wikipedia |first=Martin Zachary |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29268/1/10731363.pdf |title=THE RISE AND FALL OF FULANI RULE IN ADAMAWA 1809 - 1901 |publisher=University of London |year=1969 |pages=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Benue SE Yola.jpg|thumb|De River Benue dey look south east from [[:en:Jimeta|Jimeta]].]]
[[File:Benuerivermap.png|thumb|Map wey dey show de Benue River drainage basin.]]

== Geography ==
De Benue dey rise for de [[:en:Adamawa_Plateau|Adamawa Plateau]] of northern [[:en:Cameroon|Cameroon]] insyd, from wey e dey flow west, den thru de town of [[:en:Garoua|Garoua]] den [[:en:Lagdo_Reservoir|Lagdo Reservoir]], into [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] south of de [[:en:Mandara_mountains|Mandara mountains]], den thru [[:en:Jimeta|Jimeta]], [[:en:Ibi,_Nigeria|Ibi]] den [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]] before e meet de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] at [[:en:Lokoja|Lokoja]].

Large tributaries be de [[:en:Faro_River|Faro]], de [[:en:Gongola_River|Gongola]] den de [[:en:Mayo_Kébbi|Mayo Kébbi]], wey dey connect am plus de [[:en:Logone_River|Logone]] (part of de [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] system) during [[:en:Flood|floods]]. Oda tributaries dey include [[:en:Taraba_River|Taraba]], [[:en:Donga_River|Donga]] den [[:en:River_Katsina_Ala|Katsina Ala]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Katsina Ala River {{!}} river, western Africa {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Katsina-Ala-River |access-date=July 3, 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At de point of confluence, de Benue dey exceed de Niger by volume. De mean discharge before 1960 be 3,400 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (120,000 cu ft/s) give de Benue den 3,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (110,000 cu ft/s) give de Niger.  

== Climate ==
Benue State get a [[:en:Tropical_savanna_climate|tropical savanna climate]]. E be warm every month of de year thrruout both wet den dry seasons. De annual temperature be 34&amp;#x20;°C den der be about 244 inch of rain for a year insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Benue weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature |url=https://www.besttravelmonths.com/nigeria/benue-4042927/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.besttravelmonths.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De state get an average humidity of 61%, dew point of 25&amp;#x20;°C, an UV-index of 7 den e dey mainly dry give 169 days for a year insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Weather for Makurdi, Benue, Nigeria |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/nigeria/makurdi |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.timeanddate.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Major floods ==
Nigeria ein [[:en:National_Emergency_Management_Agency_(Nigeria)|National Emergency Management Agency]] (NEMA), conduct a “disaster risk management analysis” den advise Ministries, Departments, den Agencies (MDAs) to take proactive steps to mitigate de impact of [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]]. De agency advise say water bodies across some states be desilted den [[:en:Dredging|dredged]] regularly to make water available give various purposes. De agency urge relevant institutions to carry out routine monitoring of dams den water bodies to ensure demma operation rule curve give [[:en:Reservoir|reservoirs]] dey adhere to.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nseyen&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nseyen|first=Nsikak|date=September 19, 2022|title=Flooding: NEMA issues warning to Adamawa, Taraba, Benue, others|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/09/19/flooding-nema-issues-warning-to-adamawa-taraba-benue-others/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2022 Flood ====
For September 23, 2022 top, flooding affect all riverine local government areas of Benue, according to de state Commissioner give [[:en:Water_resources|Water Resources]] den Environment, Godwin Oyiwona. De flooding affect [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]], [[:en:Agatu|Agatu]], Logo, Guma, [[:en:Buruku|Buruku]], [[:en:Otukpo|Otukpo]], den [[:en:Gwer_West|Gwer-West]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Simire |first=Michael |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Flooding hits riverine areas in Benue |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/flooding-hits-riverine-areas-in-benue/ |access-date=July 4, 2023 |website=EnviroNews Nigeria |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De government work to mitigate flooding effects den release funds give dey clean de Idye Basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 23, 2022 |title=Flooding hits riverine areas in Benue |url=https://www.environewsnigeria.com/flooding-hits-riverine-areas-in-benue/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For October 2022 insyd, farmers for [[:en:Adamawa_State|Adamawa State]] insyd struggle to clear off remnants of crops wey de flooding destroy am. De disaster disrupt many communities across [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] [[:en:Nigeria|ein]] 36 states, plus hundreds of villages den urban centers wey submerge for water insyd. De [[:en:Disaster|disaster]] unsettle ova 2.4 million people den dem record ova 600 fatalities. Additionally, &quot;expansive hectares of farmlands across affected states were swept off.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Babangida&quot; /&gt;

De worst hit be mostly residents of [[:en:Agrarian_society|agrarian]] communities near major tributaries for seven of de 21 local government areas insyd for de state insyd. Within three months, 12 [[:en:Local_government_area|Local Government Areas]] (LGAs) submerge, wey e affect 82,730 residents, 13,788 households, 51 pippoe injured, den 27 deaths. Farmlands worth [[:en:Billion|billions]] of [[:en:Nigerian_naira|naira]] destroy.&lt;ref&gt;[https://thecjid.org/special-report-women-children-suffer-as-floods-submerge-adamawa-communities/ &quot;SPECIAL REPORT: Women, Children Suffer As Floods Submerge Adamawa Communities&quot;]. ''thecjid.org''. Retrieved 29-05-2026&lt;/ref&gt;

==== January 2020 ====
Presido [[:en:Muhammadu_Buhari|Muhammadu Buhari]] inaugurate a 3.35-km drainage channel project for[[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]], [[:en:Benue_State|Benue]] insyd, to address [[:en:Ecology|ecological]] challenges for de Idye Community insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=January 3, 2020|title=Buhari inaugurates 3.35km drainage in Benue|url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-inaugurates-3-35km-drainage-in-benue/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Presido for de [[:en:Fourth_quarter_of_a_calendar_year|fourth quarter]] of 2017insyd approve de project, part of de 17 ecological intervention projects, den dem complete am for 48 weeks insyd. De project aim to address de devastating effects of erosion den flood for de region insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=January 3, 2020 |title=Buhari Inaugurates 3.35km Drainage In Benue |url=https://theglittersonline.com.ng/buhari-inaugurates-3/ |website=theglittersonline.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria&quot; /&gt;

==== 2017 Flood ====
[[:en:News_Agency_of_Nigeria|News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)]] report say Idye Community dey among de worst-hit areas of de 2017 flood dat displace ova 120,000 persons&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=August 28, 2022|title=Floods ravage Benue villages as Governor Ortom lounges in Europe|url=https://gazettengr.com/floods-ravage-benue-villages-as-governor-ortom-lounges-in-europe/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; for de [[:en:Benue_State|Benue]] capital insyd, [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]]. Floods devastate more dan 200 households for [[:en:Makurdi|Makurdi]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Report|first=Agency|date=September 14, 2022|title=Floods destroy 200 households in Makurdi|url=https://punchng.com/floods-destroy-200-households-in-makurdi/|access-date=July 4, 2023|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2012 Flood ====
De Benue River flood for October 2012 insyd, wey e result for a large increase insyd for de [[:en:Population_(biology)|population]] of [[:en:Echis_ocellatus|venomous snakes]] insyd for de Duguri [[:en:District|District]] insyd, [[:en:Alkaleri|Alkaleri Local Government Area]], [[:en:Bauchi_State|Bauchi State]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/141373-snakes-kill-over-200-people-in-bauchi-council-as-government-takes-no-action.html?tztc=1|title=Snakes kill over 200 people in Bauchi council, as government takes no action|access-date=July 3, 2023|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A July 2013 report indicate say ova 200 pippoe for de [[:en:District|district]] insyd die of [[:en:Snakebite|snakebite]]. De [[:en:Hospital|General Hospital]] for[[:en:Kaltungo|Kaltungo]] insyd, [[:en:Gombe_State|Gombe State]] for Nigeria insyd, be de nearest location give treatment of snakebite; &quot;whoever dey lucky to make am to [[:en:Kaltungo|Kaltungo]], dem treat for only two days insyd den then dem return home.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;allafrica1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Agbo |first=Catherine |date=July 22, 2013 |title=Nigeria: Snakes Kill 200 in Bauchi |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201307220201.html |access-date=May 11, 2014 |work=allAfrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=June 22, 2021|title=Bauchi residents groan over snakebites|url=https://guardian.ng/news/bauchi-residents-groan-over-snakebites/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=July 3, 2023|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drone_view_Benoue.jpg|Benoue huts
File:Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drone_view_at_Benoue.jpg|Benoue view from drone
File:Traversée_de_la_Benoué_à_pirogue.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Benou%C3%A9_%C3%A0_pirogue.jpg|Dey cross de Benue River from Lagdo plus a Canoe
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Pollution ==
Benue Hike Tourism den [[:en:Conservation_Foundation_(United_Kingdom)|Conservation Foundation]], for an attempt insyd to protect de river from various forms of pollution, inform de [[:en:Benue_State|Benue State Government]] about de irregularities of sam companies for de state insyd give dey empty waste for de river insyd. [[:en:Waste|Waste]] like [[:en:Ethanol|ethanol]], dat fi easily cause damage to human den [[:en:Aquatic_mammal|aquatic]] life, dem dump am into Benue River. Subsequently, de Benue State Government take an immediate attempt to address de issue to prevent further damages give ein citizenry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Orsar|first=Hembadoon|date=April 18, 2023|title=Benue River Pollution: You Have Failed, Ortom Tells 3 Commissioners|url=https://leadership.ng/benue-river-pollution-you-have-failed-ortom-tells-3-commissioners/|access-date=July 6, 2023|language=en-US|newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Charles|first=John|date=2023-04-17|title=Ortom orders firm's probe for alleged River Benue pollution|url=https://punchng.com/ortom-orders-firms-probe-for-alleged-river-benue-pollution/|access-date=2023-07-26|newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|date=2023-04-17|title=Biotech company accused of polluting River Benue with cassava plant waste|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/04/17/biotech-company-accused-of-polluting-river-benue-with-cassava-plant-waste/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2023-07-26|newspaper=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}

* Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Benue|&quot;Benue&quot;]] . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 754.
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Benue River}}
[[Category:Benue River| ]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Niger River]]
[[Category:Rivers of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nigeria]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:North Region (Cameroon)]]
[[Category:Cameroon–Nigeria border]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ubangi River</title>
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      <id>98835</id>
      <parentid>98834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:09:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98836</id>
      <parentid>98835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1233" sha1="96hckmg0ralr73hajizs6s5423sshlo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98837</id>
      <parentid>98836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:11:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98837</origin>
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      <text bytes="1321" sha1="ezaqwhadj2jhxuc4tw2ikyym8n9gbrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein drainage basin dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98838</id>
      <parentid>98837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:11:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1520" sha1="lzm7sk4z87581ohlzi7vmdwmtao2sbc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein drainage basin dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein discharge at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98839</id>
      <parentid>98838</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:12:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1611" sha1="fn11php2qsw23bh6y5qax7gt9v5hqz6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein drainage basin dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein discharge at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s). Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).</text>
      <sha1>fn11php2qsw23bh6y5qax7gt9v5hqz6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98840</id>
      <parentid>98839</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1769" sha1="f8l8ms2rnxjhvjwvyeijauk471m86vk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein drainage basin dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein discharge at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s). Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de Chari River den Lake Chad before de Congo capture am for de early Pleistocene insyd.</text>
      <sha1>f8l8ms2rnxjhvjwvyeijauk471m86vk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98841</id>
      <parentid>98840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1845" sha1="02p9dm5unsfyw71adxuayf9y8v7fk8b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s). Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de Chari River den Lake Chad before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.</text>
      <sha1>02p9dm5unsfyw71adxuayf9y8v7fk8b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98842</id>
      <parentid>98841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:15:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1883" sha1="m13ly9e4plc7yylnabt1knb9clrx3t8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s). Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.</text>
      <sha1>m13ly9e4plc7yylnabt1knb9clrx3t8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98843</id>
      <parentid>98842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:17:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98843</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2225" sha1="reklc7rz57ds93k4c18wd47riioj7wm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.</text>
      <sha1>reklc7rz57ds93k4c18wd47riioj7wm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98844</id>
      <parentid>98843</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:17:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2378" sha1="hhujn70rfo83jqcd7sl9rmo562czxpg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hhujn70rfo83jqcd7sl9rmo562czxpg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98845</id>
      <parentid>98844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:18:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2396" sha1="nufnn875297w2tjqltltr3rjiivgj94" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s). Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nufnn875297w2tjqltltr3rjiivgj94</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98846</id>
      <parentid>98845</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3009" sha1="e9q7p1q1tkvpmxlbb3f6ykzcqpil4fl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of the Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e9q7p1q1tkvpmxlbb3f6ykzcqpil4fl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98847</id>
      <parentid>98846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:27:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3151" sha1="dtncus7wg21rzoxfnwqhb8rjqd5c37v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dtncus7wg21rzoxfnwqhb8rjqd5c37v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98848</id>
      <parentid>98847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3315" sha1="5xdc4o2viyb3ujad2ql8wh966ullsg8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC).  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5xdc4o2viyb3ujad2ql8wh966ullsg8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98849</id>
      <parentid>98848</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:28:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3429" sha1="pjxd1crm1jez06rhbkupwszs5z7xkay" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pjxd1crm1jez06rhbkupwszs5z7xkay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98850</id>
      <parentid>98849</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:29:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3493" sha1="g66wa8005oiqvpne03oq10ukewp7idu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>g66wa8005oiqvpne03oq10ukewp7idu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98851</id>
      <parentid>98850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3620" sha1="dlp6hi3j1z8wpmv7ho5e6lff0f4f8m1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dlp6hi3j1z8wpmv7ho5e6lff0f4f8m1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98852</id>
      <parentid>98851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:57:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3777" sha1="pcazmbx6kacycokc5tm22jqkbz9vxc2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd, dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>pcazmbx6kacycokc5tm22jqkbz9vxc2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98853</id>
      <parentid>98852</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T12:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3922" sha1="bifihvy0sl2rxftc3u29wfoplq97306" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bifihvy0sl2rxftc3u29wfoplq97306</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98854</id>
      <parentid>98853</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:00:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98854</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4228" sha1="mpfwkh3ugx6q0oysw0z4ja8fnunqao6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mpfwkh3ugx6q0oysw0z4ja8fnunqao6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98855</id>
      <parentid>98854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4461" sha1="eh96e9qni4d9v7326cx9ye5zzd3h0cp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>eh96e9qni4d9v7326cx9ye5zzd3h0cp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98856</id>
      <parentid>98855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4625" sha1="nbji35bfzl5ajyvozg9n8t7v5u2mlvi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nbji35bfzl5ajyvozg9n8t7v5u2mlvi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98857</id>
      <parentid>98856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:05:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4750" sha1="ng5st64ooafimfsipy45musi6j1xxe5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ng5st64ooafimfsipy45musi6j1xxe5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98858</id>
      <parentid>98857</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:05:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5027" sha1="dxzbp9ir88ccwow7bbqgamfy2k435du" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dxzbp9ir88ccwow7bbqgamfy2k435du</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98859</id>
      <parentid>98858</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:05:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5304" sha1="ckzybf9t1sotuiy3sp2inoz9czk93ww" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ckzybf9t1sotuiy3sp2inoz9czk93ww</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98860</id>
      <parentid>98859</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5505" sha1="aixkh7s0qie5lqha8rzc1vkp8nx3nyz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>aixkh7s0qie5lqha8rzc1vkp8nx3nyz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98861</id>
      <parentid>98860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:06:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5923" sha1="ghx7euuvftq3p6ruy69iggqc2h8ag0s" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98862</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-29T13:07:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98862</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6131" sha1="cg6c0dlb5lkuj8i7vecumbs7x2he9kk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cg6c0dlb5lkuj8i7vecumbs7x2he9kk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>98863</id>
      <parentid>98862</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="6453" sha1="j8658bcnjm6n3dj2wwvziyb53rtyvg6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>98864</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For April 2008 insyd, de LCBC advertise a request give proposals give a feasibility study. 

== References ==</text>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For April 2008 insyd, de LCBC advertise a request give proposals give a feasibility study. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html wey dey show de Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For April 2008 insyd, de LCBC advertise a request give proposals give a feasibility study. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html wey dey show de Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute]
* [https://www.cicos.int/ International Commission of] [https://www.cicos.int/ de Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Bassin]</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For April 2008 insyd, de LCBC advertise a request give proposals give a feasibility study. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html wey dey show de Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute]
* [https://www.cicos.int/ International Commission of de Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Bassin]</text>
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De '''Ubangi River''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/(j)uːˈbæŋɡi/]]; [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Ubangi''; [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Fleuve Oubangui''; [[:en:Dutch_language|Dutch]]: ''Mubangi Stroom''), dem sanso spell am '''Oubangui''', be river for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd, den de largest right-bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]]. E dey begin at de confluence of de [[:en:Mbomou_River|Mbomou]] (mean annual discharge 1,350 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den [[:en:Uele_River|Uele Rivers]] (mean annual discharge 1,550 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s) den dey flow west, wey e form de border between [[:en:Central_African_Republic|Central African Republic]] (CAR) den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC). Subsequently, de Ubangi dey bend to de southwest den dey pass thru [[:en:Bangui|Bangui]], de capital of de CAR, after wey e dey flow south{{snd}}wey e form de border between de DRC den de [[:en:Republic_of_the_Congo|Republic of de Congo]]. De Ubangi dey finally join de Congo River at Liranga.

De Ubangi ein length dey about 1,060 km (660 mi). Ein total length plus de Uele, ein longest tributary, be 2,270 km (1,410 mi). De Ubangi ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] dey about 651,915 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (251,706 mi&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Ein [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] at Bangui dey range from about 800 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (28,000 cu ft/s) to 11,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (390,000 cu ft/s), plus an average flow of about ~4,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (140,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref name=&quot;bossche&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Bossche |first=J.P. vanden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLZRxM9vfXoC&amp;pg=PA338 |title=Source Book for the Inland Fishery Resources of Africa, Volume 1 |author2=G. M. Bernacsek |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |year=1990 |isbn=978-92-5-102983-1 |page=338}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ein mean annual discharge at de mouth dey around ~6,000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s (210,000 cu ft/s).&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6873734 6873734].&lt;/ref&gt; Dem believe am say de Ubangi ein upper dey reach originally flow into de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]] den [[:en:Lake_Chad|Lake Chad]] before de Congo [[:en:Stream_capture|capture]] am for de early Pleistocene insyd.&lt;ref&gt;See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Togeda plus de Congo River, e dey provide an important transport artery give river boats between Bangui den [[:en:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]. From ein source to 100 km (62 mi) below Bangui, de Ubangi dey define de boundary between de Central African Republic den de Democratic Republic of de Congo (DRC). Thereafter, e dey form de boundary between de DRC den de Republic of Congo until e dey empty into de Congo River.  
[[File:Transaqua.svg|thumb|Transaqua scheme (for red insyd)]]

== Lake Chad replenishment project ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Lake_Chad_replenishment_project|Lake Chad replenishment project]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;For de 1960s insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ley |first1=Willy |title=Engineers' Dreams Great Projects That COULD Come True |date=1960 |publisher=Viking Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Zarembka|first1=David|title=Refilling Lake Chad With Water From The Congo River Using Solar Power|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/06/24/refilling-lake-chad-with-water-from-the-congo-river-using-solar-power/|access-date=25 June 2019|work=[[Cleantechnica]]|date=24 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem propose a plan to [[:en:Diversion_dam|divert waters]] from de Ubangi to de [[:en:Chari_River|Chari River]]. According to de plan, wey dem name am Transaqua, de water from de Ubangi go revitalize Lake Chad den provide a livelihood for fishing insyd den enhance agriculture to tens of millions of central Africans den [[:en:Sahel|Sahelians]]. Nigerian engineer J.{{nbsp}}Umolu den de Italian firm Bonifica propose [[:en:Interbasin_transfer|Inter-basin water transfer schemes]] for de 1980s den 1990s insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Journal of Environmental Hydrology, Vol. 7, 1999 |url=http://hydroweb.com/jeh/jeh1999/bunu.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Fred Pearce |title=Africa at a watershed |url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331234016/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917615.500 |archive-date=2009-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Changing Geography of Africa and the Middle East By Graham Chapman, Kathleen M. Baker, University of London School of Oriental and African Studies, 1992 Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-05709-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Combating Climate Induced Water And Energy Deficiencies In West Central Africa (Ubangi – Lake Chad Inter-basin transfer) |url=http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526135224/http://dwb.unl.edu/Teacher/NSF/C09/C09Links/www.ccnet.com/~mcumolu/globclim.html |archive-date=2011-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1994 insyd, de Lake Chad Basin Commission (LCBC) propose a similar project, den at a March 2008 summit de [[:en:Head_of_state|heads of state]] of de LCBC member countries commit to de diversion project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Voice of America News, March 28, 2008 African Leaders Team Up to Rescue Lake Chad |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401153145/http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa33.cfm |archive-date=April 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; For April 2008 insyd, de LCBC advertise a request give proposals give a feasibility study. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070515071343/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/water-resources/map-293.html Map showing the Ubangi Subbasin at World Resources Institute]
* [https://www.cicos.int/ International Commission of the Congo-Oubangui-Sangha Bassin]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ubangi River| ]]
[[Category:Central African Republic–Democratic Republic of the Congo border]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Tributaries of de Congo River]]
[[Category:Lowest points of countries]]</text>
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      <text bytes="378" sha1="3o8t4z9s01ieti04ygw5hd39xqgysa6" xml:space="preserve">The '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.</text>
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      <text bytes="469" sha1="irwl0srfhkv136oee31lhjwt5k4nk8o" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]


De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.</text>
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[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.</text>
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[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1473" sha1="js1jn7yz8avdxp5q0tnwsp9a9pyllk7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>js1jn7yz8avdxp5q0tnwsp9a9pyllk7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98876</id>
      <parentid>98875</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1639" sha1="aamrw2t2u7vzoqt8u0q21ypif3679by" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.  

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>aamrw2t2u7vzoqt8u0q21ypif3679by</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98877</id>
      <parentid>98876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1664" sha1="oxy36ejr27lpfz699mng49rj4x4fv7y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>oxy36ejr27lpfz699mng49rj4x4fv7y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98878</id>
      <parentid>98877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1817" sha1="thg4iad9dwwk3xbjts6gmr4ly3de8j1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>thg4iad9dwwk3xbjts6gmr4ly3de8j1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98879</id>
      <parentid>98878</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:47:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2177" sha1="ca5zq8pb0ze92ziipwaar31f1wgs32q" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ca5zq8pb0ze92ziipwaar31f1wgs32q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98880</id>
      <parentid>98879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:50:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2856" sha1="cpi8l2qdhtgqavyudc7zb2e6m2a3wjn" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cpi8l2qdhtgqavyudc7zb2e6m2a3wjn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98881</id>
      <parentid>98880</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:52:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3144" sha1="hud4kf3xoida17vzors3xu9fwrgbxgb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hud4kf3xoida17vzors3xu9fwrgbxgb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98882</id>
      <parentid>98881</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3332" sha1="im6cubinayx66djv1id4qasmml6q9er" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>im6cubinayx66djv1id4qasmml6q9er</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98883</id>
      <parentid>98882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:53:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3359" sha1="bqd4hlfzxqlck7tuwdt6904o21q410v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bqd4hlfzxqlck7tuwdt6904o21q410v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98884</id>
      <parentid>98883</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T14:55:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3732" sha1="5af2xnbp0hjx04lleedm2yvi2cc5shl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>5af2xnbp0hjx04lleedm2yvi2cc5shl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98886</id>
      <parentid>98884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:08:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3916" sha1="p6e03hn6o2atz0h7b7or57sxc1fhmpk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>p6e03hn6o2atz0h7b7or57sxc1fhmpk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98887</id>
      <parentid>98886</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3933" sha1="adynwj1mahlbmc7qbnn2tgnnu92wqg7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>adynwj1mahlbmc7qbnn2tgnnu92wqg7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98888</id>
      <parentid>98887</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3960" sha1="35hjqspqgjaw8tycf2la2gieh94hsqq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>35hjqspqgjaw8tycf2la2gieh94hsqq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98890</id>
      <parentid>98888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:18:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6300" sha1="fi16454h04e35gutidcv6zkv6n4gw0b" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fi16454h04e35gutidcv6zkv6n4gw0b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98892</id>
      <parentid>98890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:20:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6317" sha1="dm64yt75ayswf9lpjw0xbir6g6fwrqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dm64yt75ayswf9lpjw0xbir6g6fwrqx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98893</id>
      <parentid>98892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:22:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6951" sha1="lkpetpg7cgrls2ygckpb7zagqujwfd5" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>lkpetpg7cgrls2ygckpb7zagqujwfd5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98894</id>
      <parentid>98893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:25:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7238" sha1="721yoanow4h727qbpvd39omejot5et2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>721yoanow4h727qbpvd39omejot5et2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98895</id>
      <parentid>98894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7408" sha1="0a04yk0lp3e55kv2iz5407ks7n9te6c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0a04yk0lp3e55kv2iz5407ks7n9te6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98896</id>
      <parentid>98895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:27:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7518" sha1="mgnfghoh78dfdzg9rg7uri7nj40ba9j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mgnfghoh78dfdzg9rg7uri7nj40ba9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98897</id>
      <parentid>98896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:28:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7596" sha1="d564p0ynik8fsmux2ko1qjunog08l4c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>d564p0ynik8fsmux2ko1qjunog08l4c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98898</id>
      <parentid>98897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7684" sha1="mgwak47aqi5hsysqy0kw78hc2qsg302" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mgwak47aqi5hsysqy0kw78hc2qsg302</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98899</id>
      <parentid>98898</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:30:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98899</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7762" sha1="l1z0pkluc9gypx94ige7y7ly4mdbb8j" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l1z0pkluc9gypx94ige7y7ly4mdbb8j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98900</id>
      <parentid>98899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:36:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98900</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7810" sha1="8m0hwp6i1dm9ulvijuhf3rzx81dd131" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8m0hwp6i1dm9ulvijuhf3rzx81dd131</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98901</id>
      <parentid>98900</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98901</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7907" sha1="51mtmt8vz72lho0f2ncfvrwvwinr1kd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>51mtmt8vz72lho0f2ncfvrwvwinr1kd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98902</id>
      <parentid>98901</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98902</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7956" sha1="6u4a2nsn8p93p0squ4hife09om1l9d8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6u4a2nsn8p93p0squ4hife09om1l9d8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98903</id>
      <parentid>98902</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:37:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98903</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7985" sha1="q4uq1pgu7douv1lge8zdew6c49gczsb" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>q4uq1pgu7douv1lge8zdew6c49gczsb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98904</id>
      <parentid>98903</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98904</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8017" sha1="nuug1p2qxoozckb80rybjncyey2w70d" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nuug1p2qxoozckb80rybjncyey2w70d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98905</id>
      <parentid>98904</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98905</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8044" sha1="e8t5ky1xz5024jpjhn33bw8ds9wzvwx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e8t5ky1xz5024jpjhn33bw8ds9wzvwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98906</id>
      <parentid>98905</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98906</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8071" sha1="h7p05foc62pwoam51gd1i1l1qs2uzjd" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h7p05foc62pwoam51gd1i1l1qs2uzjd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98907</id>
      <parentid>98906</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:40:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98907</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9745" sha1="ga9fpb7izt27k0fol0n318d88zjzzso" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|Fimi ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|Kwango
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|Kamtsha
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|Piopio
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|Sankuru ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ga9fpb7izt27k0fol0n318d88zjzzso</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98908</id>
      <parentid>98907</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:42:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98908</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9764" sha1="jcdeug16n1hrz76y2dazkxtru5cmsbq" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|Kwango
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|Kamtsha
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|Piopio
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|Sankuru ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jcdeug16n1hrz76y2dazkxtru5cmsbq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98909</id>
      <parentid>98908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:43:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98909</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9785" sha1="89zii70nrdke8mpx7ncd9arj3y1ynmv" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|Kamtsha
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|Piopio
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|Sankuru ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>89zii70nrdke8mpx7ncd9arj3y1ynmv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98910</id>
      <parentid>98909</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:43:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9807" sha1="jpjv8j9fnd40fic6m3b0lfk2ybnfxj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|Piopio
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|Sankuru ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jpjv8j9fnd40fic6m3b0lfk2ybnfxj0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98911</id>
      <parentid>98910</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98911</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9827" sha1="n92xwrittivnciwtxm2ovodl2exptl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|Sankuru ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n92xwrittivnciwtxm2ovodl2exptl3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98912</id>
      <parentid>98911</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:45:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98912</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9849" sha1="1tyczdpf9sowrl8afyip3vxajf9ysat" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|Lulua
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1tyczdpf9sowrl8afyip3vxajf9ysat</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98913</id>
      <parentid>98912</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98913</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9869" sha1="n9x0u0gk2txwjusbhp247wz7i8x3mgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|Tshikapa
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n9x0u0gk2txwjusbhp247wz7i8x3mgl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98914</id>
      <parentid>98913</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98914</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9886" sha1="ezymwndkj86xrp5nbisjucvnhkeh5o8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ezymwndkj86xrp5nbisjucvnhkeh5o8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98916</id>
      <parentid>98914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:47:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98916</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10029" sha1="0mnha7ok82w2xc7nn4o26q4yrhhss2y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0mnha7ok82w2xc7nn4o26q4yrhhss2y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98917</id>
      <parentid>98916</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:48:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98917</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10056" sha1="j6i5czhg8dy9jp2wkrgutxtapvvk9h7" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j6i5czhg8dy9jp2wkrgutxtapvvk9h7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98918</id>
      <parentid>98917</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98918</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10200" sha1="n1fxccx9n7f1lqdupgvfg1ym45l7yra" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n1fxccx9n7f1lqdupgvfg1ym45l7yra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98919</id>
      <parentid>98918</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:05:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98919</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10272" sha1="lk00kdtvbz1lc80wvwm3yrjadzwciw0" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>lk00kdtvbz1lc80wvwm3yrjadzwciw0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98920</id>
      <parentid>98919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:06:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98920</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10399" sha1="s554dv16zdq14kyymew50j1q7y1vkly" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>s554dv16zdq14kyymew50j1q7y1vkly</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98921</id>
      <parentid>98920</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:07:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98921</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10590" sha1="mwzhuwn8avyok926dk0uvcqugwkatc9" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mwzhuwn8avyok926dk0uvcqugwkatc9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98922</id>
      <parentid>98921</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:07:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10700" sha1="abvw39uh5p45wtuzfmlzgh2qvkun2wz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>abvw39uh5p45wtuzfmlzgh2qvkun2wz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98923</id>
      <parentid>98922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:07:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10854" sha1="j9qyxe6n4rgqe5wmoxynngxayf9kwwx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>j9qyxe6n4rgqe5wmoxynngxayf9kwwx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98924</id>
      <parentid>98923</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:08:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98924</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11040" sha1="39as24wa1bakan81ce0vp0k0rr04ufg" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>39as24wa1bakan81ce0vp0k0rr04ufg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98925</id>
      <parentid>98924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:08:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98925</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11160" sha1="hfbq7x48v1f1s5hb3oe2n4dh4vy0j1c" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hfbq7x48v1f1s5hb3oe2n4dh4vy0j1c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98926</id>
      <parentid>98925</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:09:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98926</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11364" sha1="awpew20oz7v410zl11nxj9mizkeg9om" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth.         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>awpew20oz7v410zl11nxj9mizkeg9om</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98927</id>
      <parentid>98926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:09:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98927</origin>
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      <text bytes="11440" sha1="nilektezczir4b0o9jgz5lqqnntxof8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River.          

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>nilektezczir4b0o9jgz5lqqnntxof8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98928</id>
      <parentid>98927</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98928</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11590" sha1="4frk5gs8kw5xfc6gnrqt4d1vw6tqjtt" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd.           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4frk5gs8kw5xfc6gnrqt4d1vw6tqjtt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98929</id>
      <parentid>98928</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:10:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98929</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11694" sha1="ieggrwbe9ony5xeqya7qlq4u8jpvkvs" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd.           

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ieggrwbe9ony5xeqya7qlq4u8jpvkvs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98930</id>
      <parentid>98929</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:11:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11790" sha1="e6edjsied09azzospjghh4tba00r0u2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd.           

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:2010_Kasai_River_ferry_capsizing|2010 Kasai River disaster]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e6edjsied09azzospjghh4tba00r0u2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98931</id>
      <parentid>98930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T16:11:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98931</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11852" sha1="t7n39n444fzndxyawzd5pyk2zffdkyx" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd.           

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:2010_Kasai_River_ferry_capsizing|2010 Kasai River disaster]]
* [[:en:2024_Kasai_River_disaster|2024 Kasai River disaster]]

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>t7n39n444fzndxyawzd5pyk2zffdkyx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98932</id>
      <parentid>98931</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="12098" sha1="ed9kwaozbxtqzptx57nz2rwfads2bwu" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]]

De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] &lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]&lt;/bdi&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt; De river dey begin for central [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''.

De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape.  

== Discharge ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 &quot;Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin&quot;]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 &quot;Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!2012–2016
|9,000
|-
!1948–2012
|10,457
|-
!1950–1959
|11,318
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|&quot;Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa&quot;]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].&lt;/ref&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|8,070
|-
!1950–1959
|8,790
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
!Period
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)
|-
!1948–2012
|2,079
|-
!1950–1959
|2,240
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_3_25.4556_S_16_32_55.0644_E_ 3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E]) den Kutu-Moke ([https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kasai_River&amp;params=3_12_33.0516_S_17_20_42.4032_E_ 3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E]) gauging station. 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Year
! rowspan=&quot;71&quot; |
!Lediba
!
!Kutu-
Moke
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Average discharge
(m³/s)
|-
|2016
|9,350
| rowspan=&quot;69&quot; |
|
|-
|2015
|8,090
|
|-
|2014
|9,040
|
|-
|2013
|9,520
|
|-
|2012
|8,870
|6,800
|-
|2011
|7,940
|6,093
|-
|2010
|7,320
|5,614
|-
|2009
|8,820
|6,764
|-
|2008
|10,400
|7,976
|-
|2007
|13,180
|10,110
|-
|2006
|10,740
|8,236
|-
|2005
|9,017
|6,917
|-
|2004
|8,130
|6,235
|-
|2003
|11,520
|8,837
|-
|2002
|11,150
|8,552
|-
|2001
|9,290
|7,125
|-
|2000
|8,310
|6,496
|-
|1999
|7,030
|5,463
|-
|1998
|7,010
|5,480
|-
|1997
|9,800
|7,659
|-
|1996
|8,950
|7,000
|-
|1995
|7,620
|5,960
|-
|1994
|7,430
|5,810
|-
|1993
|8,580
|6,705
|-
|1992
|7,790
|6,089
|-
|1991
|10,410
|8,136
|-
|1990
|11,150
|8,717
|-
|1989
|12,810
|9,988
|-
|1988
|11,450
|8,953
|-
|1987
|11,120
|8,694
|-
|1986
|9,980
|7,804
|-
|1985
|9,550
|7,463
|-
|1984
|8,800
|6,879
|-
|1983
|10,340
|8,084
|-
|1982
|10,100
|7,897
|-
|1981
|9,500
|7,427
|-
|1980
|9,230
|7,213
|-
|1979
|11,710
|9,153
|-
|1978
|10,730
|8,385
|-
|1977
|12,450
|9,731
|-
|1976
|11,760
|9,194
|-
|1975
|10,720
|8,383
|-
|1974
|10,080
|7,878
|-
|1973
|9,970
|7,796
|-
|1972
|10,540
|8,236
|-
|1971
|11,360
|8,880
|-
|1970
|12,040
|9,232
|-
|1969
|13,020
|9,986
|-
|1968
|13,100
|10,050
|-
|1967
|11,510
|8,832
|-
|1966
|12,340
|9,466
|-
|1965
|10,970
|8,417
|-
|1964
|11,950
|9,167
|-
|1963
|11,960
|9,173
|-
|1962
|13,510
|10,360
|-
|1961
|12,440
|9,543
|-
|1960
|11,430
|8,764
|-
|1959
|9,960
|7,638
|-
|1958
|9,850
|7,552
|-
|1957
|11,810
|9,060
|-
|1956
|11,580
|8,882
|-
|1955
|11,360
|8,717
|-
|1954
|11,390
|8,735
|-
|1953
|10,220
|7,837
|-
|1952
|10,490
|8,646
|-
|1951
|11,260
|8,640
|-
|1950
|11,240
|8,619
|-
|1949
|11,560
|8,870
|-
|1948
|11,360
|8,716
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959)
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf &quot;Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections&quot;] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Exploration ==
[[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a &quot;powerful den deep river&quot;, but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stanley&quot;&gt;Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Vol.Two,252}}

== Tributaries ==
De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;[https://congeau.site/kasai.html &quot;Le cours de la rivière Kasaï&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km)
* [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km)
* [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km)
* [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km)
* [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km)
* Tshikapa (left – 630 km)
* Longatshimo (left – 550 km)
* Luembe (left – 780 km)
* Lueta (right – 395 km)
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible&quot;
|+De main tributaries from de mouth: 
!Left tributary
!Right tributary
!Length (km)
!Basin size (km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)
!Average discharge (m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;/s)*
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Kwa–Kasai''
|''2,272''
|''894,486.6''
|''10,457.3''
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Kwa'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Mbala
|57.5
|1,100.1
|14.9
|-
|[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹
|1,120
|136,174.7
|2,252.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Lower Kasai'''
|-
|Lekulu
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|57.5
|793.5
|9.3
|-
|Buma
|138
|3,354.7
|42.3
|-
|[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]]
|1,702
|270,904.3
|3,317.4
|-
|[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]]
|250
|8,887.4
|106.4
|-
|[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]]
|165
|3,169.1
|34.8
|-
|
|Liau
|
|1,231.6
|14.4
|-
|Lubue
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|227
|8,611.7
|103.5
|-
|Loange
|865
|41,799.5
|489.1
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Middle Kasai'''
|-
|Lumbudji
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|137
|2,876.8
|25.4
|-
|Lubudi
|153
|1,999.2
|17
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ²
|1,280
|149,479.5
|1,738.1
|-
|Lutshuadi
|177
|4,596.5
|39.2
|-
|[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]]
|1,184
|70,612.5
|798
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |'''Upper Kasai'''
|-
|Yeye
|
|47
|1,379.3
|8.9
|-
|
|Kabambaie
|77
|2,083.7
|10.8
|-
|Lovua
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |
|297
|8,262.4
|73.9
|-
|[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]]
|630
|19,512.1
|179.5
|-
|Longatshimo
|550
|19,847.3
|198.5
|-
|
|Luenda
|69
|1,791.4
|10.1
|-
|Luembe
|
|780
|46,648.8
|453.4
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|Lueta (Kaungej)
|395
|13,000.1
|87.6
|-
|Kasangeshi
|206
|3,610.2
|22.1
|-
|Luele
|
|1,173.3
|7.9
|-
|Dembo
|87
|1,924.8
|13.1
|-
|Luau
|105
|4,294.4
|38.5
|-
|Lualo
|
|
|1,532.8
|14.6
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|Lutshima
|166
|1,616.6
|11.5
|-
|Munyango
|
|3,133.1
|20.9
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Notes:
&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt; Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie;

² Sankuru–Lubulanji;
|-
| colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Source:&lt;ref&gt;Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=54&amp;catid=215&amp;Itemid=179 &quot;Congo River&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Economic importance ==
De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd.           

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:2010_Kasai_River_ferry_capsizing|2010 Kasai River disaster]]
* [[:en:2024_Kasai_River_disaster|2024 Kasai River disaster]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of de Kasai River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Densu River</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>98889</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kofiarkohbaidoo</username>
        <id>2561</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="11211" sha1="frblbtm9excwjhnordnjurhvpezbrd4" xml:space="preserve">[[Densu River]] be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd wey dey rise for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta wey get ecological value&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Densuano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam den [[Weija Dam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey on de Densu River.

== Course den basin ==

=== Source den drainage basin ===
De Densu River dey rise for some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana ein [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] insyd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people.

De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}&lt;/ref&gt; For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] follow plus 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] plus 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Weija Reservoir den water supply ===
[[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]]
For ein lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, wey dem build for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De Weija Treatment Plant, wey de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey manage, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. Dis facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas for Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd.

=== Estuary den Densu Delta ===
[[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]]
For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Water governance den municipal supply ==

=== Municipal abstraction den treatment ===
De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa.

However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}&lt;/ref&gt; To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) ===
Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP &quot;Managing Water for African Cities&quot; program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site.

=== De Densu Basin Board ===
So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Environment ==
Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Threats ==
De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture &amp; Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== For popular culture insyd ==

* Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>frblbtm9excwjhnordnjurhvpezbrd4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98891</id>
      <parentid>98889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T15:19:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kofiarkohbaidoo</username>
        <id>2561</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>98891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11243" sha1="34mddbd3aoar3xlcc9b94pogvp67x29" xml:space="preserve">[[Densu River]] be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd wey dey rise for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta wey get ecological value&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation &amp; Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Densuano&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dam den [[Weija Dam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; dey on de Densu River.

== Course den basin ==

=== Source den drainage basin ===
De Densu River dey rise for some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana ein [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] insyd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people.

De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}&lt;/ref&gt; For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] follow plus 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] plus 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Weija Reservoir den water supply ===
[[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]]
For ein lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, wey dem build for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De Weija Treatment Plant, wey de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey manage, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. Dis facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas for Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd.

=== Estuary den Densu Delta ===
[[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]]
For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Water governance den municipal supply ==

=== Municipal abstraction den treatment ===
De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa.

However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}&lt;/ref&gt; To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

=== Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) ===
Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP &quot;Managing Water for African Cities&quot; program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site.

=== De Densu Basin Board ===
So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Environment ==
Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Threats ==
De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture &amp; Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== For popular culture insyd ==

* Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Chad</title>
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      <text bytes="30083" sha1="chhqdzuv0xmgf6rbc78nv6b7trsuvho" xml:space="preserve">'''Lake Chad''' (Arabic: بحيرة تشاد, Kanuri: ''Sádǝ'', French: ''Lac Tchad'') be endorheic fresh water lake wey dey for where four kontris meet: [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]] den [[Cameroon]], for western den central Africa. Ein catchment area pass 1,000,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De lake be important wetland ecosystem for West-Central Africa. De land near de lake get plenti reeds den swamps, den de plain around de lake be fertile, so people dey use am for irrigated farming. De lake get plenti aquatic resources too, so e be one of Africa ein important fresh water fish-producing areas.

Lake Chad get deeper southern parts den shallower northern parts. De main water source be rivers like [[Chari River]] wey enter de lake. De water level dey change plenti by season, so de lake area too dey change strongly. During de African humid period, de lake ein area reach about 400,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. As climate turn drier, de lake surface reduce slow-slow. For de 19th century, de lake still cover about 28,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. From de mid-1970s come, climate change den human water diversion make de lake shrink well, and ein area dey move between about 2,000 den 5,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.

== Prehistory den history ==
De Chad Basin form through depression of de African Shield. De basin floor dey made of Precambrian bedrock, and more than 3,600 m of sedimentary deposits cover am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obaje2009&quot;&gt;Obaje, Nuhu George (2009). ''Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria''. Springer. p. 69. ISBN 978-3-540-92684-9.&lt;/ref&gt; For most of de Quaternary period, de basin get plenti water sources. Near de end of dis period, de climate become drier. Around 20,000-40,000 years ago, eolianite sand dunes start to form for de northern side of de basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wright1985&quot;&gt;Wright, J. B. (1985). ''Geology and Mineral Resources of West Africa''. Springer. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-04-556001-1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Chad area get four major wet phases between 39,000 BC den 300 BC. Dis left thick diatomaceous earth den lacustrine deposits for de strata. People dey call dis large ancient lake '''Mega-Chad'''. Mega-Chad ein maximum depth pass 180 m, and e cover about 400,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. E flow enter [[Benue River]] through de Mayo Kebbi, and de water later drain enter de Atlantic Ocean through de [[Niger River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Leblanc2006&quot;&gt;Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Maley, J.; Nazoumou, Y.; Leduc, C.; Stagnitti, F.; van Oevelen, P. J.; Delclaux, F.; Lemoalle, J. (2006). &quot;Reconstruction of Megalake Chad using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission data&quot;. ''Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology''. 239 (1-2): 16-27. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.01.003.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster2005&quot;&gt;Mathieu Schuster; Claude Roquin; Philippe Duringer; Michel Brunet; Matthieu Caugy; Michel Fontugne; Hassan Taisso Mackaye; Patrick Vignaud; Jean-Francois Ghienne (2005). &quot;Holocene Lake Mega-Chad palaeoshorelines from space&quot;. ''Quaternary Science Reviews''. 24 (16-17): 1821-1827. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.02.001.&lt;/ref&gt;

De large waters wey form during de African humid period give chance for lakeside fisher settlements to come up. Nilo-Saharan ethnic groups too migrate go Lake Chad during dat time. Farming also start for de Sahel around dis period.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2018a&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington (2018). ''History of Africa''. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 19-31. ISBN 9781137524812.&lt;/ref&gt; By 1800 BC, one pottery culture wey people know as Gajiganna had appear. At first de people be pastoralists, but from around 1500 BC, dem start to live for settled hamlets near de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ogundiran2005&quot;&gt;Ogundiran, Akinwumi (2005). &quot;Four Millennia of Cultural History in Nigeria (ca. 2000 B.C.-A.D. 1900): Archaeological Perspectives&quot;. ''Journal of World Prehistory''. 19 (2): 138. doi:10.1007/s10963-006-9003-y.&lt;/ref&gt;

Archaeological discoveries show wild grasses, mainly from de tribe Paniceae, and wild rice, together with de earliest domesticated pearl millet for de Lake Chad region. Dem date dis to about 1200-1000 cal BC. One of de oldest domesticated pearl millet finds for West Africa come from de Chad Basin, charred together with wild grasses, and dem date am to 800-1000 cal BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;KleeZach1999&quot;&gt;Marlies Klee; Barbara Zach (1999). &quot;The Exploitation of Wild and Domesticated Food Plants at Settlement Mounds in North-East Nigeria (1800 cal BC to Today)&quot;. ''The Exploitation of Plant Resources in Ancient Africa''. pp. 81-88. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6730-8_8.&lt;/ref&gt;

Permanent villages dey established south of de lake by 500 BC, and major archaeological discoveries include de Sao civilization.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;Gritzner, J. A. &quot;Lake Chad&quot;. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 13 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Claudius Ptolemy ein records from de middle of de 2nd century AD, Romans from de 1st century AD had already get contact with Lake Chad through connections with Tunisia, Tripolitania den Fezzan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston1910&quot;&gt;Johnston, H. H. (1910). &quot;Lake Chad&quot;. ''Nature''. 84 (2130): 244-245. doi:10.1038/084244a0.&lt;/ref&gt; By de 5th century AD, people dey use camels for trans-Saharan trade through Fezzan, or eastward through Darfur.&lt;ref name=&quot;AppiahGates2010&quot;&gt;Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (2010). ''Encyclopaedia of Africa''. Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.&lt;/ref&gt;

After Arabs conquered North Africa for de 7th den 8th centuries, de Chad Basin become more connected to Muslim kontris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Decorse2001&quot;&gt;Decorse, Christopher R. (2001). ''West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives''. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-7185-0247-8.&lt;/ref&gt; Trade den better farming techniques help more complex societies to grow.&lt;ref name=&quot;AppiahGates2010&quot; /&gt; Around 900 AD, de Kanem people, wey speak Kanuri language, bring plenti nomadic tribes together and establish de [[Kanem Empire]] for northeast of Lake Chad. For de early years, Kanem people continue demma nomadic life until de 11th century, when dem accept Islam and settle for Njimi.

Through trans-Saharan trade, Kanem Empire ein power reach ein peak for de 13th century. As de empire decline for de 14th century, ein southwestern vassal state, Bornu, begin rise. Dis make de power centre shift to Bornu around 1400. For 1574, de [[Ottoman Empire]] invade Fezzan and de Oasis, and reach as far as Lake Chad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lange2004&quot;&gt;Lange, Dierk (2004). ''Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives''. J. H. Roll Verlag. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3.&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be one of de deepest Ottoman movements into Africa ein interior before de nineteenth century. During Sultan Murad III ein reign, Ottoman influence stretch into de central Sahel area, and Lake Chad enter Ottoman sphere of influence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flynn2016&quot;&gt;Flynn, Sebastien (2016). &quot;The Relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Kanem-Bornu during the Reign of Sultan Murad III&quot;. Bilkent Master's Thesis.&lt;/ref&gt;

For de second half of de 16th century, Bornu Empire begin import firearms from de Ottoman Empire, and dis help am strengthen ein military power. Bornu Empire decline for de 18th century, and later lose ein western area to de Sokoto Caliphate for de early 19th century. Later, European powers colonise de region for de 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shillington2018b&quot;&gt;Kevin Shillington (2018). ''History of Africa''. Macmillan Education UK. pp. 101-103, 188-190, 249-256. ISBN 9781137524812.&lt;/ref&gt;

As European academic den business groups grow interest in Africa, Europeans describe Lake Chad area plenti during de 19th century. Three scientific expeditions happen between 1898 and 1909.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; During de Berlin Conference of 1884-1885, European colonial powers divide Africa among demma selves.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harlow2003&quot;&gt;Harlow, Barbara (2003). &quot;Conference of Berlin (1884-1885)&quot;. In ''Colonialism''. ABC-CLIO. p. 139. ISBN 978-1-57607-335-3.&lt;/ref&gt; By de second decade of de 20th century, Britain, France den Germany had colonised and occupied areas around Lake Chad, creating boundaries wey mostly remain with de present post-colonial states.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaWater2021&quot;&gt;Xiong Zhengkun; Zhang Jin (2021). &quot;Lake Chad: From 'Cradle of Civilization' to 'Heart of Death'&quot;. ''China Water Resources News''. Retrieved 1 January 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

At independence time, de kontris around Lake Chad no get strong economic foundation. Dem also get complex ethnic, religious den political conflicts. Nigeria den Niger, wey just gain independence, experience repeated coups, while Chad also experience continuing civil war. Because de lake-side kontris no fit work together strongly to protect Lake Chad, plenti environmental problems come up.&lt;ref name=&quot;ChinaWater2021&quot; /&gt;

== Geography ==
De Chad Basin include Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Sudan den de Central African Republic.&lt;ref name=&quot;LCBCMap&quot;&gt;&quot;about-map&quot;. Lake Chad Basin Commission. Retrieved 26 March 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; E be extensional fault-depression type rift basin. People fit divide am into four secondary structural units: southern depression, northern depression, central uplift den eastern slope. De southern depression get asymmetric fault-depression composite rift, with steep slopes for de east and gentle slopes for de west. For plan view, e dey distributed in NNW direction.

Two large basin-bounding normal faults develop on both sides of de basin, with graben-style fault den depression for de middle. De east and west sides be outward-dipping low-angle gentle slope areas. De eastern boundary fault be steep, with dip angle about 55 degrees, while de western fault get dip angle about 45 degrees. De inner-layer thickness for de slope area be relatively thin. For de central area of de basin, sedimentary strata be thick, and de sedimentary centre zone reach more than 10,000 m. De northern part of de basin look steep for west and gentle for east. Five fault structural zones wey dey parallel to de basin-bounding faults develop from west to east.&lt;ref name=&quot;Huang2008&quot;&gt;Huang Xianxiong; Xia Bin; Wan Zhifeng; Lu Baofeng; Cai Zhourong (2008). &quot;A preliminary study on the tectonic characteristics and hydrocarbon accumulation law of the Lake Chad Basin&quot;. ''Geotectonica et Metallogenia'' (3): 326-331. doi:10.16539/j.ddgzyckx.2008.03.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

Lake Chad dey divided into north den south parts by one shallow sill wey dem call de Great Barrier. De bottom of de northern basin dey at altitude 275.3 m, and de bottom of de southern basin dey at 278.2 m. When water level for de south pass 279 m above sea level, e go flow enter de north.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liu2013&quot;&gt;Liu Tiantian; Liu Ronggao; Ge Quansheng (2013). &quot;Monitoring of water surface change in Lake Chad in Africa based on multi-source remote sensing data&quot;. ''Progress in Geography''. 32 (6): 906-912. doi:10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.06.007.&lt;/ref&gt;

For de south, continuous open water dey at de mouth of de Chari River. De western water area dey covered by reed swamps, and sand dunes wey no submerge fully for de eastern waters form an archipelago.&lt;ref name=&quot;SarchBirkett2000&quot;&gt;Marie-Therese Sarch; Charon Birkett (2000). &quot;Fishing and farming at Lake Chad: Responses to lake-level fluctuations&quot;. ''The Geographical Journal''. 166 (2): 156-172. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2000.tb00015.x.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WenLakeChad&quot;&gt;Wen Yunzhao. &quot;Lake Chad&quot;. ''Encyclopedia of China'' (03 ed.). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. Retrieved 11 June 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; De average depth of de southern lake basin dey between 0.5 and 2 m. De northern lake basin dey between 0 and 1.8 m, and de eastern archipelago dey between 0 and 2 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lemoalle2012&quot;&gt;Jacques Lemoalle; Jean-Claude Bader; Marc Leblanc; Ahmed Sedick (2012). &quot;Recent changes in Lake Chad: Observations, simulations and management options (1973-2011)&quot;. ''Global and Planetary Change''. 80-81: 247-254. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.004.&lt;/ref&gt;

De climate of Lake Chad region dey strongly influenced by continental and maritime air masses. Maritime air mass dey move north during summer, and dis bring seasonal rainfall. Near late summer, continental air mass dominate again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Average annual rainfall for de Lake Chad area be about 330 mm. De south bank get average of about 560 mm, while de north bank get about 250 mm. Highest rainy-season temperature be about 30 °C, and highest temperature pass 32 °C when October den November enter de dry season. Day-night temperature difference be almost two times bigger than wet-season difference, and night temperature sometimes fall to 8 °C for December den January. April normally be de hottest month, and temperature can reach 40 °C. Lowest water levels dey appear in June to July, while highest water levels dey appear in November to December. Surface water temperature dey range from 19 to 32 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WenLakeChad&quot; /&gt;

== Hydrology ==
De Chad Basin cover about 1 x 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and Chari, Logone den Yobe Rivers dey flow enter am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1992&quot;&gt;Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN / UNEP / WCMC. pp. 329-330. ISBN 2-88032-949-3.&lt;/ref&gt; De lake ein water supply be seasonal. Most of de rainfall come from de Adamawa Plateau for south of de basin, and Chari River den Logone River carry am to de lake basin. Chari den Logone together give about 95% of Lake Chad ein total inflow, while Yobe River give less than 2.5%.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1992&quot; /&gt;

De lake dey seep underground go de lowest point of de Chad Basin, de Bodele Depression, about 480 km northeast of Lake Chad. De deepest point of dat depression reach only 155 m above sea level. Dis underground loss remove most salinity and help Lake Chad stay low in salinity. De southwestern waters of Lake Chad be fresh water, while de northeast water be only slightly salty.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuan2016&quot;&gt;Yuan Xuanmin (2016). &quot;The environment, security and vulnerability of Lake Chad&quot;. ''World Science'' (7): 21-23.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1992&quot; /&gt;

De water volume of most large African lakes depend on rainfall den evaporation. Dis means temperature den rainfall be very important for controlling water balance, and any change fit make big changes in water level den surface area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ogutu2016&quot;&gt;Richard Ogutu-Ohwayo; Vianny Natugonza; Laban Musinguzi; Mark Olokotum; Shamim Naigaga (2016). &quot;Implications of climate variability and change for African lake ecosystems, fisheries productivity, and livelihoods&quot;. ''Journal of Great Lakes Research''. 42 (3): 498-510. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2016.03.004.&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Chad be shallow inland lake, and rainfall in de Chad Basin be very sensitive to small changes in atmospheric circulation. Because of dis, climate change strongly affects Lake Chad ein surface area.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans1996&quot;&gt;Evans, T. (1996). &quot;The effects of changes in the world hydrological cycle on availability of water resources&quot;. In Bazzaz, F.; Sombroek, W. (eds.). ''Global climate change and agricultural production''. FAO / John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 92-5-103987-9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leblanc2007&quot;&gt;Leblanc, M.; Favreau, G.; Tweed, S. (2007). &quot;Remote sensing for groundwater modelling in large semiarid areas: Lake Chad Basin, Africa&quot;. ''Hydrogeology Journal''. 15 (1): 97-100. doi:10.1007/s10040-006-0126-0.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dry climate linked to vegetation loss from overgrazing and deforestation, plus large irrigation projects wey divert water from rivers feeding de lake, be major reasons why Lake Chad shrink.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEPAlmostGone&quot;&gt;&quot;Lake Chad: almost gone&quot;. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Retrieved 5 December 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and El Nino-Southern Oscillation affect rainfall for de Sahel region. From de early 1960s to de mid-1980s, de lake water level fall by 3 m when compared with de average level from 1900 to 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;Okonkwo2015&quot;&gt;Churchill Okonkwo; Belay Demoz; Ricardo Sakai; Charles Ichoku; Chigozie Anarado; Jimmy Adegoke; Angelina Amadou; Sanusi Imran Abdullahi; Nir Krakauer (2015). &quot;Combined effect of El Nino southern oscillation and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation on Lake Chad level variability&quot;. ''Cogent Geoscience''. 1 (1). doi:10.1080/23312041.2015.1117829.&lt;/ref&gt;

For 1870, Lake Chad ein area be about 28,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. During rainy season, de lake fit flow out through Bahr el-Ghazal. Around de turn of de 20th century, de lake shrink briefly, then reach new high for de middle of de 20th century and overflow from Bahr el-Ghazal again.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; Major drought start for Sahel in de late 1960s and cause severe damage in 1972 and 1984. People link dis drought to vegetation loss, global warming and sea-surface temperature anomalies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Evans1996&quot; /&gt; During dis period, Lake Chad shrink strongly and later fluctuate between about 2,000 and 5,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liu2013&quot; /&gt;

From June 1966 to January 1973, Lake Chad ein area shrink from 22,772 to 15,400 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEPAlmostGone&quot; /&gt; It reduce further to 4,398 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 1975, and only 1,756 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in February 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Liu2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNEPAlmostGone&quot; /&gt; Since then, Lake Chad ein area enter more stable stage with small increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zhu2017&quot;&gt;Wengbin Zhu; Jiabao Yan; Shaofeng Jia (2017). &quot;Monitoring Recent Fluctuations of the Southern Pool of Lake Chad Using Multiple Remote Sensing Data: Implications for Water Balance Analysis&quot;. ''Remote Sensing''. 9 (10): 1032. doi:10.3390/rs9101032.&lt;/ref&gt; From 1995 to 1998, e move within 1,200 to 4,500 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De area reach 5,075 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2000, and average surface-water area from 2013 to 2016 be about 1,876 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De largest area during dat period be 2,231 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in July 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buma2018&quot;&gt;Willibroad Gabila Buma; Sang-Il Lee; Jae Young Seo (2018). &quot;Recent surface water extent of Lake Chad from multispectral sensors and GRACE&quot;. ''Sensors''. 18 (7): 2082. doi:10.3390/s18072082.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Quaternary aquifer den groundwater resilience ===
Under de lake, one unconfined Quaternary phreatic aquifer dey. E be large transboundary water resource wey stretch about 500,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; across Chad, Niger, Nigeria den Cameroon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot;&gt;Mahamat Nour, A.; Huneau, F.; Mahamat Ali, A.; Vystavna, Y. (2022). &quot;Shallow Quaternary groundwater in the Lake Chad basin is resilient to climate change but requires sustainable management strategy: Results of isotopic investigation&quot;. ''Science of The Total Environment''. 848: 158152. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158152.&lt;/ref&gt; Although de lake lose about 2,200 mm of water every year through potential evapotranspiration, isotopic studies using stable isotopes den tritium show say de groundwater system under am remain highly resilient to climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot;&gt;Goni, I. B.; Sherif, A. M.; Taylor, R. G. (2021). &quot;Groundwater recharge from heavy rainfall in the southwestern Lake Chad Basin: evidence from isotopic observations&quot;. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal''. 66 (10): 1521-1534. doi:10.1080/02626667.2021.1937630.&lt;/ref&gt;

De Quaternary aquifer dey recharge through two main processes: direct infiltration from intense seasonal rainfall, and lateral seepage from de lake plus temporary river channels.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot; /&gt; Isotopic data show say heavy rainfall events above de 60th percentile of monthly rainfall intensity drive most of de diffuse recharge. Dis means projected stronger tropical downpours under global warming can support groundwater replenishment within de basin.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goni2021&quot; /&gt; Dis wide underground reservoir be important hydrological buffer, because e helps provide permanent water access for municipal den agricultural pumping, even when surface water dey change extremely.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nour2022&quot; /&gt;

== Ecology ==
Part of de Chad Basin dey inside Chad Basin National Park in Nigeria. Nigeria and Cameroon have also established Lake Chad Ramsar Wetland, with total area of 8,225 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneEarth2021&quot;&gt;Emma Martin; Neil Burgess (2021). &quot;Lake Chad Flooded Savanna&quot;. One Earth. Retrieved 15 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Plant life ===
Wetland plants for de south mainly include ''Cyperus papyrus'' and related plants. Reeds mainly grow for de north, where salinity be high. De floating plant ''Pistia'' sometimes cover large open-water areas. Plants like ''Hyparrhenia rufa'' grow on lake shores wey get long floods for de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneEarth2021&quot; /&gt; Permanent vegetation area increase from about 3,800 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2000 to about 5,200 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; in 2020 as water levels drop and temperatures rise.&lt;ref name=&quot;PhamDuc2020&quot;&gt;Binh Pham-Duc; Florence Sylvestre; Fabrice Papa; Frederic Frappart; Camille Bouchez; Jean-Francois Cretaux (2020). &quot;The Lake Chad hydrology under current climate change&quot;. ''Scientific Reports''. 10: 5498. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-62417-w.&lt;/ref&gt; De dense woodland around de lake has changed to open forest with acacias, baobabs, palms den Indian jujube.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

=== Birds ===
BirdLife International designate de lake as an Important Bird Area (IBA).&lt;ref name=&quot;BirdLife2024&quot;&gt;&quot;Lake Chad&quot;. BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. Retrieved 30 October 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Hundreds of bird species live there permanently or seasonally, including northern shoveler, Egyptian goose and marabou stork.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt; De lake be important wintering ground for European ducks and wading birds. Raptors like steppe eagle and booted eagle dey around de lakeshore.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneEarth2021&quot; /&gt; More than one million ruffs fit dey observed on de lake at one time.&lt;ref name=&quot;KeithPlowes1997&quot;&gt;Keith, J. O.; Plowes, D. C. H. (1997). ''Considerations of Wildlife Resources and Land Use in Chad''. Office of Sustainable Development, Africa Bureau, USAID. SD Technical Paper No. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mammals ===
Large mammals wey used to be common include red-fronted gazelle, dama gazelle, patas monkey, striped hyena, cheetah and caracal. African elephant, otter, hippopotamus, sitatunga and kob dey found for de wetlands. At present, hunters have removed most of de large mammals, and large numbers of cattle replace dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneEarth2021&quot; /&gt;

=== Fish ===
De whole Chad Basin get 179 fish species. Out of dis number, 127 also dey de Niger River Basin, 85 also dey de Nile River Basin, 47 also dey de Congo River Basin, and 84 fish species dey inside de lake itself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1992&quot; /&gt; Dis make de lake rich fishing ground for communities across Nigeria, Niger, Chad den Cameroon. Seasonal floods plus seasonal increases in air temperature reduce salinity, increase turbidity and raise trophic levels. Dis support increase in phytoplankton and zooplankton, and help large fish migrate seasonally within de watershed to feed and breed for fertile floodplains when floods come.&lt;ref name=&quot;SarchBirkett2000&quot; /&gt;

== Human activities ==
More than 30 million people dey live inside de Lake Chad Basin. More than 70 ethnic groups dey around de lake, most of dem for de south bank, where population density pass 100 people per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Dem depend on Lake Chad ein water for irrigation, breeding, animal husbandry and drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuan2016&quot; /&gt; Local self-sufficient crops include sorghum, maize, finger millet, beans and vegetables. People plant gourd plenti to make utensils. Collection of forest products like gum arabic, honey, beeswax and firewood also be important for de region. Reduction in forest area has affected these products negatively, and rapid growth of cattle herds has made de effect worse. Cattle be de most important livestock, together with poultry, goats, sheep, camels, horses and donkeys. De droughts of de 1970s and 1980s badly affect animal husbandry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Fishing traditionally be de most important economic activity for people living around de lake. It almost stop during drought periods and only resume around de mid-1990s. People dry, pickle or smoke most fish products. Natron from de depression on de northeast bank of de lake has long been economically important. Traditionally, people dig am in blocks and carry am across de lake to enter Nigerian markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot; /&gt;

Since de drought of de 1970s, land wey fit support farming without irrigation and fertilizer has appeared at de bottom of de lake. People reclaim some of dis land as polder for maize, cowpea, rice, sorghum and other crops.&lt;ref name=&quot;Luxereau2011&quot;&gt;Luxereau, A.; Genthon, P.; Ambouta, J.-M. K. (2011). &quot;Fluctuations in the Size of Lake Chad: Consequences on the Livelihoods of the Riverain Peoples in Eastern Niger&quot;. ''Regional Environmental Change''. 12 (3): 507-521. doi:10.1007/s10113-011-0267-0.&lt;/ref&gt; Farmers have shifted from mainly dry crops, like wheat, to rice, which needs more water. Dis has led to stronger soil salinisation and water eutrophication.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuan2016&quot; /&gt; De negative effects of reduced water sources on fishing, farming and herding are bigger than de benefits of new land from receding water. Residents who used to depend on lake water had to relocate, and dis has made de lake-area economy continue to shrink.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zarate2023&quot;&gt;Roman D. Zarate; Remi Jedwab; Federico Haslop; Carlos Rodriguez-Castelan (2023). &quot;The Effects of Climate Change in the Poorest Countries: Evidence from the Permanent Shrinking of Lake Chad&quot;. World Bank. Retrieved 8 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;

Since 1970, five countries for de southern part of de basin have built plenti water-conservancy projects upstream of Chari River, Logone River and Yobe River to intercept river water. Dis cause sharp reduction in water entering de lake. Average annual inflow from Chari River and Logone River between 1970 and 1990 be only 55% of de inflow between 1950 and 1970. Since de 1980s, one-third of water from Chari River and Logone River has been diverted and intercepted by Central African Republic upstream for farming irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuan2016&quot; /&gt;

Dams built upstream of rivers entering de lake changed de timing and extent of seasonal floods. Dem also disrupt fish migration, reducing populations of ''Alestes baremoze'' and Nile perch, which be main catches of Lake Chad. Fish catch reduce strongly.&lt;ref name=&quot;KeithPlowes1997&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes1992&quot; /&gt; At de same time, conflicts among countries and ethnic groups competing for water and land are growing. De four countries around de lake all face extreme poverty, and because livelihoods be difficult, some local residents have become involved in drug and arms trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yuan2016&quot; /&gt; Boko Haram insurgency has made de situation worse by displacing millions of people and disrupting development across de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olowoyeye2023&quot;&gt;Olowoyeye, Oluwatuyi S.; Kanwar, Rameshwar S. (2023). &quot;Water and Food Sustainability in the Riparian Countries of Lake Chad in Africa&quot;. ''Sustainability''. 15 (13): 10009. doi:10.3390/su151310009.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cameroon, Niger, Nigeria and Chad establish de Lake Chad Basin Commission on 22 May 1964. Central African Republic join in 1996, and Libya join in 2008. De commission ein headquarters dey N'Djamena, Chad. De commission ein work include managing Lake Chad and ein water resources, protecting de ecosystem, and promoting regional integration, peace, security and development for Lake Chad region.&lt;ref name=&quot;LCBCAbout&quot;&gt;&quot;About us&quot;. Lake Chad Basin Commission. Retrieved 15 July 2023.&lt;/ref&gt; One water-replenishment plan for Lake Chad propose construction of a 2,400 km canal to carry 100 x 10&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; of water every year from Congo River Basin to Chari River Basin, while a series of dams along de route generate electricity.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC2018&quot;&gt;Ross, Will (2018). &quot;Can the vanishing lake be saved?&quot;. BBC. Retrieved 28 January 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ramsar wetland designations ==
Lake Chad and some of ein wetlands get Ramsar designations across different countries. ''Lac Tchad'' was designated on 17 June 2001 with reference number 1072.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar1072&quot;&gt;&quot;Lac Tchad&quot;. Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad'' was designated on 14 August 2001 with reference number 1134.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar1134&quot;&gt;&quot;Partie tchadienne du lac Tchad&quot;. Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria'' was designated on 30 April 2008 with reference number 1749.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar1749&quot;&gt;&quot;Lake Chad Wetlands in Nigeria&quot;. Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad'' was designated on 2 February 2010 with reference number 1903.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar1903&quot;&gt;&quot;Partie Camerounaise du Lac Tchad&quot;. Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* [[Inner Niger Delta]], inland delta for Mali
* [[Lake Ptolemy]], former lake for Sudan
* [[List of drying lakes]]
* [[Sudd]], large swamp for South Sudan
* [[Wildlife of Chad]]
* [[Lake Chad replenishment project]], proposed large water-diversion plan to stop Lake Chad from drying

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Further reading ==

* Hughes, R. H.; Hughes, J. S. (1992). ''A Directory of African Wetlands''. IUCN. ISBN 978-2-88032-949-5.
* Beadle, L. C. (1974). ''The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa: An Introduction to Tropical Limnology''. Longman Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0582448520.
* Chapman, Graham; Baker, Kathleen M. (1992). ''The changing geography of Africa and the Middle East''. Routledge. ISBN 9780203034507.
* Caterina Batello; Marzio Marzot; Adamou Harouna Toure (2004). ''The Future is an Ancient Lake''. FAO Interdepartmental Working Group on Biological Diversity for Food and Agriculture. ISBN 92-5-105064-3.

== External links ==

* [http://www.cblt.org/en/ Lake Chad Basin Commission]
* [https://en.unesco.org/biopalt BIOsphere and Heritage of Lake Chad (BIOPALT) project]
* [https://www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91291/the-ups-and-downs-of-lake-chad The Ups and Downs of Lake Chad]
* [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-02 Lake Chad in World Lake Database]
* [https://news.un.org/en/tags/lake-chad Lake Chad | UN News]</text>
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    <title>Category:Atbarah River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T21:48:40Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Articles wich dey contain graphical timelines</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27052</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98956</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T21:50:11Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Benue River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27053</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98959</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:07:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Cameroon</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27054</id>
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      <id>98960</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:08:09Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of Nigeria</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27055</id>
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      <id>98961</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:08:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Tributaries of de Niger River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98962</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:09:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
        <id>9</id>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:North Region (Cameroon)</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27057</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98963</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:10:28Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Cameroon–Nigeria border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98964</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Central African Republic–Democratic Republic of the Congo border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27059</id>
    <revision>
      <id>98966</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:24:16Z</timestamp>
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        <username>DaSupremo</username>
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      <comment>Fresh category</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27060</id>
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      <id>98967</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:24:30Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Rivers of de Central African Republic</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27061</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:24:42Z</timestamp>
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    <title>Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27062</id>
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      <id>98969</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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    <title>Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27063</id>
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      <id>98970</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:27:53Z</timestamp>
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    <title>Category:Tributaries of de Congo River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27064</id>
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      <id>98971</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:35:07Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Ubangi River</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>27065</id>
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      <id>98972</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:35:44Z</timestamp>
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  <page>
    <title>Red Volta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>27066</id>
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      <id>98973</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-29T22:43:40Z</timestamp>
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De '''Red Volta''' anaa '''Nazinon''' (French: ''Volta rouge'') be a waterway wey locate insyd [[West Africa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Volta River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Volta-River |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Ecoregions Of the World |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/volta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116165735/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/Volta |archive-date=2017-01-16 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=www.feow.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey emerge near [[Ouagadougou]] insyd [[Burkina Faso]] wey e get a length of about 320&amp;nbsp;km at de end of wich e dey join de [[White Volta]] insyd [[Ghana]].

De river primarily dey locate insyd Burkina Faso wey dey form part of de international border between Burkina Faso den Ghana. E dey flow into Ghana ein [[Upper East Region|Upper East region]] wey e dey empty into de [[White Volta]].

== References ==

[[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sumbrungu</title>
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'''Sumbrungu''' be a community insyd de Bolgatanga Municipality insyd de [[Upper East Region]] of Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=ARFAC donates 200 uniforms to underprivileged students in Sumbrungu - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/arfac-donates-200-uniforms-to-underprivileged-students-in-sumbrungu/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Two NGOs register 2000 people onto NHIS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/682380/two-ngos-register-2000-people-onto-nhis.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bolgatanga Airport: GACL inspects construction site at Anateem, to be completed by end of 2025 |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1391891/bolgatanga-airport-gacl-inspects-construction.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[Bolgatanga Technical University|Bolgatanga Polytechnic]] dey locate insyd de town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Students reject Bolgatanga Polytechnic admission |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Students-reject-Bolgatanga-Polytechnic-admission-585932?gallery=1 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250106050535/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Students-reject-Bolgatanga-Polytechnic-admission-585932?gallery=1 |archive-date=2025-01-06 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2017-09-28|title=Students reject Bolgatanga Polytechnic admission|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Students-reject-Bolgatanga-Polytechnic-admission-585932|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241230223849/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Students-reject-Bolgatanga-Polytechnic-admission-585932|archive-date=2024-12-30|access-date=2026-05-29|work=GhanaWeb|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; As at 2012, de chief of de community be Naba Atogboyenge.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Upper East Region has few midwivies |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/419441/upper-east-region-has-few-midwivies.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Insyd de late 1970s den early 1980s, na dem release about 7051.44 acres anaa 2,8853.72 hectares of land insyd de community to de Government of Ghana by de people of de region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Otchere |first=Gertrude Owireduwaah |date=2024-01-15 |title=Upper East chiefs remind Akufo-Addo of airport promise - Adomonline.com |url=https://www.adomonline.com/upper-east-chiefs-remind-akufo-addo-of-airport-promise/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-16 |title=U.S.-based son of Upper East’s Gabriel Agambila organizes grand durbar of Chiefs at UER Airport site - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/u-s-based-son-of-upper-easts-gabriel-agambila-organizes-grand-durbar-of-chiefs-at-uer-airport-site/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Institutions ==
De following institutions dey locate insyd de community:

* Sumbrungu Health Centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-09-08 |title=Director leads construction of diagnostic laboratory, disease control unit - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/director-leads-construction-of-diagnostic-laboratory-disease-control-unit/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* St. Francis of Assisi Catholic Church.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PURC encourages Ghanaians to report unsatisfactory service |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1186805/purc-encourages-ghanaians-to-report-unsatisfactory.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mother &amp; Child Hospital&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Benson |date=2024-11-22 |title=The Church of Jesus Christ, Engage Now Africa open 50-bed Mother &amp; Child Hospital in Sumbrungu-Agusi in Upper East Region |url=https://thebftonline.com/2024/11/22/the-church-of-jesus-christ-engage-now-africa-open-50-bed-mother-child-hospital-in-sumbrungu-agusi-in-upper-east-region/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=The Business &amp; Financial Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable natives ==

* Johnson Agolmah, a community leader&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sumbrungu Residents Demand Vice Chancellor's Removal Over Land Deal {{!}} NewsGhana |url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/sumbrungu-residents-demand-vice-chancellors-removal-over-land-deal/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Jonas Acheampong, secretary of the Sumbrungu Taxi Drivers Association&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 October 2017 |title='Mahama Camboo' collapsing taxi business |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/Mahama-Camboo-collapsing-taxi-business-593760 |access-date=29 May 2026 |website=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* John Asaah, chairman of the Sumbrungu Taxi Drivers Association&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Elias Ayinbila Apasiya, founder of the Light of Hope Foundation in the town&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Light Of Hope Supports Rural Women In Upper East |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/824762/light-of-hope-supports-rural-women-in-upper-east.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gbenga Solomon George, headteacher of Asoegoom School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Abdul-Rahaman |first=Salifu |date=2019-06-17 |title=Bolgatanga schools embark on tree planting…but seedlings remain a challenge |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/bolgatanga-schools-embark-on-tree-plantingbut-seedlings-remain-a-challenge/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Okavango River</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:55:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="122" sha1="28pvtx2o4q3dxg7m2k0xnnxv2sln7ni" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd.</text>
      <sha1>28pvtx2o4q3dxg7m2k0xnnxv2sln7ni</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>98976</id>
      <parentid>98975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:56:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98976</origin>
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      <text bytes="286" sha1="odtif3f4m4pf76nlu3aubndkusozkys" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.</text>
      <sha1>odtif3f4m4pf76nlu3aubndkusozkys</sha1>
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      <id>98977</id>
      <parentid>98976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:56:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98977</origin>
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      <text bytes="537" sha1="67c6vqdnm0cna8nmeo9ie0v7ue4dtl0" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:58:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="697" sha1="4xzoqqra27jo5yhc7j1suurp68o7bzz" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}.</text>
      <sha1>4xzoqqra27jo5yhc7j1suurp68o7bzz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98979</id>
      <parentid>98978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:58:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98979</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="805" sha1="qocehyxz38orq0kjulf2d6g252zhy6a" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd.</text>
      <sha1>qocehyxz38orq0kjulf2d6g252zhy6a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98980</id>
      <parentid>98979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:59:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98980</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="943" sha1="dc0nnddgkzktj199ikphkw7rec34xhb" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]].</text>
      <sha1>dc0nnddgkzktj199ikphkw7rec34xhb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98981</id>
      <parentid>98980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T03:59:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98981</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="985" sha1="fyapoo56b6dh6v5x5qcdio5jm79ttgu" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. I</text>
      <sha1>fyapoo56b6dh6v5x5qcdio5jm79ttgu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98982</id>
      <parentid>98981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:00:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1210" sha1="48alnvxjxvcvyylkbqzdycqmam476bi" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd.</text>
      <sha1>48alnvxjxvcvyylkbqzdycqmam476bi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98983</id>
      <parentid>98982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:00:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98983</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1251" sha1="ktwhgwzmxtbolhnoxhmgn8sr49c4vxl" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.</text>
      <sha1>ktwhgwzmxtbolhnoxhmgn8sr49c4vxl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98984</id>
      <parentid>98983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:01:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1269" sha1="ny7d52clllditbtdxyxrwek269wmkqm" xml:space="preserve">De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ny7d52clllditbtdxyxrwek269wmkqm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98985</id>
      <parentid>98984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:04:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1351" sha1="ngjocpp7ag0momg64ixlpbyg9rki7nm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ngjocpp7ag0momg64ixlpbyg9rki7nm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98986</id>
      <parentid>98985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:09:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1363" sha1="hxfvykq78zpl581pmfqlvjb1oaslws3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hxfvykq78zpl581pmfqlvjb1oaslws3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98987</id>
      <parentid>98986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1456" sha1="2p9lw5rk393c2y87hsjqkuml0uassqo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2p9lw5rk393c2y87hsjqkuml0uassqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98988</id>
      <parentid>98987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:15:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1583" sha1="20hg6978mw62ltc8q31qn976il03q0x" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>20hg6978mw62ltc8q31qn976il03q0x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98989</id>
      <parentid>98988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1608" sha1="47l06vkdpkd1gvx41zprpa9myp61iom" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>47l06vkdpkd1gvx41zprpa9myp61iom</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98990</id>
      <parentid>98989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2201" sha1="71229of34g79abyjcc9f8bpxgbum8i8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>71229of34g79abyjcc9f8bpxgbum8i8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98991</id>
      <parentid>98990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:16:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2492" sha1="8cozxd5ykgf8lbo1gdsa40jbf3xapoo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>8cozxd5ykgf8lbo1gdsa40jbf3xapoo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98992</id>
      <parentid>98991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:17:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2936" sha1="hdyklh0e0v5i7vaqbj7g1ivex9861pf" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>hdyklh0e0v5i7vaqbj7g1ivex9861pf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98993</id>
      <parentid>98992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:20:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3139" sha1="66iongndujbaxcgyxyqutp8wplayto2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>66iongndujbaxcgyxyqutp8wplayto2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98994</id>
      <parentid>98993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:21:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3372" sha1="n6jogyh1yrykgf291t04315kyu7t4sj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>n6jogyh1yrykgf291t04315kyu7t4sj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98995</id>
      <parentid>98994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:23:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3691" sha1="l5758ntwfr1ym9c2amoq4xpgzoxg6ez" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l5758ntwfr1ym9c2amoq4xpgzoxg6ez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98996</id>
      <parentid>98995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:23:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4115" sha1="bejg2je3kmxmuaqujy7xr3jyj142ps1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bejg2je3kmxmuaqujy7xr3jyj142ps1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98997</id>
      <parentid>98996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:24:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4181" sha1="f49vgrc2ojg7jzg1feiivoj0zxk69sk" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>f49vgrc2ojg7jzg1feiivoj0zxk69sk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98998</id>
      <parentid>98997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:25:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4194" sha1="h1mwc2jpwty7fee0stdk4dg3g7cddd3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h1mwc2jpwty7fee0stdk4dg3g7cddd3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>98999</id>
      <parentid>98998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>98999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4249" sha1="ebngo2gg1ivh1za3huowydo8hvwyxab" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>99000</id>
      <parentid>98999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:28:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7awyzcn34ntwylwhq46ddd6sfu3t04s</sha1>
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      <id>99001</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T04:32:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>c7qowbqmgfuotbr2zetfkzl22169tkp</sha1>
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      <id>99002</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>srqzgqzbq11i5z71zjsgbcjtdt2l9sm</sha1>
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      <id>99003</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>i2wns6w0wj7uatep35m1ooa8l6p6c62</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area.   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand.  

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99012</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. 

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99017</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source.  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99023</id>
      <parentid>99022</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory.   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top.  

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.  

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99033</id>
      <parentid>99032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T05:27:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99034</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: &quot;Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem&quot; |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=mme.gov.na}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>99035</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T05:28:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99035</origin>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: &quot;Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem&quot; |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=mme.gov.na}}&lt;/ref&gt; ReconAfrica ein drilling area dey for de[[:en:Kavango_West|Kavango West]] insyd region wey dey contain a multicountry conservation park, six locally managed wildlife reserves, den one [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage]] site, howeva de drilling license no dey include any of these protected areas.   

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99036</id>
      <parentid>99035</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: &quot;Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem&quot; |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=mme.gov.na}}&lt;/ref&gt; ReconAfrica ein drilling area dey for de[[:en:Kavango_West|Kavango West]] insyd region wey dey contain a multicountry conservation park, six locally managed wildlife reserves, den one [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage]] site, howeva de drilling license no dey include any of these protected areas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/reconafrica-start-drilling-first-well-kavango-basin-namibia/ ReconAfrica starts drilling on first well in Kavango Basin, Namibia]&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: &quot;Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem&quot; |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=mme.gov.na}}&lt;/ref&gt; ReconAfrica ein drilling area dey for de[[:en:Kavango_West|Kavango West]] insyd region wey dey contain a multicountry conservation park, six locally managed wildlife reserves, den one [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage]] site, howeva de drilling license no dey include any of these protected areas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/reconafrica-start-drilling-first-well-kavango-basin-namibia/ ReconAfrica starts drilling on first well in Kavango Basin, Namibia]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210219215106/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oil-drilling-fracking-planned-okavango-wilderness Oil drilling, possible fracking planned for Okavango region—elephants' last stronghold]&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>99038</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T05:33:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Kavango River view.jpg|thumb|Kavango river view at Hakusembe river lodge]]
De '''Okavango River''' (dem formerly spell am ''Okovango'' anaa ''Okovanggo''), be a river for southwestern Africa insyd. Dem know am by dis name for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd, as '''Cubango''' for [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd, for '''Kavango''' for [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mendelsohn |first=John |date=9 September 2021 |title=A River in Trouble |url=https://conservationnamibia.com/articles/cn2021-river-in-trouble.php |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Conservation Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de fourth-longest river system for [[:en:Southern_Africa|southern Africa]] insyd, wey dey run southeastward give {{convert|1,600|km|mi|sigfig=1|abbr=on}}. E dey begin at an elevation of {{convert|1300|m|ft}} for de sandy highlands of [[:en:Angola|Angola]] insyd. Farther south, e dey form part of de border between Angola den [[:en:Namibia|Namibia]], den dey then flow into [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]]. De Okavango no get an outlet to de sea. Instead, e dey discharge into de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]] anaa Okavango [[:en:Alluvial_fan|Alluvial Fan]], for an [[:en:Endorheic_basin|endorheic basin]] insyd for de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari Desert]] insyd. De '''Cuito River''' be major tributary.

== Flow ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;''Main article: [[:en:Kalahari_Basin|Kalahari Basin]]''&lt;/blockquote&gt;De Cubango den Cuito Rivers be de principal tributaries of de [[:en:Okavango_Delta|Okavango Delta]], den dey affect ein health.&lt;ref name=&quot;mendelsohn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Goyder |first1=David J. |last2=Barker |first2=Nigel |last3=Bester |first3=Stoffel P. |last4=Frisby |first4=Arnold |last5=Janks |first5=Matt |last6=Gonçalves |first6=Francisco M.P. |display-authors=2 |date=27 November 2018 |title=The Cuito catchment of the Okavango system: a vascular plant checklist for the Angolan headwaters |journal=PhytoKeys |publisher=Pensoft Publishers |issue=113 |pages=1–31 |bibcode=2018PhytK.113....1G |doi=10.3897/phytokeys.113.30439 |hdl=2263/71882 |issn=1314-2003 |pmc=6279898 |pmid=30524187 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; For Angola insyd, seasonal [[:en:Controlled_burn|controlled burns]] of de vegetation dey clog de upper reaches of de Cuito den reduce water flow downstream as de accumulated water instead dey [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|flow into]] [[:en:Groundwater_recharge|de sand]]&lt;!--[[Percolation]]--&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;into&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Society |first1=National Geographic |author-link=National Geographic |title=Okavango Wilderness Project |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114019/https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/okavango/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 |website=www.nationalgeographic.org |publisher=[[Into the Okavango]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before e dey enter Botswana, de river dey drop 4 m (13 ft) for a series of rapids  insyd wey dem know am as [[:en:Popa_Falls|Popa Falls]], wey dey visible wen de river dey low, as during de dry season.&lt;ref&gt;Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd, &quot;Popa Falls | Okavango River | Botswana&quot; webpage: [http://www.travel.za.net/africa_popa_falls.html TravelZA-PopaFalls]{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For de rainy season insyd, an outflow to de [[:en:Boteti_River|Boteti River]] for turn insyd seasonally dey discharge to de [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]], wey dey feature an expansive area of rainy-season [[:en:Wetland|wetland]] wey tens of thousands of [[:en:Flamingo|flamingos]] congregate each summer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Andy Burnham, Pete Evans (Layout), The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map |title=Makgadikgadi |url=http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&amp;mode=&amp;order=0 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=The Megalithic Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Part of de river ein flow dey fill [[:en:Lake_Ngami|Lake Ngami]].  

== Flood ==
[[File:Popafälle (2018).jpg|thumb|Popa Falls (2018)]]Every wet season, Angola dey receive three times more rainfall dan Botswana, wey dey discharge a higher dan usual flow into de Okavango, wey dey turn swathes of outlying desert into a huge wetland.

Although de summer rains dey fall for Angola insyd for January insyd, dem take a whole month to travel de first 1,000&amp;#x20;km of de Okavango River, den then dem take a further four months to [[:en:Filtration|filter]] thru de plants den numerous channels of de final 250&amp;#x20;km of de delta. As a result, de flood dey at ein biggest sometime between June den August, during Botswana ein dry winter months. De delta then dey swell to three times ein permanent size, wey e attract animals from kilometres around den dey create one of Africa ein greatest concentrations of [[:en:Wildlife|wildlife]].  

At ein widest point for a big flood year insyd, de seasonal [[:en:Swamp|swamp]] dey stretch to 150&amp;#x20;km across from east to west; one of de factors dat dey lead to de ever-changing nature of de delta be de flatness of de area. If one be say to take a cross section of de delta at ein widest point, one go find say de height variation from den mean ova dat 150&amp;#x20;km dey less dan 2 m, wey dey mean say a minor sand deposition fi cause major changes.&lt;ref&gt;http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719112055/http://blog.africabespoke.com/okavango-delta-part-2/|date=2009-07-19}} Okavango River Flooding&lt;/ref&gt;

For very wet years insyd, a part of de river ein flow fi extend along de Magweggana River (actually a northeastern [[:en:Distributary|distributary]] of de Okavango Delta) den enter de [[:en:Zambezi_River|Zambezi River]], wey e bypass de [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Kalahari]].   

== Sediment transport ==
De river dey carry annually 28,000 tonnes of [[:en:Suspended_sediment|suspended sediment]] den a similar amount of bedload to de terminal swamps.&lt;ref name=&quot;hani&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Hanibal Lemma |first1=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |bibcode=2019JHyd..57723968L |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of de particulate sediment wey de river carry be fine sand, plus sam silt den mud, thanks to de geological makeup of de Okavango River catchment wey dey largely underlain by Kalahari sand. Der dey low concentration of dissolved solids for de river water insyd - around 40&amp;#x20;mg/L, make up mostly of silica, calcium den magnesium bicarbonates - but dem dissolved solids dey form de largest component of sediment wey dem carry into de delta sekof de annual water volume dey so large.&lt;ref name=&quot;SafGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=McCarthy |first1=T S |date=October 2013 |title=The okavango delta and its place in the geomorphological evolution of Southern Africa |journal=South African Journal of Geology |volume=116 |issue=1 |pages=1–54 |bibcode=2013SAJG..116....1M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.116.1.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
During colder periods for Earth ein history insyd, a part of de Kalahari be a massive lake, wey dem know am as [[:en:Lake_Makgadikgadi|Lake Makgadikgadi]]. For this time insyd, de Okavango go fi be one of ein largest tributaries.
[[File:Cuito and Okavango (2018).jpg|thumb|Confluence of Cuito (from top) den Okavango (wey dey flow from left to right) (2018)&lt;br /&gt;{{Coord|18|01|40|S| 020|47|31|E|display=inline|dim:10000}}]]

== Water conflict ==
Both Namibia den Botswana dey experience drought, den as a result, dem express concerns about possible conflict ova use of de river ein water. Namibia build a water canal, wey e measure about 300&amp;#x20;km long, den dem propose a project to build a 250&amp;#x20;km pipeline to divert water from de river into Namibia to help relieve de drought.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Basedau |first=Matthias |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hWrEcl2ydzEC&amp;pg=PA294 |title=Resource Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=GIGA-Hamburg |isbn=978-3-928049-91-7 |pages=294 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Varis |first1=Olli |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3ilzosWx4wC&amp;pg=PA96 |title=Management of Transboundary Rivers and Lakes |last2=Tortajada |first2=Cecilia |last3=Biswas |first3=Asit K. |date=2008-03-15 |publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-74928-8 |pages=96 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana, howeva, dey use de Okavango Delta give both tourism income den a water source. De Department of Water Affairs for Botswana insyd submit dat dem lose 97% of de water for de river insyd thru evaporation, so de country no fi afford to lose any extra water.  

Namibia, for turn insyd, argue say e go only divert half of one percent of de river ein flow, den say dem entitle am to any water dat dey flow thru ein territory. To deal plus such issues, for September 1994 insyd, Angola, Namibia, den Botswana sign a multilateral agreement to form de [http://www.okacom.org/ Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission], to provide advice to de three countries about de best ways to share de Okavango River ein resources.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

==== Oil exploration ====
[[:en:ReconAfrica|ReconAfrica]], a petroleum exploration company wey dem headquarter am for [[:en:Canada|Canada]] insyd, obtain exploration licenses give more dan 13,600 square miles of land for de former [[:en:Kavango_Region|Kavango Region]] of Namibia insyd den for [[:en:Botswana|Botswana]] insyd. For January 2021 insyd, ReconAfrica announce de start of drilling operations for de first exploration well top. Environmental activists express concern say dem no properly vet ReconAfrica ein plans give ein test wells thru Namibia ein environmental review process, howeva ReconAfrica den both de governments of Namibia den Botswana stated say de company ein activities follow due process den dat no fracking go occur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=ReconAfrica Environmental, Social, and Governance |url=https://reconafrica.com/our-sustainable-approach/environmental-social-governance/ |access-date=20 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Press release - Clarity on explorative activities by Reconnaissance Energy Botswana|url=https://twitter.com/bwgovernment/status/1359497088128733191|website=twitter.com|access-date=30 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Factual Response to article titled: &quot;Oil Drillers Threaten Okavango Ecosystem&quot; |url=http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518042410/http://www.mme.gov.na/news/73/No-Fracking-Activities-will-be-conducted-In-the-Okavango-Delta |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=mme.gov.na}}&lt;/ref&gt; ReconAfrica ein drilling area dey for de[[:en:Kavango_West|Kavango West]] insyd region wey dey contain a multicountry conservation park, six locally managed wildlife reserves, den one [[:en:UNESCO_World_Heritage|UNESCO World Heritage]] site, howeva de drilling license no dey include any of these protected areas.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/news/reconafrica-start-drilling-first-well-kavango-basin-namibia/ ReconAfrica starts drilling on first well in Kavango Basin, Namibia]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210219215106/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/oil-drilling-fracking-planned-okavango-wilderness Oil drilling, possible fracking planned for Okavango region—elephants' last stronghold]&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [http://www.okacom.org/ OKACOM Homepage]</text>
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    <title>Cunene River</title>
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      <text bytes="174" sha1="airtnpjml3l1t0ppwlp7ecshh00xvua" xml:space="preserve">De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd.</text>
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      <text bytes="887" sha1="f5kdlvmv4gvo7leio5sailcp0bflbfa" xml:space="preserve">De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling){{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|UKlang|k|juː|ˈ|n|eɪ|n|ə}} {{respell|kew|NAY|nə}}, {{IPAc-en|USlang|k|uː|ˈ|-}} {{respell|koo|-}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Cunene|access-date=May 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Cunene |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Cunene|access-date=May 30, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd.</text>
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      <text bytes="247" sha1="2vklo6o4mwz48859y8xjl0aabupdwzw" xml:space="preserve">De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus Namibia.</text>
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      <text bytes="347" sha1="84i645vojfa13o3zm7nn5pon49toihh" xml:space="preserve">De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus Namibia. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de Atlantic Ocean.</text>
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      <text bytes="422" sha1="iuqknvzisdcl10vfx5w34itlm59sy3j" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus Namibia. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de Atlantic Ocean.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus Namibia. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de Atlantic Ocean.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling) be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>99051</id>
      <parentid>99050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99051</origin>
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      <text bytes="1976" sha1="dnkqwqewqk7gan7irg9vhv4ww9uspl3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dnkqwqewqk7gan7irg9vhv4ww9uspl3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99052</id>
      <parentid>99051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:51:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2305" sha1="h0t6u7lvxvi02552iv3f9uqazkbug0h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>h0t6u7lvxvi02552iv3f9uqazkbug0h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99053</id>
      <parentid>99052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:52:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2501" sha1="sa40zjqttlzgp4nztyqgbdwazjiaz53" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>sa40zjqttlzgp4nztyqgbdwazjiaz53</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99054</id>
      <parentid>99053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:52:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2557" sha1="sj4jj7wmfjzk79k4eca7yfgqezfhqgp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E.  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>sj4jj7wmfjzk79k4eca7yfgqezfhqgp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99055</id>
      <parentid>99054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2837" sha1="rsjll8t7th9h6rmsvjyefzj4bhycqfi" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>rsjll8t7th9h6rmsvjyefzj4bhycqfi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99056</id>
      <parentid>99055</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:53:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3023" sha1="g9ixbvmd7zny1df3wquvnkzxgf5r5ra" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>g9ixbvmd7zny1df3wquvnkzxgf5r5ra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99057</id>
      <parentid>99056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:54:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3239" sha1="1jkhcdkm4f8icj9s38heoo2kx358kih" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1jkhcdkm4f8icj9s38heoo2kx358kih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99058</id>
      <parentid>99057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:54:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99058</origin>
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      <text bytes="3359" sha1="3rzuehx7jfum2r5winl2qfsiwsbjjhm" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>3rzuehx7jfum2r5winl2qfsiwsbjjhm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99059</id>
      <parentid>99058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99059</origin>
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      <text bytes="3449" sha1="mcl655yqccmama5v3hid4pvodm2qm6v" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>mcl655yqccmama5v3hid4pvodm2qm6v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99060</id>
      <parentid>99059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:55:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99060</origin>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water.       

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>iypt3qgx71iv0iqmv15fp1y9hj8jlx4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99061</id>
      <parentid>99060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:55:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99061</origin>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>awawtiltgaza3g9j3vcgrzvj958g5dm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>99062</id>
      <parentid>99061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:56:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>e31zesad5ia3ehuywwl4acf9wh1qs1f</sha1>
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      <id>99063</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99063</origin>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>c22rbds64p7d48gwb2vx95dikpcaikk</sha1>
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      <id>99064</id>
      <parentid>99063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:59:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99064</origin>
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      <text bytes="4150" sha1="65z4uz8bx9klxu2io8ymymlg37lxe8u" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>65z4uz8bx9klxu2io8ymymlg37lxe8u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>99065</id>
      <parentid>99064</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T10:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>99065</origin>
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      <text bytes="4167" sha1="efb8ipl7rkwi5niyc9cvaejfgfbz9b1" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>efb8ipl7rkwi5niyc9cvaejfgfbz9b1</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>99066</id>
      <parentid>99065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-30T11:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. 

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd.  

== References ==</text>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba.   

== References ==</text>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>et0p33vlnl2tivi17s2vtvbacy192qj</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>99073</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-30T11:19:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <id>99074</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>jtpq3p3ebkv3abtoy12vfd8v0lo7o8p</sha1>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}
* {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}}</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}
* {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook.</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}
* {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook.

== External links ==</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}
* {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook.

== External links ==

* [http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema Images near Kunene River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema|date=2007-11-21}}</text>
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[[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]]
De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene &quot;Cunene&quot;]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [http://www.lexico.com/definition/Cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[mwod:Cunene|&quot;Cunene&quot;]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]].

== Geography ==
One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water.

De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). &quot;[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]&quot;. ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.&lt;/ref&gt;

Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;   

For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Dam controversies ==
De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title &quot;Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd,&quot; wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Galdu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&amp;giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newsodrome&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ep1061&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns.

For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rebecca Sommer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth Peoples&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Namibian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Attraction ==
Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. 

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==== Sources ====

* {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}}
* {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}}
* {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook.

== External links ==

* [http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema Images near Kunene River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema|date=2007-11-21}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Cunene River basin at Water Resources eAtlas]</text>
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