Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.4 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 27000 99140 98472 2026-05-30T19:10:21Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''teratoma''' be a tumor dem make up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, teeth, anaa bone.<ref name=NCI2017>{{cite web|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=44248|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123164623/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=44248|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem typically dey form insyd de ovary, testicle, anaa tailbone den less commonly insyd oda areas.<ref name=NCI2017/> Symptoms fi be minimal if de tumor be small.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A testicular teratoma fi present as a painless lump.<ref name=Raj2007/> Complications fi include ovarian torsion, testicular torsion, anaa hydrops fetalis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Raj2007>{{cite book|last1=Raja|first1=Shahzad G.|title=Access to Surgery: 500 single best answer questions in general and systematic pathology|date=2007|publisher=PasTest Ltd|isbn=9781905635368|page=508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011412/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sab2014>{{cite book|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Acharya|first2=U. Rajendra|last3=Guerriero|first3=Stefano|last4=Suri|first4=Jasjit S.|title=Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461486336|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920190859/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be a type of germ cell tumor (a tumor wey dey begin insyd de cells wey give rise to sperm anaa eggs).<ref name=NCI2017/><ref name=NCI2017Mat>{{cite web|title=Mature teratoma|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=443575|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123130349/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=443575|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem be divided into two types: mature den immature.<ref name=NCI2017/> Mature teratomas dey include dermoid cysts wey generally be benign.<ref name=NCI2017Mat/> Immature teratomas may be [[cancer]]ous.<ref name=NCI2017/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Noor|first1=Mohd Rushdan Md|last2=Hseon|first2=Tay Eng|last3=Jeffrey|first3=Low Jen Hui|title=Gynaecologic Cancer: A Handbook for Students and Practitioners|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789814463065|page=446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101242/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaw ovarian teratomas be mature.<ref name=Fal2007>{{cite book|last1=Falcone|first1=Tommaso|last2=Hurd|first2=William W.|title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323033091|page=749|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014833/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd adults, testicular teratomas generally be cancerous.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyasu|first1=Ryoichi|last2=Yang|first2=Ximing J|last3=Yoshida|first3=Osamu|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9784431728191|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922011716/https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref> Definitive diagnosis be based on a tissue biopsy.<ref name=NORD2007>{{cite web|title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2007|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219090348/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 7k6ze3rnvc75expra1tn55tjunkoaks 99141 99140 2026-05-30T19:12:37Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''teratoma''' be a tumor dem make up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, teeth, anaa bone.<ref name=NCI2017>{{cite web|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=44248|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123164623/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=44248|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem typically dey form insyd de ovary, testicle, anaa tailbone den less commonly insyd oda areas.<ref name=NCI2017/> Symptoms fi be minimal if de tumor be small.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A testicular teratoma fi present as a painless lump.<ref name=Raj2007/> Complications fi include ovarian torsion, testicular torsion, anaa hydrops fetalis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Raj2007>{{cite book|last1=Raja|first1=Shahzad G.|title=Access to Surgery: 500 single best answer questions in general and systematic pathology|date=2007|publisher=PasTest Ltd|isbn=9781905635368|page=508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011412/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sab2014>{{cite book|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Acharya|first2=U. Rajendra|last3=Guerriero|first3=Stefano|last4=Suri|first4=Jasjit S.|title=Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461486336|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920190859/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be a type of germ cell tumor (a tumor wey dey begin insyd de cells wey give rise to sperm anaa eggs).<ref name=NCI2017/><ref name=NCI2017Mat>{{cite web|title=Mature teratoma|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=443575|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123130349/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=443575|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem be divided into two types: mature den immature.<ref name=NCI2017/> Mature teratomas dey include dermoid cysts wey generally be benign.<ref name=NCI2017Mat/> Immature teratomas may be [[cancer]]ous.<ref name=NCI2017/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Noor|first1=Mohd Rushdan Md|last2=Hseon|first2=Tay Eng|last3=Jeffrey|first3=Low Jen Hui|title=Gynaecologic Cancer: A Handbook for Students and Practitioners|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789814463065|page=446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101242/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaw ovarian teratomas be mature.<ref name=Fal2007>{{cite book|last1=Falcone|first1=Tommaso|last2=Hurd|first2=William W.|title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323033091|page=749|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014833/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd adults, testicular teratomas generally be cancerous.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyasu|first1=Ryoichi|last2=Yang|first2=Ximing J|last3=Yoshida|first3=Osamu|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9784431728191|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922011716/https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref> Definitive diagnosis be based on a tissue biopsy.<ref name=NORD2007>{{cite web|title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2007|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219090348/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|url-status=live}}</ref> Treatment of tailbone, testicular, den ovarian teratomas generally be by surgery.<ref name=Pri2008>{{cite book|last1=Price|first1=Pat|last2=Sikora|first2=Karol|last3=Illidge|first3=Tim|title=Treatment of Cancer Fifth Edition|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340912218|page=713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081155/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hillard|first1=Paula J Adams|last2=Hillard|first2=Paula Adams|title=The 5-minute Obstetrics and Gynecology Consult|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781769426|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803230804/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref> Testicular den immature ovarian teratomas frequently sanso be treated plus chemotherapy.<ref name="Fal2007" /><ref name=Pri2008/> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] oy0u08xtd4m88pz89nfo6pw4lon9a6s 99142 99141 2026-05-30T19:16:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''teratoma''' be a tumor dem make up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, teeth, anaa bone.<ref name=NCI2017>{{cite web|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=44248|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123164623/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=44248|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem typically dey form insyd de ovary, testicle, anaa tailbone den less commonly insyd oda areas.<ref name=NCI2017/> Symptoms fi be minimal if de tumor be small.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A testicular teratoma fi present as a painless lump.<ref name=Raj2007/> Complications fi include ovarian torsion, testicular torsion, anaa hydrops fetalis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Raj2007>{{cite book|last1=Raja|first1=Shahzad G.|title=Access to Surgery: 500 single best answer questions in general and systematic pathology|date=2007|publisher=PasTest Ltd|isbn=9781905635368|page=508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011412/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sab2014>{{cite book|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Acharya|first2=U. Rajendra|last3=Guerriero|first3=Stefano|last4=Suri|first4=Jasjit S.|title=Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461486336|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920190859/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be a type of germ cell tumor (a tumor wey dey begin insyd de cells wey give rise to sperm anaa eggs).<ref name=NCI2017/><ref name=NCI2017Mat>{{cite web|title=Mature teratoma|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=443575|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123130349/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=443575|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem be divided into two types: mature den immature.<ref name=NCI2017/> Mature teratomas dey include dermoid cysts wey generally be benign.<ref name=NCI2017Mat/> Immature teratomas may be [[cancer]]ous.<ref name=NCI2017/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Noor|first1=Mohd Rushdan Md|last2=Hseon|first2=Tay Eng|last3=Jeffrey|first3=Low Jen Hui|title=Gynaecologic Cancer: A Handbook for Students and Practitioners|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789814463065|page=446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101242/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaw ovarian teratomas be mature.<ref name=Fal2007>{{cite book|last1=Falcone|first1=Tommaso|last2=Hurd|first2=William W.|title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323033091|page=749|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014833/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd adults, testicular teratomas generally be cancerous.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyasu|first1=Ryoichi|last2=Yang|first2=Ximing J|last3=Yoshida|first3=Osamu|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9784431728191|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922011716/https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref> Definitive diagnosis be based on a tissue biopsy.<ref name=NORD2007>{{cite web|title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2007|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219090348/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|url-status=live}}</ref> Treatment of tailbone, testicular, den ovarian teratomas generally be by surgery.<ref name=Pri2008>{{cite book|last1=Price|first1=Pat|last2=Sikora|first2=Karol|last3=Illidge|first3=Tim|title=Treatment of Cancer Fifth Edition|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340912218|page=713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081155/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hillard|first1=Paula J Adams|last2=Hillard|first2=Paula Adams|title=The 5-minute Obstetrics and Gynecology Consult|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781769426|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803230804/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref> Testicular den immature ovarian teratomas frequently sanso be treated plus chemotherapy.<ref name="Fal2007" /><ref name=Pri2008/> Teratomas dey occur insyd de coccyx insyd about one insyd 30,000 newborns, wey dey make dem one of de most common tumors insyd dis age group.<ref name=Dav2012/><ref name=Cor2014>{{cite book|last1=Corton|first1=Marlene M|last2=Leveno|first2=Kenneth J|last3=Bloom|first3=Steven L|last4=Hoffman|first4=Barbara L|title=Williams Obstetrics 24/E (EBOOK)|date=2014|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798945|page=Chapter 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlPOAgAAQBAJ&q|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730215609/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlPOAgAAQBAJ&q|url-status=live}}</ref> Females be affected more often dan males.<ref name=Dav2012>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Mark|last2=Inglis|first2=Garry|last3=Jardine|first3=Luke|last4=Koorts|first4=Pieter|title=Antenatal Consults: A Guide for Neonatologists and Paediatricians - E-Book|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0729581080|page=298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soTU42jrIkUC&pg=PA298|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024826/https://books.google.com/books?id=soTU42jrIkUC&pg=PA298|url-status=live}}</ref> Ovarian teratomas dey represent about a quarter of ovarian tumors den typically be noticed during middle age.<ref name=Fal2007/> Testicular teratomas dey represent almost half of testicular cancers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hart|first1=I|last2=Newton|first2=RW|title=Endocrinology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401092982|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbjUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706041409/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbjUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem fi occur insyd both kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McDougal|first1=W Scott|last2=Wein|first2=Alan J|last3=Kavoussi|first3=Louis R|last4=Novick|first4=Andrew C|last5=Partin|first5=Alan W|last6=Peters|first6=Craig A.|last7=Ramchandani|first7=Parvati|title=Campbell-Walsh Urology 10th Edition Review E-Book|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455723171|page=663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKcS1A2Q9dAC&pg=PA663|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805044951/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKcS1A2Q9dAC&pg=PA663|url-status=live}}</ref> De term dey cam from de Greek words give "monster" den "tumor".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chang|first1=Alfred E|last2=Ganz|first2=Patricia A|last3=Hayes|first3=Daniel F|last4=Kinsella|first4=Timothy|last5=Pass|first5=Harvey I|last6=Schiller|first6=Joan H|last7=Stone|first7=Richard M|last8=Strecher|first8=Victor|title=Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387310565|page=848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA848|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730103722/https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA848|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] s35v05hl5loggb471q1dp4w2af8re4h 99143 99142 2026-05-30T19:18:17Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A '''teratoma''' be a tumor dem make up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, teeth, anaa bone.<ref name=NCI2017>{{cite web|title=NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=44248|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123164623/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=44248|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem typically dey form insyd de ovary, testicle, anaa tailbone den less commonly insyd oda areas.<ref name=NCI2017/> Symptoms fi be minimal if de tumor be small.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment {{!}} NORD |url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/ |access-date=2026-05-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A testicular teratoma fi present as a painless lump.<ref name=Raj2007/> Complications fi include ovarian torsion, testicular torsion, anaa hydrops fetalis.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=Raj2007>{{cite book|last1=Raja|first1=Shahzad G.|title=Access to Surgery: 500 single best answer questions in general and systematic pathology|date=2007|publisher=PasTest Ltd|isbn=9781905635368|page=508|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730011412/https://books.google.com/books?id=p2VzWJBpHDAC&pg=PA508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Sab2014>{{cite book|last1=Saba|first1=Luca|last2=Acharya|first2=U. Rajendra|last3=Guerriero|first3=Stefano|last4=Suri|first4=Jasjit S.|title=Ovarian Neoplasm Imaging|date=2014|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461486336|page=165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920190859/https://books.google.com/books?id=AjLBBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA165|url-status=live}}</ref> Der be a type of germ cell tumor (a tumor wey dey begin insyd de cells wey give rise to sperm anaa eggs).<ref name=NCI2017/><ref name=NCI2017Mat>{{cite web|title=Mature teratoma|url=https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?cdrid=443575|website=National Cancer Institute|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2011-02-02|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123130349/https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms?CdrID=443575|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem be divided into two types: mature den immature.<ref name=NCI2017/> Mature teratomas dey include dermoid cysts wey generally be benign.<ref name=NCI2017Mat/> Immature teratomas may be [[cancer]]ous.<ref name=NCI2017/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Noor|first1=Mohd Rushdan Md|last2=Hseon|first2=Tay Eng|last3=Jeffrey|first3=Low Jen Hui|title=Gynaecologic Cancer: A Handbook for Students and Practitioners|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9789814463065|page=446|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803101242/https://books.google.com/books?id=5-bMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA446|url-status=live}}</ref> Chaw ovarian teratomas be mature.<ref name=Fal2007>{{cite book|last1=Falcone|first1=Tommaso|last2=Hurd|first2=William W.|title=Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0323033091|page=749|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704014833/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOPtaEIKvcIC&pg=PA749|url-status=live}}</ref> Insyd adults, testicular teratomas generally be cancerous.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Oyasu|first1=Ryoichi|last2=Yang|first2=Ximing J|last3=Yoshida|first3=Osamu|title=Questions in Daily Urologic Practice: Updates for Urologists and Diagnostic Pathologists|date=2009|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9784431728191|page=253|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922011716/https://books.google.com/books?id=mD5iUSqheb8C&pg=PA253|url-status=live}}</ref> Definitive diagnosis be based on a tissue biopsy.<ref name=NORD2007>{{cite web|title=Sacrococcygeal Teratoma|url=https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|website=NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)|access-date=20 December 2017|date=2007|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219090348/https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/sacrococcygeal-teratoma/|url-status=live}}</ref> Treatment of tailbone, testicular, den ovarian teratomas generally be by surgery.<ref name=Pri2008>{{cite book|last1=Price|first1=Pat|last2=Sikora|first2=Karol|last3=Illidge|first3=Tim|title=Treatment of Cancer Fifth Edition|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780340912218|page=713|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081155/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYIYF2MAUP4C&pg=PA713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hillard|first1=Paula J Adams|last2=Hillard|first2=Paula Adams|title=The 5-minute Obstetrics and Gynecology Consult|date=2008|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9780781769426|page=140|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803230804/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOoFIQOdIhkC&pg=PA140|url-status=live}}</ref> Testicular den immature ovarian teratomas frequently sanso be treated plus chemotherapy.<ref name="Fal2007" /><ref name=Pri2008/> Teratomas dey occur insyd de coccyx insyd about one insyd 30,000 newborns, wey dey make dem one of de most common tumors insyd dis age group.<ref name=Dav2012/><ref name=Cor2014>{{cite book|last1=Corton|first1=Marlene M|last2=Leveno|first2=Kenneth J|last3=Bloom|first3=Steven L|last4=Hoffman|first4=Barbara L|title=Williams Obstetrics 24/E (EBOOK)|date=2014|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=9780071798945|page=Chapter 16|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlPOAgAAQBAJ&q|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730215609/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlPOAgAAQBAJ&q|url-status=live}}</ref> Females be affected more often dan males.<ref name=Dav2012>{{cite book|last1=Davies|first1=Mark|last2=Inglis|first2=Garry|last3=Jardine|first3=Luke|last4=Koorts|first4=Pieter|title=Antenatal Consults: A Guide for Neonatologists and Paediatricians - E-Book|date=2012|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0729581080|page=298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=soTU42jrIkUC&pg=PA298|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024826/https://books.google.com/books?id=soTU42jrIkUC&pg=PA298|url-status=live}}</ref> Ovarian teratomas dey represent about a quarter of ovarian tumors den typically be noticed during middle age.<ref name=Fal2007/> Testicular teratomas dey represent almost half of testicular cancers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hart|first1=I|last2=Newton|first2=RW|title=Endocrinology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789401092982|page=157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbjUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706041409/https://books.google.com/books?id=QbjUBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157|url-status=live}}</ref> Dem fi occur insyd both kiddies den adults.<ref>{{cite book|last1=McDougal|first1=W Scott|last2=Wein|first2=Alan J|last3=Kavoussi|first3=Louis R|last4=Novick|first4=Andrew C|last5=Partin|first5=Alan W|last6=Peters|first6=Craig A.|last7=Ramchandani|first7=Parvati|title=Campbell-Walsh Urology 10th Edition Review E-Book|date=2011|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1455723171|page=663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tKcS1A2Q9dAC&pg=PA663|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-08-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805044951/https://books.google.com/books?id=tKcS1A2Q9dAC&pg=PA663|url-status=live}}</ref> De term dey cam from de Greek words give "monster" den "tumor".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chang|first1=Alfred E|last2=Ganz|first2=Patricia A|last3=Hayes|first3=Daniel F|last4=Kinsella|first4=Timothy|last5=Pass|first5=Harvey I|last6=Schiller|first6=Joan H|last7=Stone|first7=Richard M|last8=Strecher|first8=Victor|title=Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach|date=2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387310565|page=848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA848|language=en|access-date=2020-06-26|archive-date=2020-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730103722/https://books.google.com/books?id=vxh6u1-ETk0C&pg=PA848|url-status=live}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q200741|c=Category:Teratomas|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=teratoma|species=no}} * humpath pathology images [http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=2657 #2657] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901031726/http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=2657 |date=2017-09-01}} (Teratomas), [http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=4541 #4541] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901031732/http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=4541 |date=2017-09-01}} (Mature teratoma), [http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=5350 #5350] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901031656/http://www.humpath.com/spip.php?page=article&id_article=5350 |date=2017-09-01}} (Immature teratoma) * {{EMedicine|med|2248|cystic teratoma}} (also [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930200400/http://www.emedicine.com/cgi-bin/foxweb.exe/searchengine@/em/searchengine?boolean=and&book=all&maxhits=100&HiddenURL=&query=teratoma search EMedicine for all articles containing the word ''teratoma'']) {{Authority control}} [[Category:Anatomical pathology]] [[Category:Congenital disorders]] [[Category:Dermal den subcutaneous growths]] [[Category:Gynaecological cancer]] [[Category:Induced stem cells]] [[Category:Male genital neoplasia]] [[Category:Obstetrics]] [[Category:Pediatric cancers]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] dkbcum2kkriyrw8jgvf866qpsk8ipx3 0 27032 99161 98932 2026-05-30T22:22:13Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 99161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]] De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.<ref name=":0">Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]</bdi>.</ref> De river dey begin for central Angola insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]<nowiki/>until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''. De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.<ref name=":0" /> E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape. == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station<ref name=":1">[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.</ref><ref>Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 "Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin"]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.</ref><ref>Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 "Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo"].</ref> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !2012–2016 |9,000 |- !1948–2012 |10,457 |- !1950–1959 |11,318 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|"Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].</ref> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !1948–2012 |8,070 |- !1950–1959 |8,790 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !1948–2012 |2,079 |- !1950–1959 |2,240 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba (3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E) den Kutu-Moke (3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E) gauging station. ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="71" | !Lediba ! !Kutu- Moke |- ! colspan="3" |Average discharge (m³/s) |- |2016 |9,350 | rowspan="69" | | |- |2015 |8,090 | |- |2014 |9,040 | |- |2013 |9,520 | |- |2012 |8,870 |6,800 |- |2011 |7,940 |6,093 |- |2010 |7,320 |5,614 |- |2009 |8,820 |6,764 |- |2008 |10,400 |7,976 |- |2007 |13,180 |10,110 |- |2006 |10,740 |8,236 |- |2005 |9,017 |6,917 |- |2004 |8,130 |6,235 |- |2003 |11,520 |8,837 |- |2002 |11,150 |8,552 |- |2001 |9,290 |7,125 |- |2000 |8,310 |6,496 |- |1999 |7,030 |5,463 |- |1998 |7,010 |5,480 |- |1997 |9,800 |7,659 |- |1996 |8,950 |7,000 |- |1995 |7,620 |5,960 |- |1994 |7,430 |5,810 |- |1993 |8,580 |6,705 |- |1992 |7,790 |6,089 |- |1991 |10,410 |8,136 |- |1990 |11,150 |8,717 |- |1989 |12,810 |9,988 |- |1988 |11,450 |8,953 |- |1987 |11,120 |8,694 |- |1986 |9,980 |7,804 |- |1985 |9,550 |7,463 |- |1984 |8,800 |6,879 |- |1983 |10,340 |8,084 |- |1982 |10,100 |7,897 |- |1981 |9,500 |7,427 |- |1980 |9,230 |7,213 |- |1979 |11,710 |9,153 |- |1978 |10,730 |8,385 |- |1977 |12,450 |9,731 |- |1976 |11,760 |9,194 |- |1975 |10,720 |8,383 |- |1974 |10,080 |7,878 |- |1973 |9,970 |7,796 |- |1972 |10,540 |8,236 |- |1971 |11,360 |8,880 |- |1970 |12,040 |9,232 |- |1969 |13,020 |9,986 |- |1968 |13,100 |10,050 |- |1967 |11,510 |8,832 |- |1966 |12,340 |9,466 |- |1965 |10,970 |8,417 |- |1964 |11,950 |9,167 |- |1963 |11,960 |9,173 |- |1962 |13,510 |10,360 |- |1961 |12,440 |9,543 |- |1960 |11,430 |8,764 |- |1959 |9,960 |7,638 |- |1958 |9,850 |7,552 |- |1957 |11,810 |9,060 |- |1956 |11,580 |8,882 |- |1955 |11,360 |8,717 |- |1954 |11,390 |8,735 |- |1953 |10,220 |7,837 |- |1952 |10,490 |8,646 |- |1951 |11,260 |8,640 |- |1950 |11,240 |8,619 |- |1949 |11,560 |8,870 |- |1948 |11,360 |8,716 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959) |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name=":2" /><ref>Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf "Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections"] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].</ref> |} == Exploration == [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a "powerful den deep river", but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.<ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,252}} == Tributaries == De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:<ref name=":3">[https://congeau.site/kasai.html "Le cours de la rivière Kasaï"].</ref> * [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km) * [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km) * [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km) * [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km) * [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km) * Tshikapa (left – 630 km) * Longatshimo (left – 550 km) * Luembe (left – 780 km) * Lueta (right – 395 km) {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De main tributaries from de mouth: !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s)* |- | colspan="2" |''Kwa–Kasai'' |''2,272'' |''894,486.6'' |''10,457.3'' |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |'''Kwa''' |- | rowspan="2" | |Mbala |57.5 |1,100.1 |14.9 |- |[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹ |1,120 |136,174.7 |2,252.9 |- | colspan="5" |'''Lower Kasai''' |- |Lekulu | rowspan="5" | |57.5 |793.5 |9.3 |- |Buma |138 |3,354.7 |42.3 |- |[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] |1,702 |270,904.3 |3,317.4 |- |[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]] |250 |8,887.4 |106.4 |- |[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]] |165 |3,169.1 |34.8 |- | |Liau | |1,231.6 |14.4 |- |Lubue | rowspan="2" | |227 |8,611.7 |103.5 |- |Loange |865 |41,799.5 |489.1 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Kasai''' |- |Lumbudji | rowspan="2" | |137 |2,876.8 |25.4 |- |Lubudi |153 |1,999.2 |17 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ² |1,280 |149,479.5 |1,738.1 |- |Lutshuadi |177 |4,596.5 |39.2 |- |[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] |1,184 |70,612.5 |798 |- | colspan="5" |'''Upper Kasai''' |- |Yeye | |47 |1,379.3 |8.9 |- | |Kabambaie |77 |2,083.7 |10.8 |- |Lovua | rowspan="3" | |297 |8,262.4 |73.9 |- |[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]] |630 |19,512.1 |179.5 |- |Longatshimo |550 |19,847.3 |198.5 |- | |Luenda |69 |1,791.4 |10.1 |- |Luembe | |780 |46,648.8 |453.4 |- | rowspan="5" | |Lueta (Kaungej) |395 |13,000.1 |87.6 |- |Kasangeshi |206 |3,610.2 |22.1 |- |Luele | |1,173.3 |7.9 |- |Dembo |87 |1,924.8 |13.1 |- |Luau |105 |4,294.4 |38.5 |- |Lualo | | |1,532.8 |14.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lutshima |166 |1,616.6 |11.5 |- |Munyango | |3,133.1 |20.9 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: ^* Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie; ² Sankuru–Lubulanji; |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref>Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179 "Congo River"].</ref><ref name=":3" /> |} == Economic importance == De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of de Kasai River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] ksxp0nnnpxtj0up9itqvuj5dy9wqj5u 99162 99161 2026-05-30T22:25:44Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Congo Map by Stanley.jpg|thumb|De solid black line dey depict Stanley ein route.]] De '''Kasai River''' ([[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]]: ''Mto Kasai'', [[:en:French_language|French]]: ''Kasaï'' [[:en:Help:IPA/French|[ka.sa.i]]]; dem bell am '''Cassai''' for [[:en:Angolan_Portuguese|Angolan Portuguese]] insyd) be left bank [[:en:Tributary|tributary]] of de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo River]], wey dem locate am for [[:en:Central_Africa|Central Africa]] insyd.<ref name=":0">Broadhead, Susan (1992). ''Historical dictionary of Angola''. Metuchen, N.J: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0585070091|0585070091]]</bdi>.</ref> De river dey begin for central Angola insyd den dey flow to de east until e dey reach de [[:en:Angola–Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_border|border]] between Angola den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]], wey e dey turn north den dey serve as de border until e dey flow into de DRC. From [[:en:Ilebo|Ilebo]], between de confluences plus [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua river]] den [[:en:Sankuru_river|Sankuru river]], de Kasai river dey turn to a westerly direction. De lower stretch of de river, from de confluence plus [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi river]]<nowiki/>until e dey join de Congo at [[:en:Kwamouth|Kwamouth]] northeast of Kinshasa, dem sanso know am as de '''Kwa(h) River'''. De Kasai basin dey consist mainly of equatorial rainforest areas, wey dey provide an agricultural land for a region dem note give ein infertile, sandy soil insyd.<ref name=":0" /> E be a tributary of Congo river den dem find diamonds for am insyd. Around 60% of diamonds for Belgium insyd go from Kasai river give dey cut den shape. == Discharge == {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Lediba gauging station<ref name=":1">[https://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/drc1989undpgroundwater.pdf Zaire] (PDF) (Report). BGS, British Geological Survey.</ref><ref>Becker, M.; Papa, F.; Frappart, F.; Alsdorf, D.; Calmant, S.; Da Silva, J. Santos; Prigent, C.; Seyler, F. (2018). [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 "Satellite-based estimates of surface water dynamics in the Congo River Basin"]. ''International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation''. '''66''': 196–209. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJAEO..66..196B 2018IJAEO..66..196B]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015|10.1016/j.jag.2017.11.015]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221006234856/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01671764 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-06. Retrieved 2021-09-21.</ref><ref>Dr. Raphael, M. Tshimanga (2019). [https://www.crrebac.org/blog/professeur-raphael-tshimanga-phd-hydrologie-2/conception-dun-reseau-optimal-de-suivi-hydrometeorologique-et-climatique-du-bassin-versant-de-kasai-120 "Centre de Recherche en Ressources en Eau du Bassin du Congo"].</ref> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !2012–2016 |9,000 |- !1948–2012 |10,457 |- !1950–1959 |11,318 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Kutu-Moke gauging station<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">Laraque, Alain; Moukandi N’kaya, Guy D. (2020). [[doi:10.3390/w12092613|"Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"]]. ''Water''. '''12''' (9): 2613. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Water..12.2613L 2020Water..12.2613L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/w12092613|10.3390/w12092613]].</ref> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !1948–2012 |8,070 |- !1950–1959 |8,790 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Kasai River multiannual average discharge at Ilebo gauging station<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> !Period !Average discharge (m³/s) |- !1948–2012 |2,079 |- !1950–1959 |2,240 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Water discharge of de Kasai River at de Lediba (3°3′25.4556″S 16°32′55.0644″E) den Kutu-Moke (3°12′33.0516″S 17°20′42.4032″E) gauging station. ! rowspan="2" |Year ! rowspan="71" | !Lediba ! !Kutu- Moke |- ! colspan="3" |Average discharge (m³/s) |- |2016 |9,350 | rowspan="69" | | |- |2015 |8,090 | |- |2014 |9,040 | |- |2013 |9,520 | |- |2012 |8,870 |6,800 |- |2011 |7,940 |6,093 |- |2010 |7,320 |5,614 |- |2009 |8,820 |6,764 |- |2008 |10,400 |7,976 |- |2007 |13,180 |10,110 |- |2006 |10,740 |8,236 |- |2005 |9,017 |6,917 |- |2004 |8,130 |6,235 |- |2003 |11,520 |8,837 |- |2002 |11,150 |8,552 |- |2001 |9,290 |7,125 |- |2000 |8,310 |6,496 |- |1999 |7,030 |5,463 |- |1998 |7,010 |5,480 |- |1997 |9,800 |7,659 |- |1996 |8,950 |7,000 |- |1995 |7,620 |5,960 |- |1994 |7,430 |5,810 |- |1993 |8,580 |6,705 |- |1992 |7,790 |6,089 |- |1991 |10,410 |8,136 |- |1990 |11,150 |8,717 |- |1989 |12,810 |9,988 |- |1988 |11,450 |8,953 |- |1987 |11,120 |8,694 |- |1986 |9,980 |7,804 |- |1985 |9,550 |7,463 |- |1984 |8,800 |6,879 |- |1983 |10,340 |8,084 |- |1982 |10,100 |7,897 |- |1981 |9,500 |7,427 |- |1980 |9,230 |7,213 |- |1979 |11,710 |9,153 |- |1978 |10,730 |8,385 |- |1977 |12,450 |9,731 |- |1976 |11,760 |9,194 |- |1975 |10,720 |8,383 |- |1974 |10,080 |7,878 |- |1973 |9,970 |7,796 |- |1972 |10,540 |8,236 |- |1971 |11,360 |8,880 |- |1970 |12,040 |9,232 |- |1969 |13,020 |9,986 |- |1968 |13,100 |10,050 |- |1967 |11,510 |8,832 |- |1966 |12,340 |9,466 |- |1965 |10,970 |8,417 |- |1964 |11,950 |9,167 |- |1963 |11,960 |9,173 |- |1962 |13,510 |10,360 |- |1961 |12,440 |9,543 |- |1960 |11,430 |8,764 |- |1959 |9,960 |7,638 |- |1958 |9,850 |7,552 |- |1957 |11,810 |9,060 |- |1956 |11,580 |8,882 |- |1955 |11,360 |8,717 |- |1954 |11,390 |8,735 |- |1953 |10,220 |7,837 |- |1952 |10,490 |8,646 |- |1951 |11,260 |8,640 |- |1950 |11,240 |8,619 |- |1949 |11,560 |8,870 |- |1948 |11,360 |8,716 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: Average minimum and maximum discharge: Lediba 5,000–20,000 m³/s (1932–1959), Kutu-Moke 4,400–11,600 m³/s (1932–1959) |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref name=":2" /><ref>Sly, Wongchuig; Benjamin, Kitambo; Fabrice, Papa; Adrien, Paris; Ayan Santos, Fleischmann; Laetitia, Gal; Julien, Boucharel; Rodrigo, Paiva; Romulo Jucá, Oliveira; Raphael M., Tshimanga; Stéphane, Calmant (2023). [https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/2024-02/010089436.pdf "Improved modeling of Congo's hydrology for floods and droughts analysis and ENSO teleconnections"] (PDF). ''Regional Studies''. '''50''' 101563: 21. [[Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023JHyRS..5001563W 2023JHyRS..5001563W]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563|10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101563]].</ref> |} == Exploration == [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] reach de [[:en:Confluence|confluence]] for 9 March 1877 top, wey e bell de river Nkutu, a "powerful den deep river", but dey recognize am as e dey originate from [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] ein Kwango.<ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. One {{ISBN|0486256677}}, Vol. Two {{ISBN|0486256685}}</ref>{{rp|Vol.Two,252}} == Tributaries == De Kasai ein main [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] upstream from de confluence plus de Congo:<ref name=":3">[https://congeau.site/kasai.html "Le cours de la rivière Kasaï"].</ref> * [[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] (right – Fimi plus [[:en:Lukenie_River|Lukenie]] 1,120 km) * [[:en:Kwilu_River|Kwilu]]–[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] (left – 1,702 km) * [[:en:Loange_River|Loange]] (left – 865 km) * [[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] (right – Sankuru–[[:en:Lubilanji_River|Lubilanji]] 1,280 km) * [[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] (right – 1,184 km) * Tshikapa (left – 630 km) * Longatshimo (left – 550 km) * Luembe (left – 780 km) * Lueta (right – 395 km) {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De main tributaries from de mouth: !Left tributary !Right tributary !Length (km) !Basin size (km²) !Average discharge (m³/s)* |- | colspan="2" |''Kwa–Kasai'' |''2,272'' |''894,486.6'' |''10,457.3'' |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |'''Kwa''' |- | rowspan="2" | |Mbala |57.5 |1,100.1 |14.9 |- |[[:en:Fimi_River|Fimi]] ¹ |1,120 |136,174.7 |2,252.9 |- | colspan="5" |'''Lower Kasai''' |- |Lekulu | rowspan="5" | |57.5 |793.5 |9.3 |- |Buma |138 |3,354.7 |42.3 |- |[[:en:Kwango_River|Kwango]] |1,702 |270,904.3 |3,317.4 |- |[[:en:Kamtsha_River|Kamtsha]] |250 |8,887.4 |106.4 |- |[[:en:Luele_River|Piopio]] |165 |3,169.1 |34.8 |- | |Liau | |1,231.6 |14.4 |- |Lubue | rowspan="2" | |227 |8,611.7 |103.5 |- |Loange |865 |41,799.5 |489.1 |- | colspan="5" |'''Middle Kasai''' |- |Lumbudji | rowspan="2" | |137 |2,876.8 |25.4 |- |Lubudi |153 |1,999.2 |17 |- | rowspan="3" | |[[:en:Sankuru_River|Sankuru]] ² |1,280 |149,479.5 |1,738.1 |- |Lutshuadi |177 |4,596.5 |39.2 |- |[[:en:Lulua_River|Lulua]] |1,184 |70,612.5 |798 |- | colspan="5" |'''Upper Kasai''' |- |Yeye | |47 |1,379.3 |8.9 |- | |Kabambaie |77 |2,083.7 |10.8 |- |Lovua | rowspan="3" | |297 |8,262.4 |73.9 |- |[[:en:Tshikapa|Tshikapa]] |630 |19,512.1 |179.5 |- |Longatshimo |550 |19,847.3 |198.5 |- | |Luenda |69 |1,791.4 |10.1 |- |Luembe | |780 |46,648.8 |453.4 |- | rowspan="5" | |Lueta (Kaungej) |395 |13,000.1 |87.6 |- |Kasangeshi |206 |3,610.2 |22.1 |- |Luele | |1,173.3 |7.9 |- |Dembo |87 |1,924.8 |13.1 |- |Luau |105 |4,294.4 |38.5 |- |Lualo | | |1,532.8 |14.6 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lutshima |166 |1,616.6 |11.5 |- |Munyango | |3,133.1 |20.9 |- | colspan="5" | |- | colspan="5" |Notes: ^* Period: 1948–2012; ¹ Fimi–Lukenie; ² Sankuru–Lubulanji; |- | colspan="5" |Source:<ref>Eric, Tilman. [https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&id=54&catid=215&Itemid=179 "Congo River"].</ref><ref name=":3" /> |} == Economic importance == De tributaries of River Kasai dey clear of obstacles like cataracts den river weed, wey dey make'em very navigable. Dem facilitate de transport sector den form an important trade artery. De river ein role for transport den trade insyd be more prominent during de pre-colonial period wen de slave trade dey legal. Slave traders use one of ein major tributaries, de Kwango River, to navigate de equatorial rain forest, capture slaves den find demma way back to de Atlantic Ocean wey dem dock demma ships. E be greatly controversial dat sam of de local kingdoms dat dey along de Kasai River support de slave trade. De Rund kingdom for instance, readily provide slaves give de most notorious slave traders like John Matthews, wey dem well know am British slave vendor. Dem activities, though dem occur between de 18th den 19th centuries, lef a lasting impact for de regions insyd wey dem be most prominent, such as between de Kwango den de Kwilu rivers. De population never recover fully, plus de population density lower dan dat of areas dat no experience de slave trade. De most probable trigger to British den Portuguese great interests for de Kasai River insyd be de presence of alluvial diamonds wey dey lie for rich deposit beds insyd, especially at de river ein mouth. More deposits dey lie along de beds of a major tributary, de Kwango River. In fact, e be common to hear de phrase “de diamond heartland of North Eastern Angola” wey dem use for reference to de Kwango River valley insyd. Dis be sekof de diamond alluvial beds wey dem find for dis region insyd be de richest for Angola insyd. == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Kasai River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Kasai River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Angola]] [[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Tributaries of de Congo River]] [[Category:Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo border]] bdvsbr0itg2i6i208yt7pzuclbdie4p 0 27033 99167 98891 2026-05-30T22:49:35Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Densu River''' be 116 km long river for [[Ghana]] insyd wey dey rise for de Atewa Range insyd. Edey flow thru agricultural region wey get economic value, wey edey supply half of de drinking water give Ghana ein capital city [[Accra]]. De river dey end for wetland delta wey get ecological value<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freshwater Conservation & Sustainability |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/our-work/freshwater/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=World Wildlife Fund |language=en-us}}</ref> for de Atlantic Ocean ein coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana - Rivers and Lakes |url=https://www.countrystudies.us/ghana/30.htm |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.countrystudies.us}}</ref> De Densuano<ref>{{Cite web |title=Densuano Street in Koforidua - Eastern Region - AfricaLocal.net |url=https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250222090732/https://www.africalocal.net/GH/Eastern-Region/Cities/Koforidua/Streets/Densuano-Street/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.africalocal.net |language=en}}</ref> Dam den [[Weija Dam]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Residents stranded as Weija Dam spillage floods homes {{!}} Starr Fm |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518153912/https://starrfm.com.gh/2018/10/residents-stranded-as-weija-dam-spillage-floods-homes/ |archive-date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=starrfm.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> dey on de Densu River. == Course den basin == === Source den drainage basin === De Densu River dey rise for some height inside de Atwiredu Hills, wey be part of de ecologically sensitive Atewa Range Forest Reserve for de Akyem Abuakwa area for Ghana ein [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] insyd. From ein source, de river dey flow south go down for like 116 go 120 kilometres (72 to 75 mi) through agricultural den urban area wey get chaw people. De Densu River Basin dey cover total catchment area of like 2,490 to 2,600 square kilometres (960 to 1,000 sq mi).<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kusimi |first=J. M. |date=2009-09-04 |title=1. Analysis of Sedimentation Rates in the Densu River Channel: The Result of erosion and anthropogenic activities in the Densu basin |url=https://journals.ug.edu.gh/index.php/wajae/article/view/839 |journal=West African Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=1–14}}</ref> For administration side, dem share de basin across three regions for Ghana: De Eastern Region get de largest share wey be 72%, then de [[Greater Accra Region]] follow plus 23%, den de [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central Region]] plus 5%. De river ein flow dey get support from network of main rivers (tributaries), wey dey include de Pompon, Kuia, Adaiso, Dobro, Mame, den Nsaki rivers.<ref name=":0" /> === Weija Reservoir den water supply === [[File:River Densu Accra.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Densu River, Accra]] For ein lower course insyd, de river dem block am plus de Weija Dam, wey dem build for 1977 under Executive Instrument 130 to form de Weija Reservoir.<ref name=":0" /> De reservoir dey cover restricted zone of like 54.3 square kilometres (21.0 sq mi).<ref name=":0" /> De Weija Treatment Plant, wey de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey manage, dey process like 190,000 cubic metres (6,700,000 cu ft) of water every day from de reservoir. Dis facility dey supply almost 50% of de municipal drinking water give de western areas for Accra, plus Kasoa den other peri-urban communities wey dey around Central Region insyd. === Estuary den Densu Delta === [[File:Densu River 5.jpg|thumb|295x295px|Estuary]] For de Weija Dam down side, de river dey flow through ein final coastal part go enter de Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) for de west side of Accra.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Densu Delta Ramsar Site {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116103017/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/564 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=rsis.ramsar.org |language=en}}</ref> Where de river dey end dey form de Densu Delta, wey be ecologically important estuary den wetland system wey dey cover area of 5,895 hectares (14,570 acres). Dem name de delta as Ramsar site wey get international importance for 1992 insyd. De delta get sand dunes, salt pans, open lagoons, den mangrove forest wey be very important nesting grounds give birds wey dey travel from far den sea turtles.<ref name=":1" /> == Water governance den municipal supply == === Municipal abstraction den treatment === De Densu River be vital source for domestic water supply for southern Ghana insyd, wey edey serve over two million people wey dey live for de Greater Accra den Central regions. De main place wey dem dey draw de water for de town be de Weija Dam, where de Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL) dey run treatment plant plus capacity of 54.2 million gallons per day (MGD). Dis facility dey supply clean drinking water to western Accra, wey edey include areas like Sowutuom, Achimota, Mallam, den Bortianor, plus de fast-growing city Kasoa. However, rapid urban encroachment den bad waste management along de river corridor affect de water quality badly, wey edey make de Densu one of de most polluted river systems for Ghana insyd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Water For Death: Sad Story Of How Over 4 Million Ghanaians Survive On Highly Polluted Densu River |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/638976/water-for-death-sad-story-of-how-over-4-million-ghanaians-s.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Runoff wey contain agricultural pesticides, untreated liquid waste from Nsawam-Adoagyiri, den sediment from illegal sand-mining operations dey gather for de Weija Reservoir insyd. Because of dis, de levels of turbidity, iron, phosphorus, den aluminum dey always pass de World Health Organization (WHO) drinking-water guidelines.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chu |first=Yinjuan |date=2020 |title=On English Translation of Chinese Original Picture Books from the Perspective of Multimodality |url=https://www.oalib.com/paper/pdf/5427805 |journal=OALib |volume=07 |issue=03 |pages=1–19 |doi=10.4236/oalib.1106208 |issn=2333-9721}}</ref> To make sure say de public dey safe, GWCL dey force to spend close to 25% of ein total operational expenses for water treatment chemicals, especially alum den chlorine, so say dem go reduce sediment den pathogens.<ref name=":2" /> === Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) === Because of intense developmental den environmental pressures, de Water Resources Commission (WRC) choose de Densu River Basin as Ghana ein highest-priority basin to run pilot Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) policies. Wey dem start am under de UN-Habitat den UNEP "Managing Water for African Cities" program, de basin ein first formal IWRM Plan dem launch am for 2007 insyd. Dis planning process dey use computer-based hydrological scenarios to balance upstream demand sites—like Koforidua den Nsawam—plus downstream environmental needs. One key part of de plan be say dem go keep minimum environmental water flow wey dey equal to de 95th percentile of monthly low-flows below de Weija Dam, so say dem go preserve de ecological health of de Densu Delta Ramsar site. === De Densu Basin Board === So say dem go decentralize water governance, de WRC inaugurate de Densu Basin Board (DBB) for March 2004 insyd as Ghana ein first functional, localized river basin board.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Establishment of Basin Boards to restore water quality in the Densu River, Ghana |url=https://www.iwa-network.org/our-work/densu-basin-board-story |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.iwa-network.org |language=en}}</ref> Wey ein head office dey for dedicated secretariat, de DBB dey serve as multi-stakeholder platform wey dey coordinate water-use activities across 22 municipal den district assemblies inside de Eastern, Greater Accra, den Central regions. De board dey bring representatives from local government, non-governmental organizations (like A Rocha Ghana), water user groups, den traditional authorities together. Ein primary mandate include say dem go run de national Riparian Buffer Zone Policy so say dem go stop shoreline encroachment, monitor illegal water abstraction, den run public sanitation education so say dem go reduce pollution for de community level.<ref name=":3" /> == Environment == Dem designate de delta as Ramsar site wey be wetland of international importance. BirdLife International also identify am as Important Bird Area (IBA) because edey support chaw populations of waterbirds wey no dey breed den de ones wey dey spend winter dere, especially terns, wey dey include western reef egrets, spotted redshanks, den little, black, roseate, common, Sandwich den royal terns.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BirdLife DataZone |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6342-densu-delta-ramsar-site-and-vicinity |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=datazone.birdlife.org |language=en}}</ref> == Threats == De population density of de Densu Basin be around 240 people per square kilometre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Water Resources Commission |url=http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120024134/http://www.wrc-gh.org/riverbasinactivities.html |archive-date=2008-11-20 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.wrc-gh.org}}</ref> Part of de Densu River come turn dumping site for some residents wey dey live for de area, wey edey cause water pollution. Other activities wey dey go on der include farming, sand mining, den quarrying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=River Densu chokes on dumped refuse |url=https://www.businessghana.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=BusinessGhana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-25 |title=Environment Ministry to include traditional rulers on Densu committee |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/environment-ministry-to-include-traditional-rulers-on-densu-committee.html |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover Ghana: Culture & Travel - Experience Ghanas Rich Culture and Warmth Today! |url=https://ghana-net.com/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=ghana-net.com |language=en}}</ref> == For popular culture insyd == * Ghanaian artist Kojo Antwi name ein second studio album, wey he release for 2002 insyd, after de river.<ref>{{Citation |title=Densu by Kojo Antwi on Apple Music |date=2002-01-01 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/densu/301615532 |access-date=2026-05-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> * Osibisa, wey be Afrobeat band, compose song wey dem title Densu, we dem dey explain de different varieties of fishes den de song fishermen dey sing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215854/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAaGl-ZX3fw |archive-date=2021-06-24 |access-date=2026-05-29 |website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Important Bird Areas of Ghana]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] 6cmiakhr3nfc6ne8crur9wtwqmtuh7v 0 27069 99283 99091 2026-05-31T10:57:10Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 99283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|[[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]]]] De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common [[:en:Namibia|Namibian]] spelling)<ref>[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene "Cunene"]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene "Cunene"] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene "Cunene"]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.</ref><ref>[[mwod:Cunene|"Cunene"]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</ref> be a [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Southern_Africa|Southern Africa]] insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic Ocean]]. == Geography == One of de few [[:en:Perennial_stream|perennial rivers]] for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual [[:en:Discharge_(hydrology)|discharge]] be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De [[:en:Epupa_Falls|Epupa Falls]] dey lie for de river top. [[:en:Olushandja_Dam|Olushandja Dam]] dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de [[:en:Ruacana_Power_Station|Ruacana Power Station]] plus water. De main stream dey rise for [[:en:12th_parallel_south|12]]° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at [[:en:Benguela|Benguella]], dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer [[:en:Highland|highlands]] insyd.<ref name=":0">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]". ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.</ref> Between de mouths of ein two [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]], wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de [[:en:Etosha|Etosha]] lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.<ref name=":0" /> For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de [[:en:Atlantic_Ocean|Atlantic]] for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.<ref name=":0" /> == Dam controversies == De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de [[:en:Baynes_Mountains|Baynes Mountains]] insyd. According to de indigenous [[:en:Himba_people|Himba]] who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] den to de [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|United Nations Human Rights Council]] of de [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]], wey dem title "Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd," wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.<ref name="Galdu">{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}</ref><ref name="newsodrome">{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}</ref><ref name="ep1061">{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> For September 2012 insyd, de [[:en:United_Nations_special_rapporteur|United Nations special rapporteur]] for de Rights of [[:en:Indigenous_Peoples|Indigenous Peoples]] top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns. For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.<ref name="Rebecca Sommer">{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for [[:en:Opuwo|Opuwo]] insyd<ref name="Earth Peoples">{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.<ref name="The Namibian">{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}</ref> == Attraction == Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.<ref>{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de [[:en:Gorge|gorge]], den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. == References == <references /> ==== Sources ==== * {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}} * {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}} * {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook. == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema Images near Kunene River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema|date=2007-11-21}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Cunene River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] n91eqmzwilynwgpm08js5i0874f012o 0 27070 99092 2026-05-30T12:00:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99092 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. hlbytzxvgkxzh3kn1a54s2x9p0d9og5 99093 99092 2026-05-30T12:02:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99093 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. 1teh9u629pcz7xwd5zlhq38lobmsuaw 99094 99093 2026-05-30T12:07:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99094 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. hca0loavfisg82jrctj51gfuvfkqi6r 99095 99094 2026-05-30T12:12:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99095 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> datgu64uxsvw2yo22w08xoggew8ssld 99096 99095 2026-05-30T12:13:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99096 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river. 8kldnnkjdzu4srq4wyehirjhje9dv6l 99097 99096 2026-05-30T12:13:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99097 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> 09x25j9670twb68cyp624xe5zynba67 99098 99097 2026-05-30T12:14:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99098 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == References == fioxiq26j72dl4b5a639yha40d520gu 99099 99098 2026-05-30T12:16:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == References == kvkz0m6i0fv8igy6jz2cskb53gb3b30 99100 99099 2026-05-30T14:36:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== == References == 39rsr5fdeib2ylq2ek0700cyfsnka0p 99101 99100 2026-05-30T14:38:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. == References == q754my3g1ns84u3wjqw50jlbmbnhr6u 99102 99101 2026-05-30T14:59:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. == References == bkh77ccphuyerhacwps0kj8sj2w39z7 99103 99102 2026-05-30T15:00:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. == References == boa856u89gzwkfbopl8izgqxpkjojji 99104 99103 2026-05-30T15:01:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. == References == 6cu4c6jc4b68u0lde0m3idokj62dghh 99105 99104 2026-05-30T15:02:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century. == References == hjsbgoks6hf5xf8g4s255r8w5l96eka 99106 99105 2026-05-30T15:03:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> == References == nl18g9vnuqilv8jxa4same1u9dtk5mt 99107 99106 2026-05-30T15:04:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. == References == it8qqxgfl9gou4oeolzr94xjq6f2acm 99108 99107 2026-05-30T15:05:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. == References == b5h5ajjfx09ht2duwe7ck7eiajfeef7 99109 99108 2026-05-30T15:06:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. == References == 8db589eyj1y2dcyddrzmgn4tjektbbw 99110 99109 2026-05-30T15:08:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. == References == ibg6g1i6052cw1modlaizzv20yuly5u 99111 99110 2026-05-30T15:09:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. == References == 9dg4c3tugddtguatslktxttm5bk7pcd 99112 99111 2026-05-30T15:10:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. == References == 35q9a1uycxtfy7b4x5xtuhuozmh67p1 99113 99112 2026-05-30T15:10:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. == References == f6g20jlbex8pirgiyu2x4kvv9adzd4h 99114 99113 2026-05-30T15:11:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. == References == lk04jvgzqrazon28dsd6yqtgxk25z4l 99115 99114 2026-05-30T15:11:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. == References == 5k9zcut2q6r9wu9se740nd37yrc1a3o 99116 99115 2026-05-30T15:12:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]]. == References == n65v5wh1vgqqvdxgrslwnj3bqu42j42 99117 99116 2026-05-30T15:13:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> == References == maiuz9l7yra59xisjcdt8u7daaxgc93 99118 99117 2026-05-30T15:15:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> == References == incj395cto842y7to6jjm4kwqn4xiyf 99119 99118 2026-05-30T15:23:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. == References == 784d2z3t7xub4eq0jzb2b27osi34u7w 99120 99119 2026-05-30T15:33:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. == References == 1kkssjqeypzz7n4sttd8db57i8z5fz7 99121 99120 2026-05-30T15:34:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. == References == eq1s8hp2owzz5ljfh4w5x216keapwvu 99122 99121 2026-05-30T15:34:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. == References == 78qw58gi4uss7sq7bwysdfoypiljpnc 99123 99122 2026-05-30T15:34:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]]. == References == 9h542nan4ndefn2us2wgj29g75mgn41 99124 99123 2026-05-30T15:35:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref> == References == 79dknm7sh79544mycaso54t3dopwu7j 99125 99124 2026-05-30T15:35:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == References == 8chdjlg5kufawydu1ph78g7slnz78wl 99126 99125 2026-05-30T15:36:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]] == References == fcl5wram1zn0ybz3gatqv2ckp236h41 99127 99126 2026-05-30T15:41:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. == References == 213zs5xy5sd9eqy0unk34nz7k1rlim4 99128 99127 2026-05-30T15:41:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. == References == l4hqjcr69b8p09pbkdsaom3b4s65tpa 99129 99128 2026-05-30T15:42:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. == References == nq5up447u5bug1uo99suw65vkgnn6bc 99130 99129 2026-05-30T15:42:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. Major cities wey de Jubba River dey pass by dey include [[:en:Dolow|Dolow]], [[:en:Luuq|Luuq]], [[:en:Burdhubo|Burdhubo]], [[:en:Beled_Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], [[:en:Buale|Buale]], den [[:en:Goobweyn|Goobweyn]] near [[:en:Kismaayo|Kismaayo]]. == References == 2sn5122cuqqq63c4gte0z25olc7t8ot 99131 99130 2026-05-30T15:42:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. Major cities wey de Jubba River dey pass by dey include [[:en:Dolow|Dolow]], [[:en:Luuq|Luuq]], [[:en:Burdhubo|Burdhubo]], [[:en:Beled_Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], [[:en:Buale|Buale]], den [[:en:Goobweyn|Goobweyn]] near [[:en:Kismaayo|Kismaayo]]. == Make you sanso see == == References == mba5tujimq8kmoirbllo1rqgq8sjuaa 99132 99131 2026-05-30T15:43:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. Major cities wey de Jubba River dey pass by dey include [[:en:Dolow|Dolow]], [[:en:Luuq|Luuq]], [[:en:Burdhubo|Burdhubo]], [[:en:Beled_Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], [[:en:Buale|Buale]], den [[:en:Goobweyn|Goobweyn]] near [[:en:Kismaayo|Kismaayo]]. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] == References == 00gntcfrrx0slmtsj8cqe4lunv0j6tt 99133 99132 2026-05-30T15:44:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. Major cities wey de Jubba River dey pass by dey include [[:en:Dolow|Dolow]], [[:en:Luuq|Luuq]], [[:en:Burdhubo|Burdhubo]], [[:en:Beled_Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], [[:en:Buale|Buale]], den [[:en:Goobweyn|Goobweyn]] near [[:en:Kismaayo|Kismaayo]]. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110220920/http://multimedia.wri.org/watersheds_2003/af10.html Map of de Jubba River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] oxtxp98y6bvik2mnnskhchwhphvhxmy 99134 99133 2026-05-30T15:45:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Jubba River''' anaa '''Juba River''' ([[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Jubba'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Giuba'') be a [[:en:River|river]] for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] insyd wey dey flow thru de region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. E dey begin at de border plus [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], wey de [[:en:Dawa_River|Dawa]] den [[:en:Ganale_Dorya_River|Ganale Dorya]] rivers dey meet, den dey flow directly south to de Somali Sea, wey e empty at de ''Goobweyn'' juncture. De Jubba basin dey cover an area of {{Convert|749000|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.hrpub.org/download/201309/nrc.2013.010203.pdf Managing Shared Basins in the Horn of Africa – Ethiopian Projects on the Juba and Shabelle Rivers and Downstream Effects in Somalia].</ref> De Somali regional state of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]], wey dem formerly bell am ''Trans-Juba'', dem name am after de river.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba), Italian Colony (1924-1926) |url=https://www.dcstamps.com/oltre-giuba-italian-colony/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |publisher=Dead Country Stamps and Banknotes |quote=Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba) was a short lived Italian colony in the south-western part of what is now Somalia. The territory was located on the far side of the Juba River from the existing borders of Italian Somaliland, hence the name 'Trans Juba' or Oltre Giuba in Italian.}}</ref> == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== De Jubba River get a rich history of a once-booming sophisticated civilization den trade network wey de powerful [[:en:Somalis|Somalis]] conducted am dat hold sway ova de Jubba River. During de Middle Ages Jubba River dey under de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] of de[[:en:Horn_of_Africa|Horn of Africa]] wey utilize de Jubba River give ein plantations den be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. A hydraulic empire dat rise for de 13th century AD insyd, Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de Jubba River den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]]. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], e sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state dat be still operative den for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to used for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be one of de few [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd. Dem construct large wells make out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by taking demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruins den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>[[:en:Jubba_River#CITEREFCassanelli1982|Cassanelli (1982)]], p. 149.</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches wey dem locally know am as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] den Jubba River into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams dey in support for dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed'' wey be de terms dem use. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de State. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from Jubba den [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle]] valleys bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den wey dey come from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>''Journal of African History'' pg. 50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver.</ref> ==== Modern Period ==== Ova two centuries pass until German explorer Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken ascend for de lower reaches of de river top for de small steamship Welf for 1863 insyd. He wreck de steamship for de rapids insyd above [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], wey local Somalis attack party, wey e end for de deaths of de Baron insyd den three odas for ein party insyd. De first European to explore widely den complete de course of de river be de Italian explorer [[:en:Vittorio_Bottego|Vittorio Bottego]] wey Commander F. G. Dundas British Navy attend am. Bottego den ein expedition sail {{convert|400|mi|km|abbr=in|order=flip}} of de river for 1891 insyd. During ein exploration Bottego change de name of de main affluent of Jubba—de Ganale river—for [[:en:Ganale_Doria|Ganale Doria]] insyd after de famous Italian naturalist [[:en:Giacomo_Doria|Giacomo Doria]].<ref>1892; ''Il Giuba esplorato'', 1895.</ref><ref>F. G. Dundas, "Expedition up the Jub River through Somali-Land, East Africa", ''Geographical Journal'', 1 (March 1893), pp. 209–222.</ref> == Overview == [[File:Bardere.bridge.jpg|thumb|Bridge ova de Jubba river for [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]] insyd.]]De Jubba basin region primarily be [[:en:Savanna|savanna]], den be, ecologically speaking, de richest part of de country sekof ein fertile farmland. Native wildlife dey include [[:en:Giraffe|giraffes]], [[:en:Cheetah|cheetahs]], [[:en:Lion|lions]], [[:en:Leopard|leopards]], [[:en:Hyena|hyenas]], [[:en:African_Buffalo|buffalos]], [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamus]], [[:en:Crocodile|crocodiles]], [[:en:Oryx|oryx]], [[:en:Gazelle|gazelles]], [[:en:Camel|camels]], [[:en:Ostrich|ostriches]], [[:en:Jackal|jackals]], den [[:en:Somali_wild_ass|Somali wild asses]]. De Jubba River dey give ein name to de Somali administrative regions of Upper Juba ([[:en:Gedo|Gedo]], [[:en:Bay,_Somalia|Bay]], [[:en:Bakool|Bakool]]), [[:en:Middle_Juba|Middle Juba]] den [[:en:Lower_Juba|Lower Juba]], as well as to de larger historical region of [[:en:Jubaland|Jubaland]]. Major cities wey de Jubba River dey pass by dey include [[:en:Dolow|Dolow]], [[:en:Luuq|Luuq]], [[:en:Burdhubo|Burdhubo]], [[:en:Beled_Hawo|Beled'hawo]], [[:en:Bardhere_District|Bardhere]], [[:en:Buale|Buale]], den [[:en:Goobweyn|Goobweyn]] near [[:en:Kismaayo|Kismaayo]]. == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Shebelle_River|Shebelle River]] == References == <references /> ==== Works cited ==== * {{cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mlhyAAAAMAAJ |title=The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600–1900 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3}} == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101110220920/http://multimedia.wri.org/watersheds_2003/af10.html Map of de Jubba River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] 7ispjt5k1sdvo3dnpjdo2ohfw4i3pn5 0 27071 99135 2026-05-30T18:53:42Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356930902|Kwafokrom]]" 99135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwafokrom''' be a town near Nsawam insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=Five officers promoted following arrest of Kwafokrom GOIL robbery suspects |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Five-officers-promoted-following-arrest-of-Kwafokrom-GOIL-robbery-suspects-2036752 |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five officers over Kwafokrom GOIL robbery arrests |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/05/igp-promotes-five-officers-over-kwafokrom-goil-robbery-arrests/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five police officers over Kwafokrom GOIL robbery arrest - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/igp-promotes-five-police-officers-over-kwafokrom-goil-robbery-arrest/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd October 2018, na Kwasi Amoako-Attah cut de sod for de dualisation of de Kwafokrom–[[Apedwa]] section of de [[Accra]]-[[Kumasi]] highway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Sod cut for Kwafokrom –Apedwa road dualisation |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/sod-cut-for-kwafokrom-apedwa-road-dualisation.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Insyd May 2026, an armed robbery incident take place at de Kwafokrom Goil Filling Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two arrested over armed robbery at Kwafokrom Goil filling station |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1496747/two-arrested-over-armed-robbery-at-kwafokrom-goil.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five police officers for arresting Kwafokrom GOIL Filling Station robbery suspects |url=https://3news.com/news/crime/igp-promotes-five-police-officers-for-arresting-kwafokrom-goil-filling-station-robbery-suspects |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=3News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghartey |first=Raphael |date=27 May 2026 |title=Two suspects arrested over armed robbery attack at Kwafokrom GOIL Station |url=https://3news.com/news/crime/two-suspects-arrestedover-armed-robbery-attack-at-kwafokrom-goil-station |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=3News |language=en}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with short description]] c71m76z8308916zem5f4rmeonq08hj7 99137 99135 2026-05-30T18:57:48Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwafokrom''' be a town near Nsawam insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2026 |title=Five officers promoted following arrest of Kwafokrom GOIL robbery suspects |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Five-officers-promoted-following-arrest-of-Kwafokrom-GOIL-robbery-suspects-2036752 |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five officers over Kwafokrom GOIL robbery arrests |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/2026/05/igp-promotes-five-officers-over-kwafokrom-goil-robbery-arrests/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five police officers over Kwafokrom GOIL robbery arrest - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/igp-promotes-five-police-officers-over-kwafokrom-goil-robbery-arrest/ |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Insyd October 2018, na Kwasi Amoako-Attah cut de sod for de dualisation of de Kwafokrom–[[Apedwa]] section of de [[Accra]]-[[Kumasi]] highway.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2018 |title=Sod cut for Kwafokrom –Apedwa road dualisation |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/sod-cut-for-kwafokrom-apedwa-road-dualisation.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Insyd May 2026, an armed robbery incident take place at de Kwafokrom Goil Filling Station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two arrested over armed robbery at Kwafokrom Goil filling station |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1496747/two-arrested-over-armed-robbery-at-kwafokrom-goil.html |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 May 2026 |title=IGP promotes five police officers for arresting Kwafokrom GOIL Filling Station robbery suspects |url=https://3news.com/news/crime/igp-promotes-five-police-officers-for-arresting-kwafokrom-goil-filling-station-robbery-suspects |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=3News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghartey |first=Raphael |date=27 May 2026 |title=Two suspects arrested over armed robbery attack at Kwafokrom GOIL Station |url=https://3news.com/news/crime/two-suspects-arrestedover-armed-robbery-attack-at-kwafokrom-goil-station |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=3News |language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Towns insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Towns insyd Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Populated places for Eastern Region (Ghana) insyd]] 65kp4032ajxa2le25hojeqs37byzm86 0 27072 99136 2026-05-30T18:55:49Z DaSupremo 9 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356931401|Kwafokrom (Ashanti Region)]]" 99136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwafokrom''' be a town insyd de [[Ahafo Ano North Municipal District|Ahafo Ano North District]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of Ghana. Na de Chief of de town as at 2016 be Nana Offei Kwafo I.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2016 |title=No development, no vote - Chief of Kwafokrom |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/No-development-no-vote-Chief-of-Kwafokrom-488143 |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == References == 116o8b92j5z3159o7vps43f47ufmxp6 99138 99136 2026-05-30T19:00:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 99138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kwafokrom''' be a town insyd de [[Ahafo Ano North Municipal District|Ahafo Ano North District]] insyd de [[Ashanti Region]] of Ghana. Na de Chief of de town as at 2016 be Nana Offei Kwafo I.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2016 |title=No development, no vote - Chief of Kwafokrom |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/No-development-no-vote-Chief-of-Kwafokrom-488143 |access-date=30 May 2026 |website=Ghana Web}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Villages insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Populated places for Ashanti Region insyd]] kpebxfirnq0jyfmathe7ia162zjdi8w 14 27073 99139 2026-05-30T19:01:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99139 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27074 99144 2026-05-30T19:18:49Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99144 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27075 99145 2026-05-30T19:19:01Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99145 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27076 99146 2026-05-30T20:53:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99146 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''', dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. 62gox52ghatwkondugumtqponlz2e06 99147 99146 2026-05-30T20:53:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99147 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''', dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. pz1bs0m89kvsd32l0a52k7wzy3osvib 99148 99147 2026-05-30T20:55:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99148 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''', dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. kg71str3k8yt1bsh8s8hac1xx7muck3 99149 99148 2026-05-30T20:56:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99149 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''', dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. 5i77pidqyjytcrq0wd4h7aakel4s906 99150 99149 2026-05-30T20:57:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99150 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. 4ow4v7k002uanxocd8uqpe1bfwdup5x 99151 99150 2026-05-30T20:59:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99151 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. ci4xftttpsb9y1oqcphrtymtfklj9z1 99152 99151 2026-05-30T21:00:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99152 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. mmnrf1yy5d5fr7weeish2itzi0v5wrp 99153 99152 2026-05-30T21:01:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99153 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. == References == bohctwfm43uqkqmkt1ns0dfc67e8u40 99154 99153 2026-05-30T21:12:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. == References == mzp88motex2fw99ndl7wxz2ea5vs56h 99155 99154 2026-05-30T21:29:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. == References == lu0u02vyzvf0dpblaj4qv0skov96hiz 99156 99155 2026-05-30T21:35:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. == References == chyjt5qz2zgur69kkuesttyiomyumfs 99157 99156 2026-05-30T21:38:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. == References == bt3dxfd3l7xflehk1t0x3ampej1q9gq 99158 99157 2026-05-30T21:39:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. == References == 88m2bk3bye3vfbx9o7um28qw7a5hqby 99159 99158 2026-05-30T21:39:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry. == References == 9mcfanmiluyepmw6j1ixlx7ocx3kur6 99160 99159 2026-05-30T21:41:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == References == hk02u0cs8ktkh4mlobr0wwlxeekeayj 99170 99160 2026-05-31T04:08:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. == References == tl75oubu7bxeblp30ed8up660e499am 99171 99170 2026-05-31T04:09:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: == References == hlpn7l9ubfxib9glmwyk2ma7hmzl94f 99172 99171 2026-05-31T04:09:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] == References == 809r2v9j1prcf5qyb6zmg6ne0uyu431 99173 99172 2026-05-31T04:09:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] == References == letftfjv032afduuyzdu8sw2c6l81f1 99174 99173 2026-05-31T04:10:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99174 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] == References == h66pq7zt3toxpwxu1i7kzz6ym0rai9f 99175 99174 2026-05-31T04:11:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; == References == 4iaml0ac88jnuew18yix2o4sta2nk0h 99176 99175 2026-05-31T04:12:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == References == tg2imiqaihmyq5wcqoi8nfufsrvdgj2 99177 99176 2026-05-31T04:12:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== == References == ph53urv9es9y5xxodo86294kari44h0 99178 99177 2026-05-31T04:30:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. == References == 617zpq74zn92uwpc43krc92cn5jxt5o 99179 99178 2026-05-31T04:30:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. == References == ljw930qr0qa96oqa9y3lopqrjryjxg7 99180 99179 2026-05-31T04:31:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. == References == 392sepu6g2taa9klnwru8wczjj5rmqe 99181 99180 2026-05-31T04:32:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century. == References == 2ha2em4fwz0vf2gyr7f29wpyamduvc6 99182 99181 2026-05-31T04:33:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> == References == nwqqld3b91a2n2oe1mkjfdxkso9fkuq 99183 99182 2026-05-31T04:33:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. == References == qqq1pbxf8ovvqagdyxdoq0xvvfoc0h3 99184 99183 2026-05-31T04:34:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. == References == nt2vk2zxv78ey33o1rvtsazvnol3j70 99185 99184 2026-05-31T04:34:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. == References == 3m68cjd3onqszkany48r44t01c236qa 99186 99185 2026-05-31T04:35:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. == References == 9661b8hbgue5e5kwo3fizj3kr8ru1eg 99187 99186 2026-05-31T04:36:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period. == References == d9vpb4ioru3ge1nk3309bdh232ub8pj 99188 99187 2026-05-31T04:36:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> == References == 7rjbz14zps1vxvjjzw286z9frsjdwol 99189 99188 2026-05-31T04:37:10Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. == References == 1025808g1jcjau1gods7nzx425mq4nn 99190 99189 2026-05-31T04:37:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. == References == 0lqfrry1x4xl00hn424bmcah5lpfjj9 99191 99190 2026-05-31T04:38:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system . == References == 7n6v2gw69xaw61h130s39b50rbd48bu 99192 99191 2026-05-31T04:39:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. == References == 8hrpbf31nl1jhgmj3virt94a8l7c6av 99193 99192 2026-05-31T04:39:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. == References == oohee7um90jxeetal3g3wy92k05j80f 99194 99193 2026-05-31T04:40:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]]. == References == hefsakemyqdtgozrcyvs2359i4mjxes 99195 99194 2026-05-31T04:40:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> == References == ni6itljxnoa8ag4mxnicz370te6m2gq 99196 99195 2026-05-31T04:41:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== == References == 92ouqkgswxeqa3xys7w0l1g4g0ih419 99197 99196 2026-05-31T04:59:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River". == References == bv2wgijc6b1iso71evl7wx7ndyvdq35 99198 99197 2026-05-31T05:00:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> == References == asmrosbg02u45wnxh1xxzr8voeioaf7 99199 99198 2026-05-31T05:03:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. == References == ikfdzteds5f8o5ozi31gnecp73qljmk 99200 99199 2026-05-31T05:04:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi. == References == 6gbv4oy8io2hr1fvcavqv6ganjvmhx2 99201 99200 2026-05-31T05:05:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> == References == 1veqqgp29kf9apln11qzyytkq8brcyg 99202 99201 2026-05-31T05:05:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. == References == dvbj7g80p9gdn0n73z8dig67rywlwg8 99203 99202 2026-05-31T05:06:13Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> == References == eu7han6hhqk13m48prn3objf5z1azp3 99204 99203 2026-05-31T05:06:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. == References == dh6xehj1ajjqbd9t06dg8t0t0v4ibb5 99205 99204 2026-05-31T05:07:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. == References == g5mr0wgd4j0aj5gxkuyysvcvbqg0dis 99206 99205 2026-05-31T05:07:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978. == References == aw0hojr0nerk759osvhgjo4vwhkf6px 99207 99206 2026-05-31T05:08:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> == References == igwzwnalf6optpnvwn6owil5v8sigoo 99208 99207 2026-05-31T05:09:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. == References == r10lymkqvvy0yhv7pd85v0duffxhnb8 99209 99208 2026-05-31T05:09:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. == References == 3hsb5ukfg0uly006pzu32anuhb5mjm8 99210 99209 2026-05-31T05:09:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd. == References == i1n7d2ab30w85sk8hesvbr3w6trpin9 99211 99210 2026-05-31T05:10:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd. == References == e1vuhibsntugl9voi87ejqzsb19k89r 99212 99211 2026-05-31T05:11:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /> == References == bn53d8bvje5jpt0ivrsmb63duq5k7wy 99213 99212 2026-05-31T05:12:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == References == 9wj4hsmilox7ayoj5ij7s33eux6drf3 99214 99213 2026-05-31T05:13:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == == Notes == q02lhcsxrd1as34cej57wr15faj8wmn 99215 99214 2026-05-31T05:14:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] == Notes == 0dwuxfe20w24vazqw8e977cu7inx93u 99216 99215 2026-05-31T05:14:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] == Notes == trd7hz13hmhnfeo2w0vo89mqtnhz0qp 99217 99216 2026-05-31T05:14:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == Notes == b1dhvgeuxk2i0rsjw7d7ubcowwqbb6w 99218 99217 2026-05-31T05:15:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == Notes == <references /> == External links == * [https://reliefweb.int/map/somalia/somalia-integrated-phase-classification-maps-sep-2008 ReliefWeb: Somalia Integrated Phase Classification Maps (as of Sep 2008)] oxl3tz9qkeik3ick5m7qkbxfas55fwo 99219 99218 2026-05-31T05:16:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == Notes == <references /> == External links == * [https://reliefweb.int/map/somalia/somalia-integrated-phase-classification-maps-sep-2008 ReliefWeb: Somalia Integrated Phase Classification Maps (as of Sep 2008)] * [http://www.zgf.de/download/166/BMNP_GMP_2007.pdf Bale Mountains National Park] tltwn2kystolbaqome0lhql4ytcuo7g 99220 99219 2026-05-31T05:17:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == Notes == <references /> == External links == * [https://reliefweb.int/map/somalia/somalia-integrated-phase-classification-maps-sep-2008 ReliefWeb: Somalia Integrated Phase Classification Maps (as of Sep 2008)] * [http://www.zgf.de/download/166/BMNP_GMP_2007.pdf Bale Mountains National Park] * [[iarchive:watershedsofworl0000unse/page/n71/mode/2up|Map of de Shebelle River basin at Water Resources Institute]] hh5f50fem74b1bvqda38ym7bz0lp3yo 99221 99220 2026-05-31T05:18:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Shebelle River''' ([[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: Laga Shabeellee, [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webi Shabeelle'', [[:en:Amharic_language|Amharic]]: እደላ, [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''fiume Uebi Scebeli'') wey dem sanso historically know am as de '''Nile of Mogadishu''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Philips |first=John Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq5wGaae5qkC |title=Writing African History |date=2006 |publisher=University Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-256-3 |pages=221 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fage |first1=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |last2=Oliver |first2=Roland |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=137 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ʻAlī |first=Abū al-Fidāʾ Ismāʻīl ibn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bgWAAAAQAAJ&q=abulfeda+geographie+reinaud |title=Géographie d'Aboulféda |date=1848 |publisher=Imprimerie nationale |pages=232–233 |language=fr}}</ref> dey begin for de [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|highlands]] of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd, den then dey flow southeast into [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] towards [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]]. Near Mogadishu, e dey turn sharply southwest, wey e dey follow de coast. Below Mogadishu, de river dey becam seasonal. During most years, de river dey dry up near de mouth of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba River]], while for seasons of heavy rainfall insyd, de river actually dey reach de Jubba den thus de ocean. During periods of heavy rainfall for Ethiopia insyd, de Shebelle River den de Jubba River dey merge, den demma combined waters ultimately dey reach de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]]. Howeva, for drier years insyd, de Shebelle River dey diminish den transform into a series of wetlands den sandy plains to de northeast of de confluence plus de Jubba. De Shebelle River get a total length of 1,820 km. De area wey dey surround de Shebeli River, Arsi Oromo pippoe inhabit am, [[:en:Somali_people|Somali pippoe]] for de Somali Region of Ethiopia insyd den Somali pippoe for Somalia insyd. For de lower basin of de river insyd, agriculture largely replace de traditional nomadic herding lifestyle, den de cultivation of bananas along de southern stretches of de Shebeli den [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] rivers dey contribute significantly to Somalia ein export industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shebeli River {{!}} Kenya, Somalia & Ethiopia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Shebeli-River |access-date=2023-12-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tributaries == De Shebelle geta number of [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]], both seasonal den permanent rivers. Dem dey include: * [[:en:Erer_River|Erer River]] * [[:en:Galetti_River|Galetti River]] * [[:en:Wabe_River_(Arsi)|Wabe River]] De [[:en:Fafen_River|Fafen]] only dey reach de Shebelle for times of heavy rainfall insyd; ein stream usually dey end before e reach de main river. == History == ==== Ajuran Empire ==== During de middle ages, de Shebelle river dey under de control of de [[:en:Ajuran_Empire|Ajuran Empire]] den dem largely utilize am give ein plantations. Coming into prominence during de 13th century AD, de Ajuran monopolize de water resources of de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle Rivers. Thru [[:en:Hydraulic_engineering|hydraulic engineering]], dem sanso construct many of de [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] [[:en:Water_well|wells]] den [[:en:Cistern|cisterns]] of de state wey many of dem still for use insyd today. Ein rulers develop new systems give agriculture den taxation, wey dem continue to use am for parts of de Horn of Africa insyd as late as de 19th century.<ref name="His 40">{{cite book |last1=Njoku |first1=Raphael Chijioke |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlL2vE_qRQ8C |title=The History of Somalia |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |year=2013 |isbn=9780313378577 |page=26 |access-date=2014-02-14}}</ref> Thru demma control of de region ein wells, de Garen rulers effectively hold a monopoly ova demma [[:en:Nomadic|nomadic]] subjects as dem be de only [[:en:Hydraulic_empire|hydraulic empire]] for Africa insyd during demma reign. Dem construct large wells wey dem make am out of [[:en:Limestone|limestone]] thruout de state, wey attract [[:en:Somali_people|Somali]] den [[:en:Oromo_people|Oromo]] nomads plus demma livestock. De centralized regulations of de wells make am easier give de nomads to settle disputes by dey take demma queries to government officials wey go act as mediators. Long-distance caravan trade, a long-time practice for de Horn of Africa insyd, dem continue unchanged for Ajuran times insyd. Today, numerous ruin den towns wey dem abandon thruout de interior of Somalia den de Horn of Africa be evidence of a once-booming inland trade network wey e date from de medieval period.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cassanelli |first=Lee V. |title=The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600-1900 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-7832-3 |series=Ethnohistory |location=Philadelphia |pages=149}}</ref> Plus de centralized supervision of de Ajuran, farms for [[:en:Afgooye|Afgooye]], [[:en:Bardhere|Bardhere]] den oda areas insyd for de [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shabelle rivers insyd increase demma productivity. A system of irrigation ditches dem know am locally as ''Kelliyo'' feed directly from de Shebelle River den [[:en:Jubba_river|Jubba rivers]] into de plantations wey dem grow [[:en:Sorghum|sorghum]], [[:en:Maize|maize]], beans, grain den cotton during de ''gu'' ([[:en:Spring_(season)|Spring]] for Somali insyd) den ''xagaa'' ([[:en:Summer|Summer]] for Somali insyd) seasons of de [[:en:Somali_calendar|Somali calendar]]. Numerous [[:en:Levee|dikes]] den dams support dis irrigation system. To determine de average size of a farm, dem sanso invent a land measurement system plus dem use de terms ''moos'', ''taraab'' den ''guldeed''. De urban centers of [[:en:Mogadishu|Mogadishu]], [[:en:Merca|Merca]], [[:en:Barawa|Barawa]], [[:en:Kismayo|Kismayo]] den [[:en:Hobyo|Hobyo]] den oda respective ports becam profitable trade outlets give commodities wey dey originate from de interior of de state. De [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] farming communities of de hinterland from [[:en:Jubba_River|Jubba]] den Shebelle rivers bring demma [[:en:Crops|crops]] to de [[:en:Somalis|Somali]] coastal cities, wey dem sell am to local merchants wey maintain a lucrative foreign commerce plus ships sailing to den coming from [[:en:Arabia|Arabia]], [[:en:Persia|Persia]], [[:en:India|India]], [[:en:Venetian_Republic|Venice]], [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]], [[:en:Portugal|Portugal]], den as far away as [[:en:Java|Java]] den [[:en:China|China]].<ref>Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver</ref> ==== Modern period ==== According to Thomas Wakefield, wey visit de region, dem sanso know de river as de "Adari River".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wakefield |first1=Thomas |url=https://everythingharar.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/1884Expedition.pdf |title=Somal and Galla Land; Embodying Information Collected by the Rev. Thomas Wakefield |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |page=261}}</ref> De [[:en:Arsi_Oromo|Arsi Oromo]] cultivate de source of de Shebelle River. A [[:en:Sacred_enclosure|sacred enclosure]] dey surround am wey demn wood am plus [[:en:Juniper|juniper]] trees, wey as of 1951 dey under de protection of a [[:en:Muslim|Muslim]] member of de Arsi.<ref>J. Spencer Trimingham, ''Islam in Ethiopia'' (Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952), p. 260.</ref> For 1989 insyd, plus de help of [[:en:Soviet_Union|Soviet]] engineers, dem build [[:en:Melka_Wakena_Hydroelectric_Power_Station|Melka Wakena dam]] for de upper reaches of de Shebelle River top for de [[:en:Bale_Mountains|Bale Mountains]] insyd. Producing 153 megawatts, dis dam be Ethiopia ein largest [[:en:Hydroelectric|hydroelectric]] generator.<ref>Lulseged Ayalew, [http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm "Something that We Need to Know about Our River’s Hydropower Potential"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522223124/http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Lulseged_on_hydroelectric.htm|date=2006-05-22}}. Accessed 20 April 2006</ref> Frequent destructive [[:en:Somali_Flash_Floods|flash floods]] mark recent history of de Shabelle. Dem say de Shabelle flood every oda year prior to de 1960s; dat decade get only two devastating floods, de ''hidigsayley'' for 1965 insyd, den de ''soogudud'' for 1966 insyd. For de 1970s insyd, de most devastating flood be de ''kabahay'' of 1978.<ref name="Ayele-35">Ayele Gebre-Mariam, [http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%20Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf ''The Critical Issue of Land Ownership''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173436/http://www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch/publications/Infosystem/On-line%2520Dokumente/Upload/AGM_CriticalIssueLand.pdf|date=2020-03-03}}, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), pp. 35f (accessed 19 January 2009)</ref> For 1996 insyd, floods devastate three [[:en:Districts_of_Ethiopia|woredas]] for Ethiopia insyd. For 23 October 1999 top, de river unexpectedly flood for de middle of de night insyd, wey e destroy homes den crops for 14 out of de 117 kebeles insyd for [[:en:Kelafo_(woreda)|Kelafo]] woreda insyd, as well as 29 of de 46 kebeles for neighboring [[:en:Mustahil_(woreda)|Mustahil]] woreda insyd. According to de local authorities, 34 people den an estimated 750 livestock die, plus 70,000 wey de floods affect'em den for need of assistance insyd.<ref>[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/eue_web/som1199.htm "Drought and Floods: Stress Livelihoods and Food Security in the Ethiopian Somali Region"] UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia report, dated November 1999 (accessed 28 December 2008)</ref> Two more recent floods be de ''dawdle'' for 2003 insyd, wen e wash away about 100 livestock den 119 pippoe, den de flood of April 2005, wen floodwaters surround about 30,000 persons den de floods wash away 2,000 camels den 4,000 shoats; sam locals dey consider dis de worst flood for 40 years insyd.<ref name="Ayele-35" /><gallery> File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shabeelle_NASA.jpg|Satellite pictures wey dey show de Shebelle valley for southern [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] den [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] insyd before den during floods for 2005 insyd File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irrigation_along_the_Shebelle_River.JPG|Astronaut photograph wey dey show irrigation along de river </gallery> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Geography_of_Ethiopia|Geography of Ethiopia]] * [[:en:Geography_of_Somalia|Geography of Somalia]] * [[:en:List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia|List of rivers of Ethiopia]] == Notes == <references /> == External links == * [https://reliefweb.int/map/somalia/somalia-integrated-phase-classification-maps-sep-2008 ReliefWeb: Somalia Integrated Phase Classification Maps (as of Sep 2008)] * [http://www.zgf.de/download/166/BMNP_GMP_2007.pdf Bale Mountains National Park] * [[iarchive:watershedsofworl0000unse/page/n71/mode/2up|Map of de Shebelle River basin at Water Resources Institute]] * [http://www.somwat.com/hydropolitics.html Hydropolitics for de Horn of Africa insyd] jkbqq8g6mpszj15vxpu0171rrgaqkhb 14 27077 99163 2026-05-30T22:33:12Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99163 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27078 99164 2026-05-30T22:33:36Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99164 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27079 99165 2026-05-30T22:35:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99165 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27080 99166 2026-05-30T22:36:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99166 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27081 99168 2026-05-30T22:50:46Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99168 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27082 99169 2026-05-30T22:51:13Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 99169 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27083 99222 2026-05-31T05:28:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99222 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. s71m2l1d0fxym9dvouk5jjxqsmx04mu 99223 99222 2026-05-31T05:29:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99223 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. 8lg0bnjtl06kzrflhy5zmac6fw0t52n 99224 99223 2026-05-31T05:30:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99224 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. 3ycsfzisjv2hppua45cfoxxp7tqrspx 99225 99224 2026-05-31T05:30:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99225 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area. 8iuyve2lytuk64q1w5efkvtv6709kjx 99226 99225 2026-05-31T05:30:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99226 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> 069amqe0id6ubg71mafjfjbry4z5pgo 99227 99226 2026-05-31T05:31:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99227 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == dq89amuwn14ktd41yldy0baxm619egl 99228 99227 2026-05-31T05:35:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == an4mn8gzfx897d8obl4gbc3di2fejpt 99229 99228 2026-05-31T05:47:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. == References == 4oqw5975faqxh4m9sirczmbsht9qv0x 99230 99229 2026-05-31T05:47:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. == References == 3g35kh2cpkioxzs58vw663e6pp1r8vu 99231 99230 2026-05-31T05:48:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == 293fs13rmsa27y79yq4epn3ofmm5op9 99232 99231 2026-05-31T05:48:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021). == References == ezazb2c5mg3rdi5bzrgd4tajyej8k05 99233 99232 2026-05-31T05:49:23Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == cdsg097ei5672ipkn98c1fz7qw58mr7 99234 99233 2026-05-31T05:49:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. == References == 768a9dnnx2sutkgpz04ykk8itl6q22z 99235 99234 2026-05-31T05:50:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == ivi9gymyn6akyctefcstrs50n6tbra3 99236 99235 2026-05-31T05:52:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals. De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == t64i683bhohb4i5hm2ryacoutcwp0ud 99237 99236 2026-05-31T05:53:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == References == szv9d43f8fhuw9zg7vl3sshj7dta5pc 99238 99237 2026-05-31T05:53:37Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == == References == 0f11hfi6dgarj6vqscdnyrourok0l4u 99239 99238 2026-05-31T05:54:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]] == References == 5u26b512ky8rdflnaoymizd2jmd5quk 99240 99239 2026-05-31T06:08:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population. == References == ovr53t77q795wdocp5v8wxsedx5o8c6 99241 99240 2026-05-31T06:09:20Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == pbr6dxsk2gd0421csrzc6kin3zg1ulm 99242 99241 2026-05-31T06:10:00Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. == References == pkuvl0azu0bvx90kqwb4hr01hk9draf 99243 99242 2026-05-31T06:10:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long. == References == gjwq8tum127gwv1whw57db2pi3zb3pq 99244 99243 2026-05-31T06:11:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> == References == jtm167mmbrvd3ukzdgahl3to6784tys 99245 99244 2026-05-31T06:12:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}. == References == p2os87zcp8ym5367dbwcihfwy7bljv1 99246 99245 2026-05-31T06:13:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> == References == qmvoj8smgtn9zka22t861kiyrts683b 99247 99246 2026-05-31T06:13:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower. == References == s65d5e8kr0nvnmbgknd0p1dvn16a2v7 99248 99247 2026-05-31T06:14:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> == References == dejobv9ggld841qjz3dzsqbvyowwudd 99249 99248 2026-05-31T06:15:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. == References == 03huxn0etquuomxjv3j4adr6nm2a83b 99250 99249 2026-05-31T06:16:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. == References == o2mv7rdhkn4d3rdslq35ypkzcukb3qf 99251 99250 2026-05-31T06:17:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. == References == eq7aujae4g4vth4p10be6xudusbalf6 99252 99251 2026-05-31T06:18:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. == References == o8dhj6cvy02t9ari09m70kgd7b0s794 99253 99252 2026-05-31T06:18:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. == References == r45khbch6v27eygqe6c6sbmkvfz8m41 99254 99253 2026-05-31T06:19:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. == References == kpei0uq5fl7i8308kypf9wz2k86xro7 99255 99254 2026-05-31T06:20:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. == References == tc816chekwsn8u4wqspau1tbx46znov 99256 99255 2026-05-31T06:20:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd. == References == bai6nos9iwdpq82n0s9qrere8szoryh 99257 99256 2026-05-31T06:21:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == References == flu3txolk10tpzkwoqtdijt77snu1to 99258 99257 2026-05-31T06:59:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. == References == 7xkd70i19pqowpx0ulgje8q5tvsvlr2 99259 99258 2026-05-31T06:59:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. == References == qfofuypxopjdf33ocnwawyht7ciw5lj 99260 99259 2026-05-31T07:00:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. == References == 0jctisrej9w5jsh8x4i5wgqshkdhdcr 99261 99260 2026-05-31T07:01:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''. == References == c34oetm96lsli2rb5om900xt2aks7c4 99262 99261 2026-05-31T07:01:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> == References == gvn83g6ruimnfdx7v8oq68rt3kj06uh 99263 99262 2026-05-31T07:02:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. == References == 4iwdm2x39el9hb2w6175flad3aqfdpa 99264 99263 2026-05-31T07:02:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year. == References == h412159rk1siaut57hjrq6ux95ssyv8 99265 99264 2026-05-31T07:03:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> == References == hd8givcxgxsroo9v6bexbvnu0x39wq4 99266 99265 2026-05-31T07:04:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== == References == 7g0xds46kf1ejx3xgxs5f3j5kd6kxha 99267 99266 2026-05-31T07:11:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. == References == d88j97yourd4c45cxeqm3m3fxf50ls0 99268 99267 2026-05-31T07:11:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). == References == 4y9w6ux5xzb29abhogcwybvioqgh4y3 99269 99268 2026-05-31T07:12:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. == References == f2yp9sw3vk6zqlx6usgkz06x7prgv1g 99270 99269 2026-05-31T07:12:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. == References == r2sb0boy7v491qnywemqvgqacasdwev 99271 99270 2026-05-31T07:12:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. == References == oaqd26i1tfn25b21e7j0vovc8fr2es8 99272 99271 2026-05-31T07:13:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. == References == 6x44dugh8fkjpvqap2dwavh8wuypuj4 99273 99272 2026-05-31T07:13:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors. == References == bws8qsjnkeh98a2suiyxhabr3af258d 99274 99273 2026-05-31T07:14:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == References == aglsnm1gsl2pk3r2bqp33w1znyfes5y 99275 99274 2026-05-31T07:18:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == Hydrology == == References == 8vkvvsygmp2vt78n3hqydf0ke0rbwqx 99276 99275 2026-05-31T07:19:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == Hydrology == [[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).]] == References == crmccyw88z48j5yhefn7o0tlea0468c 99277 99276 2026-05-31T07:20:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == Hydrology == [[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).<ref name=":5" />]] == References == 2troe8inh4qlntk943oaghiblnoofki 99278 99277 2026-05-31T07:20:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == Hydrology == [[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).<ref name=":5" />]] ==== Rainfall, droughts den floods ==== == References == 9p02ddrwilnqlcgh79yaq80sp0uf3lw 99279 99278 2026-05-31T07:22:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Awash River''' (sometimes dem spell am '''Awaash'''; [[:en:Oromo_language|Oromo]]: ''Awaash'' or ''Hawaas'', [[:en:Amharic|Amharic]]: ዐዋሽ, [[:en:Afar_language|Afar]]: ''Hawaash We'ayot'', [[:en:Somali_language|Somali]]: ''Webiga Dir'', [[:en:Italian_language|Italian]]: ''Auasc'') be a major river of [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]]. Ein course be entirely contained within de boundaries of Ethiopia den dey empty into a chain of lakes wey dem interconnect dat dey begin plus [[:en:Lake_Gargori|Lake Gargori]] den dey end plus [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] (anaa Abhe Bad) for de border top plus [[:en:Djibouti|Djibouti]], about {{convert|100|km}} from de head of de [[:en:Gulf_of_Tadjoura|Gulf of Tadjoura]]. De Awash River be de principal stream of an [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] wey dey cover parts of de [[:en:Amhara_Region|Amhara]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]] den [[:en:Somali_Region|Somali Regions]], as well as de southern half of de [[:en:Afar_Region|Afar Region]]. De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Borgomeo |first1=Edoardo |last2=Vadheim |first2=Bryan |last3=Woldeyes |first3=Firew B. |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Tamru |first5=Seneshaw |last6=Charles |first6=Katrina J. |last7=Kebede |first7=Seifu |last8=Walker |first8=Oliver |date=2018 |title=The Distributional and Multi-Sectoral Impacts of Rainfall Shocks: Evidence From Computable General Equilibrium Modelling for the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Ecological Economics |language=en |volume=146 |pages=621–632 |bibcode=2018EcoEc.146..621B |doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De basin usually get two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. Dem predict [[:en:Climate_change|Climate change]] to increase de water deficiency for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Taye |first1=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |last3=Hirpa |first3=Feyera A. |last4=Charles |first4=Katrina |date=2018 |title=Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Awash Basin, Ethiopia |journal=Water |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1560 |bibcode=2018Water..10.1560T |doi=10.3390/w10111560 |issn=2073-4441 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> De Awash River basin be de most developed, utilized, abused, impacted, den most populous (ova 15% anaa nearly 18.6 million out of 120 million) basin for Ethiopia insyd (as of 2021).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Whitehead |first2=Paul |last3=Alamirew |first3=Tena |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2023 |title=Evaluating the effects of geochemical and anthropogenic factors on the concentration and treatability of heavy metals in Awash River and Lake Beseka, Ethiopia: arsenic and molybdenum issues |journal=Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |language=en |volume=195 |issue=10 |page=1188 |bibcode=2023EMnAs.195.1188A |doi=10.1007/s10661-023-11674-z |issn=0167-6369 |pmc=10497432 |pmid=37698767 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Rapid growth of agriculture, industries den [[:en:Urbanization|urbanization]] within de basin, as well as population growth dey place increasing demands for de basin ein [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top. De main sources of [[:en:Water_pollution|water pollution]] for de upper Awash basin insyd dey come from industrial den urban wastes, [[:en:Agricultural_runoff|agricultural runoff]] ([[:en:Pesticide|pesticides]], [[:en:Fertilizer|fertilizers]]), den [[:en:Sewage|sewage]] discharge. Industries wey dey [[:en:Water_pollution|pollute]] for de basin insyd dey include [[:en:Tanning_(leather)|tanneries]], paint factories, [[:en:Slaughterhouse|slaughterhouses]], [[:en:Textile_industry|textiles]], [[:en:Brewery|breweries]], [[:en:Soft_drink|soft drink]] factories, sugar factories, hospitals, den pharmaceuticals.<ref name=":6" /> De Awash Valley (den especially de [[:en:Middle_Awash|Middle Awash]]) dey internationally famous give ein high density of [[:en:Hominin|hominin]] fossils, wey dey offer unparalleled insight into de early [[:en:Human_evolution|evolution of humans]].<ref name="unesco">{{cite web |title=Lower Valley of the Awash |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/10 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Site |publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization}}</ref> Dem discover "[[:en:Lucy_(hominid)|Lucy]]", one of de most famous early hominin fossils, for de lower Awash Valley insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> Give ein palaeontological den anthropological importance, dem inscribe de lower valley of de Awash for [[:en:UNESCO|UNESCO]] ein [[:en:World_Heritage_List|World Heritage List]] top for 1980 insyd.<ref name="unesco" /> == Geography == [[File:Awash near Asaita.jpg|thumb|Awash River near [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]] (2015)]]De Awash River basin, wey dey span 23 administrative zones, dey cover 10% of Ethiopia ein area den dey host about 17% of ein population.<ref name=":5" /> Dem partly locate am for de [[:en:Main_Ethiopian_Rift|Main Ethiopian Rift]] insyd. De Awash River dey {{convert|1200|km}} long.<ref name="Length">[http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466 "Climate, 2008 National Statistics (Abstract)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113215000/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_rubberdoc&view=doc&id=184&format=raw&Itemid=466|date=2010-11-13}}, Table A.1. Central Statistical Agency website (accessed 26 December 2009)</ref> E dey start for [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|Ethiopia]] [[:en:Ethiopian_Highlands|ein central highlands]] insyd at an elevation of {{convert|3000|m}} den dey pass thru a number of locations before e join [[:en:Lake_Abbe|Lake Abbe]] at a height of {{convert|250|m}}.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Abebe |first1=Yosef |last2=Alemayehu |first2=Taye |last3=Birhanu |first3=Behailu |last4=Alamirew |first4=Tena |last5=Alemayehu |first5=Esayas |date=2024 |title=Demystifying Heavy Metals and Physicochemical Characteristics of Groundwater in a Volcano-Tectonic Region of Middle Awash, Ethiopia, for Multipurpose Use |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=5257 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.5257A |doi=10.3390/su16125257 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Dem divide Awash River basin into three sections: upper, middle, den lower.<ref name=":7" /> De Awash dey rise south of [[:en:Mount_Warqe|Mount Warqe]], west of [[:en:Addis_Ababa|Addis Ababa]] for de [[:en:Woredas_of_Ethiopia|woreda]] of [[:en:Dendi_(woreda)|Dendi]] insyd, close to de town of [[:en:Ginchi|Ginchi]], [[:en:West_Shewa_Zone|West Shewa Zone]], [[:en:Oromia|Oromia]]. After e enter de bottom of de [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Ethiopia|Great Rift Valley]], de Awash dey flow south to loop around [[:en:Mount_Zuqualla|Mount Zuqualla]] for an easterly then northeasterly direction insyd, before e enter [[:en:Koka_Reservoir|Koka Reservoir]]. Der, dem use water give de irrigation of sugar cane plantations. Downstream, de Awash dey pass de city of [[:en:Adama|Adama]] den de [[:en:Awash_National_Park|Awash National Park]]. E then join for ein left bank top by ein chief affluent, de [[:en:Germama_River|Germama]] (anaa Kasam) River, before e turn northeast at approximately {{coord|11|0|N|40|30|E}} as far north as 12° before e turn completely east to reach lake Gargori. Oda [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] of de Awash dey include (for order upstream insyd): de [[:en:Logiya_River|Logiya]], [[:en:Mille_River|Mille]], [[:en:Borkana_River|Borkana]], [[:en:Ataye_River|Ataye]], [[:en:Hawadi_River|Hawadi]], [[:en:Kabenna_River|Kabenna]] den [[:en:Dukem_River|Dukem Rivers]]. Towns den cities along ein course dey include [[:en:Metehara|Metehara]], [[:en:Awash,_Ethiopia|Awash]], [[:en:Gewane|Gewane]] den [[:en:Asaita|Asaita]]. Der dey tributary rivers, lakes, [[:en:Hot_spring|hot springs]], den [[:en:Swamp|swamps]] for de Middle Awash Basin insyd.<ref name=":7" /> == Climate == De movement of the [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|intertropical convergence zone]] (ITCZ) mostly influence de climate of de Awash River basin. During ein movement northwards for March/April insyd den ein retreat southwards, ITCZ dey create two rainy seasons, a shorter one around March (''Belg''), den a longer one between June den September (''Kiremt''), wey dey partly fall into one longer rainy season. De rainy season dey tend to be bimodal towards eastern Ethiopia den almost unimodal towards western Ethiopia. De time between October den March be a dry season, wey dem bell am ''Bega''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Seleshi |first1=Yilma |last2=Zanke |first2=Ulrich |date=2004-06-30 |title=Recent changes in rainfall and rainy days in Ethiopia |journal=International Journal of Climatology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=973–983 |bibcode=2004IJCli..24..973S |doi=10.1002/joc.1052 |issn=1097-0088}}</ref> Semi-arid to arid conditions dey prevail for de Rift Valley insyd. In contrast, de highlands dey partly receive more dan {{convert|1600|mm}} of rainfall for ca. insyd, six months per year.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Knoche |first1=Malte |last2=Fischer |first2=Christian |last3=Pohl |first3=Eric |last4=Krause |first4=Peter |last5=Merz |first5=Ralf |year=2014 |title=Combined uncertainty of hydrological model complexity and satellite-based forcing data evaluated in two data-scarce semi-arid catchments in Ethiopia |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=519 |pages=2049–2066 |bibcode=2014JHyd..519.2049K |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.003}}</ref> ==== Climate change ==== A study for 2018 insyd investigate de [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|effects of climate change]] for [[:en:Water_resources|water resources]] top for de Awash basin insyd. Dem use three [[:en:Climate_model|climate models]] from [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project|Coupled Models Intercomparison Project]] phase 5 (CMIP5) den give three future periods (2006–2030, 2031–2055, den 2056–2080). Dem select de models wey dem base for demma performance to capture historical [[:en:Precipitation|precipitation]] characteristics top. De baseline period wey dem use give comparison be 1981–2005. Dem estimate de future water availability as de difference between precipitation den potential [[:en:Evapotranspiration|evapotranspiration]] projections wey dem dey use de [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|Representative Concentration Pathway]] (RCP8.5) emission scenarios. De projections give de future three periods dey show an increase for water deficiency insyd for all seasons insyd den give parts of de basin, sekof a projected increase for temperature insyd den decrease for precipitation insyd. Dis decrease for water availability insyd go increase [[:en:Water_stress|water stress]] for de basin insyd, wey e dey further threaten [[:en:Water_security|water security]] give different sectors.<ref name=":4" /> == Hydrology == [[File:Monthly rainfall by administrative zone in the Awash basin (1979–2015).jpg|thumb|Mean (left panel) den coefficient of variation (right panel) of monthly rainfall by administrative zone for de Awash basin insyd (1979–2015).<ref name=":5" />]] ==== Rainfall, droughts den floods ==== Rainfall dey vary a lot for de basin insyd from one year to de next (dem dey bell dis ''high intra-annual variability''). == References == q8ilb6uwe3rl0ujbu382doxkqv71mh4 0 27084 99280 2026-05-31T08:30:21Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 #AWC2026 99280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Tanganyika''' (Kirundi: ''Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika''; Swahili: ''Ziwa Tanganyika'') be one [[African Great Lakes|African Great Lake]].<ref name="r5" /> E be de world ein second-largest freshwater lake by volume, den e san be de second deepest lake for de world, after [[Lake Baikal]] for [[Siberia]].<ref name="r6" /><ref name="r7" /> E san be de world ein longest freshwater lake, den de sixth-largest lake by area.<ref name="r8"/> Four countries dey share de lake: [[Tanzania]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Burundi]] den [[Zambia]]. Tanzania get about 46% of de lake, while Democratic Republic of the Congo get about 40%. De lake drain through [[Lukuga River]] enter [[Congo River]] system, wey later enter [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Banana, Democratic Republic of de Congo.<ref name="r2"/> ==Geography== Lake Tanganyika dey insyd de [[Albertine Rift]], wey be de western branch of de [[East African Rift]]. Mountain walls of de valley surround am. E be de largest rift lake for Africa and de second-largest freshwater lake by volume for de world. E be de deepest lake for Africa, den e hold de largest freshwater volume for de continent, about 16% of de world ein available fresh water.<ref name="r2"/><ref name="r9"/> De lake stretch about 676 km from north to south, and ein average width be about 50 km. E cover about 32,000 km², get shoreline of about 1,900 km, mean depth of about 572 m, den maximum depth of about 1,471 m for de northern basin. E hold estimated water volume of about 18,750 km³.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r9" /> De lake ein catchment area be about 231,000 km². Two main rivers, plus plenty small rivers and streams, flow enter de lake. Because steep mountains surround de lake, plenty of de rivers and streams no dey long. De only major outflow be Lukuga River, wey empty into Congo River drainage. Rainfall and evaporation play bigger role for de lake ein water balance than rivers. At least 90% of de water wey enter de lake come from rain wey fall directly on de lake surface, and at least 90% of de water loss come from direct evaporation.<ref name="r10"/> De main river wey flow enter de lake be Ruzizi River. E form about 10,000 years ago, and e enter de northern side of de lake from [[Lake Kivu]].<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi River, wey be Tanzania ein second-largest river, enter de eastern side of Lake Tanganyika.<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi be older than Lake Tanganyika, and before de lake form, e likely be headwater of de Lualaba River, de main headstream of Congo River.<ref name="r10"/> De lake get complex history for how water flow patterns dey change. De reason dey include ein high altitude, great depth, slow refill rate, and mountain location inside volcanic area wey climate changes affect. For de past, de lake rarely get outflow to de sea, so some scholars describe am as almost endorheic. De lake ein connection to sea depend on high water level wey allow water overflow through Lukuga River into Congo River.<ref name="r11" /> When de lake no dey overflow, sand bars and weed masses normally block de exit into Lukuga River, and de river then depend on ein own tributaries, especially Niemba River, to maintain flow.<ref name="r10"/> For some periods, de lake fit get different inflows and outflows. Scholars propose say water from higher [[Lake Rukwa]], access to [[Lake Malawi]], and one exit route to de [[Nile]] fit exist for some time inside de lake ein history.<ref name="r12"/> Lake Tanganyika be ancient lake, one of only about twenty lakes wey dey more than one million years old. Ein three basins were separate lakes during periods wey water level drop very low. De central basin begin form about 9-12 million years ago, de northern basin about 7-8 million years ago, and de southern basin about 2-4 million years ago.<ref name="r13"/> ==Water characteristics== De lake ein water be alkaline. De pH be around 9 from 0 to 100 m depth. Below dat level, de pH be around 8.7, and e gradually fall to 8.3-8.5 for de deepest parts of Tanganyika. Electric conductivity follow similar pattern, from about 670 μS/cm for de upper part to about 690 μS/cm for de deepest part.<ref name="r14"/> Surface temperature normally range from about 24 °C for de southern part of de lake during early August to about 28-29 °C during late rainy season around March-April. For depths greater than 400 m, de temperature remain very stable around 23.1-23.4 °C. De lake water has gradually warmed since de 19th century, and dis warming has become faster since de 1950s because of global warming.<ref name="r15"/><ref name="r16"/><ref name="r17"/> De lake dey stratified, and seasonal mixing normally no pass depth of 150 m. Mixing happen mainly through wind-driven upwellings for de south, even though upwellings and downwellings also occur for some other parts of de lake.<ref name="r15"/><ref name="r18"/> Because of de stratification, de deep sections contain "fossil water". De deeper parts lack oxygen, so fish and other aerobic organisms mostly dey limited to de upper part of de lake. Dis oxygen limit normally dey around 100 m depth for de northern part and around 240-250 m for de southern part. De deepest oxygen-free sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide and be almost lifeless, except bacteria.<ref name="r6"/><ref name="r14"/><ref name="r19"/><ref name="r20"/><ref name="r21"/><ref name="r22"/> ==Biology== ===Reptiles=== Lake Tanganyika and ein associated wetlands get [[Nile crocodile]]s, including de famous giant crocodile Gustave. De area also get Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins, and pan hinged terrapins. Storm's water cobra, wey be threatened subspecies of banded water cobra, dey feed mainly on fish and only dey Lake Tanganyika, where e prefer rocky shores.<ref name="r23"/><ref name="r24"/> ===Cichlid fishes=== Lake Tanganyika get at least 250 endemic species of [[cichlid]]s, and more undescribed species likely still dey.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r29"/> Almost all de lake ein cichlid species, about 98%, dey only there. Because of dis, de lake be important biological resource for studying speciation and evolution.<ref name="r30"/><ref name="r31"/> Cichlids of de African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent one of de most diverse examples of adaptive radiation among vertebrates.<ref name="r32"/> Some endemic species enter small part of de upper Lukuga River, wey be Lake Tanganyika ein outflow. Further spread into Congo River basin be limited by geography and water chemistry. Tanganyika lake environment be more stable than de rapids and fast-flowing sections of Congo River. De lake water be alkaline, get higher pH, and contain more calcium and minerals than Congo River acidic and sediment-rich waters. For some areas of Congo away from rapids, sediment and organic matter create blackwater with high tannin concentration from wood and leaves, and cichlids no thrive well there.<ref name="r10"/> Lake Tanganyika get fewer cichlid species than [[Lake Malawi]] or [[Lake Victoria]], but ein cichlids be more morphologically and genetically diverse. Dis link to de old age of Tanganyika, because de lake be much older than those lakes. Tanganyika get de largest number of endemic cichlid genera among African lakes.<ref name="r32"/><ref name="r33"/><ref name="r34"/><ref name="r35"/> All Tanganyika cichlids dey inside subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Out of de 10 tribes inside dis subfamily, half dey largely or completely restricted to de lake: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini den Tropheini. Another three tribes, Haplochromini, Tilapiini den Tylochromini, also get species inside de lake. Some researchers propose say Tanganyika cichlids fit be split into as many as 12-16 tribes, including Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini den Trematocarini.<ref name="r32"/><ref name="r36"/> Most Tanganyika cichlids live along de shoreline down to about 100 m depth, but some deep-water species regularly descend to 200 m. ''Trematocara'' species have been found at more than 300 m depth, deeper than any known cichlid. Some deepwater genera, such as ''Bathybates'', ''Gnathochromis'', ''Hemibates'' den ''Xenochromis'', have been caught for places wey almost no oxygen dey, and how dem survive there still no dey clear.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r38"/> Tanganyika cichlids normally be benthic, meaning dem dey near de bottom, or coastal. No Tanganyika cichlid be truly pelagic and offshore, except some piscivorous ''Bathybates''. Two of dem, ''B. fasciatus'' den ''B. leo'', mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r39"/> De cichlids get plenty feeding styles, including herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. Even species with specialized diets fit change and feed opportunistically on ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'' and ''Limnothrissa miodon'' when prey concentration rise high.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r40"/> Breeding behavior among de fishes fall into two main groups: substrate or sand spawners, often for caves or rock crevices, and mouthbrooders.<ref name="r41"/> Among de endemic species, two of de world ein smallest cichlids be ''Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' and ''N. similis''. Both be shell dwellers and grow only about 4-5 cm. One of de largest be giant cichlid, ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'', which fit reach 90 cm.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r42"/><ref name="r43"/><ref name="r44"/> Many Lake Tanganyika cichlids, including species from ''Altolamprologus'', ''Cyprichromis'', ''Eretmodus'', ''Julidochromis'', ''Lamprologus'', ''Neolamprologus'', ''Tropheus'' den ''Xenotilapia'', be popular aquarium fishes because of dem bright colours, patterns and interesting behaviour. Aquarium hobbyists also like to recreate Lake Tanganyika biotope, and many of de species dey bred successfully in captivity today.<ref name="r41"/><ref name="r45"/> ''Neolamprologus brichardi'' and ein close relative ''N. pulcher'' get complex social behaviours, and researchers have studied dem in detail.<ref name="r25"/><ref name="r26"/><ref name="r27"/> ====Cichlid tribes for Lake Tanganyika==== * '''Bathybatini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Bathybates ferox'' be benthic and piscivorous, but de genus also get pelagic species. Some researchers split de tribe into three, with Hemibatini and Trematocarini as other groups.<ref name="r37"/><ref name="r46"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Benthochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Benthochromis horii'' was scientifically described in 2008, but people often misidentify am as ''B. tricoti''.<ref name="r48"/> * '''Boulengerochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'' be one of de world ein largest cichlids and de only member of ein tribe.<ref name="r44"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Cyphotilapiini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'' be one of two similar species inside de tribe.<ref name="r49"/> * '''Cyprichromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' and other members of dis tribe be open-water planktivores.<ref name="r50"/><ref name="r51"/> * '''Ectodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): Male ''Ophthalmotilapia nasuta'' be more colourful, get longer fins and longer nose than female.<ref name="r52"/> * '''Eretmodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Eretmodus cyanostictus'' live near de bottom for turbulent coastal surf zone, like other members of ein tribe.<ref name="r51"/><ref name="r53"/> * '''Haplochromini''': ''Astatotilapia burtoni'' be one of de few Tanganyika species inside dis tribe, unlike other African Great Lakes where plenty species belong to dis tribe.<ref name="r54"/><ref name="r55"/> * '''Lamprologini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Julidochromis marlieri'' dey popular for aquarium trade, where members of de genus dey known as "Julies".<ref name="r56"/> * '''Limnochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Gnathochromis permaxillaris'' be zooplanktivore with unusual protractile mouth.<ref name="r57"/> * '''Perissodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Perissodus microlepis'' be specialized scale-eating species.<ref name="r58"/> * '''Tilapiini''': ''Oreochromis tanganicae'' be one of de common coastal species wey dey local fish markets.<ref name="r59"/> * '''Tropheini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Tropheus moorii'', including de "red" Chimba morph, vary plenty, and de taxonomy of some morphs still dey debated.<ref name="r60"/><ref name="r61"/><ref name="r62"/> ===Other fish=== Lake Tanganyika get more than 80 species of non-cichlid fish, and about 60% of dem be endemic.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r28"/><ref name="r64"/><ref name="r65"/> For de open waters of de pelagic zone, four non-cichlid species dominate. Two species of "Tanganyika sardine", ''Limnothrissa miodon'' den ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'', form de largest fish biomass for dat zone. Dem be important prey for forktail lates, ''Lates microlepis'', and sleek lates, ''L. stappersii''. Two other lates, ''L. angustifrons'' den ''L. mariae'', also dey de lake, but dem be mainly benthic hunters. All four lates be endemic to Tanganyika, and overfishing has made larger individuals rare today.<ref name="r39"/> One unusual fish group for de lake be endemic facultative brood-parasitic "cuckoo catfish", including ''Synodontis grandiops'' and ''S. multipunctatus''. Some similar species, such as ''S. lucipinnis'' and ''S. petricola'', are often confused with dem, and e no dey clear if dem get de same behaviour. De brood parasites often lay eggs at de same time as mouthbrooding cichlids. De cichlid pick de eggs into ein mouth as if dem be ein own. When de catfish eggs hatch, de young ones eat de cichlid eggs.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r41"/><ref name="r66"/><ref name="r67"/> Six catfish genera dey completely restricted to de lake basin: ''Bathybagrus'', ''Dinotopterus'', ''Lophiobagrus'', ''Phyllonemus'', ''Pseudotanganikallabes'' and ''Tanganikallabes''. Six species of ''Chrysichthys'' catfish are only found inside de Tanganyika basin, even though de genus itself no be endemic. Dem live for shallow and relatively deep waters. For de deep habitat, dem be main predators and scavengers.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r54"/><ref name="r68"/> De lake get unique evolutionary radiation of 15 ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, all except one endemic to de basin. Other African Great Lakes also get ''Synodontis'' catfish, endemic catfish genera and ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, but Tanganyika ein high diversity be unusual and likely link to de lake ein old age.<ref name="r64"/><ref name="r69"/> Some non-endemic fish for de lake be widespread African species, while others are shared only with Malagarasi and Congo River basins. Examples include Congo bichir (''Polypterus congicus''), goliath tigerfish (''Hydrocynus goliath''), ''Citharinus citharus'', six-banded distichodus (''Distichodus sexfasciatus'') and mbu puffer (''Tetraodon mbu'').<ref name="r54"/> De Tanganyika killifish, ''Lamprichthys tanganicanus'', be de only member of ein genus.<ref name="r63"/> ===Molluscs and crustaceans=== Lake Tanganyika get 83 freshwater snail species, of which 65 be endemic, and 11 bivalve species, of which 8 be endemic.<ref name="r70"/> Among de endemic bivalves, three genera get only one species each: ''Grandidieria burtoni'', ''Pseudospatha tanganyicensis'' den ''Brazzaea anceyi''.<ref name="r70"/> Many of de snails no be ordinary for freshwater species because dem get thick shells or strong shell sculpture, features common among marine snails. People call dem thalassoids, meaning "marine-like". All Tanganyika thalassoids be part of Prosobranchia and be endemic to de lake. At first, people believed say dem relate to similar marine snails, but researchers now know say dem no be related. Their shape likely come from de lake ein diverse habitats and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and ''Platythelphusa'' crabs.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r71"/><ref name="r72"/> Seventeen freshwater snail genera be endemic to de lake, including ''Hirthia'', ''Lavigeria'', ''Paramelania'', ''Reymondia'', ''Spekia'', ''Stanleya'', ''Tanganyicia'' and ''Tiphobia''.<ref name="r71"/> About 30 non-thalassoid snail species dey de lake, but only five of dem be endemic, including ''Ferrissia tanganyicensis'' and ''Neothauma tanganyicense''. ''Neothauma tanganyicense'' be de largest Tanganyika snail, and small shell-dwelling cichlids often use ein shell.<ref name="r71"/><ref name="r73"/> Crustaceans also be highly diverse for Tanganyika. De lake get more than 200 species, and more than half be endemic. Dem include 10 species of freshwater crabs, with 9 ''Platythelphusa'' species and ''Potamonautes platynotus'', all endemic; at least 11 species of small atyid shrimp from ''Atyella'', ''Caridella'' and ''Limnocaridina''; one endemic palaemonid shrimp, ''Macrobrachium moorei''; about 100 ostracods, including many endemics; and several copepods.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r74"/><ref name="r75"/><ref name="r76"/><ref name="r77"/><ref name="r78"/><ref name="r79"/><ref name="r80"/> ''Limnocaridina iridinae'' live inside de mantle cavity of de unionid mussel ''Pleiodon spekei''. Dis make am one of only two known commensal freshwater shrimp species; de other be sponge-living ''Caridina spongicola'' from Lake Towuti for Indonesia.<ref name="r81"/><ref name="r82"/> Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika pass all others for crustacean and freshwater snail richness, both by total number of species and number of endemics. For example, de only other Rift Valley lakes with endemic freshwater crabs be Lake Kivu and Lake Victoria, with two species each.<ref name="r83"/><ref name="r84"/><ref name="r85"/> ===Other invertebrates=== Knowledge about other invertebrate groups for Lake Tanganyika no dey complete. Still, researchers have described at least 20 species of leeches, including 12 endemics; 9 sponges, with 7 endemic; 6 bryozoa, with 2 endemic; 11 flatworms, with 7 endemic; 20 nematodes, with 7 endemic; 28 annelids, with 17 endemic; and de small hydrozoan jellyfish ''Limnocnida tanganyicae''.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r86"/><ref name="r87"/> ==Fishing== Lake Tanganyika support major fishery. Depending on de source, de fishery provide 25-40% or about 60% of animal protein for people wey live inside de region.<ref name="r17"/><ref name="r88"/><ref name="r89"/> Fish from Lake Tanganyika dey exported across East Africa. Major commercial fishing begin for de mid-1950s. Together with global warming, fishing pressure has affected fish populations and caused sharp declines. In 2016, de total catch was estimated to reach up to 200,000 tonnes.<ref name="r16"/><ref name="r17"/><ref name="r89"/> ==History== Early ''Homo sapiens'' likely affected de Lake Tanganyika region during de Stone Age. De period from Middle Stone Age to Late Stone Age dey described as age of advanced hunter-gatherers.<ref name="r90"/> Local people around de lake used many fishing methods. Most of de methods used lantern as lure because some fish dey attracted to light. Three common methods were Lusenga, lift net, and Chiromila. Lusenga be wide net wey one person use from canoe. Lift net involve dropping net deep below boat with two parallel canoes, then pulling am up together. Chiromila use three canoes: one canoe stay with lantern, another hold one end of de net, and de third canoe circle round to meet de net.<ref name="r91"/> De first known Westerners to find de lake were British explorers [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] and [[John Hanning Speke|John Speke]] in 1858. Dem located de lake when dem dey search for de source of de Nile River. Speke continued and later found Lake Victoria, de actual source. Later, [[David Livingstone]] passed by de lake. He recorded de name "Liemba" for de southern part, likely from Fipa language. "Tanganyika" means "stars" in Luvale language.<ref name="r92"/><ref name="r93"/> During [[World War I]], de lake became de scene of de [[Battle for Lake Tanganyika]]. With help from ''Graf Goetzen'', de Germans controlled de lake at de early stage of de war. De ship carried cargo and people across de lake, and also served as base for surprise attacks on Allied troops. Because of dis, Allied forces needed to control de lake. Under Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, de British Royal Navy moved two armed motor boats, HMS ''Mimi'' and HMS ''Toutou'', from England to de lake by rail, road and river to Albertville, now Kalemie, on de western shore of Lake Tanganyika. In December 1915, de two boats attacked de Germans and captured de gunboat ''Kingani''. Another German vessel, ''Hedwig'', was sunk in February 1916, leaving ''Götzen'' as de only German vessel controlling de lake. To stop Allied forces from taking de ship, Zimmer scuttled am on 26 July 1916. De vessel was later raised in 1924 and renamed MV ''Liemba''.<ref name="r94"/> ==See also== * [[Cryptodepression]] ==References== <references> <ref name="r1">Yohannes, Okbazghi (2008). ''Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin''. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> <ref name="r2">"LAKE TANGANYIKA". ''World Lake Database'', International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Retrieved 12 January 2025. https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587</ref> <ref name="r3">"Tanganyika". ''Ramsar Sites Information Service''. Retrieved 25 April 2018. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1671</ref> <ref name="r4">Wells, John C. (2008). ''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary'' (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.</ref> <ref name="r5">Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. OCLC 180480726.</ref> <ref name="r6">"Lake Tanganyika". Zambia Tourism. Retrieved 14 March 2008. http://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika</ref> <ref name="r7">Lewis, R. (16 May 2010). "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika". Brown University. Retrieved 25 March 2017. https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika</ref> <ref name="r8">"World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica". ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. 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Penguin.</ref> </references> ==External links== * [[wikisource:Tanganyika|"Tanganyika" on Wikisource]] * [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tanganyika|"Tanganyika" in Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition]] [[Category:Lakes of Africa]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]] [[Category:Lakes of Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Lakes of Burundi]] [[Category:Lakes of Zambia]] ic8uhd1q0qn4mwa4j8c0qi916dq4c5a 99281 99280 2026-05-31T08:43:05Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 #AWC2026 99281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Tanganyika''' (Kirundi: ''Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika''; Swahili: ''Ziwa Tanganyika'') be one [[African Great Lakes|African Great Lake]].<ref name="r5" /> E be de world ein second-largest freshwater lake by volume, den e san be de second deepest lake for de world, after [[Lake Baikal]] for [[Siberia]].<ref name="r6" /><ref name="r7" /> E san be de world ein longest freshwater lake, den de sixth-largest lake by area.<ref name="r8"/> Four countries dey share de lake: [[Tanzania]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Burundi]] den [[Zambia]]. Tanzania get about 46% of de lake, while Democratic Republic of the Congo get about 40%. De lake drain through [[Lukuga River]] enter [[Congo River]] system, wey later enter [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Banana, Democratic Republic of de Congo.<ref name="r2"/> ==Geography== Lake Tanganyika dey insyd de [[Albertine Rift]], wey be de western branch of de [[East African Rift]]. Mountain walls of de valley surround am. E be de largest rift lake for Africa and de second-largest freshwater lake by volume for de world. E be de deepest lake for Africa, den e hold de largest freshwater volume for de continent, about 16% of de world ein available fresh water.<ref name="r2"/><ref name="r9"/> De lake stretch about 676 km from north to south, and ein average width be about 50 km. E cover about 32,000 km², get shoreline of about 1,900 km, mean depth of about 572 m, den maximum depth of about 1,471 m for de northern basin. E hold estimated water volume of about 18,750 km³.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r9" /> De lake ein catchment area be about 231,000 km². Two main rivers, plus plenty small rivers and streams, flow enter de lake. Because steep mountains surround de lake, plenty of de rivers and streams no dey long. De only major outflow be Lukuga River, wey empty into Congo River drainage. Rainfall and evaporation play bigger role for de lake ein water balance than rivers. At least 90% of de water wey enter de lake come from rain wey fall directly on de lake surface, and at least 90% of de water loss come from direct evaporation.<ref name="r10"/> De main river wey flow enter de lake be Ruzizi River. E form about 10,000 years ago, and e enter de northern side of de lake from [[Lake Kivu]].<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi River, wey be Tanzania ein second-largest river, enter de eastern side of Lake Tanganyika.<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi be older than Lake Tanganyika, and before de lake form, e likely be headwater of de Lualaba River, de main headstream of Congo River.<ref name="r10"/> De lake get complex history for how water flow patterns dey change. De reason dey include ein high altitude, great depth, slow refill rate, and mountain location inside volcanic area wey climate changes affect. For de past, de lake rarely get outflow to de sea, so some scholars describe am as almost endorheic. De lake ein connection to sea depend on high water level wey allow water overflow through Lukuga River into Congo River.<ref name="r11" /> When de lake no dey overflow, sand bars and weed masses normally block de exit into Lukuga River, and de river then depend on ein own tributaries, especially Niemba River, to maintain flow.<ref name="r10"/> For some periods, de lake fit get different inflows and outflows. Scholars propose say water from higher [[Lake Rukwa]], access to [[Lake Malawi]], and one exit route to de [[Nile]] fit exist for some time inside de lake ein history.<ref name="r12"/> [[File:View of Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Lake Taganyika ein eastern shore for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] Lake Tanganyika be ancient lake, one of only about twenty lakes wey dey more than one million years old. Ein three basins were separate lakes during periods wey water level drop very low. De central basin begin form about 9-12 million years ago, de northern basin about 7-8 million years ago, and de southern basin about 2-4 million years ago.<ref name="r13"/> ==Water characteristics== [[File:Clear lake Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Clear water lake of Lake Tanganyika for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] De lake ein water be alkaline. De pH be around 9 from 0 to 100 m depth.<ref name="r14" /> Below dat level, de pH be around 8.7, and e gradually fall to 8.3-8.5 for de deepest parts of Tanganyika.<ref name="r14" /> Electric conductivity follow similar pattern, from about 670 μS/cm for de upper part to about 690 μS/cm for de deepest part.<ref name="r14" /> Surface temperature normally range from about 24 °C for de southern part of de lake during early August to about 28-29 °C during late rainy season around March-April.<ref name="r15" /> For depths greater than 400 m, de temperature remain very stable around 23.1-23.4 °C.<ref name="r16" /> De lake water has gradually warmed since de 19th century, and dis warming has become faster since de 1950s because of global warming.<ref name="r17" /> De lake dey stratified, and seasonal mixing normally no pass depth of 150 m.<ref name="r15" /> Mixing happen mainly through wind-driven upwellings for de south, even though upwellings and downwellings also occur for some other parts of de lake.<ref name="r18" /> Sake of de stratification, de deep sections contain "fossil water".<ref name="r19" /> De deeper parts lack oxygen, so fish and other aerobic organisms mostly dey limited to de upper part of de lake. Dis oxygen limit normally dey around 100 m depth for de northern part and around 240-250 m for de southern part.<ref name="r20" /><ref name="r21" /> De deepest oxygen-free sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide and be almost lifeless,<ref name="r6" /> except bacteria.<ref name="r14" /><ref name="r22" /> ==Biology== ===Reptiles=== Lake Tanganyika and ein associated wetlands get [[Nile crocodile]]s, including de famous giant crocodile Gustave. De area also get Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins, and pan hinged terrapins. Storm's water cobra, wey be threatened subspecies of banded water cobra, dey feed mainly on fish and only dey Lake Tanganyika, where e prefer rocky shores.<ref name="r23"/><ref name="r24"/> ===Cichlid fishes=== Lake Tanganyika get at least 250 endemic species of [[cichlid]]s, and more undescribed species likely still dey.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r29"/> Almost all de lake ein cichlid species, about 98%, dey only there. Because of dis, de lake be important biological resource for studying speciation and evolution.<ref name="r30"/><ref name="r31"/> Cichlids of de African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent one of de most diverse examples of adaptive radiation among vertebrates.<ref name="r32"/> Some endemic species enter small part of de upper Lukuga River, wey be Lake Tanganyika ein outflow. Further spread into Congo River basin be limited by geography and water chemistry. Tanganyika lake environment be more stable than de rapids and fast-flowing sections of Congo River. De lake water be alkaline, get higher pH, and contain more calcium and minerals than Congo River acidic and sediment-rich waters. For some areas of Congo away from rapids, sediment and organic matter create blackwater with high tannin concentration from wood and leaves, and cichlids no thrive well there.<ref name="r10"/> Lake Tanganyika get fewer cichlid species than [[Lake Malawi]] or [[Lake Victoria]], but ein cichlids be more morphologically and genetically diverse. Dis link to de old age of Tanganyika, because de lake be much older than those lakes. Tanganyika get de largest number of endemic cichlid genera among African lakes.<ref name="r32"/><ref name="r33"/><ref name="r34"/><ref name="r35"/> All Tanganyika cichlids dey inside subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Out of de 10 tribes inside dis subfamily, half dey largely or completely restricted to de lake: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini den Tropheini. Another three tribes, Haplochromini, Tilapiini den Tylochromini, also get species inside de lake. Some researchers propose say Tanganyika cichlids fit be split into as many as 12-16 tribes, including Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini den Trematocarini.<ref name="r32"/><ref name="r36"/> Most Tanganyika cichlids live along de shoreline down to about 100 m depth, but some deep-water species regularly descend to 200 m. ''Trematocara'' species have been found at more than 300 m depth, deeper than any known cichlid. Some deepwater genera, such as ''Bathybates'', ''Gnathochromis'', ''Hemibates'' den ''Xenochromis'', have been caught for places wey almost no oxygen dey, and how dem survive there still no dey clear.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r38"/> Tanganyika cichlids normally be benthic, meaning dem dey near de bottom, or coastal. No Tanganyika cichlid be truly pelagic and offshore, except some piscivorous ''Bathybates''. Two of dem, ''B. fasciatus'' den ''B. leo'', mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r39"/> De cichlids get plenty feeding styles, including herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. Even species with specialized diets fit change and feed opportunistically on ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'' and ''Limnothrissa miodon'' when prey concentration rise high.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r40"/> Breeding behavior among de fishes fall into two main groups: substrate or sand spawners, often for caves or rock crevices, and mouthbrooders.<ref name="r41"/> Among de endemic species, two of de world ein smallest cichlids be ''Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' and ''N. similis''. Both be shell dwellers and grow only about 4-5 cm. One of de largest be giant cichlid, ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'', which fit reach 90 cm.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r42"/><ref name="r43"/><ref name="r44"/> Many Lake Tanganyika cichlids, including species from ''Altolamprologus'', ''Cyprichromis'', ''Eretmodus'', ''Julidochromis'', ''Lamprologus'', ''Neolamprologus'', ''Tropheus'' den ''Xenotilapia'', be popular aquarium fishes because of dem bright colours, patterns and interesting behaviour. Aquarium hobbyists also like to recreate Lake Tanganyika biotope, and many of de species dey bred successfully in captivity today.<ref name="r41"/><ref name="r45"/> ''Neolamprologus brichardi'' and ein close relative ''N. pulcher'' get complex social behaviours, and researchers have studied dem in detail.<ref name="r25"/><ref name="r26"/><ref name="r27"/> ====Cichlid tribes for Lake Tanganyika==== * '''Bathybatini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Bathybates ferox'' be benthic and piscivorous, but de genus also get pelagic species. Some researchers split de tribe into three, with Hemibatini and Trematocarini as other groups.<ref name="r37"/><ref name="r46"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Benthochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Benthochromis horii'' was scientifically described in 2008, but people often misidentify am as ''B. tricoti''.<ref name="r48"/> * '''Boulengerochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'' be one of de world ein largest cichlids and de only member of ein tribe.<ref name="r44"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Cyphotilapiini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'' be one of two similar species inside de tribe.<ref name="r49"/> * '''Cyprichromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' and other members of dis tribe be open-water planktivores.<ref name="r50"/><ref name="r51"/> * '''Ectodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): Male ''Ophthalmotilapia nasuta'' be more colourful, get longer fins and longer nose than female.<ref name="r52"/> * '''Eretmodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Eretmodus cyanostictus'' live near de bottom for turbulent coastal surf zone, like other members of ein tribe.<ref name="r51"/><ref name="r53"/> * '''Haplochromini''': ''Astatotilapia burtoni'' be one of de few Tanganyika species inside dis tribe, unlike other African Great Lakes where plenty species belong to dis tribe.<ref name="r54"/><ref name="r55"/> * '''Lamprologini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Julidochromis marlieri'' dey popular for aquarium trade, where members of de genus dey known as "Julies".<ref name="r56"/> * '''Limnochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Gnathochromis permaxillaris'' be zooplanktivore with unusual protractile mouth.<ref name="r57"/> * '''Perissodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Perissodus microlepis'' be specialized scale-eating species.<ref name="r58"/> * '''Tilapiini''': ''Oreochromis tanganicae'' be one of de common coastal species wey dey local fish markets.<ref name="r59"/> * '''Tropheini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Tropheus moorii'', including de "red" Chimba morph, vary plenty, and de taxonomy of some morphs still dey debated.<ref name="r60"/><ref name="r61"/><ref name="r62"/> ===Other fish=== Lake Tanganyika get more than 80 species of non-cichlid fish, and about 60% of dem be endemic.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r28"/><ref name="r64"/><ref name="r65"/> For de open waters of de pelagic zone, four non-cichlid species dominate. Two species of "Tanganyika sardine", ''Limnothrissa miodon'' den ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'', form de largest fish biomass for dat zone. Dem be important prey for forktail lates, ''Lates microlepis'', and sleek lates, ''L. stappersii''. Two other lates, ''L. angustifrons'' den ''L. mariae'', also dey de lake, but dem be mainly benthic hunters. All four lates be endemic to Tanganyika, and overfishing has made larger individuals rare today.<ref name="r39"/> One unusual fish group for de lake be endemic facultative brood-parasitic "cuckoo catfish", including ''Synodontis grandiops'' and ''S. multipunctatus''. Some similar species, such as ''S. lucipinnis'' and ''S. petricola'', are often confused with dem, and e no dey clear if dem get de same behaviour. De brood parasites often lay eggs at de same time as mouthbrooding cichlids. De cichlid pick de eggs into ein mouth as if dem be ein own. When de catfish eggs hatch, de young ones eat de cichlid eggs.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r41"/><ref name="r66"/><ref name="r67"/> Six catfish genera dey completely restricted to de lake basin: ''Bathybagrus'', ''Dinotopterus'', ''Lophiobagrus'', ''Phyllonemus'', ''Pseudotanganikallabes'' and ''Tanganikallabes''. Six species of ''Chrysichthys'' catfish are only found inside de Tanganyika basin, even though de genus itself no be endemic. Dem live for shallow and relatively deep waters. For de deep habitat, dem be main predators and scavengers.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r54"/><ref name="r68"/> De lake get unique evolutionary radiation of 15 ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, all except one endemic to de basin. Other African Great Lakes also get ''Synodontis'' catfish, endemic catfish genera and ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, but Tanganyika ein high diversity be unusual and likely link to de lake ein old age.<ref name="r64"/><ref name="r69"/> Some non-endemic fish for de lake be widespread African species, while others are shared only with Malagarasi and Congo River basins. Examples include Congo bichir (''Polypterus congicus''), goliath tigerfish (''Hydrocynus goliath''), ''Citharinus citharus'', six-banded distichodus (''Distichodus sexfasciatus'') and mbu puffer (''Tetraodon mbu'').<ref name="r54"/> De Tanganyika killifish, ''Lamprichthys tanganicanus'', be de only member of ein genus.<ref name="r63"/> ===Molluscs and crustaceans=== Lake Tanganyika get 83 freshwater snail species, of which 65 be endemic, and 11 bivalve species, of which 8 be endemic.<ref name="r70"/> Among de endemic bivalves, three genera get only one species each: ''Grandidieria burtoni'', ''Pseudospatha tanganyicensis'' den ''Brazzaea anceyi''.<ref name="r70"/> Many of de snails no be ordinary for freshwater species because dem get thick shells or strong shell sculpture, features common among marine snails. People call dem thalassoids, meaning "marine-like". All Tanganyika thalassoids be part of Prosobranchia and be endemic to de lake. At first, people believed say dem relate to similar marine snails, but researchers now know say dem no be related. Their shape likely come from de lake ein diverse habitats and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and ''Platythelphusa'' crabs.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r71"/><ref name="r72"/> Seventeen freshwater snail genera be endemic to de lake, including ''Hirthia'', ''Lavigeria'', ''Paramelania'', ''Reymondia'', ''Spekia'', ''Stanleya'', ''Tanganyicia'' and ''Tiphobia''.<ref name="r71"/> About 30 non-thalassoid snail species dey de lake, but only five of dem be endemic, including ''Ferrissia tanganyicensis'' and ''Neothauma tanganyicense''. ''Neothauma tanganyicense'' be de largest Tanganyika snail, and small shell-dwelling cichlids often use ein shell.<ref name="r71"/><ref name="r73"/> Crustaceans also be highly diverse for Tanganyika. De lake get more than 200 species, and more than half be endemic. Dem include 10 species of freshwater crabs, with 9 ''Platythelphusa'' species and ''Potamonautes platynotus'', all endemic; at least 11 species of small atyid shrimp from ''Atyella'', ''Caridella'' and ''Limnocaridina''; one endemic palaemonid shrimp, ''Macrobrachium moorei''; about 100 ostracods, including many endemics; and several copepods.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r74"/><ref name="r75"/><ref name="r76"/><ref name="r77"/><ref name="r78"/><ref name="r79"/><ref name="r80"/> ''Limnocaridina iridinae'' live inside de mantle cavity of de unionid mussel ''Pleiodon spekei''. Dis make am one of only two known commensal freshwater shrimp species; de other be sponge-living ''Caridina spongicola'' from Lake Towuti for Indonesia.<ref name="r81"/><ref name="r82"/> Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika pass all others for crustacean and freshwater snail richness, both by total number of species and number of endemics. For example, de only other Rift Valley lakes with endemic freshwater crabs be Lake Kivu and Lake Victoria, with two species each.<ref name="r83"/><ref name="r84"/><ref name="r85"/> ===Other invertebrates=== Knowledge about other invertebrate groups for Lake Tanganyika no dey complete. Still, researchers have described at least 20 species of leeches, including 12 endemics; 9 sponges, with 7 endemic; 6 bryozoa, with 2 endemic; 11 flatworms, with 7 endemic; 20 nematodes, with 7 endemic; 28 annelids, with 17 endemic; and de small hydrozoan jellyfish ''Limnocnida tanganyicae''.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r86"/><ref name="r87"/> ==Fishing== Lake Tanganyika support major fishery. Depending on de source, de fishery provide 25-40% or about 60% of animal protein for people wey live inside de region.<ref name="r17"/><ref name="r88"/><ref name="r89"/> Fish from Lake Tanganyika dey exported across East Africa. Major commercial fishing begin for de mid-1950s. Together with global warming, fishing pressure has affected fish populations and caused sharp declines. In 2016, de total catch was estimated to reach up to 200,000 tonnes.<ref name="r16"/><ref name="r17"/><ref name="r89"/> ==History== Early ''Homo sapiens'' likely affected de Lake Tanganyika region during de Stone Age. De period from Middle Stone Age to Late Stone Age dey described as age of advanced hunter-gatherers.<ref name="r90"/> Local people around de lake used many fishing methods. Most of de methods used lantern as lure because some fish dey attracted to light. Three common methods were Lusenga, lift net, and Chiromila. Lusenga be wide net wey one person use from canoe. Lift net involve dropping net deep below boat with two parallel canoes, then pulling am up together. Chiromila use three canoes: one canoe stay with lantern, another hold one end of de net, and de third canoe circle round to meet de net.<ref name="r91"/> De first known Westerners to find de lake were British explorers [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] and [[John Hanning Speke|John Speke]] in 1858. Dem located de lake when dem dey search for de source of de Nile River. Speke continued and later found Lake Victoria, de actual source. Later, [[David Livingstone]] passed by de lake. He recorded de name "Liemba" for de southern part, likely from Fipa language. "Tanganyika" means "stars" in Luvale language.<ref name="r92"/><ref name="r93"/> During [[World War I]], de lake became de scene of de [[Battle for Lake Tanganyika]]. With help from ''Graf Goetzen'', de Germans controlled de lake at de early stage of de war. De ship carried cargo and people across de lake, and also served as base for surprise attacks on Allied troops. Because of dis, Allied forces needed to control de lake. Under Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, de British Royal Navy moved two armed motor boats, HMS ''Mimi'' and HMS ''Toutou'', from England to de lake by rail, road and river to Albertville, now Kalemie, on de western shore of Lake Tanganyika. In December 1915, de two boats attacked de Germans and captured de gunboat ''Kingani''. Another German vessel, ''Hedwig'', was sunk in February 1916, leaving ''Götzen'' as de only German vessel controlling de lake. To stop Allied forces from taking de ship, Zimmer scuttled am on 26 July 1916. De vessel was later raised in 1924 and renamed MV ''Liemba''.<ref name="r94"/> ==See also== * [[Cryptodepression]] ==References== <references> <ref name="r1">Yohannes, Okbazghi (2008). ''Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin''. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> <ref name="r2">"LAKE TANGANYIKA". ''World Lake Database'', International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. 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ISBN 0-12-013926-X.</ref> <ref name="r61">Salzburger; Niederstätter; Brandstätter; Berger; Parson; Snoeks; Sturmbauer (2006). "Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii". ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B''. 273 (1584): 257-266. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3321.</ref> <ref name="r62">Robert Toman (2017). "Tropheus Genus Evolution". Cichlid World. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> <ref name="r63">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Lamprichthys". FishBase. March 2017 version.</ref> <ref name="r64">Brown; Britz; Bills; Rüber; Day (2011). "Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Zoology''. 284 (4): 286-293. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x.</ref> <ref name="r65">Wright, J.J.; Bailey, R.M. (2012). "Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 165 (1): 121-142. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.</ref> <ref name="r66">"Synodontis grandiops - Mochokidae". PlanetCatfish. 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> <ref name="r67">"Synodontis lucipinnis - Mochokidae" and "Synodontis petricola - Mochokidae". PlanetCatfish. 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> <ref name="r68">Wright, J.J. (2017). "A new diminutive genus and species of catfish from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. 91 (3): 789-805. doi:10.1111/jfb.13374.</ref> <ref name="r69">Brown; Rüber; Bills; Day (2010). "Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. 10: 188. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-188.</ref> <ref name="r70">Seddon, M.; Appleton, C.; Van Damme, D.; Graf, D. (2011). "Freshwater molluscs of Africa: diversity, distribution, and conservation". In Darwall et al. (eds.). IUCN. pp. 92-119. ISBN 978-2-8317-1345-8.</ref> <ref name="r71">Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails Of Africa And Their Medical Importance''. 2nd ed. ISBN 0-7484-0026-5.</ref> <ref name="r72">West, K.; Cohen, A. (1996). "Shell microstructure of gastropods from Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Evolution''. 50 (2): 672-682. doi:10.2307/2410840.</ref> <ref name="r73">Koblmüller; Duftner; Sefc; Aibara; Stipacek; Blanc; Egger; Sturmbauer (2007). "Reticulate phylogeny of gastropod-shell-breeding cichlids from Lake Tanganyika". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. 7: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-7.</ref> <ref name="r74">Marijnissen; Michel; Daniels; Erpenbeck; Menken; Schram (2006). "Molecular evidence for recent divergence of Lake Tanganyika endemic crabs". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. 40 (2): 628-634. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.025.</ref> <ref name="r75">Fryer, G. (2006). "Evolution in ancient lakes". ''Hydrobiologia''. 568 (1): 131-142. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0322-x.</ref> <ref name="r76">De Grave, S. (2013). "Macrobrachium moorei". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2013: e.T196882A2477768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T196882A2477768.en.</ref> <ref name="r77">Martens; Schön; Meisch; Horne (2008). "Global diversity of ostracods in freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia''. 595: 185-193. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4.</ref> <ref name="r78">Gitter, F.; Gross, M.; Piller, W.E. (2015). "Sub-Decadal Resolution in Sediments of Late Miocene Lake Pannon Reveals Speciation of Cyprideis". ''PLOS ONE''. 10 (4): e0109360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109360.</ref> <ref name="r79">Schön, I.; Martens, K. (2012). "Molecular analyses of ostracod flocks from Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika". ''Hydrobiologia''. 682 (1): 91-110. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0935-6.</ref> <ref name="r80">Cirhuza, D.M.; Plisnier, P.-D. (2016). "Composition and seasonal variations in abundance of Copepod populations from northern Lake Tanganyika". ''Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management''. 19 (4): 401-410. doi:10.1080/14634988.2016.1251277.</ref> <ref name="r81">De Grave, S.; Cai, Y.; Amnker, A. (2008). "Global diversity of shrimps in freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia''. 595: 287-293. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9024-2.</ref> <ref name="r82">De Grave, S. (2013). "Limnocaridina iridinae". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2013: e.T198058A2510158. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T198058A2510158.en.</ref> <ref name="r83">Segers, H.; Martens, K., editors (2005). ''The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems''. p. 46. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 1-4020-3745-7.</ref> <ref name="r84">Cumberlidge, N.; Meyer, K.S. (2011). "A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa". Journal Articles. Paper 30.</ref> <ref name="r85">Cumberlidge, N.; Clark, P.F. (2017). "Description of three new species of Potamonautes from the Lake Victoria region". ''European Journal of Taxonomy''. 371: 1-19. doi:10.5852/ejt.2017.371.</ref> <ref name="r86">Segers, H.; Martens, K., editors (2005). ''The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems''. p. 44. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 1-4020-3745-7.</ref> <ref name="r87">Salonen; Högmander; Langenberg; Mölsä; Sarvala; Tarvainen; Tiirola (2012). "Limnocnida tanganyicae medusae: a semiautonomous microcosm in the food web of Lake Tanganyika". ''Hydrobiologia''. 690(1): 97-112.</ref> <ref name="r88">"Global warming is killing off tropical lake fish - Study of Lake Tanganyika". Mongabay. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> <ref name="r89">McGrath, M. (8 August 2016). "Decline of fishing in Lake Tanganyika 'due to warming'". BBC. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> <ref name="r90">''East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> <ref name="r91">''Lake Tanganyika and Its Life''. Oxford Press. 1991.</ref> <ref name="r92">Livingstone, David (2008). ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to His Death''. Vol. 1. BiblioBazaar. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-554-26021-1.</ref> <ref name="r93">Crowley, Daniel J. (Summer 1966). "An African Aesthetic". ''The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism''. 24 (4): 519-524. doi:10.2307/428776.</ref> <ref name="r94">Foden, Giles (2004). ''Mimi and Toutou Go Forth - The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika''. Penguin.</ref> </references> ==External links== * [[wikisource:Tanganyika|"Tanganyika" on Wikisource]] * [[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tanganyika|"Tanganyika" in Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition]] [[Category:Lakes of Africa]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]] [[Category:Lakes of Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Lakes of Burundi]] [[Category:Lakes of Zambia]] 99ga9xzj10339hskn5umuxrpz6dtfvl 99282 99281 2026-05-31T08:59:05Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 /* Biology */ #AWC2026 99282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Tanganyika''' (Kirundi: ''Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika''; Swahili: ''Ziwa Tanganyika'') be one [[African Great Lakes|African Great Lake]].<ref name="r5" /> E be de world ein second-largest freshwater lake by volume, den e san be de second deepest lake for de world, after [[Lake Baikal]] for [[Siberia]].<ref name="r6" /><ref name="r7" /> E san be de world ein longest freshwater lake, den de sixth-largest lake by area.<ref name="r8"/> Four countries dey share de lake: [[Tanzania]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Burundi]] den [[Zambia]]. Tanzania get about 46% of de lake, while Democratic Republic of the Congo get about 40%. De lake drain through [[Lukuga River]] enter [[Congo River]] system, wey later enter [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Banana, Democratic Republic of de Congo.<ref name="r2"/> ==Geography== Lake Tanganyika dey insyd de [[Albertine Rift]], wey be de western branch of de [[East African Rift]]. Mountain walls of de valley surround am. E be de largest rift lake for Africa and de second-largest freshwater lake by volume for de world. E be de deepest lake for Africa, den e hold de largest freshwater volume for de continent, about 16% of de world ein available fresh water.<ref name="r2"/><ref name="r9"/> De lake stretch about 676 km from north to south, and ein average width be about 50 km. E cover about 32,000 km², get shoreline of about 1,900 km, mean depth of about 572 m, den maximum depth of about 1,471 m for de northern basin. E hold estimated water volume of about 18,750 km³.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r9" /> De lake ein catchment area be about 231,000 km². Two main rivers, plus plenty small rivers and streams, flow enter de lake. Because steep mountains surround de lake, plenty of de rivers and streams no dey long. De only major outflow be Lukuga River, wey empty into Congo River drainage. Rainfall and evaporation play bigger role for de lake ein water balance than rivers. At least 90% of de water wey enter de lake come from rain wey fall directly on de lake surface, and at least 90% of de water loss come from direct evaporation.<ref name="r10"/> De main river wey flow enter de lake be Ruzizi River. E form about 10,000 years ago, and e enter de northern side of de lake from [[Lake Kivu]].<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi River, wey be Tanzania ein second-largest river, enter de eastern side of Lake Tanganyika.<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi be older than Lake Tanganyika, and before de lake form, e likely be headwater of de Lualaba River, de main headstream of Congo River.<ref name="r10"/> De lake get complex history for how water flow patterns dey change. De reason dey include ein high altitude, great depth, slow refill rate, and mountain location inside volcanic area wey climate changes affect. For de past, de lake rarely get outflow to de sea, so some scholars describe am as almost endorheic. De lake ein connection to sea depend on high water level wey allow water overflow through Lukuga River into Congo River.<ref name="r11" /> When de lake no dey overflow, sand bars and weed masses normally block de exit into Lukuga River, and de river then depend on ein own tributaries, especially Niemba River, to maintain flow.<ref name="r10"/> For some periods, de lake fit get different inflows and outflows. Scholars propose say water from higher [[Lake Rukwa]], access to [[Lake Malawi]], and one exit route to de [[Nile]] fit exist for some time inside de lake ein history.<ref name="r12"/> [[File:View of Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Lake Taganyika ein eastern shore for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] Lake Tanganyika be ancient lake, one of only about twenty lakes wey dey more than one million years old. Ein three basins were separate lakes during periods wey water level drop very low. De central basin begin form about 9-12 million years ago, de northern basin about 7-8 million years ago, and de southern basin about 2-4 million years ago.<ref name="r13"/> ==Water characteristics== [[File:Clear lake Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Clear water lake of Lake Tanganyika for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] De lake ein water be alkaline. De pH be around 9 from 0 to 100 m depth.<ref name="r14" /> Below dat level, de pH be around 8.7, and e gradually fall to 8.3-8.5 for de deepest parts of Tanganyika.<ref name="r14" /> Electric conductivity follow similar pattern, from about 670 μS/cm for de upper part to about 690 μS/cm for de deepest part.<ref name="r14" /> Surface temperature normally range from about 24 °C for de southern part of de lake during early August to about 28-29 °C during late rainy season around March-April.<ref name="r15" /> For depths greater than 400 m, de temperature remain very stable around 23.1-23.4 °C.<ref name="r16" /> De lake water has gradually warmed since de 19th century, and dis warming has become faster since de 1950s because of global warming.<ref name="r17" /> De lake dey stratified, and seasonal mixing normally no pass depth of 150 m.<ref name="r15" /> Mixing happen mainly through wind-driven upwellings for de south, even though upwellings and downwellings also occur for some other parts of de lake.<ref name="r18" /> Sake of de stratification, de deep sections contain "fossil water".<ref name="r19" /> De deeper parts lack oxygen, so fish and other aerobic organisms mostly dey limited to de upper part of de lake. Dis oxygen limit normally dey around 100 m depth for de northern part and around 240-250 m for de southern part.<ref name="r20" /><ref name="r21" /> De deepest oxygen-free sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide and be almost lifeless,<ref name="r6" /> except bacteria.<ref name="r14" /><ref name="r22" /> ==Biology== ===Reptiles=== Lake Tanganyika and ein associated wetlands get [[Nile crocodile]]s, including de famous giant crocodile Gustave. De area also get Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins, den pan hinged terrapins.<ref name="r23" /> Storm's water cobra, wey be threatened subspecies of banded water cobra, dey feed mainly on fish and only dey Lake Tanganyika, where e prefer rocky shores.<ref name="r23"/><ref name="r24"/> ===Cichlid fishes=== Lake Tanganyika get at least 250 endemic species of [[cichlid]]s,<ref name="r28" /> and more undescribed species likely still dey.<ref name="r29"/> Almost all de lake ein cichlid species, about 98%, dey only there. Because of dis, de lake be important biological resource for studying speciation and evolution.<ref name="r30"/><ref name="r31"/> Cichlids of de African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent one of de most diverse examples of adaptive radiation among vertebrates.<ref name="r32"/> Some endemic species enter small part of de upper Lukuga River, wey be Lake Tanganyika ein outflow. Further spread into Congo River basin be limited by geography and water chemistry. Tanganyika lake environment be more stable than de rapids and fast-flowing sections of Congo River. De lake water be alkaline, get higher pH, and contain more calcium and minerals than Congo River acidic and sediment-rich waters. For some areas of Congo away from rapids, sediment and organic matter create blackwater with high tannin concentration from wood and leaves, and cichlids no thrive well there.<ref name="r10"/> Lake Tanganyika get fewer cichlid species than [[Lake Malawi]] or [[Lake Victoria]], but ein cichlids be more morphologically and genetically diverse.<ref name="r32" /><ref name="r34" /> Dis link to de old age of Tanganyika, because de lake be much older than those lakes. Tanganyika get de largest number of endemic cichlid genera among African lakes.<ref name="r33"/><ref name="r35"/> All Tanganyika cichlids dey inside subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Out of de 10 tribes inside dis subfamily, half dey largely or completely restricted to de lake: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini den Tropheini.<ref name="r36" /> Another three tribes, Haplochromini, Tilapiini den Tylochromini, also get species inside de lake. Some researchers propose say Tanganyika cichlids fit be split into as many as 12-16 tribes, including Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini den Trematocarini.<ref name="r32"/> Most Tanganyika cichlids live along de shoreline down to about 100 m depth, but some deep-water species regularly descend to 200 m.<ref name="r37" /> ''Trematocara'' species have been found at more than 300 m depth, deeper than any known cichlid.<ref name="r38" /> Some deepwater genera, such as ''Bathybates'', ''Gnathochromis'', ''Hemibates'' den ''Xenochromis'', have been caught for places wey almost no oxygen dey, and how dem survive there still no dey clear.<ref name="r21"/> Tanganyika cichlids normally be benthic, meaning dem dey near de bottom, or coastal. No Tanganyika cichlid be truly pelagic and offshore, except some piscivorous ''Bathybates''. Two of dem, ''B. fasciatus'' den ''B. leo'', mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r39"/> De cichlids get plenty feeding styles, including herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. Even species with specialized diets fit change and feed opportunistically on ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'' and ''Limnothrissa miodon'' when prey concentration rise high.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r40"/> Breeding behavior among de fishes fall into two main groups: substrate or sand spawners, often for caves or rock crevices, and mouthbrooders.<ref name="r41"/> Among de endemic species, two of de world ein smallest cichlids be ''Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' and ''N. similis''. Both be shell dwellers and grow only about 4-5 cm. One of de largest be giant cichlid, ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'', which fit reach 90 cm.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r42"/><ref name="r43"/><ref name="r44"/> Many Lake Tanganyika cichlids, including species from ''Altolamprologus'', ''Cyprichromis'', ''Eretmodus'', ''Julidochromis'', ''Lamprologus'', ''Neolamprologus'', ''Tropheus'' den ''Xenotilapia'', be popular aquarium fishes because of dem bright colours, patterns and interesting behaviour. Aquarium hobbyists also like to recreate Lake Tanganyika biotope, and many of de species dey bred successfully in captivity today.<ref name="r41"/><ref name="r45"/> ''Neolamprologus brichardi'' and ein close relative ''N. pulcher'' get complex social behaviours, and researchers have studied dem in detail.<ref name="r25"/><ref name="r26"/><ref name="r27"/> ====Cichlid tribes for Lake Tanganyika==== * '''Bathybatini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Bathybates ferox'' be benthic and piscivorous, but de genus also get pelagic species. Some researchers split de tribe into three, with Hemibatini and Trematocarini as other groups.<ref name="r37"/><ref name="r46"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Benthochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Benthochromis horii'' was scientifically described in 2008, but people often misidentify am as ''B. tricoti''.<ref name="r48"/> * '''Boulengerochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'' be one of de world ein largest cichlids and de only member of ein tribe.<ref name="r44"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Cyphotilapiini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'' be one of two similar species inside de tribe.<ref name="r49"/> * '''Cyprichromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' and other members of dis tribe be open-water planktivores.<ref name="r50"/><ref name="r51"/> * '''Ectodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): Male ''Ophthalmotilapia nasuta'' be more colourful, get longer fins and longer nose than female.<ref name="r52"/> * '''Eretmodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Eretmodus cyanostictus'' live near de bottom for turbulent coastal surf zone, like other members of ein tribe.<ref name="r51"/><ref name="r53"/> * '''Haplochromini''': ''Astatotilapia burtoni'' be one of de few Tanganyika species inside dis tribe, unlike other African Great Lakes where plenty species belong to dis tribe.<ref name="r54"/><ref name="r55"/> * '''Lamprologini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Julidochromis marlieri'' dey popular for aquarium trade, where members of de genus dey known as "Julies".<ref name="r56"/> * '''Limnochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Gnathochromis permaxillaris'' be zooplanktivore with unusual protractile mouth.<ref name="r57"/> * '''Perissodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Perissodus microlepis'' be specialized scale-eating species.<ref name="r58"/> * '''Tilapiini''': ''Oreochromis tanganicae'' be one of de common coastal species wey dey local fish markets.<ref name="r59"/> * '''Tropheini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Tropheus moorii'', including de "red" Chimba morph, vary plenty, and de taxonomy of some morphs still dey debated.<ref name="r60"/><ref name="r61"/><ref name="r62"/> ===Other fish=== Lake Tanganyika get more than 80 species of non-cichlid fish, and about 60% of dem be endemic.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r28"/><ref name="r64"/><ref name="r65"/> For de open waters of de pelagic zone, four non-cichlid species dominate. Two species of "Tanganyika sardine", ''Limnothrissa miodon'' den ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'', form de largest fish biomass for dat zone. Dem be important prey for forktail lates, ''Lates microlepis'', and sleek lates, ''L. stappersii''. Two other lates, ''L. angustifrons'' den ''L. mariae'', also dey de lake, but dem be mainly benthic hunters. All four lates be endemic to Tanganyika, and overfishing has made larger individuals rare today.<ref name="r39"/> One unusual fish group for de lake be endemic facultative brood-parasitic "cuckoo catfish", including ''Synodontis grandiops'' and ''S. multipunctatus''. Some similar species, such as ''S. lucipinnis'' and ''S. petricola'', are often confused with dem, and e no dey clear if dem get de same behaviour. De brood parasites often lay eggs at de same time as mouthbrooding cichlids. De cichlid pick de eggs into ein mouth as if dem be ein own. When de catfish eggs hatch, de young ones eat de cichlid eggs.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r41"/><ref name="r66"/><ref name="r67"/> Six catfish genera dey completely restricted to de lake basin: ''Bathybagrus'', ''Dinotopterus'', ''Lophiobagrus'', ''Phyllonemus'', ''Pseudotanganikallabes'' and ''Tanganikallabes''. Six species of ''Chrysichthys'' catfish are only found inside de Tanganyika basin, even though de genus itself no be endemic. Dem live for shallow and relatively deep waters. For de deep habitat, dem be main predators and scavengers.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r54"/><ref name="r68"/> De lake get unique evolutionary radiation of 15 ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, all except one endemic to de basin. Other African Great Lakes also get ''Synodontis'' catfish, endemic catfish genera and ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, but Tanganyika ein high diversity be unusual and likely link to de lake ein old age.<ref name="r64"/><ref name="r69"/> Some non-endemic fish for de lake be widespread African species, while others are shared only with Malagarasi and Congo River basins. Examples include Congo bichir (''Polypterus congicus''), goliath tigerfish (''Hydrocynus goliath''), ''Citharinus citharus'', six-banded distichodus (''Distichodus sexfasciatus'') and mbu puffer (''Tetraodon mbu'').<ref name="r54"/> De Tanganyika killifish, ''Lamprichthys tanganicanus'', be de only member of ein genus.<ref name="r63"/> ===Molluscs and crustaceans=== Lake Tanganyika get 83 freshwater snail species, of which 65 be endemic, and 11 bivalve species, of which 8 be endemic.<ref name="r70"/> Among de endemic bivalves, three genera get only one species each: ''Grandidieria burtoni'', ''Pseudospatha tanganyicensis'' den ''Brazzaea anceyi''.<ref name="r70"/> Many of de snails no be ordinary for freshwater species because dem get thick shells or strong shell sculpture, features common among marine snails. People call dem thalassoids, meaning "marine-like". All Tanganyika thalassoids be part of Prosobranchia and be endemic to de lake. At first, people believed say dem relate to similar marine snails, but researchers now know say dem no be related. Their shape likely come from de lake ein diverse habitats and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and ''Platythelphusa'' crabs.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r71"/><ref name="r72"/> Seventeen freshwater snail genera be endemic to de lake, including ''Hirthia'', ''Lavigeria'', ''Paramelania'', ''Reymondia'', ''Spekia'', ''Stanleya'', ''Tanganyicia'' and ''Tiphobia''.<ref name="r71"/> About 30 non-thalassoid snail species dey de lake, but only five of dem be endemic, including ''Ferrissia tanganyicensis'' and ''Neothauma tanganyicense''. ''Neothauma tanganyicense'' be de largest Tanganyika snail, and small shell-dwelling cichlids often use ein shell.<ref name="r71"/><ref name="r73"/> Crustaceans also be highly diverse for Tanganyika. De lake get more than 200 species, and more than half be endemic. Dem include 10 species of freshwater crabs, with 9 ''Platythelphusa'' species and ''Potamonautes platynotus'', all endemic; at least 11 species of small atyid shrimp from ''Atyella'', ''Caridella'' and ''Limnocaridina''; one endemic palaemonid shrimp, ''Macrobrachium moorei''; about 100 ostracods, including many endemics; and several copepods.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r74"/><ref name="r75"/><ref name="r76"/><ref name="r77"/><ref name="r78"/><ref name="r79"/><ref name="r80"/> ''Limnocaridina iridinae'' live inside de mantle cavity of de unionid mussel ''Pleiodon spekei''. Dis make am one of only two known commensal freshwater shrimp species; de other be sponge-living ''Caridina spongicola'' from Lake Towuti for Indonesia.<ref name="r81"/><ref name="r82"/> Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika pass all others for crustacean and freshwater snail richness, both by total number of species and number of endemics. For example, de only other Rift Valley lakes with endemic freshwater crabs be Lake Kivu and Lake Victoria, with two species each.<ref name="r83"/><ref name="r84"/><ref name="r85"/> ===Other invertebrates=== Knowledge about other invertebrate groups for Lake Tanganyika no dey complete. Still, researchers have described at least 20 species of leeches, including 12 endemics; 9 sponges, with 7 endemic; 6 bryozoa, with 2 endemic; 11 flatworms, with 7 endemic; 20 nematodes, with 7 endemic; 28 annelids, with 17 endemic; and de small hydrozoan jellyfish ''Limnocnida tanganyicae''.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r86"/><ref name="r87"/> ==Fishing== Lake Tanganyika support major fishery. Depending on de source, de fishery provide 25-40% or about 60% of animal protein for people wey live inside de region.<ref name="r17"/><ref name="r88"/><ref name="r89"/> Fish from Lake Tanganyika dey exported across East Africa. Major commercial fishing begin for de mid-1950s. Together with global warming, fishing pressure has affected fish populations and caused sharp declines. In 2016, de total catch was estimated to reach up to 200,000 tonnes.<ref name="r16"/><ref name="r17"/><ref name="r89"/> ==History== Early ''Homo sapiens'' likely affected de Lake Tanganyika region during de Stone Age. De period from Middle Stone Age to Late Stone Age dey described as age of advanced hunter-gatherers.<ref name="r90"/> Local people around de lake used many fishing methods. Most of de methods used lantern as lure because some fish dey attracted to light. Three common methods were Lusenga, lift net, and Chiromila. Lusenga be wide net wey one person use from canoe. Lift net involve dropping net deep below boat with two parallel canoes, then pulling am up together. Chiromila use three canoes: one canoe stay with lantern, another hold one end of de net, and de third canoe circle round to meet de net.<ref name="r91"/> De first known Westerners to find de lake were British explorers [[Richard Francis Burton|Richard Burton]] and [[John Hanning Speke|John Speke]] in 1858. Dem located de lake when dem dey search for de source of de Nile River. Speke continued and later found Lake Victoria, de actual source. Later, [[David Livingstone]] passed by de lake. He recorded de name "Liemba" for de southern part, likely from Fipa language. "Tanganyika" means "stars" in Luvale language.<ref name="r92"/><ref name="r93"/> During [[World War I]], de lake became de scene of de [[Battle for Lake Tanganyika]]. With help from ''Graf Goetzen'', de Germans controlled de lake at de early stage of de war. De ship carried cargo and people across de lake, and also served as base for surprise attacks on Allied troops. Because of dis, Allied forces needed to control de lake. Under Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, de British Royal Navy moved two armed motor boats, HMS ''Mimi'' and HMS ''Toutou'', from England to de lake by rail, road and river to Albertville, now Kalemie, on de western shore of Lake Tanganyika. In December 1915, de two boats attacked de Germans and captured de gunboat ''Kingani''. Another German vessel, ''Hedwig'', was sunk in February 1916, leaving ''Götzen'' as de only German vessel controlling de lake. To stop Allied forces from taking de ship, Zimmer scuttled am on 26 July 1916. De vessel was later raised in 1924 and renamed MV ''Liemba''.<ref name="r94"/> ==See also== * [[Cryptodepression]] ==References== <references> <ref name="r1">Yohannes, Okbazghi (2008). ''Water resources and inter-riparian relations in the Nile basin''. SUNY Press. p. 127.</ref> <ref name="r2">"LAKE TANGANYIKA". ''World Lake Database'', International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. 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