Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1829 100103 49217 2026-06-04T03:49:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Nigerian Armed Forces''' ('''NAF''') be de combined military forces give Nigeria. Edey consist of three uniformed service branches: de Nigerian Army, Nigerian Navy, den Nigerian Air Force. De President of Nigeria dey function as de commander-in-chief give de armed forces, wey dey exercise ein constitutional authority thru de Ministry of Defence, wey be responsible for de management of de military den ein personnel. De operational head of de AFN be de Chief of Defence Staff, wey be subordinate to de Nigerian Defence Minister. Plus a force of more dan 230,000 active personnel, de Nigerian military be one of de largest uniformed combat services insyd [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed forces personnel, total – Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.TOTL.P1?locations=NG&name_desc=false |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> According to Global Firepower, de Nigerian Armed Forces be de fourth-most powerful military insyd [[Africa]], wey dem rank 35th for ein list, internationally.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=nigeria |title=Nigeria Military Strength |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> == Nigerian military operations abroad == Insyd October 2004, de Nigerian troops dem deploy to Darfur, [[Sudan]], make dem spearhead an [[African Union]] force, make dem stop de genocide insyd Darfur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ebegbulem |first=Joseph C |date=1 July 2011 |title=Nigeria and conflict resolution in Africa: The Darfur experience |journal=Civilizar |volume=11 |issue=21 |pages=69 |doi=10.22518/16578953.34 |issn=1657-8953 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Nigeria contribute more dan 20,000 troops/police go various UN missions since 1960. De Nigerian Police Force den troops participate insyd: * UNIPOM – India den Pakistan, 1965<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNITED NATIONS INDIA-PAKISTAN OBSERVATION MISSION (UNIPOM) – Facts and Figures|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unipomfacts.html|access-date=5 March 2020|website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref> * UNIFIL – Lebanon, 1978<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 March 2016|title=UNIFIL Troop-Contributing Countries|url=https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-troop-contributing-countries|access-date=5 March 2020|website=UNIFIL|language=en}}</ref> * UNIIMOG – Iran den Iraq, 1988<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNITED NATIONS IRAN-IRAQ MILITARY OBSERVER GROUP (UNIIMOG) – Background (Full text)|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/uniimogbackgr.html|access-date=5 March 2020|website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref> * UNPROFOR – Former Yugoslavia, 1998<ref>[https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unprof_b.htm "Former Yugoslavia: UNPROFOR"]. ''Department of Public Information, United Nations''. 31 August 1996.</ref> * UNMISET – East Timor, 1999<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNMISET: United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor – Facts and Figures|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/unmiset/facts.html|access-date=5 March 2020|website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref> * MONUC – [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], 2004<ref>{{Cite web|title=MONUC Facts and Figures – United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/mission/past/monuc/facts.shtml|access-date=5 March 2020|website=peacekeeping.un.org}}</ref> Nigerian officers serve as Chiefs of Defence insyd oda countries, plus Brigadier General Maxwell Khobe, wey dey serve as [[Sierra Leone]] Chief of Staff insyd 1998–1999,<ref>{{cite web|title=BARRACKS|url=http://www.dawodu.com/barrack7.htm|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref> den Nigerian officers dey act as Command Officer-in-Charge of de Armed Forces of Liberia from at least, 2007. == References == <references /> == Read further == {{Commons}} * Idang, Gordon J. "The Politics of Nigerian Foreign Policy: The Ratification and Renunciation of the Anglo-Nigerian Defence Agreement." African Studies Review 13, no. 2 (1970): 227–251. * Robin Luckham, The Nigerian military; a sociological analysis of authority & revolt 1960–67, Cambridge [Eng.] University Press, 1971. * N.J. Miners, ‘The Nigerian Army 1956–66,’ Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971 * Jimi Peters, 'The Nigerian Military and the State,' 1997, {{ISBN|1-85043-874-9}} * Nigerian Army Education Corps and School, [[openlibrary:books/OL1474957M/History_of_the_Nigerian_Army_1863-1992|History of the Nigerian Army 1863–1992]], Abuja, 1992 == External links == * [http://defenceinfo.mil.ng/profile-of-the-chief-of-defence-staff/ Nigerian Defence Staff] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041558/https://army.mil.ng/ Nigerian Army] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220119092410/https://www.navy.mil.ng/ Nigerian Navy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145648/https://airforce.mil.ng/ Nigerian Air Force] [[Category:Nigeria]] [[Category:Military of Nigeria]] 0sz73ge9alk58iiood3sm2plhw95sc4 0 3100 100104 79941 2026-06-04T08:01:03Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sagnairgu Municipa'''l be one of de sixteen districts way dey [[Northern Region]], Ghana.<ref>Edmond Gyebi (2 October 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231105192629/https://thechronicle.com.gh/sagnarigu-cries-for-municipal-status/ "Sagnarigu Cries For Municipal Status"]. ''Thechronicle''. Tamale. Retrieved April 10, 2015.</ref><ref>Naatogmah, Abdul Karim (2 March 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231105192627/https://citifmonline.com/2015/03/sagnarigu-assembly-builds-complex/#sthash.8Owknnq4.dpbs "Sagnarigu Assembly builds complex"]. ''citifmonline''. Tamale. Retrieved April 10, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240726190216/https://sagnariguassemblyghana.com/ Ghana: Administrative Division]</ref><ref>Samuel Duodu (23 March 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062939/http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/40508-calm-returns-to-malshegu-and-gumo-in-the-sagnarigu-and-kumbungu-districts-photos.html "Calm returns to Malshegu and Gumo in the Sagnarigu and Kumbungu districts".] ''Graphic.com''. Sagnarigu. Retrieved April 10, 2015.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121016203917/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=6&_=217 "Northern » Sagnarigu (New)"]. ''Ghanadistricts''. Archived from [http://www.ghanadistricts.com/districts/?news&r=6&_=217 the original] on October 16, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2015.</ref> Na ebe part of de '''Tamale Municipal District''' for 1988 insyd, which wey dem create am from den tyms '''West Dagomba District''' Council. till dem cam split some small northern part of de district make de '''Sagnarigu District''' for 24th June 2012 wey dem maintain de '''Tamale Metropolitan District''' (dem promote am cam metropolitan district status for August 2004). For 15th March 2028, dem promote am cam municipal district assembly status wey e cam turn '''Sagnarigu Municipal District'''. De municipal dey de northwest part for de Northern Region insyd, wey de district capital be Sagnarigu. == Community == '''De communities be''': * Sagnarigu * Kpalsi * Sanarigu Kukuo * Gurugu * Katariga * Malishegu * Choggu Yapalsi * Jisonayili * Sogunayili * Gbolo * Kumbuyili * Chagnaayili * Nyerizee * Taha * Gumani * Education Ridge == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:Ghana]] [[Category:Districts insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Districts insyd Northern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Pages plus maps]] tb57714ytnu205i6au2f4gz8qe7750f 0 3339 100012 54787 2026-06-03T16:14:06Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3756830}} '''Gadaa'''<ref name=":0">[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gada-system-an-indigenous-democratic-socio-political-system-of-the-oromo-01164 "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo"]. ''unesco.org''.</ref> (Oromo: ''Gadaa''; literally: era) be de indigenous democratic system of governance de Oromos for Ethiopia den northern Kenya dey use.<ref name=":0" /> De Konso den Gedeo people of southern Ethiopia sanso dey practice am. De system dey regulate political, economic, social den religious activities of de community.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gada-system-an-indigenous-democratic-socio-political-system-of-the-oromo-01164 "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo"]. ''unesco.org''.</ref><ref>''[https://ollaa.org/introduction-to-gadaa-system/ Intro to the Gadaa System]''</ref><ref>''[https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234668768.pdf Oromo Indigenous Philosophy (Gadaa System): The Case of 74th Gujii Oromo Gadaa Power Transition]'' (PDF)</ref> Under Gadaa, every eight years, de Oromo go choose by consensus nine leaders dem know as ''Salgan ya’ii Borana'' (de nine Borana assemblies).<ref>Galla, Candace (2012). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301650149 "Sustaining generations of Indigenous voices: Reclaiming language and integrating multimedia technology"]. ''{World Indigenous Nations Higher Education Consortium Journal'': 46–48.</ref><ref>Tesema Ta'a (2006). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_XwN2JdMYM4C The Political Economy of an African Society in Transformation: the Case of Macca Oromo (Ethiopia)]''. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 26–27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05419-5|978-3-447-05419-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Leader dem elect by de gadaa system dey remain for power insyd for 8 years per, plus election dey take place for de end of those 8 years.<ref>John Ralph Willis (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XM-PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137 ''Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate''. Routledge]. pp. 122–127, 129–134, 137. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78017-3|978-1-135-78017-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>John Ralph Willis (2005). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HVGRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 Slaves and Slavery in Africa: Volume Two: The Servile Estate]''. Routledge. pp. 128–134. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-135-78016-6|978-1-135-78016-6]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Ira M. Lapidus (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkJpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA483 A History of Islamic Societies]''. Cambridge University Press. p. 483. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99150-6|978-1-139-99150-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Weneva ''Abbaa Gadaa'' die while dey exercise ein functions, d''e bokkuu'' (de symbol of power) dey pass to ein wife wey she dey keep de bokkuu den proclaim de laws.<ref>[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejossah/article/download/159459/149011 "The Gadaa System and Some of Its Institutions among the Booranaa: A Historical Perspective"]. ''ajol.info''. pp. 91–92.</ref> UNESCO inscribe de Gada system as Intangible Cultural Heritage since 2016.<ref>[https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/gada-system-an-indigenous-democratic-socio-political-system-of-the-oromo-01164 "Gada system, an indigenous democratic socio-political system of the Oromo"]. ''unesco.org''.</ref> Ebe de brainchild of Oromo from de Madda Walabu district of Oromia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250222075850/https://www.opride.com/2017/11/17/heroic-send-off-aliyi-cirri-pioneer-oromo-freedom-fighter/ "A heroic send-off for Aliyi Cirri, a pioneer Oromo freedom fighter whose courage and bravery inspired generations"]. ''www.opride.com''. 17 November 2017.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230610154315/http://www.mwu.edu.et/?q=node%2F283 "Historical Background"]. ''mwu.edu.et''.</ref> Oromo people regard de system as dema common heritage den as major part of dema cultural identity.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151410/https://www.oromiatourism.gov.et/attachments/article/13/The%20%20Gada%20system.pdf "The Gada sysytem; full Dimocratical politics of Oromo;71stBorana BalliHand overing Day Febrawary 2009/20017:The Gada of Kura Jarso"] (PDF). ''oromiatourism.gov.et''.</ref> Ebe de system plus na wey de Oromo people dey govern dema body insyd democratic way for centuries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191108134448/https://ethiopianembassy.be/2016/12/01/gada-system-inscribed-in-unesco-as-intangible-world-heritage/ "Gada System inscribed in UNESCO as Intangible World Heritage"]. ''ethiopianembassy.be''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231207045312/https://hornaffairs.com/2016/12/01/description-oromo-gada-system/ "Briefing: What is Oromo's Gada system?"]. ''hornaffairs.com''. December 2016.</ref> De Oromo govern dema body in accordance plus de Gadaa system long before de 16th century, wen major three party wars commence between dem den de Ethiopian Empire go dema north den Adal Sultanate go dema east den south. Na de result be say Oromo absorb de Christian den [[Islam]] religions. Na de Borana den Guji groups wey dey near de Ethiopian-Kenyan border dey practice Gadaa widout interruption. For de state of Oromia under de Federal system of Ethiopia insyd, de Gadaa system start renaissance across Oromia. For 2015 insyd, na dem inaugurate de Gadaa Center for Odaa Bultum insyd wey for 2018 insyd, dem reinstall de Gadaa Center for Odaa Hullee after two centuries of interruption.<ref>[https://oromianeconomist.com/category/odaa-bultum/ "The 2015 Commemoration of Odaa-Bultum (One of the Major Oromo Gadaa System's Administrative Centers)"]. ''Oromianeconomist.com''.</ref><ref>[https://www.ju.edu.et/?q=featured-stories/journey-revitalizing-gadaa-odaa-hullee-tracing-jimma-university%E2%80%99s-unwavering "A Journey to Revitalizing Gadaa at Odaa Hullee: Tracing Jimma University's Unwavering Commitment"]. ''ju.edu.et''.</ref> Insyd 2019, Bule Hora University launch master's degree program insyd Gadaa studies.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185946/http://bhu.edu.et/news "Bule Hora University Journey"]. ''bhu.edu.et''.</ref> == Characteristics == === Luba === Na dem structure de Gadaa society go peer groups dem base for chronological age anaa genealogical generation dem bell ''Luba''. Each ''luba'' dey consist of all de sons for anoda particular class insyd. De entire grade dey progress thru eleven different grades, each base for eight-year cycle, wey each plus ein own set of rights den responsibilities.<ref>Participedia Contributors. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053728/https://participedia.xyz/method/4865 "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People"]. ''Participedia.net''. Retrieved 29 January 2019.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Gadaa Grades'''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230614115143/https://www.addisherald.com/chapter-6-gadaa-grades/ "Gadaa Grades"]. ''addisherald.com''.</ref> ! !Daballe !Junior Gaammee !Foollee !Kuusaa !Raabaa Doorii !Gadaa !Yuuba I !Yuuba II & III !Gadaamoojjii !Jaarsa |- |'''Age''' |0-8 |9-16 |17-24 |25-32 |33-40 |41-48 |49-56 |57-64 & 65-72 |73-80 |>80 |- |'''Characters''' |No responsibility |Student |Military trainee |Military |Warrior |Leader |Advisor |Repositories of law |Conducts Rites |No responsibility |} De grade dey pass from one stage of development go de next every eight years. === Baallii === ''Baallii'' be process of transferring power from one Gadaa party go de next. === Gadaa Party (''Gogeessa Gadaa'') === Five Gadaa parties dey wey dem know as ''shanan Gadaa Oromoo''. Dese parties dey follow de five world views of de Oromo people. De five Gadaa parties orderly dey cam to power. Party dey cam to power once every forty years. Hence, der no go be direct competition among de five Gadaa parties, rada de competition go be among individuals for party insyd. De five Gadaa parties get different names among Boorana, Maccaa-Tuulama, Arsii, Gujii den Ituu-Humbannaa.<ref>Sirna, Zelalem. [https://journals.ju.edu.et/index.php/gadaa/issue/download/3/c "A Future Gaze: Gadaa Oriented Constitutional Structure for Oromia"]. ''Gadaa Journal'': 15–16.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/afaanoromoo/oduu-42218860 "Waa'ee Gadaa wantoota beekuu qabdan shan"] [Five things you should know about Gadaa]. ''bbc.com''.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+'''Gadaa Parties''' !'''Boorana''' !'''Maccaa-Tuulama''' !'''Arsii''' !'''Gujii''' !'''Ituu-Humbannaa''' |- |Meelba / Harmufaa |Birmajii |Birmajii |Harmufa |Horata |- |Muudana / Roobalee |Michilee / Muudana |Roobalee |Roobalee |Dibbaaqa |- |Kiilolee / Birmajii |Duuloo / Halchiisa |Bahara |Muudana |Dibbeessa |- |Biifolee / Muldhata |Meelbaa / Hambissaa |Horata |Halchiisa |Fadata |- |Michilee / Duuloo |Roobalee |Daraara | | |} == Research == Number of scholars study Gadaa. Legesse<ref>Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973</ref> rep say Gadaa be ''"one of the most astonishing and instructive turns the evolution of human society has taken"''. In addition for ein Harvard PhD dissertation, Legesse publish book<ref>Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006</ref> wey dey position Gadaa as African democracy wey fi inform constitutional thinkers. De late Donald Levine claim say<ref>Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974</ref> Gadaa be ''"one of the most complex systems of social organization ever devised by the human imagination"''. For Jalata, Gadaa dey represent ''"the totality of Oromo civilization"''. == References == <references /> == Bibliography == * Ulrich Braukämper, ''Layers Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia'' (2003) * Joseph Van de Loo, "Guji Oromo Culture in Southern Ethiopia." Berlin: Reimer, 1991. * Asmarom Legesse, "Gadaa: Three Approaches to the Study of African Society", 1973 * Donald Levine, "Greater Ethiopia: The Evolution of a Multiethnic Society", 1974 * Asmarom Legesse, "Oromo Democracy: an Indigenous African Political System", 2006 * Asafa Jalata, Gadaa (Oromo Democracy): An Example of Classical African Civilization, Journal of Pan-African Studies (2012) * Tenna Dewo. 2008. The Concept of Peace in the Oromo Gadaa System: Its Mechanisms and Moral Dimension. ''Journal of Oromo Studies'' 15.1: 139-180. Web access * Z. Sirna, "Ethiopia: When the Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State", 2012 * Participedia Contributors, "The Gadaa System of the Oromo People," last modified September 7, 2018, Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053728/https://participedia.xyz/method/4865 [[Category:Oromo people]] [[Category:Ethiopian culture]] [[Category:Kenyan culture]] [[Category:Society of Kenya]] [[Category:Accountability]] [[Category:Leadership]] [[Category:Policy]] [[Category:Political philosophy]] [[Category:African traditional governments]] [[Category:Politics of Africa]] 498mi09bnh2jxwytss03toep1rq89yr 0 3521 100105 79963 2026-06-04T08:46:37Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q62415581}} '''Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah''' (dem born am for 13 September 1980) be [[Ghanaian]] transformational coach, mBIT Master Coach, corporate trainer, consultant, author,<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/stores/Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah/author/B00IWLIF2Y "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah: books, biography, latest update"]. ''Amazon.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-04.</ref> den columnist.<ref>[https://www.amazon.com/stores/Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah/author/B00IWLIF2Y "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah"]. ''HuffPost UK''.</ref><ref>Nyabor, Jonas (2018-03-16). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190325140026/http://citifmonline.com/2018/03/16/looking-possible-causes-unhappy-ghanaians-article/ "Looking at possible causes for 'Unhappy Ghanaians' &#x5B;Article&#x5D;"]. ''Citi 97.3 FM - Relevant Radio. Always''. Retrieved 2024-01-16.</ref><ref>Yeboah, Scofray Nana Yaw. [https://www.modernghana.com/news/913514/some-samaritans-worthy-of-appreciation-in-little-isaac-amput.html "Some Samaritans Worthy Of Appreciation In Little Isaac Amputation Story"]. ''Modern Ghana''.</ref><ref>[https://coachingfederation.org/blog/purpose-driven-leadership "Executive Coaching: Empowering Purpose-Driven Leadership in an AI-Led Corporate Future"]. ''International Coaching Federation''. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> Insyd 2019, he come make Fellow for de Crans Montana Forum (CMF), an international organization wey dey insyd Switzerland.<ref name=":4">Online, Peace FM. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231125172845/https://peacefmonline.com/pages/local/social/201903/378210.php "Scofray Honored For His Industrious And Dedicated Service To The Youth"]. ''peacefmonline.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref> Insyd 2023, he cam make first graduate insyd de whole world wey cam turn Fellow for Institute of Commercial Management, United Kingdom.<ref>Etefe, Juliet (2023-09-27). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/27/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboahthe-first-past-student-of-icm-uk-to-reach-fellow-status-globally/ "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah:The first past student of ICM-UK to reach fellow status globally"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> He san be de lead trainer den consultant for Zoweh Global Consult den he be de President den lead trainer for SLIT Africa, ebe non-profit organization wey dey insyd Bloemfontein, [[South Africa]].<ref>Otoo, Lilipearl Baaba (2018-03-12). [https://thebftonline.com/2018/03/12/20-young-leaders-trained-in-strategic-leadership/ "20 Young leaders trained in Strategic Leadership"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> Scofray dey serve as de Presido of Eastern Konnect, network connecting alumni associations insyd de Eastern Region of Ghana.<ref>voltaonlinegh (2018-09-28). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211027195801/https://voltaonlinegh.com/2018/09/28/eastern-konnect-organises-maiden-games/ "Eastern Konnect Organises Maiden Games"]. ''Volta Online''. Retrieved 2019-03-26.</ref> == Ein early life == Scofray dem born am on 13 September 1980 for Adweso, [[Koforidua]] wey dey de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana. Dem born am to Mr Ebenezer Yaw Otu as ein puppie den Victoria Abena Kwakyewaa as ein mummy. He dey cam from [[Akropong|Akropong Akuapem]] insyd de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]] of Ghana.<ref name=":0">[https://www.modernghana.com/news/910804/self-help-to-stop-the-increasing-of-dopamine-in-the-usage-of.html "Self-Help To Stop The Increasing Of Dopamine In The Usage Of Social Media"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://theustimes.com/exclusive-interview-with-scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah/ "Exclusive Interview With Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah – The US Times"]. ''theustimes.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> == Ein education == Scofray attend St. Dominic's Catholic School insyd Adweso for ein basic education insyd 1995.<ref name=":0" /> He get ein secondary education for Koforidua Senior High Technical School insyd [[Koforidua]], from January 1996 go December 1998. He serve as dema presido for de old students association up until de year 2020.<ref>[https://www.newsghana.com.gh/koforidua-sectech-50th-anniversary-a-time-for-re-positioning-and-transformation/ "Koforidua Sectech 50th Anniversary: A Time for Re-positioning and Transformation"]. ''News Ghana''.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Koforidua-SECTECH-celebrates-50th-anniversary-607293 "Koforidua SECTECH celebrates 50th anniversary"]. ''GhanaWeb''. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref><ref>[https://www.myjoyonline.com/sectech-old-students-support-schools-golden-jubilee-celebration-in-style/ "SECTECH old students support school's Golden Jubilee celebration in style - MyJoyOnline"]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> He san proceed to de City and Guilds of London Institute, wey he go study microcomputer technology den electrical-electronics engineering.<ref>AmaGhana (2022-03-29). [https://amaghanaonline.com/2022/03/29/personality-profile-bft-spotlights-life-coach-scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah/ "Personality Profile: B&FT Spotlights Life Coach Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah"]. ''AmaGhanaonline.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> He be certified professional trainer by IAPPD United Kingdom.<ref name=":0" /> Insyd May 2021, he obtain ein certificate insyd ontological mindfulness den ecological coach<ref>[https://coachscofray.com/ "Home"]. ''Ontological Executive Coach | Coach Scofray''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> from de Ideal Coaching Global insyd San Francisco, California, wey dey insyd USA.<ref name=":5">[https://www.modernghana.com/lifestyle/14819/ghanas-scofray-yeboah-becomes-the-first-african.html "Ghana's Scofray Yeboah, becomes the first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2021-05-14.</ref><ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2021-05-11). [https://thebftonline.com/11/05/2021/scofray-yeboah-first-african-to-graduate-from-ideal-coaching-global/ "Scofray Yeboah, first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2021-05-14.</ref> He san be trained facilitator for de Institute of Healing Memories wey dey insyd Cape Town, South Africa.<ref name=":2">[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah | HuffPost"]. ''www.huffingtonpost.co.uk''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> Insyd 2022, he plet ein certificate training insyd mBIT Master Coaching from de NeuroCoach Institute insyd South Africa.<ref>Awal, Mohammed (2022-03-29). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/29/scofray-yeboah-certifies-as-first-professional-mbit-coach/ "Scofray Yeboah certifies as first Professional mBIT coach"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2023-02-03.</ref><ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboah "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah | HuffPost"]. ''www.huffingtonpost.co.uk''. Retrieved 2023-02-03.</ref> He dey hold Graduate Diploma insyd Management Studies den Advance Diploma insyd Leadership studies from de Institute of Commercial Management (ICM) wey dey insyd UK.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Etefe, Juliet (2023-09-27). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/27/scofray-nana-yaw-yeboahthe-first-past-student-of-icm-uk-to-reach-fellow-status-globally/ "Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah:The first past student of ICM-UK to reach fellow status globally"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> == Career == Scofray job for several areas lyk he be brand expert, corporate trainer, transformational coach, writer, den author. As he dey job as a Columnist, he gey 34 publications wey for ModernGhana.com.<ref name=":0" /> He san be media analyst den he be lead consultant for Zoweh Global Consult.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105050422/https://www.zowehglobalconsult.com/ "A Leading Transformational Coaching, Training and Consulting Firm"]. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref><ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2020-12-19). [https://thebftonline.com/2020/12/19/coaching-services-and-experiences-in-ghana-survey-2020-2/ "Coaching services and experiences in Ghana survey 2020"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> He be member of de National Society of Black Engineers.<ref name=":2" /> He be de current presido for de International Coaching Federation (ICF), Ghana Chapter. De ICF be de largest den most credible professional coaching body insyd de world.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240420064139/https://icfghanachapter.org/about-us/ "About Us - ICF Ghana Chapter"]. ''icfghanachapter.org''. 2019-04-29. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20240814142120/https://icfghanachapter.org/board-of-directors/ "Board of Directors - ICF Ghana Chapter"]. ''icfghanachapter.org''. 2023-09-21. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref><ref>Awal, Mohammed (2023-09-23). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/09/23/the-icf-ghana-chapter-establishing-a-thriving-professional-coaching-industry/ "The ICF Ghana Chapter: Establishing a thriving professional coaching industry"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> As we dey talk, he carry Professional Certified Coach (PCC) credential from de International Coaching Federation plus over 2500 coaching hours.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105143204/https://apps.coachingfederation.org/eweb/ccfdynamicpage.aspx?webcode=ccfcoachprofileview&coachcstkey=9d819b8e-deed-4a73-a286-22c2008466b6&site=icfapp "ICF View Coach Profile"]. ''apps.coachingfederation.org''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> == Awards den recognition == * Dem honor Scofray as a fellow of Crans Montana Forum insyd 2019.<ref name=":4" /> * Presently, he dey hold distinction of being de first black male mBIT Master Coach Master Coach insyd Africa.<ref>Awal, Mohammed (2022-03-29). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/29/scofray-yeboah-certifies-as-first-professional-mbit-coach/ "Scofray Yeboah certifies as first Professional mBIT coach"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> * Dem nominate am insyd de Special Recognition category for de Africa Youth Award insyd 2016.<ref name=":0" /> * Dem recognize am as de first Ghanaian den African wey graduate from Ideal Coaching Global insyd San Francisco, California insyd de USA.<ref name=":5" /> * Dem recognize am as de first African OME Systemic Thinking Executive Coach, wey plete de Advanced Training for Executive Coaching.<ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2021-05-11). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/05/11/scofray-yeboah-first-african-to-graduate-from-ideal-coaching-global/ "Scofray Yeboah, first African to graduate from Ideal Coaching Global"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref> * Dem recognize am as one of de Most Influential Young Ghanaians insyd 2015 den 2016. * Dem recognize Scofray by Speakers Bureau Africa as one of Ghana ein top 100 Speakers.<ref name=":4" /> == Books == Scofray author three books den over 34 publications.<ref name=":0" /> * Branding 360 * Art of Life * Transformational Pearls === Other publications === * ''Building a Corporate Coaching Culture using PASCAD core skills for resilience and job satisfaction<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250318025914/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/building-a-corporate-coaching-culture-using-pascad-core-skills-for-resilience-and-job-satisfaction/ "Building a Corporate Coaching Culture using PASCAD core skills for resilience and job satisfaction |"]. 2021-07-12. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Goal-Setting; the benefits of getting it done with a professional coach<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105142016/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/goal-setting-the-benefits-of-getting-it-down-with-a-professional-coach/ "Goal-Setting; the benefits of getting it done with a professional coach – Golden City Business Magazine"]. 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''The fourth component lagging in women and youth empowerment in Africa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250318124744/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/transformational-leadership-skills-and-training-the-fourth-component-lagging-in-women-and-youth-empowerment-in-africa/ "The fourth component lagging in women and youth empowerment in Africa – Golden City Business Magazine"]. 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Neuroscience and mBraining: A catalyst to influence the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership<ref>Etefe, Juliet (2023-03-30). [https://thebftonline.com/2023/03/30/neuroscience-and-mbraining-a-catalyst-to-influence-the-impact-of-emotional-intelligence-on-leadership/ "Neuroscience and mBraining: A catalyst to influence the impact of emotional intelligence on leadership"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Leadership-Executive & Team Coaching: A Systemic Intervention to stimulate employee well-being and company growth<ref>Etefe, Juliet (2022-09-13). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/09/13/leadership-executive-team-coaching-a-systemic-intervention-to-stimulate-employee-well-being-and-company-growth/ "Leadership-Executive & Team Coaching: A Systemic Intervention to stimulate employee well-being and company growth"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Coaching impact on mastermind through mBraining for self-mastery and corporate growth (Part I)<ref>Awal, Mohammed (2022-05-12). [https://thebftonline.com/2022/05/12/coaching-impact-on-mastermind-through-mbraining-for-self-mastery-and-corporate-growth-part-i/ "Coaching impact on mastermind through mBraining for self-mastery and corporate growth (Part I)"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Language and our words:…birthing peak performance and growth<ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2021-01-17). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/01/17/language-and-our-wordsbirthing-peak-performance-and-growth/ "Language and our words:…birthing peak performance and growth"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Executive coaching impact and influence on strategic decision-making by C-suite<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240105142025/https://goldencitybusinessmag.com/executive-coaching-impact-and-influence-on-strategic-decision-making-by-c-suite/ "Executive coaching impact and influence on strategic decision-making by C-suite"]. 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Some Samaritans Worthy of Appreciation in little Isaac amputation story<ref>Yeboah, Scofray (2019-02-05). [https://www.modernghana.com/news/913514/some-samaritans-worthy-of-appreciation-in-little-isaac-amput.html "Some Samaritans Worthy Of Appreciation In Little Isaac Amputation Story"]. ''Modernghana.com''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Coaching impact on job satisfaction, work-life balance, and customer experience<ref>Awal, Mohammed (2021-09-15). [https://thebftonline.com/2021/09/15/coaching-impact-on-job-satisfaction-work-life-balance/ "Coaching impact on job satisfaction, work-life balance, and customer experience"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Why great achievers hire coaches<ref>Segbefia, Sedem (2020-12-11). [https://thebftonline.com/2020/12/11/why-great-achievers-hire-coaches/ "Why great achievers hire coaches"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Midland Savings and Loans saga; The reality of Ghana's Customer Care Service<ref>Yeboah, Scofray Nana Yaw. [https://www.modernghana.com/news/869957/midland-savings-and-loans-saga-the-reality-of-ghanas-custo.html "Midland Savings and Loans saga; The reality of Ghana's Customer Care Service"]. ''Modern Ghana''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref>'' * ''Letter to Christiane Amanpour; The rage of Ghanaians was not against Moesha<ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/Letter-to-Christiane-Amanpour-The-rage-of-Ghanaians-was-not-against-Moesha-645396 "Letter to Christiane Amanpour: The rage of Ghanaians was not against Moesha"]. ''GhanaWeb''. 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''What happens when c-suites and chros lack emotional intelligence<ref>Tetteh, Kennedy (2018-04-18). [https://thebftonline.com/2018/04/18/what-happens-when-c-suites-and-chros-lack-emotional-intelligence/ "What happens when C-Suites and CHROs lack Emotional Intelligence"]. ''The Business & Financial Times''. Retrieved 2024-01-05.</ref>'' * ''Why every 21st Century CEO and Leader must acquire''<ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/author/ScofrayNanaYawYeboah "Columnist: Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah"]. ''www.modernghana.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref><ref>[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/columnist.php?S=Scofray%20Nana%20Yaw%20Yeboah "Columnist Scofray Nana Yaw Yeboah"]. ''www.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2019-03-25.</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} [[Category:1980 births]] [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian Christians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:21st-century Ghanaian writers]] [[Category:Koforidua Senior High Technical School alumni]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] 71hdttn5lhz5pqnjxfipmw4qsrfw0fi 0 5322 100108 81053 2026-06-04T11:31:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thomas Teye Partey''' (dem born am on 13 June 1993) be [[Ghanaian]] professional footballer wey dey play as defensive midfielder for Premier League club Arsenal den de [[Ghana national football team|Ghana national team]].<ref>[https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/person/Thomas-Partey-3637 "Thomas Partey, Biography"]. ''mobile.ghanaweb.com''. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Partey start ein professional career at Spanish club Atlético Madrid insyd 2013, wey he go loan to Mallorca den Almería, den return to Atlético insyd 2015, wey he win de UEFA Europa League den UEFA Super Cup insyd 2018, as well as he appear insyd de 2016 UEFA Champions League final. Insyd 2020, he cam join Arsenal insyd transfer worth £45 million (€50 million), wey he cam turn de most expensive Ghanaian player of all time. Partey be Ghanaian international wey rep ein nation at three Africa Cup of Nations (2017, 2019, den 2021) den de 2022 FIFA World Cup. Dem name am into de CAF Team of the Year insyd 2018, wey he win Ghana Player of de Year insyd 2018 den 2019. == Club career == [[File:Thomas_Partey.jpg|thumb|Partey plus Atlético Madrid insyd 2018.]] Dem born am insyd Krobo Odumase, Partey be product of local club Odometah ein youth ranks.<ref>[http://sportsworldghana.com/feature-from-odumase-to-madrid-thomas-partey-has-arrived/ FEATURE: From Odumase to Madrid: Thomas Partey has arrived] 10 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210318034612/https://sportsworldghana.com/feature-from-odumase-to-madrid-thomas-partey-has-arrived/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210318034612/https://sportsworldghana.com/feature-from-odumase-to-madrid-thomas-partey-has-arrived/ Archived] 18 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 17 November 2017</ref> He sign plus Atlético Madrid insyd 2012, after short spell plus Leganés,<ref>[https://as.com/futbol/2020/10/05/segunda/1601922886_849151.html "Leganés will enter five million for the departure of Thomas to Arsenal"]. Diario AS. 5 October 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211223214842/https://as.com/futbol/2020/10/05/segunda/1601922886_849151.html Archived] from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2021.</ref> wey dem subsequently move am to de reserves year later. On 10 March 2013, dem call Partey to de main squad for de match against Real Sociedad.<ref>[http://www.marca.com/2013/03/09/futbol/equipos/atletico/1362835894.html Oliver Torres y Thomas, novedades en la lista del Atlético (Oliver Torres and Thomas, news in Atlético's list)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221202/http://www.marca.com/2013/03/09/futbol/equipos/atletico/1362835894.html Archived] 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine; ''Marca'', 9 March 2013 (insyd Spanish)</ref> However, he remain unuse insyd de eventual 0–1 home defeat.<ref>[http://espnfc.com/en/report/348268/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=3888 Prieto ends Atletico's perfect home form] [https://archive.today/20130824040156/http://espnfc.com/en/report/348268/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=3888 Archived] 24 August 2013 at archive.today; ''ESPN FC'', 10 March 2013</ref> ==== Mallorca den Almería ==== On 12 July, dem loan Partey go Mallorca, freshly relegate to de second level. On 18 August, he make ein professional debut, insyd a 0–4 away defeat against Sabadell. Partey score ein first professional goal on 15 September, netting ein side second of a 2–2 draw at Hércules. On 27 July 2014, Partey join La Liga side Almería on a loan. He make ein debut insyd de competition on 23 August, wey start in a 1–1 home draw against Espanyol. Partey score ein first goals insyd de main category of Spanish football on 11 April 2015, netting a brace insyd a 3–0 home win against Granada. ==== Return to Atlético Madrid ==== Partey make ein first team debut for Atlético Madrid on 28 November 2015, wey he come replace Luciano Vietto insyd a 1–0 home win against Espanyol. On 2 January of de following year, he score ein first league goal for de club, netting de game only strike insyd a home success over Levante. On 28 May, he play insyd de UEFA Champions League Final against Real Madrid, wey replace Koke insyd de 116th minute as ein side lost on penalties. Partey sign contract extension plus Atlético Madrid through 2022 on 14 February 2017. On 31 October, he score ein first European goal plus a long-range strike to equalise at home to Qarabağ insyd a 1–1 draw insyd de Champions League group game; he become de first African to score insyd de competition for Atlético. Following ein impressive performances for the club, dem reward am with another contract on 1 March 2018, dis tym until 2023. On 16 May, he play insyd de 2018 UEFA Europa League Final, as ein side won 3–0 against Marseille. On 1 September 2019, Partey come on as a late substitute den net de match ein winner insyd de last minute for de game, as Atlético come back from 2–0 down to come win de game by 3–2 against Eibar. He mark ein 100th La Liga appearance for ''Los Rojiblancos'' plus man-of-de-match performance insyd a 0–0 draw against Real Madrid insyd de Madrid derby four weeks later. Despite leaving Atlético at de beginning or de 2020–21 season, Partey make enough appearances for de start of de season to become eligible for a winner ein medal as Atlético win La Liga that year. === Arsenal === On 5 October 2020, Premier League club Arsenal announce de signing of Partey on a long-term contract, after activating ein £45 million (€50 million) release clause plus Atlético Madrid. Dem give am de number 18 shirt, wey dem take from Nacho Monreal wey lef the club de previous season. Upon signing, Partey state ein desire to help Arsenal "back where [they] belong", describing am as ein decision to move being based on "[wanting] to experience new challenges", wey he san credit de transfer to manager Mikel Arteta den technical director Edu. On 17 October 2020, Partey make ein debut for Arsenal as a substitute for Granit Xhaka insyd 0–1 away defeat insyd de league against Manchester City. Five days later, he start ein first match for Arsenal insyd de 2–1 away win over Rapid Wien insyd de UEFA Europa League. Midway through a match against Aston Villa on 8 November, he suffer a thigh injury wey see am miss de rest of de month ein games. He return on 6 December insyd de North London derby, buh san suffer another injury at half-time as Arsenal lose 2–0 to Tottenham Hotspur. He no play again until a month later, which he come off de bench insyd a 0–0 draw against Crystal Palace. On 22 October 2021, Partey score ein first goal for Arsenal in a 3–1 win against Aston Villa. Insyd February 2022, dem name Partey as Arsenal player of de month. Insyd de 2022–23 season, he score three goals insyd 33 appearances, including ein club Goal for de Season insyd a 3–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur. Insyd November 2023, he sustain a hamstring injury wey keep him sideline for de most for de 2023–24 season. == International career == Insyd May 2016, dem call Partey for de first time to de Ghana national team by manager Avram Grant, ahead of a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Mauritius. He come make ein debut on 5 June, wey he come replace Frank Acheampong for de final 11 minutes of a 2–0 away win wey book de Black Stars demma position insyd de finals. On 5 September 2017, Partey score ein first international hattrick insyd a 5–1 win against Congo insyd 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. Kwesi Appiah select Partey for de ein 23-man squad for de 2019 Africa Cup of Nations insyd Egypt. Insyd ein last group game, he score insyd a 2–0 win over Guinea-Bissau for de Suez Stadium as de Black Stars top group. He net insyd de penalty shootout for de end of de last-16 game against Tunisia on 8 July, though ein team was eliminate. Partey win Ghana Player of de Year insyd 2018 den 2019. Ahead of de 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers, as well as for de 2022 FIFA World Cup qualifiers, dem name Partey as Ghana ein vice-captain. Insyd November 2022, dem call Partey to de 26-man Ghana squad wey compete insyd Qatar for de 2022 FIFA World Cup. == Media == Partey come involve insyd de Amazon Original sports docuseries ''All or Nothing: Arsenal'', wey dey document de club by spending tym plus de coaching staff den players behind de scenes both on den off de field throughout demma 2021–22 season. == Personal life == Insyd March 2022, secof ein Moroccan girlfriend, Sara Bella, wey make Partey convert to [[Islam]]. Insyd June, dem report say dat he go change ein first name to Yakubu as part of ein religious conversion, wey maintain Thomas Partey both legally den professionally; he talk later say he change ein name back to Thomas. Insyd June 2022, dem make Partey chief for de Manya Krobo people of de [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region of Ghana]] by demma paramount chief, Nene Sakite II, as a reward for captaining de team to 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification for de expense of neighbours Nigeria. == Career statistics == === Club === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances den goals by club, season den competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup[lower-alpha 1] ! colspan="2" |League cup[lower-alpha 2] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Mallorca (loan) |2013–14 |Segunda División |37 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |38 |5 |- |Almería (loan) |2014–15 |La Liga |31 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |32 |4 |- | rowspan="7" |Atlético Madrid |2015–16 |La Liga |13 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" |— |5[lower-alpha 3] |0 | colspan="2" |— |23 |3 |- |2016–17 |La Liga |16 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6[lower-alpha 3] |0 | colspan="2" |— |24 |1 |- |2017–18 |La Liga |33 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— |14[lower-alpha 4] |1 | colspan="2" |— |50 |5 |- |2018–19 |La Liga |32 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6[lower-alpha 3] |0 |1[lower-alpha 5] |0 |42 |3 |- |2019–20 |La Liga |35 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |8[lower-alpha 3] |1 |2[lower-alpha 6] |0 |46 |4 |- |2020–21 |La Liga |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !132 !12 !14 !2 ! colspan="2" |— !39 !2 !3 !0 !188 !16 |- | rowspan="5" |Arsenal |2020–21 |Premier League |24 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |8[lower-alpha 7] |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |0 |- |2021–22 |Premier League |24 |2 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |26 |2 |- |2022–23 |Premier League |33 |3 |1 |0 |0 |0 |6[lower-alpha 7] |0 | colspan="2" |— |40 |3 |- |2023–24 |Premier League |14 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1[lower-alpha 3] |0 |1[lower-alpha 8] |0 |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !95 !5 !2 !0 !2 !0 !15 !0 !1 !0 !115 !5 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !295 !25 !18 !2 !2 !0 !54 !2 !4 !0 !373 !29 |} === International === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances den goals by national team den year !National team !Year !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="8" |Ghana |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |10 |5 |- |2018 |4 |2 |- |2019 |9 |3 |- |2020 |2 |0 |- |2021 |4 |2 |- |2022 |9 |1 |- |2023 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !47 !13 |} :''Ghana score listed first, score column indicates score after each Partey goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Thomas Partey ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 |1 September 2017 |Baba Yara Stadium, Kumasi, Ghana | Congo | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align="center" |2 | rowspan="3" |5 September 2017 | rowspan="3" |Stade Municipal de Kintélé, Brazzaville, Congo | rowspan="3" | Congo | align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="3" align="center" |5–1 | rowspan="3" |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |3–1 |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |4–1 |- | align="center" |5 |10 October 2017 |King Abdullah Sports City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia | Saudi Arabia | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |- | align="center" |6 |30 May 2018 |International Stadium, Yokohama, Japan | Japan | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Friendly |- | align="center" |7 |7 June 2018 |Laugardalsvöllur, Reykjavík, Iceland | Iceland | align="center" |2–2 | align="center" |2–2 |Friendly |- | align="center" |8 |26 March 2019 |Accra Sports Stadium, Accra, Ghana | Mauritania | align="center" |3–1 | align="center" |3–1 |Friendly |- | align="center" |9 |2 July 2019 |Suez Stadium, Suez, Egypt | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations |- | align="center" |10 |14 November 2019 |Cape Coast Sports Stadium, Cape Coast, Ghana | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |11 |9 October 2021 |Cape Coast Sports Stadium, Cape Coast, Ghana | Zimbabwe | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align="center" |12 |12 October 2021 |National Sports Stadium, Harare, Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align="center" |13 |29 March 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Nigeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup qualification |} == Honours == '''Atlético Madrid''' * La Liga: 2020–21 * UEFA Europa League: 2017–18 * UEFA Super Cup: 2018 * UEFA Champions League runner-up: 2015–16 '''Arsenal''' * FA Community Shield: 2023 '''Individual''' * CAF Team of de Year: 2018, 2023 * SWAG Sports Personality of de Year: 2018 * Ghana Player of de Year: 2017, 2018 * Ghana Football Awards Foreign-based Player of de Year: 2017–18, 2018–19 * Ghana Football Awards Footballer of de Year: 2017–18, 2018–19 == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://www.arsenal.com/men/players/thomas-partey Profile] at de Arsenal F.C. website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20241009141246/https://www.premierleague.com/players/4936/ Thomas Partey] at Premier League * [https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/clubs/players/250086316/ Thomas Partey] – UEFA competition record ([https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://www.uefa.com/teamsandplayers/players/player=250086316/profile/index.html archive]) * [https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j101856.html Thomas Partey] at BDFutbol * [https://futbolme.com/jugador.php?id=15062#pestaTemporada Thomas Partey] at Futbolme (insyd Spanish) * De [https://web.archive.org/web/20241009141246/https://www.thomaspartey.com/foundation Thomas Partey Foundation]. [[Category:Human]] [[Category:Ghanaians]] [[Category:Ghanaian sportsmen]] [[Category:Ghanaian footballers]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:People wey komot Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Category:Ghanaian men's footballers]] [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid B players]] [[Category:RCD Mallorca players]] [[Category:UD Almería players]] [[Category:Atlético Madrid footballers]] [[Category:Arsenal F.C. players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Ghana men's international footballers]] [[Category:2017 Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:2019 Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:2021 Africa Cup of Nations players]] [[Category:2022 FIFA World Cup players]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriate men's footballers]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers insyd Spain]] [[Category:Expatriate men's footballers insyd England]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople insyd Spain]] [[Category:Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople insyd England]] [[Category:Ghanaian Muslims]] [[Category:Converts to Islam]] [[Category:UEFA Europa League winning players]] 3jb8ehn702rtyvd63vpp9phdwcfr0js 0 7137 100052 98307 2026-06-03T20:06:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jessica Esther''' "'''Jess'''" '''Fox''' OAM (born 11 June 1994) be French-born Australian world den Olympic champion slalom canoeist.<ref>[https://www.canoeslalom.net/doku.php/en_sportler/spo_12402f "Jessica FOX (AUS)"]. ''CanoeSlalom.net''. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</ref> Fox make ein Olympic debut for 18 years of age insyd de 2012 Summer Olympics insyd London, wer na she win silver medal insyd de K1 event. She win bronze medal insyd de same event four years later insyd de Rio de Janeiro Olympics, den again for de 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20241211104952/https://au.sports.yahoo.com/gutted-jess-fox-wins-bronze-after-drama-in-k-1-final-080142223.html "Jess Fox wins bronze after drama in K1 final"]. ''7 News''. 27 July 2021.</ref> before finally she win de gold medal insyd de K1 event insyd Paris for de 2024 Summer Olympics. She sanso win gold for de 2020 Olympics insyd de C1 event, wey she cam turn de first Olympic champion for dat event insyd. Fox win 22 medals for de ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships plus 14 golds (C1: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018; K1: 2014, 2017, 2018, 2023; C1 team: 2013, 2015, 2019; K1 team: 2023; Kayak cross: 2021, 2022), five silvers (C1: 2019, 2022; K1: 2019, 2022; C1 team: 2017) den three bronzes (C1: 2010, 2023; K1 team: 2017). Ein 8 gold medals insyd individual events make am de most successful paddler, male anaa female, insyd World Championship history. She sanso win gold medal for de 2010 Summer Youth Olympics insyd de K1 event. Fox, 8-time world champion den 2-time Olympic champion, dem consider am de greatest individual paddler of all time.<ref>Budowsky, Ethan (26 July 2024). [https://www.nbcolympics.com/news/canoeing-legend-fox-bears-australian-flag-opening-ceremony-begins-quest-history "Canoeing legend Fox bears Australian flag at Opening Ceremony, begins quest for history"]. ''nbcolympics.com''. Retrieved 28 July 2024.</ref> Fox dey compete den represent Australia for de 2024 Summer Olympics insyd Paris, France, for de Women's slalom K-1 insyd (for wich she win de gold medal), de Women's slalom C-1, den de Women's slalom kayak cross events for 27, 28, 30, den 31 July den 2 August to 5 August 2024 for de National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France insyd Vaires-sur-Marne. Na she be de opening ceremony flag bearer give Australia for de Paris Olympic Games. == Ein life matter == Fox was born in Marseille, France, den wen na she be four years old, she move to de suburb of Penrith, insyd Sydney, Australia plus ein family.<ref name=":0">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-06-11/encouraging-signs-for-young-fox/4064598?section=olympics "Encouraging signs for young Fox – London 2012 Olympic Games (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"]. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 11 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref><ref name=":1">[http://www.penrithstar.com.au/news/local/sport/general/jessica-fox-at-home-in-water/2574619.aspx "Jessica Fox: at home in water"]. ''Penrith Star''. 30 May 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref><ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120329021538/http://www.canoe.org.au/?Page=19994&MenuID=High_Performance%2F96%2F0%2CCanoe_Slalom%2F76%2F7232%2CAthlete_Profiles%2F153%2F0%2F0 "AIS Canoeing – Slalom – Jessica Fox (K1/C1)"]. Canoe.org.au. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref> Fox be Jewish,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162904/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/jewish-aussie-flying-fox-wins-olympic-silver-1.456149 "Jewish Aussie 'Flying Fox' wins Olympic silver; Jessica Fox, Australian-Jewish kayaker, wins silver medal in London, 16 years after her mother won bronze in Atlanta"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved 7 April 2014.</ref><ref name=":6">Goldberg, Dan (5 August 2012). [http://www.jta.org/2012/08/05/news-opinion/world/jewish-australian-kayaker-jessica-fox-takes-silver-medal "Jewish Australian kayaker Jessica Fox takes silver medal"]. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved 7 April 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishsportsreview.com/olympics_2012.html "2012 Summer Olympic medalists"]. ''Jewish Sports Review''. Retrieved 7 April 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230302/http://www.jewishnews.net.au/tag/jessica-fox "Jessica Fox"]. ''The Australian Jewish News''. Retrieved 7 April 2014.</ref> as be ein mommie,<ref name=":6" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023020125/http://letmypeoplegrow.org/2012/08/jewz-news/ "Jews in the News: Andy Samberg, Seth Rogen and Henry Winkler"]. Letmypeoplegrow.org. Archived from [http://letmypeoplegrow.org/2012/08/jewz-news/ the original] on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</ref><ref>Goldberg, Dan (5 August 2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924162904/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/jewish-aussie-flying-fox-wins-olympic-silver-1.456149 "Jewish Aussie 'Flying Fox' wins Olympic silver"]. ''Haaretz''. Retrieved 21 September 2012.</ref> whereas ein poppie no be.<ref>Bloom, Nate (21 August 2012). [http://www.interfaithfamily.com/arts_and_entertainment/popular_culture/Interfaith_Celebrities_Lisa_Kudrows_Interfaith_Marriage_Tavi_Gevinson_Oracle_of_Girl_World_Olympic_Results_and_Raismans_Rabbi.shtml "Interfaith Celebrities: Lisa Kudrow; Tavi Gevinson, Oracle of Girl World; Olympic Results and Raisman's Rabbi"]. InterfaithFamily. <q>Fox's British father, Richard Fox, 52, who is not Jewish, and her French Jewish mother, Myriam Jerusalmi-Fox, 51, were both top kayakers.</q></ref> Ein parents be Richard Fox den Myriam Fox-Jerusalmi, wey both compete as canoeists for de Olympics: ein poppie give Great Britain for de 1992 Games, den ein mommie give France for de 1996 Games wer na she win bronze medal.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">Georgakopoulos, Chris (24 May 2012). [http://penrith-press.whereilive.com.au/sport/story/jessica-fox-to-press-home-olympics-advantage/ "Jessica Fox to press home Olympics advantage – Canoe//Kayak"]. Penrith Press. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref><ref name=":4">[http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/london-olympics/jessica-fox-paddles-into-second-world-cup-slalom-final/story-fn9dheyx-1226398263064 "Jessica Fox paddles into Second World Cup Slalom Final"]. ''Herald Sun''. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref> Ein poppie be Second Vice Presido of de International Canoe Federation, as well as Australian Canoeing's high-performance manager, den five-time world champion.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150629050941/http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/AboutICF/Structure-of-the-ICF/Board-of-Directors.html "ICF – Board of Directors"]. Canoeicf.com. Archived from [http://www.canoeicf.com/icf/AboutICF/Structure-of-the-ICF/Board-of-Directors.html the original] on 29 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref> Ein younger sisto Noemie Fox sanso be world champion slalom canoeist, den ein aunt Rachel Crosbee be former world championship slalom canoe silver medalist.<ref>Knoke, Charlotte. (July 3, 2024). [https://www.nowtolove.com.au/entertainment/jess-fox-sister-noemie-olympics/ "Fox sisters Jess and Noemie to take on the Paris 2024 Olympics together,"] ''NOW to love''.</ref> Fox attend Leonay Public School den then Blaxland High School, she fini ein HSC year by being first insyd New South Wales insyd de PDHPE for 2011 insyd, wey she get ATAR score of 99.1. She study insyd de Elite Athlete Program for The University of Sydney,<ref>[http://sydney.edu.au/news/84.html?newscategoryid=7&newsstoryid=9769 "Sydney Uni Olympians take medals at London 2012"]. The University of Sydney. 3 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</ref> wer she dey job for degree top insyd media/communications. She dey study for Bachelor of Social Science (Psychology) for Swinburne Online. She be bilingual insyd English den French.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> Fox suffer back injury wey impact ein performance insyd 2012.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Career == [[File:2019_ICF_Canoe_slalom_World_Championships_138_-_Jessica_Fox_(cropped).jpg|thumb|260x260px|Jessica Fox insyd 2019]] Fox dey race insyd K1 den C1 events wey ein mommie, Myriam coach am.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> She start insyd de sport for 2005 insyd by canoeing for de Nepean River top.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> She get scholarship wey ebe affiliated plus de Australian Institute of Sport den de New South Wales Institute of Sport.<ref name=":2" /> For club competitions insyd, she dey represent de Penrith Valley Canoe Club.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd September 2009, Fox make ein Australian senior national team bid.<ref name=":2" /> She compete for de 2009 ICF World Ranking insyd Merano, Italy, wey she fini third insyd de K1 event.<ref name=":2" /> For de 2009 AYOF event insyd Penrith, New South Wales, she fini first insyd de women's K1 event.<ref name=":2" /> Fox win wey she placed 5th insyd de K1 event wey she win bronze medal insyd de C1 event for de 2010 World Championship insyd Tacen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120312022828/http://www.timing-mojstrana.com/download.php?id=1081 "2010 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships SLOKA 2010"]. International Canoeing Federation. Archived from [http://www.timing-mojstrana.com/download.php?id=1081 the original] on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</ref> For de 2010 Summer Youth Olympics insyd Singapore, she win de gold insyd de girls' K1 slalom event.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> For de 2010 Junior World Championships insyd Foix, she win gold insyd K1, wey she win de inaugural C1 event for dat level. She win ein first World Cup by taking out de C1 event for de third round insyd La Seu d'Urgell. Domestically, Fox win de C1 event wey she place 9th insyd de K1 event for de Oceania Continental Championships insyd Penrith (dey count to World Cup points), wey she place 1st den 3rd for de National Championships insyd Eildon, Victoria, insyd de C1 den K1 events respectively.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd 2011, Fox win gold medals insyd de C1 event for World Cups 2 den 3.<ref name=":2" /> For de 2011 World Championships insyd Bratislava, Slovakia, she fini 19th, wich give Australia automatic spot insyd de event for de 2012 Summer Olympics.<ref name=":2" /> She win silver medals for Australian Open den de Oceania Championships insyd de women's K1 event insyd 2011.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd 2012 na dem select Fox make she represent Australia for de first time for de Olympics insyd de women's K1 event, wer na she win de silver medal for de age of 18.<ref name=":2" /> Ein pre-Olympic schedule include training for de Olympic course insyd London for April insyd,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7">Herman, Martyn (2 August 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oly-cano-cswk1-day6-fox-idUSBRE8711O920120802?feedType=RSS&feedName=everything&virtualBrandChannel=11563 "Fearless Fox rises from depths to win silver"]. ''Reuters''. Retrieved 2 August 2012.</ref> den World Cup competitions insyd Wales, France den Spain, plus de Junior World Championship insyd de United States.<ref name=":3" /> Na dem describe ein result as competitive revenge against de 44-year-old Czech paddler Štěpánka Hilgertová, wey na she beat Fox ein mommie Myriam to de K1 gold medal sixteen years earlier insyd de Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics. Ein silver medal improve for ein mommie ein bronze top from Atlanta 1996 den ein poppie ein fourth place insyd Barcelona 1992, wey earn am de nickie "the Silver Fox" from teammates den de press.<ref name=":7" /> She win ein first World Championship titles insyd de C1 event den de C1 team event for de 2013 World Championships insyd Prague. For de 2014 World Championships for Deep Creek Lake, insyd de United States, Fox cam turn de first athlete make she win de C1 den K1 events for de same World Championships, besting Jana Dukátová, wey cam turn de first make she do am for separate events wey she win world championship title insyd K1 insyd 2006 den C1 insyd 2010. Insyd 2016, Fox win ein second Olympic medal, plus bronze insyd de K1 insyd Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. After she win multiple World Cup races, she win de overall World Cup title insyd de Kayak Single Slalom (K1) den na she be second overall insyd Canoe Single Slalom (C1). She sanso win de U23 World Championships insyd K1 den C1 insyd Kraków, Poland. Additionally, she sanso win de Oceania Championships Slalom C1 insyd Penrith, Australia.<ref name=":5">[https://www.redbull.com/int-en/athlete/jessica-fox "Jessica Fox"]. ''Red Bull''. Retrieved 7 May 2019.</ref> Insyd 2017, Fox win de K1 event for de 2017 World Championships, number of World Cup medals, de Canoeist of de Year award, den de NSW Athlete of de Year award.<ref name=":5" /><ref>[http://www.news.com.au/sport/paddler-jessica-fox-sydney-fc-cyclist-amanda-reid-win-big-at-nsw-awards/news-story/2d40560c6c62648339484a4a5a6158f3 "Jessica Fox snares top award"]. 27 November 2017.</ref> Insyd 2018, na Fox be double ICF Canoe World Champion insyd C1 den K1, wey she san win number of World Cups for both disciplines insyd. Ein 2018 season feature undefeated run insyd C1 ( wey she win all five World Cups den de World Championships), den three consecutive 'Golden Doubles' for de first three World Cups.<ref>[https://paddle.org.au/2018/09/01/fox-begins-pursuit-of-fourth-straight-golden-double/ "Fox Begins Pursuit Of Fourth Straight Golden Double"]. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> Insyd 2019, she win de Oceania Championships insyd Canoe Slalom again, as well as de World Cup Overall for both events insyd.<ref name=":5" /> She fini third make she win de bronze medal insyd de women's canoe slalom K1 for de 2020 Tokyo Olympics,<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-27/tokyo-olympics-jess-fox-claims-bronze-canoe-slalom-k1/100327464 "Jess Fox claims Tokyo Olympics bronze medal in women's canoe slalom K1"]. ABC. 27 July 2021.</ref> wer na she sanso gain media attention for using condom take repair ein kayak.<ref>[https://7news.com.au/sport/olympics/how-a-condom-helped-olympic-canoeist-jess-fox-repair-her-kayak-c-3535641 "How a condom helped Olympic canoeist Jess Fox repair her kayak"]. ''7 News''. 29 July 2021.</ref> Insyd Tokyo na Jess sanso be de fastest qualifier for de final of de inaugural C1 canoe slalom event, wey she go on go win de gold medal, wey she beat silver medalist Mallory Franklin of Great Britain by more dan three seconds plus penalty-free run.<ref>[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-07-29/jess-fox-wins-gold-canoe-slalom-c1/100335120 "Jess Fox wins Tokyo Olympics gold in C1 canoe slalom"]. ''ABC''. 29 July 2021.</ref> For de 2021 World Championships insyd Bratislava, Fox no progress to de final of either de K1 anaa C1 for de first time for ein entire career insyd, after she incur 50-second penalties insyd de semi-finals of both. For de final day of competition she cam turn World Champion insyd de Kayak cross, 8th individual world title insyd 3rd unique event, for just ein third international appearance insyd de event wich go make ein Olympic debut for Paris 2024.<ref>[https://www.canoeicf.com/news/olympic-champions-bounce-back-best "Olympic Champions bounce back to best"]. ''ICF Media''. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2021.</ref> Fox win de overall World Cup title six times insyd de C1 class (2013, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2023) den five times insyd de K1 class (2018, 2019, 2021, 2022, 2023). She fini de year as de World No. 1 insyd C1 10 times, wey dey include uninterrupted streak from 2013 to 2021, den World No. 1 insyd K1 6 times. Insyd 2021, na Fox be de highest ranked athlete insyd both events.<ref>[https://www.canoeicf.com/icf-canoe-slalom-world-ranking "ICF Canoe Slalom World Rankings"]. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2021.</ref> === 2024 Paris Olympics === Fox dey compete wey dey represent Australia for de 2024 Summer Olympics insyd Paris, France, insyd de Women's slalom K-1 (for which she win de gold medal), de Women's slalom C-1, den de Women's slalom kayak cross events for 27, 28, 30, den 31 July den 2 August to 5 August 2024 for de National Olympic Nautical Stadium of Île-de-France insyd Vaires-sur-Marne. Na she be de opening ceremony flag bearer give Australia for de Paris Olympic Games.<ref>Pentony, Luke. (24 July 2024). [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-24/australia-flag-bearers-paris-olympics-jess-fox-eddie-ockenden/104133802 "Jess Fox, Eddie Ockenden named Australia's flag-bearers for Paris Olympics opening ceremony,"] ''ABC''.</ref> == Awards den honours == Na Fox be de 2010 Penrith Press Junior Sports Star of de year den NewsLocal Medal winner.<ref name=":3" /> She sanso serve as de ambassador for de Premier's Sporting Challenge.<ref name=":3" /> Insyd 2010, na dem sanso name am de Cumberland Courier Junior Sport Star, NSWIS Junior Athlete of de Year den de Pierre de Coubertin AOC award.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd 2009, 2010 den 2011, na dem name am de Junior Canoeist of de Year Australian Canoeing.<ref name=":2" /> Insyd 2011, na dem name am de Australian Canoeing Athlete of de Year.<ref name=":2" /> She earn de AIS Secondary Education award insyd 2011.<ref name=":2" /> Na dem award am AIS Sport Performance Awards – Athlete of de Year for 2014.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150211232450/http://www.ausport.gov.au/news/ais_news/story_620426_rabbitohs%2C_fearnley%2C_fox_win_top_aspas "Rabbitohs, Fearnley, Fox win top ASPAS"]. ''Australian Sports Commission News, 11 February 2015''. Archived from [http://www.ausport.gov.au/news/ais_news/story_620426_rabbitohs,_fearnley,_fox_win_top_aspas the original] on 11 February 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.</ref> From 2014 to 2019 na dem name am Maccabi Australia's Outstanding Jewish Sportswoman.<ref>Desiatnik, Shane and Fetter, Aaron. [https://www.australianjewishnews.com/maccabi-australia-nsw-and-vic-award-winners/ "Maccabi Australia, NSW and VIC award winners"]. ''australianjewishnews.com''. Retrieved 1 August 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.revolutionise.com.au/maccabiaus/maccabi-australia-awards/outstanding-sportsman-sportswoman-award/ "OUTSTANDING SPORTSMAN & SPORTSWOMAN AWARD,"] Maccabi.</ref> Insyd 2018, she win AIS Sport Performance Award Female Athlete of de Year. Insyd de 2022 Australia Day Honours na dem award Fox de Medal of de Order of Australia.<ref>[https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2022-01/ad22_gazette_-_o_of_a.pdf "Australia Day Honours List"] (PDF). ''The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia''. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</ref> == Television == Insyd 2017, Fox appear as celebrity contestant for de Australian version of ''Hell's Kitchen'' top.<ref>Saw, Amelia (24 March 2017). [http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/the-celebrities-taking-on-marco-pierre-white-in-hells-kitchen-australia-are-named/news-story/52082c434d4a7d30fb2994d6609fffee "The celebrities taking on Marco Pierre White in Hell's Kitchen Australia are named"]. ''news.com.au''. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref><ref>Coster, Alice (24 March 2017). [http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/page-13-hells-kitchen-australia-host-doesnt-know-the-celebrity-contestants/news-story/31a8e241db2b763cb97bb4258e34c701 "Hell's Kitchen Australia host doesn't know the celebrity contestants"]. ''Herald Sun''. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</ref> She cam 7th overall. == Career statistics == === Major championships results timeline === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Event !2009 !2010 !2011 !2012 !2013 !2014 !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018 !2019 !2020 !2021 !2022 !2023 !2024 |- ! rowspan="2" |Olympic Games !C1 | colspan="12" |Dem no hold |'''1''' | colspan="2" |Dem no hold |'''1''' |- !K1 | colspan="3" |Dem no hold |'''2''' | colspan="3" |Dem no hold |'''3''' | colspan="4" |Dem no hold |'''3''' | colspan="2" |Dem no hold |'''1''' |- ! rowspan="5" |World Championships !C1 |3 |'''3''' |8 |Dem no hold |'''1''' |'''1''' |'''1''' |Dem no hold |6 |'''1''' |'''2''' |Dem no hold |26 |'''2''' |'''3''' | |- !K1 |— |5 |19 |Dem no hold |18 |'''1''' |4 |Dem no hold |'''1''' |'''1''' |'''2''' |Dem no hold |25 |'''2''' |'''1''' | |- !Kayak cross | colspan="8" |Dem no hold |— |— |— |Dem no hold |'''1''' |'''1''' |37 | |- !C1 team | colspan="2" |Dem no hold |1 |Dem no hold |'''1''' |DNS |'''1''' |Dem no hold |'''2''' |6 |'''1''' |Dem no hold |— |5 |11 | |- !K1 team |— |11 |11 |Dem no hold |4 |11 |7 |Dem no hold |'''3''' |7 |16 |Dem no hold |— |13 |'''1''' | |} # '''^''' Exhibition event # ^ ^'''''a''''' ^'''''b''''' No be medal event secof low number of nations wey dey participate === World Cup individual podiums === {| class="wikitable" | rowspan="2" | |- | | | |Total |- |C1 |32 |9 |3 |'''44''' |- |K1 |17 |11 |3 |'''31''' |- |Kayak cross |2 |0 |3 |'''5''' |- |'''Total''' |'''51''' |'''20''' |'''9''' |'''80''' |} {| class="wikitable" !Season !Date !Venue !Position !Event |- | rowspan="2" |'''2010''' |21 February 2010 |Penrith |1st |C1¹ |- |27 June 2010 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- | rowspan="2" |'''2011''' |2 July 2011 |L'Argentière-la-Bessée |1st |C1 |- |9 July 2011 |Markkleeberg |1st |C1 |- |'''2012''' |9 June 2012 |Cardiff |2nd |C1 |- | rowspan="6" |'''2013''' |22 June 2013 |Cardiff |2nd |C1 |- |29 June 2013 |Augsburg |1st |C1 |- |6 July 2013 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- |17 August 2013 |Tacen |1st |C1 |- |18 August 2013 |Tacen |1st |K1 |- |24 August 2013 |Bratislava |1st |C1 |- | rowspan="3" |'''2014''' |8 June 2014 |Lee Valley |3rd |K1 |- |14 June 2014 |Tacen |1st |C1 |- |2 August 2014 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- | rowspan="6" |'''2015''' |20 June 2015 |Prague |2nd |C1 |- |21 June 2015 |Prague |2nd |K1 |- |27 June 2015 |Kraków |1st |C1 |- |8 August 2015 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- |15 August 2015 |Pau |2nd |C1 |- |16 August 2015 |Pau |2nd |K1 |- | rowspan="7" |'''2016''' |4 June 2016 |Ivrea |1st |C1 |- |5 June 2016 |Ivrea |2nd |K1 |- |12 June 2016 |La Seu d'Urgell |2nd |K1 |- |18 June 2016 |Pau |2nd |C1 |- |3 September 2016 |Prague |1st |C1 |- |10 September 2016 |Tacen |2nd |C1 |- |11 September 2016 |Tacen |1st |K1 |- | rowspan="7" |'''2017''' |24 June 2017 |Augsburg |1st |C1 |- |1 July 2017 |Markkleeberg |1st |C1 |- |2 July 2017 |Markkleeberg |2nd |K1 |- |2 September 2017 |Ivrea |1st |C1 |- |3 September 2017 |Ivrea |2nd |K1 |- |9 September 2017 |La Seu d'Urgell |2nd |C1 |- |10 September 2017 |La Seu d'Urgell |2nd |K1 |- | rowspan="9" |'''2018''' |23 June 2018 |Liptovský Mikuláš |1st |K1 |- |24 June 2018 |Liptovský Mikuláš |1st |C1 |- |30 June 2018 |Kraków |1st |K1 |- |1 July 2018 |Kraków |1st |C1 |- |7 July 2018 |Augsburg |1st |K1 |- |8 July 2018 |Augsburg |1st |C1 |- |31 August 2018 |Tacen |1st |C1 |- |1 September 2018 |Tacen |2nd |K1 |- |9 September 2018 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- | rowspan="7" |'''2019''' |15 June 2019 |Lee Valley |3rd |K1 |- |16 June 2019 |Lee Valley |3rd |C1 |- |30 June 2019 |Tacen |1st |C1 |- |31 August 2019 |Markkleeberg |2nd |K1 |- |1 September 2019 |Markkleeberg |3rd |C1 |- |7 September 2019 |Prague |1st |K1 |- |8 September 2019 |Prague |1st |C1 |- | rowspan="8" |'''2021''' |12 June 2021 |Prague |3rd |K1 |- |13 June 2021 |Prague |1st |C1 |- |19 June 2021 |Markkleeberg |1st |K1 |- |4 September 2021 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |K1 |- |5 September 2021 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- |11 September 2021 |Pau |1st |K1 |- |12 September 2021 |Pau |2nd |C1 |- |12 September 2021 |Pau |3rd |Kayak cross |- | rowspan="6" |'''2022''' |11 June 2022 |Prague |1st |K1 |- |18 June 2022 |Kraków |1st |K1 |- |25 June 2022 |Tacen |1st |K1 |- |27 August 2022 |Pau |1st |K1 |- |28 August 2022 |Pau |3rd |C1 |- |28 August 2022 |Pau |1st |Kayak cross |- | rowspan="10" |'''2023''' |3 June 2023 |Augsburg |1st |C1 |- |9 June 2023 |Prague |1st |K1 |- |10 June 2023 |Prague |1st |C1 |- |17 June 2023 |Tacen |1st |K1 |- |18 June 2023 |Tacen |3rd |Kayak cross |- |1 September 2023 |La Seu d'Urgell |1st |C1 |- |2 September 2023 |La Seu d'Urgell |2nd |K1 |- |6 October 2023 |Vaires-sur-Marne |1st |K1 |- |7 October 2023 |Vaires-sur-Marne |1st |C1 |- |8 October 2023 |Vaires-sur-Marne |3rd |Kayak cross |- | rowspan="6" |'''2024''' |1 June 2024 |Augsburg |1st |C1 |- |7 June 2024 |Prague |2nd |K1 |- |8 June 2024 |Prague |2nd |C1 |- |14 June 2024 |Kraków |1st |K1 |- |15 June 2024 |Kraków |1st |C1 |- |16 June 2024 |Kraków |1st |Kayak cross |} : ¹ Oceania Canoe Slalom Open counting give World Cup points === Complete World Cup results === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Class !WC1 !WC2 !WC3 !WC4 !WC5 !Points !Position |- !2008 !K1 |Continent 11 |Prague |Tacen |Augsburg | !32 !70th |- ! rowspan="2" |2010 !K1 |Continent 9 |Prague 31 |La Seu 14 | rowspan="2" |Augsburg | rowspan="2" | !67 !25th |- !C1 |1 |7 |1 !156 !5th |- ! rowspan="2" |2011 !K1 | rowspan="2" |Tacen |L'Argentière 7 |Markkleeberg 17 | rowspan="2" |Prague | rowspan="2" | !66 !21st |- !C1 |1 |1 !120 !6th |- ! rowspan="2" |2012 !K1 |Cardiff 7 |Pau 8 |La Seu 6 | rowspan="2" |Prague | rowspan="2" |Bratislava !120 !14th |- !C1 |2 | | !55 !19th |- ! rowspan="2" |2013 !K1 |Cardiff 5 |Augsburg 12 |La Seu 10 |Tacen 1 |Bratislava 9 !205 !2nd |- !C1 |2 |1 |1 |1 |1 !295 !1st |- ! rowspan="2" |2014 !K1 |Lee Valley 3 |Tacen 9 |Prague 5 |La Seu 9 | rowspan="2" |Augsburg !166 !9th |- !C1 |4 |1 |8 |1 !198 !4th |- ! rowspan="2" |2015 !K1 |Prague 2 |Kraków 29 |Liptovský Mikuláš 9 |La Seu 5 |Pau 2 !252 !3rd |- !C1 |2 |1 |8 |1 |2 !318 !1st |- ! rowspan="2" |2016 !K1 |Ivrea 2 |La Seu 2 |Pau 10 |Prague 17 |Tacen 1 !290 !2nd |- !C1 |1 | |2 |1 |2 !285 !3rd |- ! rowspan="2" |2017 !K1 |Prague 10 |Augsburg 11 |Markkleeberg 2 |Ivrea 2 |La Seu 2 !286 !2nd |- !C1 |24 |1 |1 |1 |2 !307 !1st |- ! rowspan="2" |2018 !K1 |Liptovský Mikuláš 1 |Kraków 1 |Augsburg 1 |Tacen 2 |La Seu 10 !303 !1st |- !C1 |1 |1 |1 |1 |1 !360 !1st |- ! rowspan="2" |2019 !K1 |Lee Valley 3 |Bratislava 6 |Tacen 27 |Markkleeberg 2 |Prague 1 !278 !1st |- !C1 |3 |11 |1 |3 |1 !312 !1st |- ! rowspan="3" |2021 !K1 |Prague 3 |Markkleeberg 1 |La Seu 1 |Pau 1 | rowspan="3" | !290 !1st |- !C1 |1 |4 |1 |2 !276 !2nd |- !Kayak cross | | |8 |3 !125 !4th |- ! rowspan="3" |2022 !K1 |Prague 1 |Kraków 1 |Tacen 1 |Pau 1 |La Seu 11 !304 !1st |- !C1 |24 |5 |12 |3 |10 !210 !6th |- !Kayak cross |10 |14 |DNS |1 |DNS !86 !12th |- ! rowspan="3" |2023 !K1 |Augsburg 26 |Prague 1 |Tacen 1 |La Seu 2 |Paris 1 !308 !1st |- !C1 |1 |1 |10 |1 |1 !334 !1st |- !Kayak cross |DNS |5 |3 |18 |3 !194 !3rd |} == References == [[Category:Human]] <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey dey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Jessica_Fox_(canoeist)|Jessica Fox (canoeist)]]'''''. * [https://www.canoeicf.com/athlete/jessica-fox Jessica Fox] at de International Canoe Federation * [https://olympics.com/en/athletes/jessica-fox Jessica Fox] at Olympics.com * [https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/123753 Jessica Fox] at Olympedia * [https://www.olympics.com.au/olympians/jessica-fox/ Jessica Fox] at de Australian Olympic Committee [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Slalom canoeists]] [[Category:Australian female canoeists]] [[Category:Australian people of English descent]] [[Category:Australian people of French-Jewish descent]] [[Category:French emigrants to Australia]] [[Category:Jewish Australian sportspeople]] [[Category:Jewish French sportspeople]] [[Category:Canoeists at de 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] [[Category:Canoeists at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Canoeists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:French people of English descent]] [[Category:Olympic canoeists for Australia]] [[Category:Olympic medalists insyd canoeing]] [[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Australia]] [[Category:New South Wales Institute of Sport alumni]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2012 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2016 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Marseille]] [[Category:Medalists at de ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships]] [[Category:People wey komot de Blue Mountains (New South Wales)]] [[Category:Youth Olympic gold medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Canoeists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2020 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Australia]] [[Category:Recipients of de Medal of the Order of Australia]] [[Category:Sportswomen wey komot New South Wales]] [[Category:Canoeists at de 2024 Summer Olympics]] [[Category:21st-century Australian sportswomen]] qfyjdu1gfsil1albvzxozr6pxpt2miv 0 27069 100002 99318 2026-06-03T12:31:21Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Epupa Falls 3.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Epupa Falls]] De '''Cunene''' (Portuguese spelling) anaa '''Kunene''' (common Namibian spelling)<ref>[https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Cunene "Cunene"]. ''[[:en:The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language|The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190530134220/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cunene "Cunene"] (US) and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene "Cunene"]. ''[[:en:Lexico|Lexico]] UK English Dictionary''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182735/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cunene the original] on 2020-03-22.</ref><ref>[[mwod:Cunene|"Cunene"]]. ''[[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary]]''. Merriam-Webster. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871 1032680871]. Retrieved May 30, 2019.</ref> be a river for Southern Africa insyd. E dey flow from deAngola highlands southwards to de border plus [[Namibia]]. E then dey flow for a westerly direction insyd along de border until e dey reach de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. == Geography == One of de few perennial rivers for de region insyd, de Cunene dey about {{convert|1,050|km|mi|abbr=on}} long, plus a drainage basin {{convert|106,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} for area insyd. Ein mean annual discharge be 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at ein mouth. De Epupa Falls dey lie for de river top. Olushandja Dam dey dam a tributary of de river, de Etaka, den dey help to provide de Ruacana Power Station plus water. De main stream dey rise for 12° 30′ S. insyd den about 160 miles for a direct line from de sea insyd at Benguella, dey run generally from north to south thru four degrees of latitude, but finally dey flow west to de sea thru a break for de outer highlands insyd.<ref name=":0">One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the [[:en:Public_domain|public domain]]: [[:en:Hugh_Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]], ed. (1911). "[[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Kunene|Kunene]]". ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition|Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.</ref> Between de mouths of ein two tributaries, de Cunene dey traverse a swampy plain, wey e inundate during high water, den dey contain several small lakes at oda times of de year. From dis swampy region divergent branches dey run S.E. Dem be mainly intermittent, but de Kwamatuo, wey dey leave de main stream for about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S. insyd, dey flow into a large marsh anaa lake dem bell Etosha, wey dey occupy a depression for de inner table-land insyd about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From de S.E. end of de Etosha lake streams issue for de direction of de [[:en:Okavango_River|Okavango]], wey for times of great flood insyd, dem dey contribute sam water.<ref name=":0" /> For leaving de swampy region top, de Cunene dey turn decidedly to de west, den dey descend to de coast plain by a number of cataracts, wey de chief (for 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E. insyd) has a fall of 330 ft. De river dey becam smaller for volume insyd as e dey pass thru an almost desert region plus little anaa no vegetation. De stream sometimes dey shallow den fordable, at odas confine to a narrow rocky channel. Near de sea de Cunene dey traverse a region of sand-hills, wey dem completely block ein mouth at low water. De river dey enter de Atlantic for 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. insyd. Der dey indications dat a former branch of de river once enter a bay to de south.<ref name=":0" /> == Dam controversies == De Namibian government propose for de late 1990s insyd to build de Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam for de Cunene top. For 2012 insyd de, Governments of Namibia den Angola announce plans to jointly build de Orokawe dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd. According to de indigenous Himba who go fi be most affected by de construction of de dam, de dam go threaten de local ecosystem den therefore de economic basis of de Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issue a declaration to de [[African Union]] den to de United Nations Human Rights Council of de [[United Nations]], wey dem title "Declaration of de most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba den Ovazemba against de Orokawe Dam for de Baynes Mountains insyd," wey dey outline de fierce objections against de dam from de traditional Himba chiefs den communities dat reside near de Kunene River.<ref name="Galdu">{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam |url=http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&giella1=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017232022/http://www.galdu.org/web/index.php?odas=5638&giella1=eng |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=galdu.org}}</ref><ref name="newsodrome">{{Cite web |title=Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights |url=http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017135555/http://newsodrome.com/native_american_news/namibian-minority-groups-demand-their-rights-29917361 |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=newsodrome.com}}</ref><ref name="ep1061">{{Cite web |title=Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=1061 |access-date=April 6, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> For September 2012 insyd, de United Nations special rapporteur for de Rights of Indigenous Peoples top visit de Himba, den hear demma concerns. For November 23, 2012 top, hundreds of Himba den Zemba from Omuhonga den Epupa region protest for Okanguati insyd against Namibia ein plans to construct a dam for de Kunene River insyd for de Baynes Mountains insyd, against increasing mining operations for demma traditional land top den human rights violations against dem.<ref name="Rebecca Sommer">{{Cite web |title=Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310002526/http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=2910=eng |archive-date=March 10, 2013 |access-date=November 24, 2012 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> For March 25, 2013 top, ova a thousand Himba den Zemba pippoe march for Opuwo insyd<ref name="Earth Peoples">{{Cite web |title=German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia |url=http://earthpeoples.org/blog/?p=4151 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |publisher=earthpeoples.org}}</ref> to protest once more against Namibia ein plans to build de Orokawe dam for de Cunene River insyd without dey consult plus de indigenous pippoe dat no consent to de construction plans.<ref name="The Namibian">{{Cite web |title=Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam |url=http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329005913/http://www.namibian.com.na/news/full-story/archive/2013/march/article/himba-zemba-reiterate-no-to-baynes-dam |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |publisher=Catherine Sasman for The Namibian}}</ref> == Attraction == Tourists frequent campsites anaa lodges at Epupa, wey dey offer water sports for de river top, wey dey include rafting den canoeing.<ref>{{cite web |title=KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls |url=http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422001005/http://www.kaoko-namibia.com/epupa_falls.html |archive-date=April 22, 2013 |access-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> Ancient baobab trees dey grow alongside de gorge, den der be an attractive den well-kept viewpoint high above de village den falls. == References == <references /> === Sources === * {{cite book |author=C. Michael Hogan |title=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment |year=2012 |editor1=P. Saundry |location=Washington DC. |section=Kunene River |editor2=C. Cleveland |section-url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Kunene_River?topic=78166}} * {{cite journal |author1=F. C. de Moor |author2=H. M. Barber-James |author3=A. D. Harrison |author4=C. R. Lugo-Ortiz |year=2000 |title=The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=25 |issue=1}} * {{cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ittv1oAJ37sC |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4}} Google eBook. == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema Images near Kunene River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121034417/http://www.pgoimages.com/gallery.php?gall=g_namibia_serracafema |date=2007-11-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Cunene River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rivers of Angola]] [[Category:Rivers of Namibia]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Huambo Province]] [[Category:Geography of Kunene Region]] [[Category:Angola–Namibia border]] [[Category:African drainage basins of de Atlantic Ocean]] [[Category:Border rivers]] dttcxul8pmx67n6t3ij46xm8enehmse 0 27084 100096 99345 2026-06-03T22:31:50Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Tanganyika''' (Kirundi: ''Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika''; Swahili: ''Ziwa Tanganyika'') be one African Great Lake.<ref name="r5">Burton, Richard Francis (1965). Richards, Charles (ed.). ''Burton and Lake Tanganyika''. Dar Es Salaam: East African Literature Bureau. OCLC 180480726.</ref> E be de world ein second-largest freshwater lake by volume, den e san be de second deepest lake for de world, after Lake Baikal for Siberia.<ref name="r6">{{Cite web |title=Lake Tanganyika |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/lakes/lake-tanganyika/ |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="r7">Lewis, R. (16 May 2010). [https://news.brown.edu/articles/2010/05/tanganyika "Brown Geologists Show Unprecedented Warming in Lake Tanganyika"]. Brown University. Retrieved 25 March 2017.</ref> E san be de world ein longest freshwater lake, den de sixth-largest lake by area.<ref name="r8">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/worlds-largest-lakes-2228655 "World's largest lakes | Description, Area, & Facts | Britannica"]. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved 18 October 2025.</ref> Four countries dey share de lake: [[Tanzania]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Burundi]] den [[Zambia]]. Tanzania get about 46% of de lake, while Democratic Republic of the Congo get about 40%. De lake drain through Lukuga River enter Congo River system, wey later enter [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Banana, Democratic Republic of de Congo.<ref name="r2">{{Cite web |title=Lake Tanganyika {{!}} Lake Tanganyika {{!}} World Lake Database - ILEC |url=https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Display/html/3587 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=wldb.ilec.or.jp}}</ref> ==Geography== Lake Tanganyika dey insyd de Albertine Rift, wey be de western branch of de East African Rift. Mountain walls of de valley surround am. E be de largest rift lake for Africa and de second-largest freshwater lake by volume for de world. E be de deepest lake for Africa, den e hold de largest freshwater volume for de continent, about 16% of de world ein available fresh water.<ref name="r2"/><ref name="r9">[https://web.archive.org/web/19991110092358/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dafr06.html "Datbase Summary: Lake Tanganyika"]. International Lake Environment Committee Foundation. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref> De lake stretch about 676 km from north to south, and ein average width be about 50 km. E cover about 32,000 km², get shoreline of about 1,900 km, mean depth of about 572 m, den maximum depth of about 1,471 m for de northern basin. E hold estimated water volume of about 18,750 km³.<ref name="r2" /><ref name="r9" /> De lake ein catchment area be about 231,000 km². Two main rivers, plus plenty small rivers and streams, flow enter de lake. Because steep mountains surround de lake, plenty of de rivers and streams no dey long. De only major outflow be Lukuga River, wey empty into Congo River drainage. Rainfall and evaporation play bigger role for de lake ein water balance than rivers. At least 90% of de water wey enter de lake come from rain wey fall directly on de lake surface, and at least 90% of de water loss come from direct evaporation.<ref name="r10">Kullander, S.O.; Roberts, T.R. (2011). "Out of Lake Tanganyika: endemic lake fishes inhabit rapids of the Lukuga River". ''Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters''. 22 (4): 355-376.</ref> De main river wey flow enter de lake be Ruzizi River. E form about 10,000 years ago, and e enter de northern side of de lake from Lake Kivu.<ref name="r11">Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). ''Natural Wonders of the World''. US: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 366-367. ISBN 978-0-89577-087-5.</ref> Malagarasi River, wey be Tanzania ein second-largest river, enter de eastern side of Lake Tanganyika.<ref name="r11" /> Malagarasi be older than Lake Tanganyika, and before de lake form, e likely be headwater of de Lualaba River, de main headstream of Congo River.<ref name="r10"/> De lake get complex history for how water flow patterns dey change. De reason dey include ein high altitude, great depth, slow refill rate, and mountain location inside volcanic area wey climate changes affect. For de past, de lake rarely get outflow to de sea, so some scholars describe am as almost endorheic. De lake ein connection to sea depend on high water level wey allow water overflow through Lukuga River into Congo River.<ref name="r11" /> When de lake no dey overflow, sand bars and weed masses normally block de exit into Lukuga River, and de river then depend on ein own tributaries, especially Niemba River, to maintain flow.<ref name="r10"/> For some periods, de lake fit get different inflows and outflows. Scholars propose say water from higher Lake Rukwa, access to Lake Malawi, den one exit route to de Nile fit exist for some time inside de lake ein history.<ref name="r12">Lévêque, Christian (1997). ''Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation: The Freshwater Fish of Tropical Africa''. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-521-57033-6.</ref> [[File:View of Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Lake Taganyika ein eastern shore for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] Lake Tanganyika be ancient lake, one of only about twenty lakes wey dey more than one million years old. Ein three basins were separate lakes during periods wey water level drop very low. De central basin begin form about 9-12 million years ago, de northern basin about 7-8 million years ago, and de southern basin about 2-4 million years ago.<ref name="r13">Cohen; Soreghan; Scholz (1993). "Estimating the age of formation of lakes: An example from Lake Tanganyika, East African Rift system". ''Geology''. 21 (6): 511-514. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021&lt;0511:ETAOFO&gt;2.3.CO;2.</ref> ==Water characteristics== [[File:Clear lake Kagongo Ward.jpg|thumb|Clear water lake of Lake Tanganyika for Kagongo Ward, Kigoma Region, Tanzania]] De lake ein water be alkaline. De pH be around 9 from 0 to 100 m depth.<ref name="r14">De Wever; Muylaert; Van der Gucht; Pirlot; Cocquyt; Descy; Plisnier; Vyverman (2005). "Bacterial Community Composition in Lake Tanganyika: Vertical and Horizontal Heterogeneity". ''Applied and Environmental Microbiology''. 71 (9): 5029-5037. doi:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5029-5037.2005.</ref> Below dat level, de pH be around 8.7, and e gradually fall to 8.3-8.5 for de deepest parts of Tanganyika.<ref name="r14" /> Electric conductivity follow similar pattern, from about 670 μS/cm for de upper part to about 690 μS/cm for de deepest part.<ref name="r14" /> Surface temperature normally range from about 24 °C for de southern part of de lake during early August to about 28-29 °C during late rainy season around March-April.<ref name="r15">Edmond; Stallard; Craigh; Weiss; Coulter (1993). "Nutrient chemistry of the water column of Lake Tanganyika". ''Limnology and Oceanography''. 38 (4): 725-738. doi:10.4319/lo.1993.38.4.0725.</ref> For depths greater than 400 m, de temperature remain very stable around 23.1-23.4 °C.<ref name="r16">O'Reilly, Catherine M.; Alin, Simone R.; Plisnier, Pierre-Denis; Cohen, Andrew S.; Mckee, Brent A. (2003). "Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Nature''. 424 (6950): 766-768. doi:10.1038/nature01833.</ref> De lake water has gradually warmed since de 19th century, and dis warming has become faster since de 1950s because of global warming.<ref name="r17">Jensen, M.R. (8 August 2016). "Lake Tanganyika Fisheries Declining From Global Warming". University of Arizona. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> De lake dey stratified, and seasonal mixing normally no pass depth of 150 m.<ref name="r15" /> Mixing happen mainly through wind-driven upwellings for de south, even though upwellings and downwellings also occur for some other parts of de lake.<ref name="r18">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (2003). "Recent research in the African Great Lakes: Fisheries, biodiversity and cichlid evolution". ''Freshwater Forum''. 20 (1): 4-64.</ref> Sake of de stratification, de deep sections contain "fossil water".<ref name="r19">Hutter; Yongqi; Chubarenko (2011). ''Physics of Lakes, volume 1: Foundation of the Mathematical and Physical Background''. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-642-15178-1.</ref> De deeper parts lack oxygen, so fish and other aerobic organisms mostly dey limited to de upper part of de lake. Dis oxygen limit normally dey around 100 m depth for de northern part and around 240-250 m for de southern part.<ref name="r20">Wright, J.J.; Page, L.M. (2006). "Taxonomic revision of Lake Tanganyikan Synodontis (Siluriformes: Mochokidae)". ''Florida Museum of Natural History Bulletin''. 46(4): 99-154.</ref><ref name="r21">Lowe-McConnell, R.H. (1987). ''Ecological Studies in Tropical Fish Communities''. ISBN 0-521-28064-8.</ref> De deepest oxygen-free sections contain high levels of toxic hydrogen sulfide and be almost lifeless,<ref name="r6" /> except bacteria.<ref name="r14" /><ref name="r22">Ryan, Emily; Todd, Jonathan A.; McGlue, Michael; Kimirei, Ismael; Soreghan, Michael (2017). "Variation in Taphonomic Character of Shell Beds in Lake Tanganyika, Africa: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications of Shell Beds in Lakes". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 304608. doi:10.1130/abs/2017am-304608.</ref> ==Biology== ===Reptiles=== Lake Tanganyika and ein associated wetlands get Nile crocodiles, wey dey include de famous giant crocodile Gustave. De area also get Zambian hinged terrapins, serrated hinged terrapins, den pan hinged terrapins.<ref name="r23">Spawls, Howell, Drewes, and Ashe (2002). ''A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa''. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-12-656470-1.</ref> Storm's water cobra, wey be threatened subspecies of banded water cobra, dey feed mainly on fish and only dey Lake Tanganyika, where e prefer rocky shores.<ref name="r23"/><ref name="r24">O'Shea, Mark; Mcintyre, P.B. (2005). "Boulengerina annulata stormsi (Storm's water cobra). Attempted predation". ''Herpetological Review''. 36 (2): 189.</ref> ===Cichlid fishes=== Lake Tanganyika get at least 250 endemic species of cichlids,<ref name="r28">Kelly West (28 February 2001). "Results and Experiences of the UNDP/GEF Conservation Initiative (RAF/92/G32) in Burundi, D.R. Congo, Tanzania, and Zambia". IW:LEARN.</ref> den more undescribed species likely still dey.<ref name="r29">Craig Mortiff (24 December 2009). "Lake Tanganyika and its Diverse Cichlids". Cichlid Fish Forum.</ref> Almost all de lake ein cichlid species, about 98%, dey only there. Because of dis, de lake be important biological resource for studying speciation and evolution.<ref name="r30">Takahashi, T.; Hori, M. (2012). "Genetic and Morphological Evidence Implies Existence of Two Sympatric Species in Cyathopharynx furcifer from Lake Tanganyika". ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. 2012: 980879. doi:10.1155/2012/980879.</ref><ref name="r31">Kornfield, Ivy; Smith, Peter A. (2000). "African Cichlid Fishes: Model Systems for Evolutionary Biology". ''Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics''. 31: 163-196. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.163.</ref> Cichlids of de African Great Lakes, including Tanganyika, represent one of de most diverse examples of adaptive radiation among vertebrates.<ref name="r32">Meyer, Britta; Matchiner, Michael; Salburger, Walter (2013). "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. 83: 56-71. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.</ref> Some endemic species enter small part of de upper Lukuga River, wey be Lake Tanganyika ein outflow. Further spread into Congo River basin be limited by geography and water chemistry. Tanganyika lake environment be more stable than de rapids and fast-flowing sections of Congo River. De lake water be alkaline, get higher pH, and contain more calcium and minerals than Congo River acidic and sediment-rich waters. For some areas of Congo away from rapids, sediment and organic matter create blackwater with high tannin concentration from wood and leaves, and cichlids no thrive well there.<ref name="r10"/> Lake Tanganyika get fewer cichlid species than Lake Malawi anaa Lake Victoria, but ein cichlids be more morphologically and genetically diverse.<ref name="r32" /><ref name="r34">Seehausen, O. (2015). "Process and pattern in cichlid radiations - inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification". ''New Phytologist''. 207 (2): 304-312. doi:10.1111/nph.13450.</ref> Dis link to de old age of Tanganyika, because de lake be much older than those lakes. Tanganyika get de largest number of endemic cichlid genera among African lakes.<ref name="r33">Turner, Seehausen; Knight, Allender; Robinson (2001). "How many species of cichlid fishes are there in African lakes?" ''Molecular Ecology''. 10 (3): 793-806. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01200.x.</ref><ref name="r35">Nishida, M. (1991). "Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary reservoir of old lineages of East African cichlid fishes: Inferences from allozyme data". ''Experientia''. 47 (9): 974-979. doi:10.1007/bf01929896.</ref> All Tanganyika cichlids dey inside subfamily Pseudocrenilabrinae. Out of de 10 tribes inside dis subfamily, half dey largely or completely restricted to de lake: Cyprichromini, Ectodini, Lamprologini, Limnochromini den Tropheini.<ref name="r36">Sparks; Smith (2004). "Phylogeny and biogeography of cichlid fishes". ''Cladistics''. 20 (6): 501-517. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00038.x.</ref> Another three tribes, Haplochromini, Tilapiini den Tylochromini, also get species inside de lake. Some researchers propose say Tanganyika cichlids fit be split into as many as 12-16 tribes, including Bathybatini, Benthochromini, Boulengerochromini, Cyphotilapiini, Eretmodini, Greenwoodochromini, Perissodini den Trematocarini.<ref name="r32"/> Most Tanganyika cichlids live along de shoreline down to about 100 m depth, but some deep-water species regularly descend to 200 m.<ref name="r37">Kirchberger; Sefc; Sturmbauer; Koblmuller (2012). "Evolutionary History of Lake Tanganyika's Predatory Deepwater Cichlids". ''International Journal of Evolutionary Biology''. 2012: 716209. doi:10.1155/2012/716209.</ref> ''Trematocara'' species have been found at more than 300 m depth, deeper than any known cichlid.<ref name="r38">Loiselle, Paul (1994). ''The Cichlid Aquarium''. p. 304. Tetra Press, Germany. ISBN 978-1564651464.</ref> Some deepwater genera, such as ''Bathybates'', ''Gnathochromis'', ''Hemibates'' den ''Xenochromis'', have been caught for places wey almost no oxygen dey, and how dem survive there still no dey clear.<ref name="r21"/> Tanganyika cichlids normally be benthic, meaning dem dey near de bottom, or coastal. No Tanganyika cichlid be truly pelagic and offshore, except some piscivorous ''Bathybates''. Two of dem, ''B. fasciatus'' den ''B. leo'', mainly feed on Tanganyika sardines.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r37"/><ref name="r39">Lindqvist, O.V.; Mölsä, H.; Solonen, K.; Sarvala, J., editors (1999). ''From Limnology to Fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and Other Large Lakes''. pp. 213-214. Springer. ISBN 978-0792360179.</ref> De cichlids get plenty feeding styles, including herbivores, detritivores, planktivores, insectivores, molluscivores, scavengers, scale-eaters and piscivores. Even species with specialized diets fit change and feed opportunistically on ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'' and ''Limnothrissa miodon'' when prey concentration rise high.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r40">Golcher-Benavides J.; Wagner C.E. (2019). "Playing out Liem's Paradox: Opportunistic Piscivory across Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids". ''The American Naturalist''. 194 (2): 260-267. doi:10.1086/704169.</ref> Breeding behavior among de fishes fall into two main groups: substrate or sand spawners, often for caves or rock crevices, and mouthbrooders.<ref name="r41">Schliewen, U. (1992). ''Aquarium Fish''. Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0812013504.</ref> Among de endemic species, two of de world ein smallest cichlids be ''Neolamprologus multifasciatus'' and ''N. similis''. Both be shell dwellers and grow only about 4-5 cm. One of de largest be giant cichlid, ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'', which fit reach 90 cm.<ref name="r29"/><ref name="r42">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Neolamprologus multifasciatus". FishBase. March 2017 version.</ref><ref name="r43">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Neolamprologus similis". FishBase. March 2017 version.</ref><ref name="r44">"The 10 biggest cichlids". ''Practical Fishkeeping''. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2017.</ref> Many Lake Tanganyika cichlids, including species from ''Altolamprologus'', ''Cyprichromis'', ''Eretmodus'', ''Julidochromis'', ''Lamprologus'', ''Neolamprologus'', ''Tropheus'' den ''Xenotilapia'', be popular aquarium fishes because of dem bright colours, patterns and interesting behaviour. Aquarium hobbyists also like to recreate Lake Tanganyika biotope, and many of de species dey bred successfully in captivity today.<ref name="r41"/><ref name="r45">"tanganyika biotope aquarium". Aquariums Life. 10 February 2010. Retrieved 3 February 2014.</ref> ''Neolamprologus brichardi'' and ein close relative ''N. pulcher'' get complex social behaviours, and researchers have studied dem in detail.<ref name="r25">Dierkes; Taborsky; Kohler (1999). "Reproductive parasitism of broodcare helpers in a cooperatively breeding fish". ''Behavioral Ecology''. 10 (5): 510-515. doi:10.1093/beheco/10.5.510.</ref><ref name="r26">Balshine-Earn; Lotem (1998). "Individual recognition in a cooperatively breeding cichlid: Evidence from video playback experiments". ''Behaviour''. 135 (3): 369-386. doi:10.1163/156853998793066221.</ref><ref name="r27">Werner; Balshine; Leach; Lotem (2003). "Helping opportunities and space segregation in cooperatively breeding cichlids". ''Behavioral Ecology''. 14 (6): 749-756. doi:10.1093/beheco/arg067.</ref> ====Cichlid tribes for Lake Tanganyika==== * '''Bathybatini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Bathybates ferox'' be benthic and piscivorous, but de genus also get pelagic species. Some researchers split de tribe into three, with Hemibatini and Trematocarini as other groups.<ref name="r37"/><ref name="r46">Meyer; Matchiner; Salburger (2015). "Lake Tanganyika - A 'Melting Pot' of Ancient and Young Cichlid Lineages?" ''PLOS ONE''. 10 (7): e0125043. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125043.</ref><ref name="r47">Weiss; Cotterill; Schliewen (2015). "A tribal level phylogeny of Lake Tanganyika cichlid fishes based on a genomic multi-marker approach". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. 83: 56-71. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.009.</ref> * '''Benthochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Benthochromis horii'' was scientifically described in 2008, but people often misidentify am as ''B. tricoti''.<ref name="r48">Takahashi, T. (2008). "Description of a new cichlid fish species of the genus Benthochromis from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. 72 (3): 603-613. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01727.x.</ref> * '''Boulengerochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Boulengerochromis microlepis'' be one of de world ein largest cichlids and de only member of ein tribe.<ref name="r44"/><ref name="r47"/> * '''Cyphotilapiini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyphotilapia frontosa'' be one of two similar species inside de tribe.<ref name="r49">Takahashi, T.; Nakaya, K. (2003). "New species of Cyphotilapia from Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Copeia''. 2003 (4): 824-832. doi:10.1643/ia03-148.1.</ref> * '''Cyprichromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Cyprichromis microlepidotus'' and other members of dis tribe be open-water planktivores.<ref name="r50">Bigirimana, C. (2006). "Cyprichromis microlepidotus". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2006: e.T60487A12363286. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60487A12363286.en.</ref><ref name="r51">Smith, M.P. (1998). ''Lake Tanganyikan Cichlids''. pp. 9-10. ISBN 0-7641-0615-5.</ref> * '''Ectodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): Male ''Ophthalmotilapia nasuta'' be more colourful, get longer fins and longer nose than female.<ref name="r52">"Ophthalmotilapia nasuta". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> * '''Eretmodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Eretmodus cyanostictus'' live near de bottom for turbulent coastal surf zone, like other members of ein tribe.<ref name="r51"/><ref name="r53">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Eretmodus cyanostictus". FishBase. April 2017 version.</ref> * '''Haplochromini''': ''Astatotilapia burtoni'' be one of de few Tanganyika species inside dis tribe, unlike other African Great Lakes where plenty species belong to dis tribe.<ref name="r54">"Species in the Tanganyika". FishBase table. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref name="r55">Lowe-McConnell, R. (2009). "Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems". ''Freshwater Reviews''. 2 (2): 131-151. doi:10.1608/frj-2.2.2.</ref> * '''Lamprologini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Julidochromis marlieri'' dey popular for aquarium trade, where members of de genus dey known as "Julies".<ref name="r56">"Julidochromis marlieri (Marlier's Julie)". Seriously Fish. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> * '''Limnochromini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Gnathochromis permaxillaris'' be zooplanktivore with unusual protractile mouth.<ref name="r57">Bigirimana, C. (2006). "Gnathochromis permaxillaris". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2006: e.T60493A12364587. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60493A12364587.en.</ref> * '''Perissodini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Perissodus microlepis'' be specialized scale-eating species.<ref name="r58">Stewart, T.A.; Albertson, R.C. (2010). "Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus". ''BMC Biology''. 8 (1): 8. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-8.</ref> * '''Tilapiini''': ''Oreochromis tanganicae'' be one of de common coastal species wey dey local fish markets.<ref name="r59">Ntakimazi, G. (2006). "Oreochromis tanganicae". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2006: e.T60625A12387918. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60625A12387918.en.</ref> * '''Tropheini''' (endemic or near-endemic): ''Tropheus moorii'', including de "red" Chimba morph, vary plenty, and de taxonomy of some morphs still dey debated.<ref name="r60">Begon, M.; Fitter, A.H. (1995). ''Advances in Ecological Research'', vol. 26, p. 203. ISBN 0-12-013926-X.</ref><ref name="r61">Salzburger; Niederstätter; Brandstätter; Berger; Parson; Snoeks; Sturmbauer (2006). "Colour-assortative mating among populations of Tropheus moorii". ''Proceedings of the Royal Society B''. 273 (1584): 257-266. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3321.</ref><ref name="r62">Robert Toman (2017). "Tropheus Genus Evolution". Cichlid World. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> ===Oda fish=== Lake Tanganyika get more than 80 species of non-cichlid fish, and about 60% of dem be endemic.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r28"/><ref name="r64">Brown; Britz; Bills; Rüber; Day (2011). "Pectoral fin loss in the Mastacembelidae: a new species from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Zoology''. 284 (4): 286-293. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2011.00804.x.</ref><ref name="r65">Wright, J.J.; Bailey, R.M. (2012). "Systematic revision of the formerly monotypic genus Tanganikallabes". ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 165 (1): 121-142. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00789.x.</ref> For de open waters of de pelagic zone, four non-cichlid species dominate. Two species of "Tanganyika sardine", ''Limnothrissa miodon'' den ''Stolothrissa tanganicae'', form de largest fish biomass for dat zone. Dem be important prey for forktail lates, ''Lates microlepis'', and sleek lates, ''L. stappersii''. Two other lates, ''L. angustifrons'' den ''L. mariae'', also dey de lake, but dem be mainly benthic hunters. All four lates be endemic to Tanganyika, and overfishing has made larger individuals rare today.<ref name="r39"/> One unusual fish group for de lake be endemic facultative brood-parasitic "cuckoo catfish", wey dey include ''Synodontis grandiops'' and ''S. multipunctatus''. Some similar species, such as ''S. lucipinnis'' and ''S. petricola'', are often confused with dem, and e no dey clear if dem get de same behaviour. De brood parasites often lay eggs at de same time as mouthbrooding cichlids. De cichlid pick de eggs into ein mouth as if dem be ein own. When de catfish eggs hatch, de young ones eat de cichlid eggs.<ref name="r20"/><ref name="r41"/><ref name="r66">"Synodontis grandiops - Mochokidae". PlanetCatfish. 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref><ref name="r67">"Synodontis lucipinnis - Mochokidae" and "Synodontis petricola - Mochokidae". PlanetCatfish. 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2023.</ref> Six catfish genera dey completely restricted to de lake basin: ''Bathybagrus'', ''Dinotopterus'', ''Lophiobagrus'', ''Phyllonemus'', ''Pseudotanganikallabes'' and ''Tanganikallabes''. Six species of ''Chrysichthys'' catfish are only found inside de Tanganyika basin, even though de genus itself no be endemic. Dem live for shallow and relatively deep waters. For de deep habitat, dem be main predators and scavengers.<ref name="r21"/><ref name="r54"/><ref name="r68">Wright, J.J. (2017). "A new diminutive genus and species of catfish from Lake Tanganyika". ''Journal of Fish Biology''. 91 (3): 789-805. doi:10.1111/jfb.13374.</ref> De lake get unique evolutionary radiation of 15 ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, all except one endemic to de basin. Other African Great Lakes also get ''Synodontis'' catfish, endemic catfish genera and ''Mastacembelus'' spiny eels, but Tanganyika ein high diversity be unusual and likely link to de lake ein old age.<ref name="r64"/><ref name="r69">Brown; Rüber; Bills; Day (2010). "Mastacembelid eels support Lake Tanganyika as an evolutionary hotspot of diversification". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. 10: 188. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-188.</ref> Some non-endemic fish for de lake be widespread African species, while others are shared only with Malagarasi and Congo River basins. Examples include Congo bichir (''Polypterus congicus''), goliath tigerfish (''Hydrocynus goliath''), ''Citharinus citharus'', six-banded distichodus (''Distichodus sexfasciatus'') and mbu puffer (''Tetraodon mbu'').<ref name="r54"/> De Tanganyika killifish, ''Lamprichthys tanganicanus'', be de only member of ein genus.<ref name="r63">Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Lamprichthys". FishBase. March 2017 version.</ref> ===Molluscs den crustaceans=== Lake Tanganyika get 83 freshwater snail species, of which 65 be endemic, and 11 bivalve species, of which 8 be endemic.<ref name="r70">Seddon, M.; Appleton, C.; Van Damme, D.; Graf, D. (2011). "Freshwater molluscs of Africa: diversity, distribution, and conservation". In Darwall et al. (eds.). IUCN. pp. 92-119. ISBN 978-2-8317-1345-8.</ref> Among de endemic bivalves, three genera get only one species each: ''Grandidieria burtoni'', ''Pseudospatha tanganyicensis'' den ''Brazzaea anceyi''.<ref name="r70"/> Many of de snails no be ordinary for freshwater species because dem get thick shells or strong shell sculpture, features common among marine snails. People call dem thalassoids, meaning "marine-like". All Tanganyika thalassoids be part of Prosobranchia and be endemic to de lake. At first, people believed say dem relate to similar marine snails, but researchers now know say dem no be related. Their shape likely come from de lake ein diverse habitats and evolutionary pressure from snail-eating fish and ''Platythelphusa'' crabs.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r71">Brown, D. (1994). ''Freshwater Snails Of Africa And Their Medical Importance''. 2nd ed. ISBN 0-7484-0026-5.</ref><ref name="r72">West, K.; Cohen, A. (1996). "Shell microstructure of gastropods from Lake Tanganyika, Africa". ''Evolution''. 50 (2): 672-682. doi:10.2307/2410840.</ref> Seventeen freshwater snail genera be endemic to de lake, including ''Hirthia'', ''Lavigeria'', ''Paramelania'', ''Reymondia'', ''Spekia'', ''Stanleya'', ''Tanganyicia'' and ''Tiphobia''.<ref name="r71"/> About 30 non-thalassoid snail species dey de lake, but only five of dem be endemic, including ''Ferrissia tanganyicensis'' and ''Neothauma tanganyicense''. ''Neothauma tanganyicense'' be de largest Tanganyika snail, and small shell-dwelling cichlids often use ein shell.<ref name="r71"/><ref name="r73">Koblmüller; Duftner; Sefc; Aibara; Stipacek; Blanc; Egger; Sturmbauer (2007). "Reticulate phylogeny of gastropod-shell-breeding cichlids from Lake Tanganyika". ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. 7: 7. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-7.</ref> Crustaceans sanso be highly diverse for Tanganyika. De lake get more dan 200 species, den more dan half be endemic. Dem include 10 species of freshwater crabs, plus 9 ''Platythelphusa'' species den ''Potamonautes platynotus'', all endemic; at least 11 species of small atyid shrimp from ''Atyella'', ''Caridella'' den ''Limnocaridina''; one endemic palaemonid shrimp, ''Macrobrachium moorei''; about 100 ostracods, wey dey include chaw endemics; den several copepods.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r74">Marijnissen; Michel; Daniels; Erpenbeck; Menken; Schram (2006). "Molecular evidence for recent divergence of Lake Tanganyika endemic crabs". ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution''. 40 (2): 628-634. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.025.</ref><ref name="r75">Fryer, G. (2006). "Evolution in ancient lakes". ''Hydrobiologia''. 568 (1): 131-142. doi:10.1007/s10750-006-0322-x.</ref><ref name="r76">De Grave, S. (2013). "Macrobrachium moorei". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2013: e.T196882A2477768. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T196882A2477768.en.</ref><ref name="r77">Martens; Schön; Meisch; Horne (2008). "Global diversity of ostracods in freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia''. 595: 185-193. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9245-4.</ref><ref name="r78">Gitter, F.; Gross, M.; Piller, W.E. (2015). "Sub-Decadal Resolution in Sediments of Late Miocene Lake Pannon Reveals Speciation of Cyprideis". ''PLOS ONE''. 10 (4): e0109360. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0109360.</ref><ref name="r79">Schön, I.; Martens, K. (2012). "Molecular analyses of ostracod flocks from Lake Baikal and Lake Tanganyika". ''Hydrobiologia''. 682 (1): 91-110. doi:10.1007/s10750-011-0935-6.</ref><ref name="r80">Cirhuza, D.M.; Plisnier, P.-D. (2016). "Composition and seasonal variations in abundance of Copepod populations from northern Lake Tanganyika". ''Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management''. 19 (4): 401-410. doi:10.1080/14634988.2016.1251277.</ref> ''Limnocaridina iridinae'' live inside de mantle cavity of de unionid mussel ''Pleiodon spekei''. Dis make am one of only two known commensal freshwater shrimp species; de other be sponge-living ''Caridina spongicola'' from Lake Towuti for Indonesia.<ref name="r81">De Grave, S.; Cai, Y.; Amnker, A. (2008). "Global diversity of shrimps in freshwater". ''Hydrobiologia''. 595: 287-293. doi:10.1007/s10750-007-9024-2.</ref><ref name="r82">De Grave, S. (2013). "Limnocaridina iridinae". ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species''. 2013: e.T198058A2510158. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T198058A2510158.en.</ref> Among Rift Valley lakes, Lake Tanganyika pass all others for crustacean den freshwater snail richness, both by total number of species den number of endemics. For example, de only other Rift Valley lakes plus endemic freshwater crabs be Lake Kivu den Lake Victoria, plus two species each.<ref name="r83">Segers, H.; Martens, K., editors (2005). ''The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems''. p. 46. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 1-4020-3745-7.</ref><ref name="r84">Cumberlidge, N.; Meyer, K.S. (2011). "A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa". Journal Articles. Paper 30.</ref><ref name="r85">Cumberlidge, N.; Clark, P.F. (2017). "Description of three new species of Potamonautes from the Lake Victoria region". ''European Journal of Taxonomy''. 371: 1-19. doi:10.5852/ejt.2017.371.</ref> ===Oda invertebrates=== Knowledge about other invertebrate groups for Lake Tanganyika no dey complete. Still, researchers have described at least 20 species of leeches, wey dey include 12 endemics; 9 sponges, plus 7 endemic; 6 bryozoa, plus 2 endemic; 11 flatworms, plus 7 endemic; 20 nematodes, plus 7 endemic; 28 annelids, plus 17 endemic; den de small hydrozoan jellyfish ''Limnocnida tanganyicae''.<ref name="r28"/><ref name="r86">Segers, H.; Martens, K., editors (2005). ''The Diversity of Aquatic Ecosystems''. p. 44. Developments in Hydrobiology. Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 1-4020-3745-7.</ref><ref name="r87">Salonen; Högmander; Langenberg; Mölsä; Sarvala; Tarvainen; Tiirola (2012). "Limnocnida tanganyicae medusae: a semiautonomous microcosm in the food web of Lake Tanganyika". ''Hydrobiologia''. 690(1): 97-112.</ref> ==Fishing== Lake Tanganyika support major fishery. Depending on de source, de fishery provide 25-40% or about 60% of animal protein for people wey live inside de region.<ref name="r17"/><ref name="r88">"Global warming is killing off tropical lake fish - Study of Lake Tanganyika". Mongabay. Retrieved 14 March 2008.</ref><ref name="r89">McGrath, M. (8 August 2016). "Decline of fishing in Lake Tanganyika 'due to warming'". BBC. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</ref> Fish from Lake Tanganyika dey exported across East Africa. Major commercial fishing begin for de mid-1950s. Together with global warming, fishing pressure has affected fish populations and caused sharp declines. In 2016, de total catch was estimated to reach up to 200,000 tonnes.<ref name="r16"/><ref name="r17"/><ref name="r89"/> ==History== Early ''Homo sapiens'' likely affected de Lake Tanganyika region during de Stone Age. De period from Middle Stone Age to Late Stone Age dey described as age of advanced hunter-gatherers.<ref name="r90">''East African Ecosystems and Their Conservation''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> Local people around de lake used many fishing methods. Most of de methods used lantern as lure because some fish dey attracted to light. Three common methods were Lusenga, lift net, and Chiromila. Lusenga be wide net wey one person use from canoe. Lift net involve dropping net deep below boat with two parallel canoes, then pulling am up together. Chiromila use three canoes: one canoe stay with lantern, another hold one end of de net, and de third canoe circle round to meet de net.<ref name="r91">''Lake Tanganyika and Its Life''. Oxford Press. 1991.</ref> De first known Westerners to find de lake were British explorers Richard Burton den John Speke insyd 1858. Dem located de lake when dem dey search for de source of de Nile River. Speke continue den later find Lake Victoria, de actual source. Later, [[David Livingstone]] pass by de lake. He record de name "Liemba" for de southern part, likely from Fipa language. "Tanganyika" wey mean "stars" in Luvale language.<ref name="r92">Livingstone, David (2008). ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to His Death''. Vol. 1. BiblioBazaar. p. 338. ISBN 978-0-554-26021-1.</ref><ref name="r93">Crowley, Daniel J. (Summer 1966). "An African Aesthetic". ''The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism''. 24 (4): 519-524. doi:10.2307/428776.</ref> During World War I, de lake became de scene of de Battle for Lake Tanganyika. With help from ''Graf Goetzen'', de Germans controll de lake at de early stage of de war. De ship carried cargo den people across de lake, den sanso serve as base for surprise attacks on Allied troops. Secof dis, Allied forces need to control de lake. Under Lieutenant Commander Geoffrey Spicer-Simson, de British Royal Navy move two armed motor boats, HMS ''Mimi'' den HMS ''Toutou'', from England to de lake by rail, road den river to Albertville, now Kalemie, on de western shore of Lake Tanganyika. Insyd December 1915, de two boats attacked de Germans and captured de gunboat ''Kingani''. Another German vessel, ''Hedwig'', be sunk insyd February 1916, leaving ''Götzen'' as de only German vessel controlling de lake. To stop Allied forces from taking de ship, Zimmer scuttled am on 26 July 1916. Dem later raise de vessel insyd 1924 wey dem rename am MV ''Liemba''.<ref name="r94">Foden, Giles (2004). ''Mimi and Toutou Go Forth - The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika''. Penguin.</ref> ==References== <references /> ==External links== {{sister project links||d=Q5511|c=Category:Lake Tanganyika|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Lake Tanganyika|m=no|mw=no|s=Lake Tanganyika|wikt=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lake Tanganyika}} [[Category:Lake Tanganyika| ]] [[Category:Ancient lakes|Tanganyika]] [[Category:African Great Lakes|Tangyanyika]] [[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of Burundi|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Lakes of Zambia|Tanganyika]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa|Tanganyika]] [[Category:Freshwater ecoregions of Africa]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Burundi]] [[Category:Ecoregions of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Tanzania]] [[Category:Ecoregions of Zambia]] [[Category:Tanganyika Province]] [[Category:Burundi–Democratic Republic of the Congo border]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Tanzania border]] [[Category:Burundi–Tanzania border]] [[Category:Tanzania–Zambia border]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Zambia border]] [[Category:Border tripoints]] [[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Zambia]] [[Category:Meromictic lakes]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] t9pcrtdtx4vs1fq8dzt2kse4xgrtsh8 0 27148 100107 99604 2026-06-04T10:55:12Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Tana River''' be de longest [[:en:River|river]] for [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] insyd, dem sanso bell am Sagana River for de Mt Kenya region insyd den dey give ein name to de [[:en:Tana_River_County|Tana River County]].<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name">Nakaegawa T., Wachana C. and KAKUSHIN Team-3 Modeling Group. (2012). "First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century," [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_pdf ''Hydrological Research Letters'', 6, pp. 29–34].</ref> E be ca. 1000&#x20;km long, ein catchment dey cover ca. 100,000&#x20;km² den dem fi divide am into de headwaters den de lower Tana wey dey consist of de section downstream of Kora wey de river dey flow give ca. 700&#x20;km thru semi-den plains.<ref>(Omengo, Fred & Geeraert, Naomi & Bouillon, Steven & Govers, Gerard. (2016). Sediment deposition patterns in a tropical floodplain, Tana River, Kenya. Catena. 143. 57–69. 10.1016/j.catena.2016.03.024.) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301291119_Sediment_deposition_patterns_in_a_tropical_floodplain_Tana_River_Kenya]</ref> Ein [[:en:Tributary|tributaries]] dey include sam major rivers for de Central Region insyd like [[:en:Thika_River|Thika]], Ragati River, Nyamindi, Thiba, Mathioya, Chania, Thuci den Mutonga. De river dey rise from Mt Kenya for [[:en:Nyeri|Nyeri]] insyd. E dey initially run southwest before e turn south around de [[:en:Massif|massif]] of [[:en:Mount_Kenya|Mount Kenya]] den meanders all de way up to de Indian Ocean. Below de [[:en:Tana_River_(Kenya)#Dams|dams]], de river dey turn north den dey flow along de north-south boundary between de [[:en:Meru,_Kenya|Meru]] den North [[:en:Kitui_County|Kitui]] den Bisanadi, Kora den Rabole National Reserves. For de reserves insyd, de river dey turn east, den then south east. E dey pass thru de towns of [[:en:Garissa|Garissa]], [[:en:Hola,_Kenya|Hola]] den [[:en:Garsen|Garsen]] before e enter de [[:en:Indian_Ocean|Indian Ocean]] at de [[:en:Ungwana_Bay|Ungwana Bay]]-[[:en:Kipini|Kipini]] area, at de end of a [[:en:River_delta|river delta]] dat dey reach roughly 30&#x20;km upstream from de river mouth einself.<ref name="The Pokomo tribe of Tana River County call it Saana name" /> E dey run thru a semi-arid area den dey irrigate de land wey dey surround dem. Annual flow dey above 5,000 million [[:en:Cubic_meters|cubic meters]] (MCM) fpr average top, but dey vary substantially both within den across years, den dey include two flood seasons each year. Between 1944 den 1978, average total flow (at Garissa) dey 6,105 MCM, wey e vary from only 1,789 MCM for 1949 insyd to 13,342 MCM for 1968 insyd.<ref>Hughes, F. (1990). "The Influence of Flooding Regimes on Forest Distribution and Composition in the Tana River Floodplain, Kenya," [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2404295 ''Journal of Applied Ecology'', 27(2), pp. 475–491].</ref> During de 1982–1996 period, annual flow remain above 5,000 MCM as well.<ref>Maingi, J.K. and Marsh, S.E. (2002). "Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River, Kenya," [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300908607 ''Journal of Arid Environments'', 50, pp. 53–79].</ref> De following major irrigation projects draw water from de river: [[:en:Bura_Irrigation_and_Settlement_Project_(Kenya)|Bura Irrigation]] [[:en:Bura_Irrigation_and_Settlement_Project_(Kenya)|den Settlement Project]], Tana Irrigation Scheme den de Tana Delta Irrigation Project.<ref>Government of Kenya 2007. ''Kenya Vision 2030: a Globally Competitive and Prosperous Kenya''.</ref> Der be evidence wey dey grow say [[:en:Climate_change|climate change]] go disrupt de Tana River den ein surrounding habitats.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jenkins |first1=Rhosanna L. M. |last2=Warren |first2=Rachel F. |last3=Price |first3=Jeff T. |date=2021-07-21 |title=Addressing risks to biodiversity arising from a changing climate: The need for ecosystem restoration in the Tana River Basin, Kenya |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=16 |issue=7 |bibcode=2021PLoSO..1654879J |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0254879 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=8294490 |pmid=34288974 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0254879}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Muthuwatta |first1=Lal |last2=Sood |first2=Aditya |last3=McCartney |first3=Matthew |last4=Silva |first4=Nishchitha Sandeepana |last5=Opere |first5=Alfred |date=2018-06-05 |title=Understanding the Impacts of Climate Change in the Tana River Basin, Kenya |url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/379/37/2018/ |journal=Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences |language=English |publisher=Copernicus GmbH |volume=379 |pages=37–42 |bibcode=2018PIAHS.379...37M |doi=10.5194/piahs-379-37-2018 |hdl=10568/96602 |s2cid=51999648 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nakaegawa|first1=Tosiyuki|last2=Wachana|first2=Calistus|date=2012|title=First impact assessment of hydrological cycle in the Tana River Basin, Kenya, under a changing climate in the late 21st Century|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/hrl/6/0/6_0_29/_article|journal=Hydrological Research Letters|volume=6|pages=29–34|doi=10.3178/hrl.6.29|bibcode=2012HRL.....6...29N|doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dams == Dem construct a series of hydroelectric dams (de Seven Forks Hydro Stations anaa de Seven Forks Scheme) along de river. Dem dey include (for order of cascading insyd) de [[:en:Masinga_Dam|Masinga Dam]] (wey dem commission for 1981 insyd plus an installed capacity of 40MW), de [[:en:Kamburu_Dam|Kamburu Dam]] (1974, 94.20MW), de [[:en:Gitaru_Dam|Gitaru Dam]] (1978, 225.25MW), de [[:en:Kindaruma_Dam|Kindaruma Dam]] (1968, 72MW) den de [[:en:Kiambere_Dam|Kiambere Dam]] (1988, 168MW).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=W.M. |last2=Hughes |first2=F.M.R. |year=1986 |title=The environmental effects of dam construction in tropical Africa: Impacts and planning procedures |journal=Geoforum |volume=17 |issue=3–4 |pages=403–410 |doi=10.1016/0016-7185(86)90007-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Galadin, H., Bidault, N., Stephen, L., Watkins, B., Dilley, M., and Mutunga, N. |year=2006 |title=Reducing the Impacts of Floods through Early Warning and Preparedness: A Pilot Study for Kenya |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDISMGMT/Resources/0821363328.pdf |access-date=2012-06-23 |work=Arnold, Chen, Deichmann, Dilley, Lerner-Lam, Pullen, and Trohanis. Natural Disaster Hotspots Case Studies. |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> en <ref>{{Cite web |title=KenGen |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=207:seven-forks-hydro-stations&catid=33:power-stations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydropower Stations in Kenya - energypedia |url=https://energypedia.info/wiki/Hydropower_Stations_in_Kenya}}</ref> De [[:en:Masinga_Reservoir|Masinga Reservoir]] den de [[:en:Kiambere_Reservoir|Kiambere Reservoir]], wey de Masinga den Kiambere dams create respectively, dey serve a dual purpose: [[:en:Hydro-electric_power|hydro-electric power]] (HEP) generation den agricultural irrigation. Dem use de oda three exclusively give HEP generation. A 2003 study report say de series of dams along de Tana River supply two-thirds of Kenya ein electrical needs. Many pippoe believe dis river get groundwater underneath am, but e no get.<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2003 |title=Tana River, Kenya: integrating downstream values into hydropower planning |url=http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/casestudy06tana.pdf |access-date=2012-06-24 |work=Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #6 |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature}}</ref> Dem then supply de electricity to de national grid system den distribute am countrywide thru a series of substations, transformers den cables.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KenGen increases hydropower output |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/KenGen-increases-hydropower-output/1056-4521358-dtimtu/index.html |access-date=2020-02-21 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}</ref> == Eponyms == Dem name Two species of African reptiles after de Tana River: ''[[:en:Mochlus_tanae|Mochlus tanae]]'' den ''[[:en:Myriopholis|Myriopholis tanae]]''.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Tana", p. 260).</ref> == References == <references /> ==Read further== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20210121180831/https://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/377-securing-water-and-land-in-the-tana-basin-kenya-a-resource-book-for-water-managers-and-practitioners.html Securing water and land in the Tana Basin, Kenya: a resource book for water managers and practitioners] * "And the River Flowed On; An Adventurous Journey Down the Tana River" by James Meester 1958 ==External links== {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220309051435/http://kenweb.or.ke/index.php/projects/tana-delta.html "Tana River Delta"]. ''The Kenya Wetlands Biodiversity Research Team''. Retrieved 2026-06-01. {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tana River (Kenya)| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Kenya]] [[Category:African drainage basins of de Indian Ocean]] [[Category:Garissa County]] [[Category:Meru County]] [[Category:Tana River County]] [[Category:Mount Kenya]] 67oaz00axqn6jy5olhfrgw9ctp5csdm 0 27154 100100 99749 2026-06-03T22:33:49Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Victoria''' be one of de African Great Lakes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org}}</ref> Plus a surface area of approximately 59,947 km2 (23,146 sq mi),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref><ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |title=Lake Victoria Statistics from this Dataverse |date=2018-11-13 |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |language=en |chapter=Earth and Environmental Sciences |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/fvjj4a}}</ref> Lake Victoria be Africa ein largest lake by area, de world ein largest tropical lake,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> den de world ein second-largest fresh water lake by surface area after Lake Superior insyd [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> In terms of volume, Lake Victoria be de world ein ninth-largest continental lake, wey dey contain about 2,424 km3 (1.965×109 acre⋅ft) of water.<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Lake Victoria dey occupy a shallow depression insyd Africa. De lake get an average depth of 40 m (130 ft) den a maximum depth of 80–81 m (262–266 ft).<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /><ref name="UNEP992">United Nations, ''Development and Harmonisation of Environmental Laws Volume 1: Report on the Legal and Institutional Issues in the Lake Victoria Basin'', United Nations, 1999, page 17</ref> Ein catchment area dey cover 169,858 km2 (65,583 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> De lake get a shoreline of 7,142 km (4,438 mi) wen digitized at de 1:25,000 level,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector line – 2015 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |date=2016-10-11 |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |chapter=Earth and Environmental Sciences |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/5y5ivf}}</ref> wey islands dey constitute 3.7% of dis length.<ref name="Hickling61">{{Cite book |last=Hickling, C. F. |url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick |title=Tropical Inland Fisheries |publisher=[[Longmans]] |year=1961 |location=London |url-access=registration}}</ref>  De lake ein area be divided among three countries: [[Tanzania]] dey occupy 49% (33,700 km2 (13,000 sq mi)), [[Uganda]] 45% (31,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi)), den [[Kenya]] 6% (4,100 km2 (1,600 sq mi)).<ref>J. Prado, R.J. Beare, J. Siwo Mbuga & L.E. Oluka, 1991.</ref> De lake be home to chaw species of fish wich dey live nowhere else, especially cichlids. Invasive fish, such as de Nile perch, drive chaw endemic species to extinction. == Names == Though e get multiple local language names (Swahili: ''Ukerewe''; Dholuo: ''Nam Lolwe''; Luganda: ''<nowiki/>'Nnalubaale''; Kinyarwanda: ''Nyanza''),<ref name="WDL1">{{Cite web |year=1899 |title=The Victoria. The Land, the Races and their Customs, with Specimens of Some of the Dialects |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529091640/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2557/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |access-date=18 February 2013 |publisher=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Ukerewe |url=https://ntz.info/gen/n01545.html |access-date=17 October 2020 |website=nTZ: An Information Resource for Northern Tanzania |publisher=David Marsh}}</ref> na dem rename de lake after Queen Victoria by de explorer John Hanning Speke, de first Briton to document am insyd 1858, while on an expedition plys Richard Francis Burton.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Feud Wrecked the Reputation of Explorer Who Discovered Nile's Source|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/11/burton-speke-african-exploration-nile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=29 December 2013|first=Dalya|last=Alberge|date=11 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moorehead |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Moorehead |url=https://archive.org/details/whitenile0000moor |title=The White Nile |publisher=Harper & Row |year=1960 |isbn=978-0-06-095639-4 |location=New York |pages=27, 36, 39, 43, 46, 50, 52, 54, 62, 66, 71, 98 |chapter=Part One: The Exploration, Chapters 1-5 |lccn=61-6197 |url-access=registration}}</ref> == Native wildlife == === Mammals === Chaw mammal species dey live insyd de region of Lake Victoria, den sam of dese be closely associated plus de lake einself den de nearby wetlands. Among dese be de hippopotamus, African clawless otter, spotted-necked otter, marsh mongoose, sitatunga, bohor reedbuck, defassa waterbuck, cane rats, den giant otter shrew.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingdon, J. |author-link=Jonathan Kingdon |title=The Kingdon Guide to African Mammals |publisher=Academic Press |year=1997 |isbn=0-12-408355-2 |location=London, England}}</ref> === Reptiles === Lake Victoria den ein wetlands get a large population of Nile crocodiles, as well as African helmeted turtles, variable mud turtles, den Williams' mud turtle.<ref name="Spawls2002">{{Cite book |last=Spawls, Stephen; Howell, Kim; Drewes, Robert C. & Ashe, James |title=Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa: All the Reptiles of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi |date=2002 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-12-656470-9 |edition=1st |location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> De Williams' mud turtle be restricted to Lake Victoria den oda lakes, rivers, den swamps insyd de upper Nile basin.<ref name="Spawls2002" />  === Cichlid fish === [[File:Pundamilia_(Haplochromis)_nyererei_male.jpg|thumb|Unlike chaw oda Lake Victoria cichlids, ''Haplochromis nyererei'' dey remain common. Dem compare to chaw oda cichlids, ein eyes be particularly sensitive to light, especially red, wich be less affected by de decrease insyd water clarity wey eutrophication than short wavelength colors cause<ref name="Witte2000">{{Cite journal |last=Witte |last2=Msuku |last3=Wanink |last4=Seehausen |last5=Katunzi |last6=Goudswaard |last7=Goldschmidt |year=2000 |title=Recovery of cichlid species in Lake Victoria: an examination of factors leading to differential extinction |url=https://boris.unibe.ch/71524/ |journal=Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |bibcode=2000RFBF...10..233W |doi=10.1023/a:1016677515930 |s2cid=39566440}}</ref>]] [[File:The_use_of_boats_for_transport_on_lake_Victoria_uganda.jpg|alt=View at Lake Victoria (Uganda).|thumb|View at Lake Victoria insyd Uganda]] [[File:Nile_monitor_lizard,_Lake_Victoria_(1)_(28017355603).jpg|thumb|Nile monitor lizard, Lake Victoria.]] === Oda fish === De non-cichlid native fish dey include African tetras (''Brycinus''), cyprinids (''Enteromius'', ''Garra'', ''Labeo'', ''Labeobarbus'', ''Rastrineobola'' den ''Xenobarbus''), airbreathing catfish (''Clariallabes'', ''Clarias'' den ''Xenoclarias''), bagrid catfish (''Bagrus''), loach catfish (''Amphilius'' den ''Zaireichthys''), silver butter catfish (''Schilbe intermedius''), ''Synodontis'' squeaker catfish, ''Nothobranchius'' killifish, poeciliids (''Aplocheilichthys'' den ''Micropanchax''), de spiny eel ''Mastacembelus frenatus'', elephantfish (''Gnathonemus'', ''Hippopotamyrus'', ''Marcusenius'', ''Mormyrus'', ''Petrocephalus'', den ''Pollimyrus''), de climbing gourami ''Ctenopoma muriei'' den marbled lungfish (''Protopterus aethiopicus'').<ref name="FishBaseList2">FishBase: [http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=3 Fish Species in Victoria.]</ref> [[File:Victoria_Nyanza,_voyages_de_MM._J._Jackson_&_Gedge_et_Père_Schynse_-_DPLA_-_56a4977fa3409e9beb528ee7ca96e923.jpg|alt=Lake Victoria|left|thumb|Map of Lake Victoria]] At a genus level, chaw of dese be widespread insyd Africa, buh de very rare ''Xenobarbus'' den ''Xenoclarias'' be endemic to de lake, den de common ''Rastrineobola'' be near-endemic.<ref name="FishBaseList3">FishBase: [http://www.fishbase.org/TrophicEco/FishEcoList.php?ve_code=3 Fish Species in Victoria.]</ref> A restocking effort give de native tilapia species ''Oreochromis esculentus'' insyd Lake Victoria involve Conservation International Kenya, Victory Farms, den de Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute.<ref name="StandardFarmKenyaTilapia">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2023 |title=Efforts set in place to save Tilapia species |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/farmkenya/article/2001481026/efforts-set-in-place-to-save-tilapia-species |website=FarmKenya Initiative (The Standard)}}</ref><ref name="KenyaNewsTilapia2023">{{Cite web |date=6 September 2023 |title=Restocking of endangered fish species starts in L.Victoria |url=https://www.kenyanews.go.ke/restocking-of-endangered-fish-species-starts-in-l-victoria/ |website=Kenya News Agency}}</ref><ref name="CIKenyaPlaces">{{Cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/kenya |website=Conservation International}}</ref> === Crustaceans === Four species of freshwater crabs be known from Lake Victoria: ''Potamonautes niloticus'' be widespread insyd de lake den ''P. emini'' be recorded from de vicinity of Bukoba insyd Tanzania, buh both sanso be found elsewhere insyd Africa.<ref>Cumberlidge, N. (2009).</ref> [[File:Lake_Victoria_IMG_20200202_145633.jpg|alt=Lake Victoria.|thumb|Lake Victoria from a wider angle.]] De shrimp/prawn per be ''Caridina nilotica'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudswaard |first=K. |last2=Witte |first2=F. |last3=Wanink |first3=J.H. |year=2006 |title=The shrimp Caridina nilotica in Lake Victoria (East Africa), before and after the Nile perch increase |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=563 |issue=1 |pages=31–44 |bibcode=2006HyBio.563...31G |doi=10.1007/s10750-005-1385-9 |s2cid=40935454}}</ref> wich be common den widespread insyd Lake Victoria.<ref name="Lowe2009">{{Cite journal |last=Lowe-McConnell |first=R |year=2009 |title=Fisheries and cichlid evolution in the African Great Lakes: progress and problems |journal=Freshwater Reviews |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=131–51 |doi=10.1608/frj-2.2.2 |s2cid=54011001}}</ref> === Molluscs === Lake Victoria be home to 28 species of freshwater snails (e.g., ''Bellamya'', ''Biomphalaria'', ''Bulinus'', ''Cleopatra'', ''Gabbiella'', den ''Melanoides''), wey dey include 12 endemic species/subspecies.<ref name="Darwall2011">{{Cite book |last=Seddon, M. |title=The Diversity of Life in African Freshwaters: Under Water, Under Threat. An Analysis of the Status and Distribution of Freshwater Species Throughout Mainland Africa |last2=Appleton, C. |last3=Van Damme, D. |last4=Graf, D. |year=2011 |isbn=978-2-8317-1345-8 |editor-last=Darwall, W. |pages=92–119 |chapter=Freshwater Molluscs of Africa: Diversity, Distribution, and Conservation |editor-last2=Smith, K. |editor-last3=Allen, D. |editor-last4=Holland, R. |editor-last5=Harrison, I. |editor-last6=Brooks, E.}}</ref><ref>Brown, D. (1994).</ref> Der be 17 species of bivalves (''Corbicula'', ''Coelatura'', ''Sphaerium'', den ''Byssanodonta''), wey dey include 6 endemic species den subspecies.<ref name="Darwall2011" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mwambungu |first=J.A. |year=2004 |title=The diversity of benthic molluscs of Lake Victoria and Lake Burigi |journal=Tanzania Journal of Science |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.4314/tjs.v30i1.18384 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Spiders === ''Evarcha culicivora'' be a species of jumping spider (family Salticidae) dem find around Lake Victoria per insyd Kenya den Uganda. E dey feed primarily on female mosquitos.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Ximena J. |last2=Jackson |first2=Robert R. |last3=Sune |first3=Godfrey |date=2005 |title=Use of Anopheles-Specific Prey-Capture Behavior by the Small Juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a Mosquito-Eating Jumping Spider |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/228863 |journal=The Journal of Arachnology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=541–548 |doi=10.1636/05-3.1 |issn=0161-8202 |jstor=4129852 |s2cid=55244513}}</ref> == History den exploration == [[File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-183.jpg|thumb|Bismarck Rock]] De first recorded information about Lake Victoria dey cam from Arab traders wey dey ply de inland routes in search of gold, ivory, oda precious commodities, den [[Slavery|slaves]]. [[File:Africa_Lake_Victoria_10_006.jpg|left|thumb|De lake as dem see from de shores of de Speke Resort insyd Kampala, Uganda]] == Water use == Chaw towns den cities be reliant on Lake Victoria for dema water supplies, for farming den oda uses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} Size, Map, Countries, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Nalubaale Dam === [[File:From_top_of_Nalubaale_Power_Station.jpg|right|thumb|De Nalubaale Hydroelectric Power Station insyd Njeru, Uganda.]] == References == <references /> == External links == {{sister project links||d=Q5505|c=Category:Lake Victoria|n=no|q=no|b=no|v=no|voy=Lake Victoria|m=no|mw=no|s=Victoria Nyanza|wikt=no|species=no}} * [http://www.ugpulse.com/articles/daily/homepage.asp?ID=306 Decreasing levels of Lake Victoria Worry East African Countries] * [https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 New Scientist article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013113221/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg18925384.100 |date=13 October 2008 }} on Uganda's violation of the agreed curve for hydroelectric water flow. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 Dams Draining Lake Victoria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310044431/http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/1056 |date=10 March 2012 }} * [https://archive.org/details/naturalistonlake00carp ''A Naturalist on Lake Victoria, with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse-tse Fly''] (1920). T.F. Unwin Ltd, London; Biodiversity Archive * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9VJ6cezlnU Video of Lake Victoria] * Institutions of the East African Community: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120213132137/http://www.lvfo.org/ Lake Victoria Fisheries Organisation] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Victoria}} [[Category:Lake Victoria| ]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] [[Category:Lakes of Kenya]] [[Category:Lakes of Tanzania]] [[Category:Lakes of Uganda]] [[Category:Geography of Kampala]] [[Category:Nile]] [[Category:Kenya–Uganda border]] [[Category:Kenya–Tanzania border]] [[Category:Tanzania–Uganda border]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa]] [[Category:Border tripoints]] [[Category:Geography of Kagera Region]] [[Category:Geography of Mwanza Region]] [[Category:Geography of Mara Region]] [[Category:Kisumu County]] [[Category:Homa Bay County]] dq9enihy7dbi8ngvdeha75hfwpmzuoa 0 27176 100029 99712 2026-06-03T17:14:00Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 100029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gambia River''' (dem formerly know am as de '''River Gambra''', French: ''Fleuve Gambie'', Portuguese: ''Rio Gâmbia'') be a major river for [[West Africa]] insyd, wey e run {{convert|1120|km|mi}} from de Fouta Djallon plateau for north [[Guinea]] insyd westward thru [[Senegal]] den [[The Gambia]] to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at de city of Banjul. E dey navigable give about half dat length. Dem strongly associate de river plus The Gambia, de smallest country for mainland Africa insyd, wey occupy de downstream half of de river den ein two banks. == Geography == De Gambia River dey run a total length of {{convert|1120|km}}. From de Fouta Djallon, e dey run northwest into de Tambacounda Region of Senegal, e dey flow thru de Parc National du Niokolo Koba, then de Nieri Ko den Koulountou join am den dey pass thru de Barrakunda Falls before e enter de Gambia at Koina. At dis point, de river dey run generally west, but for a meandering course insyd plus a number of oxbows, den about {{convert|100|km}} from ein mouth e dey gradually widen, to ova {{convert|10|km}} wide wey e dey meet de sea. === Crossings === Der dey several bridges wey dey cross de river. De largest den furthest downriver be de Senegambia Bridge between de towns of Farafenni den Soma for De Gambia insyd. For January 2019 insyd wey dem open, e dey provide a link between de stretches of de Trans-Gambia Highway for de North den South Bank of de river top. E sanso dey provide an expedited connection give Senegalese trucks wey dey travel to den from de isolated Casamance province. De bridge dey {{convert|1.9|km}} long den dey replace a previously-unreliable vehicle ferry. Dem levy a toll for vehicle crossings top. Der be sanso bridges for de Upper River Region of The Gambia at Basse Santa Su den Fatoto insyd dat open for October 2021 insyd,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ma|first1=Jianchun|title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia|access-date=3 August 2022|agency=The Point|date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> as well as a bridge for Senegal at Gouloumbou insyd. Ferry do all oda crossings, wey dey include a primary crossing between Banjul den Barra at de mouth of de river, anaa by small boat. ==== Bolongs ==== Dem commonly refer small tributaries for de lower stretches of de river top to as ''bolongs'' anaa ''bolons.'' Dem dey include Sami Bolong, wey e divide de northern halves of de Central River Division den Upper River Division, Bintang Bolong dey divide de Lower River Division from de West Coast Division, as well as smaller bodies of water such as de Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, den Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == History == De earliest inhabitants of de area wey dem know along de Gambia River dey include de Jola, de Balante, de Bainuk, den de Manjak.<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> De Carthaginian explorer Hanno de Navigator go dey reach de Gambia during ein expedition for de fifth century BC insyd.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> According to oral tradition, Tiramakhan Traore lead large numbers of Mandinka immigrants from [[Mali]], one of Sundiata ein top generals, cam to de region for de 14th century insyd. Sam modern historians, howeva, posit dat relatively few immigrants, primarily ''jula'' traders, instead lead a gradual socio-cultural shift towards identification plus de higher-status Mandinka ethnicity den de ruling Mali Empire.<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> Dem ''jula'' make de Gambia an important part of de wider West African trade network, wey dem exchange salt, shellfish, iron, cloth, ivory, beeswax, gold, slaves, leather den more as far as de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] den beyond.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer wey dey work give de [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]], becam de first European wey sail to de Gambia for 1455 insyd, wey e refer to de river as de ''Gambra'' anaa ''Cambra''. Oda sources from dat period dey record names such as ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', den ''Gambu'' (possibly a conflation, at de time anaa for later historiography insyd, of de name of de river den de kingdom of Kaabu).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> While merchants of various European countries trade for de Gambia river top give two centuries after Cadamosto, de Duchy of Courland dem Semigallia be de first wey establish a permanent base, for wat dem am St Andrew's Island for 1651 insyd. After e take control of de island den e rename am 'St James' for 1661 insyd, de English vye plus de French give commercial domination of de river give de next century den a half.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> During dis period, kingdoms along de river Gambia include Niumi (wey dem sanso know am Barra), Niani, Kantora, Jimara, Kiang, Badibu, Fuladu, Tumana, den Wuli, all of wey lend demma names to districts of De Gambia today. Major posts wey dem dey trade for top anaa near near de river include Barra, Albreda, Juffure, James Island (rydee a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site), Tendaba, Joar, MacCarthy Island, Fattatenda, den Sutukoba. Around de turn of de 18th century, de Scottish explorer Mungo Park travel up de Gambia twice for ein way to de Niger River top.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235}}</ref> De Anglo-French Convention of 1889 delimit de borders of de Gambia Protectorate den de colony of Senegal as e dey be ten kilometers north den south of de river as far inland as Yarbutenda (near modern-day Koina), plus a 10km radius to mark de eastern border wey dem measure from de center of town.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> De British therefore control de river as far as e dey navigable by sea-going vessels. Though widely dem see as temporary at de time, de borders wey dem set for 1889 insyd remain unchanged eva since.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Flora den fauna == De aquatic fauna for de Gambia River basin insyd, dem closely associate am plus dat of de [[Senegal River]] basin, den dem usually combine de two under a single ecoregion wey dem know am de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Although de species richness dey moderately high, only three species of frogs den one fish dey endemic to dis ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}</ref> Women harvest oysters from de River Gambia den use am to make oyster stew, a traditional dish for de cuisine of Gambia insyd. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;"> File:Map_of_the_River_Gambra_(now_the_Gambia)_1732.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_River_Gambra_(now_the_Gambia)_1732.JPG|Map of de River Gambra (rydee de Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia_satellite_fires.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gambia_satellite_fires.jpeg|De western portion of de Gambia River, wey dem see from space. De line dey show de border of De Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Upstream view of de river, near Janjanbureh Island File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bank of de river, near Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Ferry wey dey cross de river, at Janjanbureh </gallery> == References == <references /> == Bibliography == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0810820013 |location=Metuchen, N.J.}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |date=1996 |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 December 2020}} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == External links == * [http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Gambia River Information & Photos] soqpdphfkfep4kvp6obcc3ow5y6et5d 100031 100029 2026-06-03T17:17:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Gambia River''' (dem formerly know am as de '''River Gambra''', French: ''Fleuve Gambie'', Portuguese: ''Rio Gâmbia'') be a major river for [[West Africa]] insyd, wey e run {{convert|1120|km|mi}} from de Fouta Djallon plateau for north [[Guinea]] insyd westward thru [[Senegal]] den [[The Gambia]] to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] at de city of Banjul. E dey navigable give about half dat length. Dem strongly associate de river plus The Gambia, de smallest country for mainland Africa insyd, wey occupy de downstream half of de river den ein two banks. == Geography == De Gambia River dey run a total length of {{convert|1120|km}}. From de Fouta Djallon, e dey run northwest into de Tambacounda Region of Senegal, e dey flow thru de Parc National du Niokolo Koba, then de Nieri Ko den Koulountou join am den dey pass thru de Barrakunda Falls before e enter de Gambia at Koina. At dis point, de river dey run generally west, but for a meandering course insyd plus a number of oxbows, den about {{convert|100|km}} from ein mouth e dey gradually widen, to ova {{convert|10|km}} wide wey e dey meet de sea. === Crossings === Der dey several bridges wey dey cross de river. De largest den furthest downriver be de Senegambia Bridge between de towns of Farafenni den Soma for De Gambia insyd. For January 2019 insyd wey dem open, e dey provide a link between de stretches of de Trans-Gambia Highway for de North den South Bank of de river top. E sanso dey provide an expedited connection give Senegalese trucks wey dey travel to den from de isolated Casamance province. De bridge dey {{convert|1.9|km}} long den dey replace a previously-unreliable vehicle ferry. Dem levy a toll for vehicle crossings top. Der be sanso bridges for de Upper River Region of The Gambia at Basse Santa Su den Fatoto insyd dat open for October 2021 insyd,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ma|first1=Jianchun|title=Building the Friendship Bridges towards a Shared Future of China and The Gambia|url=https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/opinion/commentary-building-the-friendship-bridges-towards-a-shared-future-of-china-and-the-gambia|access-date=3 August 2022|agency=The Point|date=13 Oct 2021}}</ref> as well as a bridge for Senegal at Gouloumbou insyd. Ferry do all oda crossings, wey dey include a primary crossing between Banjul den Barra at de mouth of de river, anaa by small boat. ==== Bolongs ==== Dem commonly refer small tributaries for de lower stretches of de river top to as ''bolongs'' anaa ''bolons.'' Dem dey include Sami Bolong, wey e divide de northern halves of de Central River Division den Upper River Division, Bintang Bolong dey divide de Lower River Division from de West Coast Division, as well as smaller bodies of water such as de Sofancama, Jurunku, Kutang, Nianji, den Sandugu bolongs.<ref>Gailey.</ref> == History == De earliest inhabitants of de area wey dem know along de Gambia River dey include de Jola, de Balante, de Bainuk, den de Manjak.<ref>Buhnen, 49.</ref> De Carthaginian explorer Hanno de Navigator go dey reach de Gambia during ein expedition for de fifth century BC insyd.<ref>"Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Accessed 14/8/22.</ref> According to oral tradition, Tiramakhan Traore lead large numbers of Mandinka immigrants from [[Mali]], one of Sundiata ein top generals, cam to de region for de 14th century insyd. Sam modern historians, howeva, posit dat relatively few immigrants, primarily ''jula'' traders, instead lead a gradual socio-cultural shift towards identification plus de higher-status Mandinka ethnicity den de ruling Mali Empire.<ref>Wright, "Beyond Migration", 385.</ref><ref>Buhnen, 51.</ref> Dem ''jula'' make de Gambia an important part of de wider West African trade network, wey dem exchange salt, shellfish, iron, cloth, ivory, beeswax, gold, slaves, leather den more as far as de [[:en:Niger_River|Niger River]] den beyond.<ref>Wright, "Darbo Jula", 33.</ref><ref>Van Hoven.</ref> Alvise Cadamosto, a Venetian explorer wey dey work give de [[:en:Portugal|Portuguese]], becam de first European wey sail to de Gambia for 1455 insyd, wey e refer to de river as de ''Gambra'' anaa ''Cambra''. Oda sources from dat period dey record names such as ''Guambea'', ''Guabu'', den ''Gambu'' (possibly a conflation, at de time anaa for later historiography insyd, of de name of de river den de kingdom of Kaabu).<ref>Buhnen, 71.</ref> While merchants of various European countries trade for de Gambia river top give two centuries after Cadamosto, de Duchy of Courland dem Semigallia be de first wey establish a permanent base, for wat dem am St Andrew's Island for 1651 insyd. After e take control of de island den e rename am 'St James' for 1661 insyd, de English vye plus de French give commercial domination of de river give de next century den a half.<ref>Gailey, 3.</ref> During dis period, kingdoms along de river Gambia include Niumi (wey dem sanso know am Barra), Niani, Kantora, Jimara, Kiang, Badibu, Fuladu, Tumana, den Wuli, all of wey lend demma names to districts of De Gambia today. Major posts wey dem dey trade for top anaa near near de river include Barra, Albreda, Juffure, James Island (rydee a [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Site), Tendaba, Joar, MacCarthy Island, Fattatenda, den Sutukoba. Around de turn of de 18th century, de Scottish explorer Mungo Park travel up de Gambia twice for ein way to de Niger River top.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Washington |first=Capt. |date=1838 |title=Some Account of Mohammedu-Siseï, a Mandingo, of Nyáni-Marú on the Gambia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1797825 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London |volume=8 |pages=448–454 |doi=10.2307/1797825 |issn=0266-6235}}</ref> De Anglo-French Convention of 1889 delimit de borders of de Gambia Protectorate den de colony of Senegal as e dey be ten kilometers north den south of de river as far inland as Yarbutenda (near modern-day Koina), plus a 10km radius to mark de eastern border wey dem measure from de center of town.<ref>Gailey, 27.</ref> De British therefore control de river as far as e dey navigable by sea-going vessels. Though widely dem see as temporary at de time, de borders wey dem set for 1889 insyd remain unchanged eva since.<ref>Gailey, 28.</ref> == Flora den fauna == De aquatic fauna for de Gambia River basin insyd, dem closely associate am plus dat of de [[Senegal River]] basin, den dem usually combine de two under a single ecoregion wey dem know am de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Although de species richness dey moderately high, only three species of frogs den one fish dey endemic to dis ecoregion.<ref>{{cite web |title=509: Senegal – Gambia |url=http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030202252/http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/senegal_gambia |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World}}</ref> Women harvest oysters from de River Gambia den use am to make oyster stew, a traditional dish for de cuisine of Gambia insyd. == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed" heights="style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;"> File:Map_of_the_River_Gambra_(now_the_Gambia)_1732.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_the_River_Gambra_(now_the_Gambia)_1732.JPG|Map of de River Gambra (rydee de Gambia) 1732 File:Gambia_satellite_fires.jpeg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gambia_satellite_fires.jpeg|De western portion of de Gambia River, wey dem see from space. De line dey show de border of De Gambia. File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Upstream.jpg|Upstream view of de river, near Janjanbureh Island File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Riverbank.jpg|Bank of de river, near Janjanbureh File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RiverGambia_Janjanbureh_20190122_Ferry.jpg|Ferry wey dey cross de river, at Janjanbureh </gallery> == References == <references /> == Bibliography == * Bühnen, Stephan. "Place Names as an Historical Source: An Introduction with Examples from Southern Senegambia and Germany." History in Africa, vol. 19, 1992. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171995. * {{cite book |last1=Gailey |first1=Harry |title=Historical dictionary of the Gambia |date=1987 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=0810820013 |location=Metuchen, N.J.}} * Gray, J.M. (1940). History of the Gambia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. * {{cite journal |last1=van Hoven |first1=Ed |date=1996 |title=Local Tradition or Islamic Precept? The Notion of zakāt in Wuli (Eastern Senegal) (La notion de "zakāt" au Wuli (Sénégal)) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4392734 |journal=Cahiers d'Études Africaines |volume=36 |issue=144 |pages=703–722 |doi=10.3406/cea.1996.1863 |jstor=4392734 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2 December 2020}} * Wright, Donald R. "Beyond Migration and Conquest: Oral Traditions and Mandinka Ethnicity in Senegambia." History in Africa, vol. 12, 1985. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3171727. * Wright, Donald R. "Darbo Jula: The Role of a Mandinka Jula Clan in the Long-Distance Trade of the Gambia River and Its Hinterland." African Economic History, no. 3, 1977, pp. 33–45. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/3601138. Accessed 27 Jul. 2022. == External links == {{Commons}} *[http://www.accessgambia.com/information/gambia-river-info.html Gambia River Information & Photos] {{Authority control}} [[Category:Gambia River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Guinea]] [[Category:Rivers of the Gambia]] [[Category:Rivers of Senegal]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Banjul]] 0qibqm3zxjeonirhe4wqqb78f7s3jvc 0 27177 100042 99725 2026-06-03T17:33:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Garbage_floating_around_in_Circular_Quay.jpg|thumb|Garbage dey float for water insyde, Circular Quay, Sydney, [[Australia]]]] '''Water pollution''' (anaa '''aquatic pollution''') be wen dirty things enter water, plus e dey spoil how we fit use de water well-well.<ref name="Von Sperling2">{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=Marcos |date=2007 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |journal=Water Intelligence Online |series=Biological Wastewater Treatment |publisher=IWA Publishing |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |isbn=978-1-78040-208-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na human doings dey cause am. Water bodies de include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs plus groundwater. Water pollution dey happen when dirty things mix with water. These dirty things fit come from four main ways: sewage, factory works, farm activities, plus all de dirt wey dey wash go insyde water for town.<ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 |title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |vauthors=Eckenfelder Jr WW |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-48494-3 |doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> Water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater. This form of pollution fit lead to many problems. One bi de degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Another one be say e dey spread water-borne sickness when people dey use dirty water drink or irrigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2013 |title=Water Pollution |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005228/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |website=Environmental Health Education Program |publisher=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]}}</ref> Water pollution dey spoil all de good things wey water dey give us, like de clean water wey we dey drink. Sources of water pollution either be point sources anaa non-point sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaffner |first1=Monika |last2=Bader |first2=Hans-Peter |last3=Scheidegger |first3=Ruth |date=August 15, 2009 |title=Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=407 |issue=17 |pages=4902–4915 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007 |pmid=19501876 |bibcode=2009ScTEn.407.4902S |issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Point sources get one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant, anaa an oil spill. Non-point sources be more diffuse. An example be agricultural runoff.<ref name="Moss2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moss B |title=Water pollution by agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=659–666 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17666391 |pmc=2610176 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176}}</ref> Pollution be de result of de cumulative effect over time. Pollution fi take chaw forms. One go be toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, den industrial waste products. Anoda be stressful conditions such as changes of pH, hypoxia anaa anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, canaahanges of salinity). De introduction of pathogenic organisms be anoda. Contaminants fi include organic den inorganic substances. A common cause of thermal pollution be de use of water as a coolant by power plants den industrial manufacturers. [[File:Illustration_–_examples_of_how_water_is_contaminated_(South_Asia).jpg|thumb|Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollution of water sources]] {| class="wikitable" |+Pollutants den dema effects* !Pollutant !Main representative parameter !Possible effect of de pollutant |- |Suspended solids |Total suspended solids | * Aesthetic problems * Sludge deposits * Pollutants adsorption * Protection of pathogens |- |Biodegradable organic matter |Biological oxygen demand (BOD) | * Oxygen consumption * Death of fish * Septic conditions |- |Nutrients | * Nitrogen * Phosphorus | * Excessive algae growth * Toxicity to fish (ammonia) * Illnesses in new-born infants (blue baby syndrome from nitrate) * Pollution of groundwater |- |Pathogens | * Coliforms, such as ''E. coli'', no fi be pathogenic insyd den of themselves, buh dem be used as an indicator of co-occurring pathogens wey dey die anaa degrade more quickly<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> * Helminth eggs<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> <ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite book |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004 |title=Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=92-4-154685-9 |edition=third |location=Geneva}}</ref> |Waterborne diseases |- |Non-biodegradable organic matter | * Pesticides * Some detergents * Odas | * Toxicity (various) * Foam (detergents) * Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents) * Non-biodegradability * Bad odors (e.g.: phenols) |- |Inorganic dissolved solids | * Total dissolved solids * Conductivity | * Excessive salinity – harm to plantations (irrigation) * Toxicity to plants (some ions) * Problems plus soil permeability (sodium) |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |* Sources of dese pollutants be household den industrial wastewater, urban runoff den stormwater drainage from agricultural areas<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> |} == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> == External links == 153l3fjyrtzm7r342k7dh8n3918b1ut 100043 100042 2026-06-03T17:35:32Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Garbage_floating_around_in_Circular_Quay.jpg|thumb|Garbage dey float for water insyde, Circular Quay, Sydney, [[Australia]]]] '''Water pollution''' (anaa '''aquatic pollution''') be wen dirty things enter water, plus e dey spoil how we fit use de water well-well.<ref name="Von Sperling2">{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=Marcos |date=2007 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |journal=Water Intelligence Online |series=Biological Wastewater Treatment |publisher=IWA Publishing |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |isbn=978-1-78040-208-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na human doings dey cause am. Water bodies de include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs plus groundwater. Water pollution dey happen when dirty things mix with water. These dirty things fit come from four main ways: sewage, factory works, farm activities, plus all de dirt wey dey wash go insyde water for town.<ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 |title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |vauthors=Eckenfelder Jr WW |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-48494-3 |doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> Water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater. This form of pollution fit lead to many problems. One bi de degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Another one be say e dey spread water-borne sickness when people dey use dirty water drink or irrigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2013 |title=Water Pollution |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005228/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |website=Environmental Health Education Program |publisher=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]}}</ref> Water pollution dey spoil all de good things wey water dey give us, like de clean water wey we dey drink. Sources of water pollution either be point sources anaa non-point sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaffner |first1=Monika |last2=Bader |first2=Hans-Peter |last3=Scheidegger |first3=Ruth |date=August 15, 2009 |title=Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=407 |issue=17 |pages=4902–4915 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007 |pmid=19501876 |bibcode=2009ScTEn.407.4902S |issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Point sources get one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant, anaa an oil spill. Non-point sources be more diffuse. An example be agricultural runoff.<ref name="Moss2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moss B |title=Water pollution by agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=659–666 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17666391 |pmc=2610176 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176}}</ref> Pollution be de result of de cumulative effect over time. Pollution fi take chaw forms. One go be toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, den industrial waste products. Anoda be stressful conditions such as changes of pH, hypoxia anaa anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, canaahanges of salinity). De introduction of pathogenic organisms be anoda. Contaminants fi include organic den inorganic substances. A common cause of thermal pollution be de use of water as a coolant by power plants den industrial manufacturers. De control of water pollution dey require appropriate infrastructure den management plans, as well as legislation. Technology solutions fi include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment control den control of urban runoff (wey dey include stormwater management). [[File:Illustration_–_examples_of_how_water_is_contaminated_(South_Asia).jpg|thumb|Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollution of water sources]] {| class="wikitable" |+Pollutants den dema effects* !Pollutant !Main representative parameter !Possible effect of de pollutant |- |Suspended solids |Total suspended solids | * Aesthetic problems * Sludge deposits * Pollutants adsorption * Protection of pathogens |- |Biodegradable organic matter |Biological oxygen demand (BOD) | * Oxygen consumption * Death of fish * Septic conditions |- |Nutrients | * Nitrogen * Phosphorus | * Excessive algae growth * Toxicity to fish (ammonia) * Illnesses in new-born infants (blue baby syndrome from nitrate) * Pollution of groundwater |- |Pathogens | * Coliforms, such as ''E. coli'', no fi be pathogenic insyd den of themselves, buh dem be used as an indicator of co-occurring pathogens wey dey die anaa degrade more quickly<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> * Helminth eggs<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> <ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite book |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004 |title=Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=92-4-154685-9 |edition=third |location=Geneva}}</ref> |Waterborne diseases |- |Non-biodegradable organic matter | * Pesticides * Some detergents * Odas | * Toxicity (various) * Foam (detergents) * Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents) * Non-biodegradability * Bad odors (e.g.: phenols) |- |Inorganic dissolved solids | * Total dissolved solids * Conductivity | * Excessive salinity – harm to plantations (irrigation) * Toxicity to plants (some ions) * Problems plus soil permeability (sodium) |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |* Sources of dese pollutants be household den industrial wastewater, urban runoff den stormwater drainage from agricultural areas<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> |} == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> == External links == psp33jtd4kkcyzd5k2sh2rnxgr5n85m 100044 100043 2026-06-03T17:38:02Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Garbage_floating_around_in_Circular_Quay.jpg|thumb|Garbage dey float for water insyde, Circular Quay, Sydney, [[Australia]]]] '''Water pollution''' (anaa '''aquatic pollution''') be wen dirty things enter water, plus e dey spoil how we fit use de water well-well.<ref name="Von Sperling2">{{Cite journal |last=Von Sperling |first=Marcos |date=2007 |title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal |journal=Water Intelligence Online |series=Biological Wastewater Treatment |publisher=IWA Publishing |volume=6 |doi=10.2166/9781780402086 |isbn=978-1-78040-208-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Na human doings dey cause am. Water bodies de include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs plus groundwater. Water pollution dey happen when dirty things mix with water. These dirty things fit come from four main ways: sewage, factory works, farm activities, plus all de dirt wey dey wash go insyde water for town.<ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961 |title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |vauthors=Eckenfelder Jr WW |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-471-48494-3 |doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> Water pollution may affect either surface water or groundwater. This form of pollution fit lead to many problems. One bi de degradation of aquatic ecosystems. Another one be say e dey spread water-borne sickness when people dey use dirty water drink or irrigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 23, 2013 |title=Water Pollution |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005228/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/ |archive-date=September 18, 2021 |access-date=September 18, 2021 |website=Environmental Health Education Program |publisher=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]}}</ref> Water pollution dey spoil all de good things wey water dey give us, like de clean water wey we dey drink. Sources of water pollution either be point sources anaa non-point sources.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schaffner |first1=Monika |last2=Bader |first2=Hans-Peter |last3=Scheidegger |first3=Ruth |date=August 15, 2009 |title=Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=407 |issue=17 |pages=4902–4915 |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007 |pmid=19501876 |bibcode=2009ScTEn.407.4902S |issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Point sources get one identifiable cause, such as a storm drain, a wastewater treatment plant, anaa an oil spill. Non-point sources be more diffuse. An example be agricultural runoff.<ref name="Moss2008">{{cite journal |vauthors=Moss B |title=Water pollution by agriculture |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1491 |pages=659–666 |date=February 2008 |pmid=17666391 |pmc=2610176 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176}}</ref> Pollution be de result of de cumulative effect over time. Pollution fi take chaw forms. One go be toxic substances such as oil, metals, plastics, pesticides, persistent organic pollutants, den industrial waste products. Anoda be stressful conditions such as changes of pH, hypoxia anaa anoxia, increased temperatures, excessive turbidity, canaahanges of salinity). De introduction of pathogenic organisms be anoda. Contaminants fi include organic den inorganic substances. A common cause of thermal pollution be de use of water as a coolant by power plants den industrial manufacturers. De control of water pollution dey require appropriate infrastructure den management plans, as well as legislation. Technology solutions fi include improving sanitation, sewage treatment, industrial wastewater treatment, agricultural wastewater treatment, erosion control, sediment control den control of urban runoff (wey dey include stormwater management). [[File:Illustration_–_examples_of_how_water_is_contaminated_(South_Asia).jpg|thumb|Poster to teach people in South Asia about human activities leading to the pollution of water sources]] {| class="wikitable" |+Pollutants den dema effects* !Pollutant !Main representative parameter !Possible effect of de pollutant |- |Suspended solids |Total suspended solids | * Aesthetic problems * Sludge deposits * Pollutants adsorption * Protection of pathogens |- |Biodegradable organic matter |Biological oxygen demand (BOD) | * Oxygen consumption * Death of fish * Septic conditions |- |Nutrients | * Nitrogen * Phosphorus | * Excessive algae growth * Toxicity to fish (ammonia) * Illnesses in new-born infants (blue baby syndrome from nitrate) * Pollution of groundwater |- |Pathogens | * Coliforms, such as ''E. coli'', no fi be pathogenic insyd den of themselves, buh dem be used as an indicator of co-occurring pathogens wey dey die anaa degrade more quickly<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> * Helminth eggs<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> <ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite book |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004 |title=Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture |date=2006 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=92-4-154685-9 |edition=third |location=Geneva}}</ref> |Waterborne diseases |- |Non-biodegradable organic matter | * Pesticides * Some detergents * Odas | * Toxicity (various) * Foam (detergents) * Reduction of oxygen transfer (detergents) * Non-biodegradability * Bad odors (e.g.: phenols) |- |Inorganic dissolved solids | * Total dissolved solids * Conductivity | * Excessive salinity – harm to plantations (irrigation) * Toxicity to plants (some ions) * Problems plus soil permeability (sodium) |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" |* Sources of dese pollutants be household den industrial wastewater, urban runoff den stormwater drainage from agricultural areas<ref name="Von Sperling2" /> |} == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> == External links == {{commons}} {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=no |others=yes lcheading=Water – Pollution}} * [https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/water/what-we-do/tackling-global-water-pollution Tackling global water pollution] – UN Environment Programme {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Pollution}} [[Category:Water pollution| ]] [[Category:Aquatic ecology]] [[Category:Aquifers]] [[Category:Environmental science]] [[Category:Water den de environment]] [[Category:Water supply]] [[Category:Sanitation]] loyiq5vj79wl59lku3bo5sloove4vna 0 27178 100051 99719 2026-06-03T17:51:16Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Congo River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Zaire River''', be de second-longest river insyd [[Africa]], shorter only dan de [[Nile]], as well as de third largest river insyd de world by discharge volume, dey follow de Amazon den Ganges–Brahmaputra rivers. E be de world ein deepest recorded river, plus measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi River system get an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), wich dey make am de world ein ninth-longest river. De Chambeshi be a tributary of de Lualaba River, den ''Lualaba'' be de name of de Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, wey dey extend for 1,800 km (1,100 mi). Dem measure along plus de Lualaba, de main tributary, de Congo River get a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi). E be de major river per to cross de equator twice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forbath|1979}}. </ref> De Congo Basin get a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi2), anaa 13% of de entire African landmass. == Name == De name ''Congo/Kongo'' dey originate from de Kingdom of Kongo once locate on de southern bank of de river. De kingdom in turn be named after de indigenous Bantu Kongo people, dem know insyd de 17th century as "Esikongo".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |title=Africa's Urban Past |date=2000 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |page=79 |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> South of de Kingdom of Kongo proper lay de similarly named Kakongo kingdom, dem mention insyd 1535. Abraham Ortelius label "Manicongo" as de city at de mouth of de river insyd ein world map of 1564. De tribal names insyd ''Kongo'' possibly derive from a word for a public gathering anaa tribal assembly. De modern name of de Kongo people anaa ''Bakongo'' be introduced insyd de early 20th century. == Basin den course == [[File:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Aerial view from de west of de Congo River plus upstream half of Pool Malebo den Mbamu]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa_depuis_Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Kinshasa as dem see from Brazzaville, across de Pool Malebo]] De Congo ein drainage basin dey cover 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 mi2), an area nearly equal to dat of de European Union. De Congo ein discharge at ein mouth dey range from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), plus an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s). De river dey transport annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] den an additional 6% of bedload.<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> == Drainage basin == De Congo basin dey cover ten countries den dey account for about 13% of [[Africa]]. De highest point insyd de Congo basin dey insyd de Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level. Distribution of de Congo basin area between countries:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{Cite web |title=Congo-HYCOS |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable col1left" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |% |- !km3 !mi2 |- |Rwanda| {{convert|3,712,316|km2|disp=table|sortable=on}} |100.00 |- |Gabon |305,760 |118,050 |8.24 |- |Burundi |18,728 |7,231 |0.50 |- |Cameroon |85,300 |32,900 |2.30 |- |Tanzania |402,000 |155,000 |10.83 |- |Zambia |2,307,800 |891,000 |62.16 |- |Republic of the Congo |1,146 |442 |0.03 |- |Angola |248,400 |95,900 |6.69 |- |Central African Republic |382 |147 |0.01 |- |Democratic Republic of the Congo |166,800 |64,400 |4.49 |- |''Congo basin total'' |176,600 |68,200 |4.76 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+De most important hydrological stations along de Congo River be<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=WMO HydroHub |url=https://wmo.int/site/wmo-hydrohub |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |Banana|{{convert|0|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|0|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|3,730,740|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1915|{{convert|41,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Inga|{{convert|188|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|78|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | |<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1959|{{convert|41,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kinshasa, Brazzaville |{{convert|498|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|269|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|3,659,900|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1902|{{convert|40,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Mossaka|{{convert|898|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|289|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|2,490,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} | | |<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |- |Mbandaka|{{convert|1,157|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|303|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|1,683,800|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907|{{convert|19,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Yangambi|{{convert|2,133|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|371|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|1,069,100|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907|{{convert|8,358|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kisangani|{{convert|2,240|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|380|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|974,330|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1907|{{convert|7,079|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo''' ('''Lualaba''') |- |Boyoma Falls|{{convert|2,310|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|400|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | |<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907|{{convert|6,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ubundu|{{convert|2,390|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|418|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}} | |<!--placeholder cell. Remove || when adding a value--> |1907|{{convert|6,378|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Kindu|{{convert|2,705|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|448|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|810,440|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1912|{{convert|2,213|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Ankoro|{{convert|3,455|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|556|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|171,000|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1935|{{convert|901|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |- |Bukama|{{convert|3,695|km|mi|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|567|m|ft|disp=table|sortable=on}}|{{convert|63,090|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}} |1933|{{convert|322|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=table|sortable=on}} |} == Discharge == === Kinshasa den Brazzaville === == Width den depth == == Tributaries == [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus countries dem mark]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus topography shading]] '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) Downstream of Kinshasa, from de river mouth at Banana, der be a few major tributaries. * M'pozo (left) * Kwilu (left) * Inkisi (left) * Foulakary (right) * Djoué (right) '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) * Nsele (left) * Lufimi (left) * Mary (right) * [[Kasai River|Kwa–Kasai]] (left) ** Fimi *** Lukenie [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of de Lukenie River as e dey meander thru de Central Congolian lowland forests]] *** Lokoro—Lake Mai-Ndombe ** Kwango *** Culio *** Wamba *** Kwilu **** Kwenge **** Inzia ** Loange ** Sankuru *** Lubilanji *** Lubefu *** Lubudi ** Lulua ** Chicapa ** Luachimo ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * Léfini (right)[[File:Lefini_River_(25583791878).jpg|thumb|Léfini River]] * Nkeni (right) * Alima (right) * Likouala-Mossaka (right) * Sangha (right) ** Likouala aux Herbes ** Ngoko *** Boumba ** Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] (right)[[File:Убанги_као_пут.jpg|thumb|[[Ubangi River]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** Lobaye ** Mbali ** Ouaka ** Kotto ** Mbomou [[File:Forward,_forward.jpg|thumb|Man on de Mbomou River, between Bangassou den Ndu]] *** Chinko *** Mbari *** Bili ** Uele [[File:Uele_rivière_Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|Uele River]] *** Kibali *** Dungu *** Bomokandi *** Uere * Irebu—Lake Tumba (left) * Ruki (left) ** Momboyo ** Busira *** Salonga *** Tshuapa anaa Ruki (left) **** Lomela * Ikelemba (left) * Lulonga (left) ** Lopori ** Maringa * Moeko (right) * Mongala (right) * Itimbiri (right) * Aruwimi (right) ** Ituri [[File:Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg|thumb|A river wey dey flow thru de Ituri Rainforest]] ** Nepoko * Lukombe (left) * Lomami (left)[[File:Swallowtails_on_bank_of_Lomami_River_at_Katopa_Camp,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Lomami River]] * Lindi (right) ** Tshopo [[File:Cascades_of_the_Tshopo_river.jpg|thumb|Cascades of de Tshopo River]] * Maiko (right) '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) * Lilu (right) * Ruiki (left) * Lilo (left) * Lowa (right) ** Oso * Ulindi (right) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (left) * Ambe (right) * Elila (right) * Loho (left) * Lubutu (left) * Kunda (right) * Luama (right) * Luika (right) * Lukuga (right) ** Rusizi ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos_and_Bridge,_Burundi_067.jpg|thumb|Ruzizi River]] ** Malagarasi ([[Lake Tanganyika]]) *** Ugalla *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (left) * Luvua (right) ** Kalungwishi (Lake Mweru) ** Luapula (Lake Mweru; 740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s) *** Chambeshi (Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu swamp; 500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (right) * Lovoi (left) * Lufira (right) * Lubudi (left) * Lufupa (left) == Explanatory notes == == Citations == == General den cited sources == ps7o10mkt9r6efsulpvze0yat45h0md 100053 100051 2026-06-03T21:37:36Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Congo River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Zaire River''', be de second-longest river insyd [[Africa]], shorter only dan de [[Nile]], as well as de third largest river insyd de world by discharge volume, dey follow de Amazon den Ganges–Brahmaputra rivers. E be de world ein deepest recorded river, plus measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi River system get an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), wich dey make am de world ein ninth-longest river. De Chambeshi be a tributary of de Lualaba River, den ''Lualaba'' be de name of de Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, wey dey extend for 1,800 km (1,100 mi). Dem measure along plus de Lualaba, de main tributary, de Congo River get a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi). E be de major river per to cross de equator twice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forbath|1979}}. </ref> De Congo Basin get a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi2), anaa 13% of de entire African landmass. == Name == De name ''Congo/Kongo'' dey originate from de Kingdom of Kongo once locate on de southern bank of de river. De kingdom in turn be named after de indigenous Bantu Kongo people, dem know insyd de 17th century as "Esikongo".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |title=Africa's Urban Past |date=2000 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |page=79 |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> South of de Kingdom of Kongo proper lay de similarly named Kakongo kingdom, dem mention insyd 1535. Abraham Ortelius label "Manicongo" as de city at de mouth of de river insyd ein world map of 1564. De tribal names insyd ''Kongo'' possibly derive from a word for a public gathering anaa tribal assembly. De modern name of de Kongo people anaa ''Bakongo'' be introduced insyd de early 20th century. == Basin den course == [[File:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Aerial view from de west of de Congo River plus upstream half of Pool Malebo den Mbamu]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa_depuis_Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Kinshasa as dem see from Brazzaville, across de Pool Malebo]] De Congo ein drainage basin dey cover 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 mi2), an area nearly equal to dat of de European Union. De Congo ein discharge at ein mouth dey range from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), plus an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s). De river dey transport annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] den an additional 6% of bedload.<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> == Drainage basin == De Congo basin dey cover ten countries den dey account for about 13% of [[Africa]]. De highest point insyd de Congo basin dey insyd de Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level. Distribution of de Congo basin area between countries:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{Cite web |title=Congo-HYCOS |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |% |- !km² !mi² |- | Rwanda |382 |147 |0.01 |- | Gabon |1,146 |442 |0.03 |- | Burundi |18,728 |7,231 |0.50 |- | Cameroon |85,300 |32,900 |2.30 |- | Tanzania |166,800 |64,400 |4.49 |- | Zambia |176,600 |68,200 |4.76 |- | Republic of the Congo |248,400 |95,900 |6.69 |- | Angola |305,760 |118,050 |8.24 |- | Central African Republic |402,000 |155,000 |10.83 |- | Democratic Republic of the Congo |2,307,800 |891,000 |62.16 |- | ''Congo basin total'' |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |100.00 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De most important hydrological stations along de Congo River be<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=WMO HydroHub |url=https://wmo.int/site/wmo-hydrohub |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |Banana |0 |0 |0 |0 |3,730,740 |1,440,450 |1915 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- |Inga |188 |117 |78 |256 | | |1959 |41,100 |1,450,000 |- |Kinshasa, Brazzaville |498 |309 |269 |883 |3,659,900 |1,413,100 |1902 |40,500 |1,430,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Mossaka |898 |558 |289 |948 |2,490,000 |960,000 | | | |- |Mbandaka |1,157 |719 |303 |994 |1,683,800 |650,100 |1907 |19,000 |670,000 |- |Yangambi |2,133 |1,325 |371 |1,217 |1,069,100 |412,800 |1907 |8,358 |295,200 |- |Kisangani |2,240 |1,390 |380 |1,250 |974,330 |376,190 |1907 |7,079 |250,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo''' ('''Lualaba''') |- |Boyoma Falls |2,310 |1,440 |400 |1,300 | | |1907 |6,550 |231,000 |- |Ubundu |2,390 |1,490 |418 |1,371 | | |1907 |6,378 |225,200 |- |Kindu |2,705 |1,681 |448 |1,470 |810,440 |312,910 |1912 |2,213 |78,200 |- |Ankoro |3,455 |2,147 |556 |1,824 |171,000 |66,000 |1935 |901 |31,800 |- |Bukama |3,695 |2,296 |567 |1,860 |63,090 |24,360 |1933 |322 |11,400 |} == Discharge == === Kinshasa den Brazzaville === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+De Congo River discharge at Kinshasa den Brazzaville gauging stations since de start of measurements (1902 to 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1932/33 |{{convert|27,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1972/73 |{{convert|25,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2012/13 |{{convert|27,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1933/34 |{{convert|31,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1973/74 |{{convert|31,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2013/14 |{{convert|30,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1934/35 |{{convert|31,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1974/75 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2014/15 |{{convert|26,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1935/36 |{{convert|32,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1975/76 |{{convert|32,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2015/16 |{{convert|29,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1936/37 |{{convert|31,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1976/77 |{{convert|33,390|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2016/17 |{{convert|26,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |937/38 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1977/78 |{{convert|33,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2017/18 |{{convert|28,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1938/39 |{{convert|29,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1978/79 |{{convert|33,570|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2018/19 |{{convert|28,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|70,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1939/40 |{{convert|30,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1979/80 |{{convert|33,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2019/20 |{{convert|35,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|50,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1940/41 |{{convert|31,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,320|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1980/81 |{{convert|29,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2020/21 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1941/42 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1981/82 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} | colspan="7" | |} == Width den depth == == Tributaries == [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus countries dem mark]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus topography shading]] '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) Downstream of Kinshasa, from de river mouth at Banana, der be a few major tributaries. * M'pozo (left) * Kwilu (left) * Inkisi (left) * Foulakary (right) * Djoué (right) '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) * Nsele (left) * Lufimi (left) * Mary (right) * [[Kasai River|Kwa–Kasai]] (left) ** Fimi *** Lukenie [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of de Lukenie River as e dey meander thru de Central Congolian lowland forests]] *** Lokoro—Lake Mai-Ndombe ** Kwango *** Culio *** Wamba *** Kwilu **** Kwenge **** Inzia ** Loange ** Sankuru *** Lubilanji *** Lubefu *** Lubudi ** Lulua ** Chicapa ** Luachimo ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * Léfini (right)[[File:Lefini_River_(25583791878).jpg|thumb|Léfini River]] * Nkeni (right) * Alima (right) * Likouala-Mossaka (right) * Sangha (right) ** Likouala aux Herbes ** Ngoko *** Boumba ** Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] (right)[[File:Убанги_као_пут.jpg|thumb|[[Ubangi River]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** Lobaye ** Mbali ** Ouaka ** Kotto ** Mbomou [[File:Forward,_forward.jpg|thumb|Man on de Mbomou River, between Bangassou den Ndu]] *** Chinko *** Mbari *** Bili ** Uele [[File:Uele_rivière_Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|Uele River]] *** Kibali *** Dungu *** Bomokandi *** Uere * Irebu—Lake Tumba (left) * Ruki (left) ** Momboyo ** Busira *** Salonga *** Tshuapa anaa Ruki (left) **** Lomela * Ikelemba (left) * Lulonga (left) ** Lopori ** Maringa * Moeko (right) * Mongala (right) * Itimbiri (right) * Aruwimi (right) ** Ituri [[File:Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg|thumb|A river wey dey flow thru de Ituri Rainforest]] ** Nepoko * Lukombe (left) * Lomami (left)[[File:Swallowtails_on_bank_of_Lomami_River_at_Katopa_Camp,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Lomami River]] * Lindi (right) ** Tshopo [[File:Cascades_of_the_Tshopo_river.jpg|thumb|Cascades of de Tshopo River]] * Maiko (right) '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) * Lilu (right) * Ruiki (left) * Lilo (left) * Lowa (right) ** Oso * Ulindi (right) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (left) * Ambe (right) * Elila (right) * Loho (left) * Lubutu (left) * Kunda (right) * Luama (right) * Luika (right) * Lukuga (right) ** Rusizi ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos_and_Bridge,_Burundi_067.jpg|thumb|Ruzizi River]] ** Malagarasi ([[Lake Tanganyika]]) *** Ugalla *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (left) * Luvua (right) ** Kalungwishi (Lake Mweru) ** Luapula (Lake Mweru; 740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s) *** Chambeshi (Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu swamp; 500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (right) * Lovoi (left) * Lufira (right) * Lubudi (left) * Lufupa (left) == Explanatory notes == == Citations == == General den cited sources == sdvd0x7oxxsxy8wn70b9a7wmekahtsn 100054 100053 2026-06-03T21:41:22Z DaSupremo 9 /* Width den depth */ Improve article 100054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Congo River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Zaire River''', be de second-longest river insyd [[Africa]], shorter only dan de [[Nile]], as well as de third largest river insyd de world by discharge volume, dey follow de Amazon den Ganges–Brahmaputra rivers. E be de world ein deepest recorded river, plus measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi River system get an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), wich dey make am de world ein ninth-longest river. De Chambeshi be a tributary of de Lualaba River, den ''Lualaba'' be de name of de Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, wey dey extend for 1,800 km (1,100 mi). Dem measure along plus de Lualaba, de main tributary, de Congo River get a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi). E be de major river per to cross de equator twice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forbath|1979}}. </ref> De Congo Basin get a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi2), anaa 13% of de entire African landmass. == Name == De name ''Congo/Kongo'' dey originate from de Kingdom of Kongo once locate on de southern bank of de river. De kingdom in turn be named after de indigenous Bantu Kongo people, dem know insyd de 17th century as "Esikongo".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |title=Africa's Urban Past |date=2000 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |page=79 |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> South of de Kingdom of Kongo proper lay de similarly named Kakongo kingdom, dem mention insyd 1535. Abraham Ortelius label "Manicongo" as de city at de mouth of de river insyd ein world map of 1564. De tribal names insyd ''Kongo'' possibly derive from a word for a public gathering anaa tribal assembly. De modern name of de Kongo people anaa ''Bakongo'' be introduced insyd de early 20th century. == Basin den course == [[File:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Aerial view from de west of de Congo River plus upstream half of Pool Malebo den Mbamu]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa_depuis_Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Kinshasa as dem see from Brazzaville, across de Pool Malebo]] De Congo ein drainage basin dey cover 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 mi2), an area nearly equal to dat of de European Union. De Congo ein discharge at ein mouth dey range from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), plus an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s). De river dey transport annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] den an additional 6% of bedload.<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> == Drainage basin == De Congo basin dey cover ten countries den dey account for about 13% of [[Africa]]. De highest point insyd de Congo basin dey insyd de Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level. Distribution of de Congo basin area between countries:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{Cite web |title=Congo-HYCOS |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |% |- !km² !mi² |- | Rwanda |382 |147 |0.01 |- | Gabon |1,146 |442 |0.03 |- | Burundi |18,728 |7,231 |0.50 |- | Cameroon |85,300 |32,900 |2.30 |- | Tanzania |166,800 |64,400 |4.49 |- | Zambia |176,600 |68,200 |4.76 |- | Republic of the Congo |248,400 |95,900 |6.69 |- | Angola |305,760 |118,050 |8.24 |- | Central African Republic |402,000 |155,000 |10.83 |- | Democratic Republic of the Congo |2,307,800 |891,000 |62.16 |- | ''Congo basin total'' |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |100.00 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De most important hydrological stations along de Congo River be<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=WMO HydroHub |url=https://wmo.int/site/wmo-hydrohub |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |Banana |0 |0 |0 |0 |3,730,740 |1,440,450 |1915 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- |Inga |188 |117 |78 |256 | | |1959 |41,100 |1,450,000 |- |Kinshasa, Brazzaville |498 |309 |269 |883 |3,659,900 |1,413,100 |1902 |40,500 |1,430,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Mossaka |898 |558 |289 |948 |2,490,000 |960,000 | | | |- |Mbandaka |1,157 |719 |303 |994 |1,683,800 |650,100 |1907 |19,000 |670,000 |- |Yangambi |2,133 |1,325 |371 |1,217 |1,069,100 |412,800 |1907 |8,358 |295,200 |- |Kisangani |2,240 |1,390 |380 |1,250 |974,330 |376,190 |1907 |7,079 |250,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo''' ('''Lualaba''') |- |Boyoma Falls |2,310 |1,440 |400 |1,300 | | |1907 |6,550 |231,000 |- |Ubundu |2,390 |1,490 |418 |1,371 | | |1907 |6,378 |225,200 |- |Kindu |2,705 |1,681 |448 |1,470 |810,440 |312,910 |1912 |2,213 |78,200 |- |Ankoro |3,455 |2,147 |556 |1,824 |171,000 |66,000 |1935 |901 |31,800 |- |Bukama |3,695 |2,296 |567 |1,860 |63,090 |24,360 |1933 |322 |11,400 |} == Discharge == === Kinshasa den Brazzaville === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+De Congo River discharge at Kinshasa den Brazzaville gauging stations since de start of measurements (1902 to 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1932/33 |{{convert|27,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1972/73 |{{convert|25,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2012/13 |{{convert|27,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1933/34 |{{convert|31,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1973/74 |{{convert|31,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2013/14 |{{convert|30,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1934/35 |{{convert|31,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1974/75 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2014/15 |{{convert|26,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1935/36 |{{convert|32,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1975/76 |{{convert|32,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2015/16 |{{convert|29,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1936/37 |{{convert|31,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1976/77 |{{convert|33,390|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2016/17 |{{convert|26,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |937/38 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1977/78 |{{convert|33,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2017/18 |{{convert|28,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1938/39 |{{convert|29,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1978/79 |{{convert|33,570|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2018/19 |{{convert|28,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|70,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1939/40 |{{convert|30,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1979/80 |{{convert|33,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2019/20 |{{convert|35,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|50,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1940/41 |{{convert|31,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,320|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1980/81 |{{convert|29,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2020/21 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1941/42 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1981/82 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} | colspan="7" | |} == Width den depth == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Middle den Lower Congo width den depth: ! rowspan="2" |Location ! colspan="2" |Width ! colspan="2" |Average depth ! colspan="2" |Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |5°08′55.3″S 13°59′20.5″E |1,070 |3,510 |49.3 |162 |87.1 |286 |- |Ile Soka 5°08′30.4″S 13°59′27.9″E |1,020 |3,350 |57.4 |188 |92.9 |305 |- |5°02′57.3″S 13°59′28.2″E |450 |1,480 | | |165 |541 |- |Bulu 5°01′49.5″S 14°01′37.2″E |429 |1,407 |62.3 |204 |102 |335 |- |5°01′58.6″S 14°01′37.2″E |384 |1,260 |43.2 |142 |78.1 |256 |- |5°02′07.8″S 14°01′50.3″E |388 |1,273 |44.1 |145 |78.5 |258 |- |Ile Banza 5°2′20.6″S 14°02′09.2″E |540 |1,770 |44.1 |145 |79.2 |260 |- |Luozi 4°56′50.7″S 14°09′21.2″E |2,190 |7,190 |11.7 |38 |24.2 |79 |- |Muhambi 4°55′38.5″S 14°15′16.5″E |1,010 |3,310 |33.9 |111 |78.2 |257 |- |Pioka 4°54′03.3″S 14°24′18.2″E |1,460 |4,790 |75.3 |247 |118 |387 |- |Kinshasa– Brazzaville 4°16′47.3″S 15°18′32.8″E |3,264 |10,709 |9.0 |29.5 |15.7 |52 |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Maloukou 4°05′24.4″S 15°30′39.1″E | | |14.8 |49 |36.3 |119 |- |Léchia 3°52′43.4″S 15°55′11.6″E | | |21.5 |71 |50.3 |165 |- |Kounzoulou–Miranda 3°33′18.7″S 16°05′32.2″E | | |20.9 |69 |45.0 |147.6 |- |Kunzulu 3°28′52.5″S 16°07′18.3″E |1,540 |5,050 |16.8 |55 | | |- |Kwamouth 3°11′23.7″S 16°11′09.6″E |1,905 |6,250 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Kasai at mouth 3°10′36.4″S 16°11′41.5″E |606 |1,988 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Congo at Kasai mouth 3°09′59.7″S 16°10′51.7″E |1,851 |6,073 |12.9–15.3 |42–50 |39.9 |131 |- |Mbali–Mosebwaka 2°48′33.9″S 16°11′40.1″E | | |8.4 |28 |26.7 |88 |- |Bouemba 2°12′22.9″S 16°10′49.0″E | | |7.0 |23.0 |22.2 |73 |- |Bolobo 2°09′28.5″S 16°12′16.5″E |4,119 |13,514 |7.2 |24 | | |- |Yumbi 1°52′15.5″S 16°30′43.4″E | | |7.1 |23 |19.7 |65 |- |Bounda 1°37′55.5″S 16°37′59.4″E | | |8.0 |26.2 |19.7 |65 |- |Mossaka 1°14′22.2″S 16°47′44.5″E | | |7.6 |25 |19.2 |63 |- |Lukolela 1°03′13.5″S 17°08′58.0″E |1,757 |5,764 |8.0–11.7 |26.2–38.4 |32.0 |105.0 |- |Bweta–Manga 0°54′39.2″S 17°23′27.1″E |1,865–5,083 |6,119–16,677 |5.0–6.1 |16.4–20.0 | | |- |Yambe 0°43′38.5″S 17°33′02.9″E |2,468 |8,097 |11.8 |39 | | |- |Liranga 0°41′00.4″S 17°36′43.7″E | | |7.9 |26 |32.7 |107 |- |Bomenenge–Mikuka 0°25′58.1″S 17°50′13.3″E | | |7.6 |25 |23.7 |78 |- |Mbandaka 0°01′17.4″N 18°13′10.9″E | | |8.5 |28 |31.8 |104 |- |Kisangani 0°30′22.1″N 25°11′03.4″E |1,440 |4,720 |6.0–7.5 |19.7–24.6 | | |- ! colspan="7" |Sources: |} == Tributaries == [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus countries dem mark]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus topography shading]] '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) Downstream of Kinshasa, from de river mouth at Banana, der be a few major tributaries. * M'pozo (left) * Kwilu (left) * Inkisi (left) * Foulakary (right) * Djoué (right) '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) * Nsele (left) * Lufimi (left) * Mary (right) * [[Kasai River|Kwa–Kasai]] (left) ** Fimi *** Lukenie [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of de Lukenie River as e dey meander thru de Central Congolian lowland forests]] *** Lokoro—Lake Mai-Ndombe ** Kwango *** Culio *** Wamba *** Kwilu **** Kwenge **** Inzia ** Loange ** Sankuru *** Lubilanji *** Lubefu *** Lubudi ** Lulua ** Chicapa ** Luachimo ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * Léfini (right)[[File:Lefini_River_(25583791878).jpg|thumb|Léfini River]] * Nkeni (right) * Alima (right) * Likouala-Mossaka (right) * Sangha (right) ** Likouala aux Herbes ** Ngoko *** Boumba ** Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] (right)[[File:Убанги_као_пут.jpg|thumb|[[Ubangi River]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** Lobaye ** Mbali ** Ouaka ** Kotto ** Mbomou [[File:Forward,_forward.jpg|thumb|Man on de Mbomou River, between Bangassou den Ndu]] *** Chinko *** Mbari *** Bili ** Uele [[File:Uele_rivière_Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|Uele River]] *** Kibali *** Dungu *** Bomokandi *** Uere * Irebu—Lake Tumba (left) * Ruki (left) ** Momboyo ** Busira *** Salonga *** Tshuapa anaa Ruki (left) **** Lomela * Ikelemba (left) * Lulonga (left) ** Lopori ** Maringa * Moeko (right) * Mongala (right) * Itimbiri (right) * Aruwimi (right) ** Ituri [[File:Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg|thumb|A river wey dey flow thru de Ituri Rainforest]] ** Nepoko * Lukombe (left) * Lomami (left)[[File:Swallowtails_on_bank_of_Lomami_River_at_Katopa_Camp,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Lomami River]] * Lindi (right) ** Tshopo [[File:Cascades_of_the_Tshopo_river.jpg|thumb|Cascades of de Tshopo River]] * Maiko (right) '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) * Lilu (right) * Ruiki (left) * Lilo (left) * Lowa (right) ** Oso * Ulindi (right) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (left) * Ambe (right) * Elila (right) * Loho (left) * Lubutu (left) * Kunda (right) * Luama (right) * Luika (right) * Lukuga (right) ** Rusizi ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos_and_Bridge,_Burundi_067.jpg|thumb|Ruzizi River]] ** Malagarasi ([[Lake Tanganyika]]) *** Ugalla *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (left) * Luvua (right) ** Kalungwishi (Lake Mweru) ** Luapula (Lake Mweru; 740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s) *** Chambeshi (Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu swamp; 500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (right) * Lovoi (left) * Lufira (right) * Lubudi (left) * Lufupa (left) == Explanatory notes == == Citations == == General den cited sources == i9gdljkov4mzdjkvlaxaunk75zr0faf 100058 100054 2026-06-03T21:48:54Z DaSupremo 9 /* Tributaries */ Improve article 100058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Congo River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Zaire River''', be de second-longest river insyd [[Africa]], shorter only dan de [[Nile]], as well as de third largest river insyd de world by discharge volume, dey follow de Amazon den Ganges–Brahmaputra rivers. E be de world ein deepest recorded river, plus measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi River system get an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), wich dey make am de world ein ninth-longest river. De Chambeshi be a tributary of de Lualaba River, den ''Lualaba'' be de name of de Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, wey dey extend for 1,800 km (1,100 mi). Dem measure along plus de Lualaba, de main tributary, de Congo River get a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi). E be de major river per to cross de equator twice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forbath|1979}}. </ref> De Congo Basin get a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi2), anaa 13% of de entire African landmass. == Name == De name ''Congo/Kongo'' dey originate from de Kingdom of Kongo once locate on de southern bank of de river. De kingdom in turn be named after de indigenous Bantu Kongo people, dem know insyd de 17th century as "Esikongo".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |title=Africa's Urban Past |date=2000 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |page=79 |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> South of de Kingdom of Kongo proper lay de similarly named Kakongo kingdom, dem mention insyd 1535. Abraham Ortelius label "Manicongo" as de city at de mouth of de river insyd ein world map of 1564. De tribal names insyd ''Kongo'' possibly derive from a word for a public gathering anaa tribal assembly. De modern name of de Kongo people anaa ''Bakongo'' be introduced insyd de early 20th century. == Basin den course == [[File:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Aerial view from de west of de Congo River plus upstream half of Pool Malebo den Mbamu]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa_depuis_Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Kinshasa as dem see from Brazzaville, across de Pool Malebo]] De Congo ein drainage basin dey cover 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 mi2), an area nearly equal to dat of de European Union. De Congo ein discharge at ein mouth dey range from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), plus an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s). De river dey transport annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] den an additional 6% of bedload.<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> == Drainage basin == De Congo basin dey cover ten countries den dey account for about 13% of [[Africa]]. De highest point insyd de Congo basin dey insyd de Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level. Distribution of de Congo basin area between countries:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{Cite web |title=Congo-HYCOS |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |% |- !km² !mi² |- | Rwanda |382 |147 |0.01 |- | Gabon |1,146 |442 |0.03 |- | Burundi |18,728 |7,231 |0.50 |- | Cameroon |85,300 |32,900 |2.30 |- | Tanzania |166,800 |64,400 |4.49 |- | Zambia |176,600 |68,200 |4.76 |- | Republic of the Congo |248,400 |95,900 |6.69 |- | Angola |305,760 |118,050 |8.24 |- | Central African Republic |402,000 |155,000 |10.83 |- | Democratic Republic of the Congo |2,307,800 |891,000 |62.16 |- | ''Congo basin total'' |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |100.00 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De most important hydrological stations along de Congo River be<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=WMO HydroHub |url=https://wmo.int/site/wmo-hydrohub |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |Banana |0 |0 |0 |0 |3,730,740 |1,440,450 |1915 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- |Inga |188 |117 |78 |256 | | |1959 |41,100 |1,450,000 |- |Kinshasa, Brazzaville |498 |309 |269 |883 |3,659,900 |1,413,100 |1902 |40,500 |1,430,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Mossaka |898 |558 |289 |948 |2,490,000 |960,000 | | | |- |Mbandaka |1,157 |719 |303 |994 |1,683,800 |650,100 |1907 |19,000 |670,000 |- |Yangambi |2,133 |1,325 |371 |1,217 |1,069,100 |412,800 |1907 |8,358 |295,200 |- |Kisangani |2,240 |1,390 |380 |1,250 |974,330 |376,190 |1907 |7,079 |250,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo''' ('''Lualaba''') |- |Boyoma Falls |2,310 |1,440 |400 |1,300 | | |1907 |6,550 |231,000 |- |Ubundu |2,390 |1,490 |418 |1,371 | | |1907 |6,378 |225,200 |- |Kindu |2,705 |1,681 |448 |1,470 |810,440 |312,910 |1912 |2,213 |78,200 |- |Ankoro |3,455 |2,147 |556 |1,824 |171,000 |66,000 |1935 |901 |31,800 |- |Bukama |3,695 |2,296 |567 |1,860 |63,090 |24,360 |1933 |322 |11,400 |} == Discharge == === Kinshasa den Brazzaville === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+De Congo River discharge at Kinshasa den Brazzaville gauging stations since de start of measurements (1902 to 2021):<ref name="Recent Budget of Hydroclimatology and Hydrosedimentology of the Congo River in Central Africa"/><ref name="A New Look at Hydrology in the Congo Basin, Based on the Study of Multi-Decadal Time series"/><ref name="Longest sediment flow yet measured show how major rivers connect efficiently to deep sea"/> ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1932/33 |{{convert|27,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1972/73 |{{convert|25,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2012/13 |{{convert|27,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1933/34 |{{convert|31,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1973/74 |{{convert|31,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2013/14 |{{convert|30,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1934/35 |{{convert|31,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1974/75 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2014/15 |{{convert|26,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1935/36 |{{convert|32,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1975/76 |{{convert|32,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2015/16 |{{convert|29,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1936/37 |{{convert|31,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1976/77 |{{convert|33,390|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2016/17 |{{convert|26,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |937/38 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1977/78 |{{convert|33,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2017/18 |{{convert|28,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1938/39 |{{convert|29,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1978/79 |{{convert|33,570|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2018/19 |{{convert|28,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|70,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1939/40 |{{convert|30,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1979/80 |{{convert|33,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2019/20 |{{convert|35,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|50,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1940/41 |{{convert|31,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,320|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1980/81 |{{convert|29,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2020/21 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1941/42 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1981/82 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} | colspan="7" | |} == Width den depth == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Middle den Lower Congo width den depth: ! rowspan="2" |Location ! colspan="2" |Width ! colspan="2" |Average depth ! colspan="2" |Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |5°08′55.3″S 13°59′20.5″E |1,070 |3,510 |49.3 |162 |87.1 |286 |- |Ile Soka 5°08′30.4″S 13°59′27.9″E |1,020 |3,350 |57.4 |188 |92.9 |305 |- |5°02′57.3″S 13°59′28.2″E |450 |1,480 | | |165 |541 |- |Bulu 5°01′49.5″S 14°01′37.2″E |429 |1,407 |62.3 |204 |102 |335 |- |5°01′58.6″S 14°01′37.2″E |384 |1,260 |43.2 |142 |78.1 |256 |- |5°02′07.8″S 14°01′50.3″E |388 |1,273 |44.1 |145 |78.5 |258 |- |Ile Banza 5°2′20.6″S 14°02′09.2″E |540 |1,770 |44.1 |145 |79.2 |260 |- |Luozi 4°56′50.7″S 14°09′21.2″E |2,190 |7,190 |11.7 |38 |24.2 |79 |- |Muhambi 4°55′38.5″S 14°15′16.5″E |1,010 |3,310 |33.9 |111 |78.2 |257 |- |Pioka 4°54′03.3″S 14°24′18.2″E |1,460 |4,790 |75.3 |247 |118 |387 |- |Kinshasa– Brazzaville 4°16′47.3″S 15°18′32.8″E |3,264 |10,709 |9.0 |29.5 |15.7 |52 |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Maloukou 4°05′24.4″S 15°30′39.1″E | | |14.8 |49 |36.3 |119 |- |Léchia 3°52′43.4″S 15°55′11.6″E | | |21.5 |71 |50.3 |165 |- |Kounzoulou–Miranda 3°33′18.7″S 16°05′32.2″E | | |20.9 |69 |45.0 |147.6 |- |Kunzulu 3°28′52.5″S 16°07′18.3″E |1,540 |5,050 |16.8 |55 | | |- |Kwamouth 3°11′23.7″S 16°11′09.6″E |1,905 |6,250 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Kasai at mouth 3°10′36.4″S 16°11′41.5″E |606 |1,988 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Congo at Kasai mouth 3°09′59.7″S 16°10′51.7″E |1,851 |6,073 |12.9–15.3 |42–50 |39.9 |131 |- |Mbali–Mosebwaka 2°48′33.9″S 16°11′40.1″E | | |8.4 |28 |26.7 |88 |- |Bouemba 2°12′22.9″S 16°10′49.0″E | | |7.0 |23.0 |22.2 |73 |- |Bolobo 2°09′28.5″S 16°12′16.5″E |4,119 |13,514 |7.2 |24 | | |- |Yumbi 1°52′15.5″S 16°30′43.4″E | | |7.1 |23 |19.7 |65 |- |Bounda 1°37′55.5″S 16°37′59.4″E | | |8.0 |26.2 |19.7 |65 |- |Mossaka 1°14′22.2″S 16°47′44.5″E | | |7.6 |25 |19.2 |63 |- |Lukolela 1°03′13.5″S 17°08′58.0″E |1,757 |5,764 |8.0–11.7 |26.2–38.4 |32.0 |105.0 |- |Bweta–Manga 0°54′39.2″S 17°23′27.1″E |1,865–5,083 |6,119–16,677 |5.0–6.1 |16.4–20.0 | | |- |Yambe 0°43′38.5″S 17°33′02.9″E |2,468 |8,097 |11.8 |39 | | |- |Liranga 0°41′00.4″S 17°36′43.7″E | | |7.9 |26 |32.7 |107 |- |Bomenenge–Mikuka 0°25′58.1″S 17°50′13.3″E | | |7.6 |25 |23.7 |78 |- |Mbandaka 0°01′17.4″N 18°13′10.9″E | | |8.5 |28 |31.8 |104 |- |Kisangani 0°30′22.1″N 25°11′03.4″E |1,440 |4,720 |6.0–7.5 |19.7–24.6 | | |- ! colspan="7" |Sources: |} == Tributaries == [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus countries dem mark]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus topography shading]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De main river den tributaries be (sorted in order from de mouth wey dey head upstream): ! rowspan="2" |Left tributary ! rowspan="2" |Right tributary ! colspan="2" |Length ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="2" |Average discharge |- !km !mi !km² !sq mi !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="2" |''Congo'' |4,374 |2,718 |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- | colspan="8" | '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) |- | |Luki | | | | |14.4 |510 |- |Lué-Grande | rowspan="5" | | | |2,786.7 |1,076.0 |25.7 |910 |- |Fuila |150 |93 |1,051.5 |406.0 |8.9 |310 |- |M'pozo |170 |110 |6,932.5 |2,676.7 |78.8 |2,780 |- |Lufu |190 |120 |2,586.3 |998.6 |27.7 |980 |- |Kwilu |284 |176 |6,500 |2,500 |89.4 |3,160 |- | |Lwala | | |2,322.2 |896.6 |26.6 |940 |- |Lukunga | |221 |137 |2,166.9 |836.6 |25.1 |890 |- | |Yambi |65 |40 |1,262.3 |487.4 |19.4 |690 |- |Mpioka | rowspan="3" | |31 |19 |788.7 |304.5 |10.1 |360 |- |Lunzadi | | |753.9 |291.1 |11.1 |390 |- |Inkisi |559 |347 |13,500 |5,200 |291.1 |10,280 |- | rowspan="2" | |Foulakary |127 |79 |3,230.5 |1,247.3 |51.1 |1,800 |- |Djoué |175 |109 |6,225 |2,403 |158.4 |5,590 |- | colspan="8" | '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) |- |N'djili | rowspan="2" | |93 |58 |2,258.9 |872.2 |38.5 |1,360 |- |Nsele |193 |120 |4,500 |1,700 |77.1 |2,720 |- | rowspan="2" | |Djiri |63 |39 |1,395.5 |538.8 |31.3 |1,110 |- |Yana | | |663.3 |256.1 |15.1 |530 |- |Lufimi | |268 |167 |11,500 |4,400 |199 |7,000 |- | |Mary | | |3,529 |1,363 |84.6 |2,990 |- |Mai Mpili | rowspan="3" | |62 |39 |759.7 |293.3 |13 |460 |- |Lidji |108 |67 |1,686 |651 |24.5 |870 |- |Kasai |2,153 |1,338 |884,370 |341,460 |11,600 |410,000 |- | rowspan="4" | |Gam-bomba | | |1,372.7 |530.0 |29.3 |1,030 |- |Léfini |418 |260 |14,951.1 |5,772.7 |423.1 |14,940 |- |M'Pouya | | |1,175.5 |453.9 |21.2 |750 |- |N'Goindi | | |1,537.2 |593.5 |30 |1,100 |- |Gampoka | | | |1,036.8 |400.3 |10.7 |380 |- | rowspan="2" | |Nkeni |331 |206 |8,249.6 |3,185.2 |209.5 |7,400 |- |Nkeme | | |3,154 |1,218 |39.4 |1,390 |- |Nsolu | rowspan="2" | | | |4,129 |2,566 |39.1 |1,380 |- |Sangasi |64 |40 |2,020.9 |780.3 |19.4 |690 |- | rowspan="3" | |Alima |577 |359 |23,192.7 |8,954.8 |700 |25,000 |- |Likouala |615 |382 |69,800 |26,900 |1,053.5 |37,200 |- |Sangha |1,395 |867 |191,953 |74,113 |2,471 |87,300 |- |Pama | rowspan="3" | |50 |31 |2,202.7 |850.5 |24.7 |870 |- |Manga |43 |27 |1,337.7 |516.5 |17.7 |630 |- |Irebu |35 |22 |7,380 |2,850 |105.5 |3,730 |- | |Ubangi |2,299 |1,429 |651,918 |251,707 |5,936 |209,600 |- |Ruki | rowspan="3" | |1,200 |750 |173,790 |67,100 |4,500 |160,000 |- |Ikelemba |345 |214 |12,510 |4,830 |222.1 |7,840 |- |Lulonga |705 |438 |76,950 |29,710 |2,040 |72,000 |- | rowspan="2" | |Moeko |190 |120 |4,346.3 |1,678.1 |40.5 |1,430 |- |Mongala |663 |412 |52,200 |20,200 |708.6 |25,020 |- |Lofofe | | | |1,333.8 |515.0 |22.5 |790 |- | |Mioka |93 |58 |1,872 |723 |30.2 |1,070 |- |Isambi | | | |2,135.7 |824.6 |36.6 |1,290 |- | rowspan="8" | |Molua |71 |44 |1,566.6 |604.9 |24.7 |870 |- |Itimbiri |700 |430 |50,490 |19,490 |773.2 |27,310 |- |Makpulu | | |1,279.1 |493.9 |22.6 |800 |- |Loie | | |682.3 |263.4 |12.5 |440 |- |Moliba | | |1,363.2 |526.3 |24.8 |880 |- |Ikot | | |987.2 |381.2 |20.3 |720 |- |Mokeke | | |695 |268 |12.9 |460 |- |Lula | | |582 |225 |10.9 |380 |- |Lunua | | | |612.3 |236.4 |12.5 |440 |- | |Aruwimi |1,287 |800 |116,100 |44,800 |2,200 |78,000 |- |Loleka | rowspan="3" | | | |1,349.6 |521.1 |27.1 |960 |- |Lukombe | | |2,931.8 |1,132.0 |53.3 |1,880 |- |Lomami |2,063 |1,282 |109,080 |42,120 |2,061.8 |72,810 |- | |Lubilu | | |1,222.3 |471.9 |20 |710 |- |Romée | | | |601.9 |232.4 |10 |350 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lubania | | |743.1 |286.9 |11.5 |410 |- |Lindi |797 |495 |60,300 |23,300 |1,200 |42,000 |- | colspan="8" | '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) |- |Yoko | | | |866.1 |334.4 |15.5 |550 |- | |Maiko |516 |321 |13,935.7 |5,380.6 |318.7 |11,250 |- |Oluka | | | |495.2 |191.2 |10 |350 |- | rowspan="2" | |Obiautku | | |1,290.1 |498.1 |33.9 |1,200 |- |Lilu |281 |175 |6,381.5 |2,463.9 |192.4 |6,790 |- |Ruiki | rowspan="2" | |203 |126 |5,540.2 |2,139.1 |125.8 |4,440 |- |Lilo |202 |126 |3,684.8 |1,422.7 |92.8 |3,280 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lowa |615 |382 |49,590 |19,150 |1,624.8 |57,380 |- |Ulindi |803 |499 |30,240 |11,680 |901.7 |31,840 |- |Kasuku | |397 |247 |11,468.1 |4,427.9 |175.8 |6,210 |- | rowspan="3" | |Ambe |96 |60 |2,231.8 |861.7 |69.1 |2,440 |- |Luti | | |771 |298 |22.4 |790 |- |Elila |670 |420 |27,360 |10,560 |678.1 |23,950 |- |Lueki | |205 |127 |6,494.3 |2,507.5 |58.8 |2,080 |- | rowspan="2" | |Kiha-muwa |182 |113 |1,362 |526 |23.8 |840 |- |Kabila |70 |43 |2,229.6 |860.9 |22 |780 |- |Lowe | rowspan="3" | |49 |30 |2,306.4 |890.5 |16.3 |580 |- |Ganze |25 |16 |1,331.6 |514.1 |8.7 |310 |- |Lubutu |212 |132 |8,419.5 |3,250.8 |57 |2,000 |- | |Kunda |96 |60 |5,749.1 |2,219.7 |41.4 |1,460 |- |Mulongoi | |219 |136 |4,754.5 |1,835.7 |21.9 |770 |- | rowspan="6" | |Lulindi |190 |120 |3,515 |1,357 |17.4 |610 |- |Luama |741 |460 |25,099.1 |9,690.8 |221 |7,800 |- |Luika |223 |139 |6,214.2 |2,399.3 |17.6 |620 |- |Luvilo | | |1,126.5 |434.9 |4.1 |140 |- |Lufutuka | | |1,792.7 |692.2 |6.9 |240 |- |Lukuga |350 |220 |271,580 |104,860 |271 |9,600 |- |Lubanzi | rowspan="3" | | | |3,045.7 |1,176.0 |19.3 |680 |- |Kay | | |1,742 |673 |8.6 |300 |- |Lukuswa | | |1,822.1 |703.5 |7.7 |270 |- | |Luboy | | |1,644.3 |634.9 |4.4 |160 |- |Luvidjo | |240 |150 |11,312.4 |4,367.7 |69.7 |2,460 |- | rowspan="3" | |Kalongwe | | |1,208.1 |466.5 |3.7 |130 |- |Luvua |388 |241 |265,260 |102,420 |600 |21,000 |- |Kai | | |1,142.7 |441.2 |6.5 |230 |- |Lubumbu | | | |1,342.4 |518.3 |8.8 |310 |- | |Kalumen- gongo |329 |204 |8,069.3 |3,115.6 |66.9 |2,360 |- |Lovoi | |385 |239 |19,624.6 |7,577.1 |185.8 |6,560 |- | |Lufira |911 |566 |51,480 |19,880 |502 |17,700 |- |Lubudi | |490 |300 |27,500 |10,600 |191.5 |6,760 |- | |Kalule |172 |107 |4,208.8 |1,625.0 |28.6 |1,010 |- |Musonoi | rowspan="2" | | | |1,539.7 |594.5 |7.7 |270 |- |Lufupa |155 |96 |5,070.7 |1,957.8 |36.8 |1,300 |- | rowspan="3" | |Kando |191 |119 |2,455.5 |948.1 |16.1 |570 |- |Nyund-welu | | |1,319.4 |509.4 |10.1 |360 |- |Lukonga |131 |81 |1,721.2 |664.6 |10.2 |360 |- |Mukwishi | |61 |38 |1,562 |603 |12.2 |430 |- ! colspan="8" |Source: |} '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) Downstream of Kinshasa, from de river mouth at Banana, der be a few major tributaries. * M'pozo (left) * Kwilu (left) * Inkisi (left) * Foulakary (right) * Djoué (right) '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) * Nsele (left) * Lufimi (left) * Mary (right) * [[Kasai River|Kwa–Kasai]] (left) ** Fimi *** Lukenie [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of de Lukenie River as e dey meander thru de Central Congolian lowland forests]] *** Lokoro—Lake Mai-Ndombe ** Kwango *** Culio *** Wamba *** Kwilu **** Kwenge **** Inzia ** Loange ** Sankuru *** Lubilanji *** Lubefu *** Lubudi ** Lulua ** Chicapa ** Luachimo ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * Léfini (right)[[File:Lefini_River_(25583791878).jpg|thumb|Léfini River]] * Nkeni (right) * Alima (right) * Likouala-Mossaka (right) * Sangha (right) ** Likouala aux Herbes ** Ngoko *** Boumba ** Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] (right)[[File:Убанги_као_пут.jpg|thumb|[[Ubangi River]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** Lobaye ** Mbali ** Ouaka ** Kotto ** Mbomou [[File:Forward,_forward.jpg|thumb|Man on de Mbomou River, between Bangassou den Ndu]] *** Chinko *** Mbari *** Bili ** Uele [[File:Uele_rivière_Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|Uele River]] *** Kibali *** Dungu *** Bomokandi *** Uere * Irebu—Lake Tumba (left) * Ruki (left) ** Momboyo ** Busira *** Salonga *** Tshuapa anaa Ruki (left) **** Lomela * Ikelemba (left) * Lulonga (left) ** Lopori ** Maringa * Moeko (right) * Mongala (right) * Itimbiri (right) * Aruwimi (right) ** Ituri [[File:Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg|thumb|A river wey dey flow thru de Ituri Rainforest]] ** Nepoko * Lukombe (left) * Lomami (left)[[File:Swallowtails_on_bank_of_Lomami_River_at_Katopa_Camp,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Lomami River]] * Lindi (right) ** Tshopo [[File:Cascades_of_the_Tshopo_river.jpg|thumb|Cascades of de Tshopo River]] * Maiko (right) '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) * Lilu (right) * Ruiki (left) * Lilo (left) * Lowa (right) ** Oso * Ulindi (right) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (left) * Ambe (right) * Elila (right) * Loho (left) * Lubutu (left) * Kunda (right) * Luama (right) * Luika (right) * Lukuga (right) ** Rusizi ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos_and_Bridge,_Burundi_067.jpg|thumb|Ruzizi River]] ** Malagarasi ([[Lake Tanganyika]]) *** Ugalla *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (left) * Luvua (right) ** Kalungwishi (Lake Mweru) ** Luapula (Lake Mweru; 740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s) *** Chambeshi (Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu swamp; 500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (right) * Lovoi (left) * Lufira (right) * Lubudi (left) * Lufupa (left) == Explanatory notes == == Citations == == General den cited sources == hqnyyzobi0zudblo8iymvfkorq79eah 100062 100058 2026-06-03T21:55:31Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Congo River''', dem formerly sanso know as de '''Zaire River''', be de second-longest river insyd [[Africa]], shorter only dan de [[Nile]], as well as de third largest river insyd de world by discharge volume, dey follow de Amazon den Ganges–Brahmaputra rivers. E be de world ein deepest recorded river, plus measured depths of around 220 m (720 ft).<ref name="usgs2008">{{Cite web |last=Oberg |first=Kevin |date=July 2008 |title=Discharge and Other Hydraulic Measurements for Characterizing the Hydraulics of Lower Congo River, July 2008 |url=https://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015143546/http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/publications/Measurements4LowerCongo-6.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2011 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> De Congo–Lualaba–Luvua–Luapula–Chambeshi River system get an overall length of 4,700 km (2,900 mi), wich dey make am de world ein ninth-longest river. De Chambeshi be a tributary of de Lualaba River, den ''Lualaba'' be de name of de Congo River upstream of Boyoma Falls, wey dey extend for 1,800 km (1,100 mi). Dem measure along plus de Lualaba, de main tributary, de Congo River get a total length of 4,370 km (2,720 mi). E be de major river per to cross de equator twice.<ref>{{Harvnb|Forbath|1979}}. </ref> De Congo Basin get a total area of about 4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 mi2), anaa 13% of de entire African landmass. == Name == De name ''Congo/Kongo'' dey originate from de Kingdom of Kongo once locate on de southern bank of de river. De kingdom in turn be named after de indigenous Bantu Kongo people, dem know insyd de 17th century as "Esikongo".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |title=Africa's Urban Past |date=2000 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0-85255-761-7 |page=79 |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222054121/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0IwMwBVfr0sC&pg=PA79 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> South of de Kingdom of Kongo proper lay de similarly named Kakongo kingdom, dem mention insyd 1535. Abraham Ortelius label "Manicongo" as de city at de mouth of de river insyd ein world map of 1564. De tribal names insyd ''Kongo'' possibly derive from a word for a public gathering anaa tribal assembly. De modern name of de Kongo people anaa ''Bakongo'' be introduced insyd de early 20th century. == Basin den course == [[File:Congo_River_with_upstream_half_of_Pool_Malebo_and_Mbamu.jpg|thumb|Aerial view from de west of de Congo River plus upstream half of Pool Malebo den Mbamu]] [[File:2010-03-07-Kinshasa_depuis_Brazzaville.jpg|thumb|Kinshasa as dem see from Brazzaville, across de Pool Malebo]] De Congo ein drainage basin dey cover 4,014,500 km2 (1,550,000 mi2), an area nearly equal to dat of de European Union. De Congo ein discharge at ein mouth dey range from 23,000 to 75,000 m3/s (810,000 to 2,650,000 cu ft/s), plus an average of 41,000 m3/s (1,400,000 cu ft/s). De river dey transport annually 86 million tonnes of suspended sediment to de [[Atlantic Ocean]] den an additional 6% of bedload.<ref name="hani">{{Cite journal |last=Hanibal Lemma |first=and colleagues |date=2019 |title=Bedload transport measurements in the Gilgel Abay River, Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia (Table 7) |journal=Journal of Hydrology |volume=577 |doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.123968 |s2cid=199099061 |article-number=123968}}</ref> == Drainage basin == De Congo basin dey cover ten countries den dey account for about 13% of [[Africa]]. De highest point insyd de Congo basin dey insyd de Ruwenzori Mountains, at an altitude of around 4,340 m (14,240 ft) above sea level. Distribution of de Congo basin area between countries:<ref name="Congo-HYCOS">{{Cite web |title=Congo-HYCOS |url=https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419062153/https://hydrohub.wmo.int/en/projects/Congo-HYCOS |archive-date=19 April 2023 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! rowspan="2" |Country ! colspan="2" |Area ! rowspan="2" |% |- !km² !mi² |- | Rwanda |382 |147 |0.01 |- | Gabon |1,146 |442 |0.03 |- | Burundi |18,728 |7,231 |0.50 |- | Cameroon |85,300 |32,900 |2.30 |- | Tanzania |166,800 |64,400 |4.49 |- | Zambia |176,600 |68,200 |4.76 |- | Republic of the Congo |248,400 |95,900 |6.69 |- | Angola |305,760 |118,050 |8.24 |- | Central African Republic |402,000 |155,000 |10.83 |- | Democratic Republic of the Congo |2,307,800 |891,000 |62.16 |- | ''Congo basin total'' |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |100.00 |} {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De most important hydrological stations along de Congo River be<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-03 |title=WMO HydroHub |url=https://wmo.int/site/wmo-hydrohub |access-date=2026-06-03 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Station ! colspan="2" |Distance along river ! colspan="2" |Altitude ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="3" |Multiannual average discharge |- !km !mi !m !ft !km² !sq mi !Start year !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="10" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |Banana |0 |0 |0 |0 |3,730,740 |1,440,450 |1915 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- |Inga |188 |117 |78 |256 | | |1959 |41,100 |1,450,000 |- |Kinshasa, Brazzaville |498 |309 |269 |883 |3,659,900 |1,413,100 |1902 |40,500 |1,430,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Mossaka |898 |558 |289 |948 |2,490,000 |960,000 | | | |- |Mbandaka |1,157 |719 |303 |994 |1,683,800 |650,100 |1907 |19,000 |670,000 |- |Yangambi |2,133 |1,325 |371 |1,217 |1,069,100 |412,800 |1907 |8,358 |295,200 |- |Kisangani |2,240 |1,390 |380 |1,250 |974,330 |376,190 |1907 |7,079 |250,000 |- | colspan="10" |'''Upper Congo''' ('''Lualaba''') |- |Boyoma Falls |2,310 |1,440 |400 |1,300 | | |1907 |6,550 |231,000 |- |Ubundu |2,390 |1,490 |418 |1,371 | | |1907 |6,378 |225,200 |- |Kindu |2,705 |1,681 |448 |1,470 |810,440 |312,910 |1912 |2,213 |78,200 |- |Ankoro |3,455 |2,147 |556 |1,824 |171,000 |66,000 |1935 |901 |31,800 |- |Bukama |3,695 |2,296 |567 |1,860 |63,090 |24,360 |1933 |322 |11,400 |} == Discharge == === Kinshasa den Brazzaville === {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;" |+De Congo River discharge at Kinshasa den Brazzaville gauging stations since de start of measurements (1902 to 2021): ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) ! rowspan="42" | ! rowspan="2" |Water<br />year ! colspan="3" |Discharge in m³/s (cu ft/s) |- !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max !Min !''Mean'' !Max |- |1902/03 |{{convert|30,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1942/43 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1982/83 |{{convert|24,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1903/04 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1943/44 |{{convert|27,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1983/84 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1904/05 |{{convert|22,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1944/45 |{{convert|30,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,890|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1984/85 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1905/06 |{{convert|27,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1945/46 |{{convert|28,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1985/86 |{{convert|24,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1906/07 |{{convert|23,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|45,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1946/47 |{{convert|34,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1986/87 |{{convert|24,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1907/08 |{{convert|28,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1947/48 |{{convert|33,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1987/88 |{{convert|25,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1908/09 |{{convert|35,460|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1948/49 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1988/89 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1909/10 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1949/50 |{{convert|29,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1989/90 |{{convert|24,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1910/11 |{{convert|26,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1950/51 |{{convert|28,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1990/91 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1911/12 |{{convert|30,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1951/52 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1991/92 |{{convert|24,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1912/13 |{{convert|27,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|42,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1952/53 |{{convert|25,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1992/93 |{{convert|27,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1913/14 |{{convert|26,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,810|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1953/54 |{{convert|27,690|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1993/94 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1914/15 |{{convert|25,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1954/55 |{{convert|32,220|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|44,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1994/95 |{{convert|28,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1915/16 |{{convert|27,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1955/56 |{{convert|30,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,490|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1995/96 |{{convert|29,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1916/17 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1956/57 |{{convert|32,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,520|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1996/97 |{{convert|28,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1917/18 |{{convert|27,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|34,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|43,840|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1957/58 |{{convert|26,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1997/98 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|71,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1918/19 |{{convert|23,740|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|33,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|44,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1958/59 |{{convert|25,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|36,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,720|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1998/99 |{{convert|31,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1919/20 |{{convert|27,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1959/60 |{{convert|35,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,450|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1999/00 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1920/21 |{{convert|30,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,940|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1960/61 |{{convert|35,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|80,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2000/01 |{{convert|33,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1921/22 |{{convert|25,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,980|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,140|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1961/62 |{{convert|40,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|55,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|76,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2001/02 |{{convert|29,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1922/23 |{{convert|29,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,870|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1962/63 |{{convert|39,630|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,230|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2002/03 |{{convert|33,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1923/24 |{{convert|30,610|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,620|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1963/64 |{{convert|32,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,510|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|69,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2003/04 |{{convert|25,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1924/25 |{{convert|32,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|64,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1964/65 |{{convert|28,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2004/05 |{{convert|25,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,500|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1925/26 |{{convert|31,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,920|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1965/66 |{{convert|36,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|48,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2005/06 |{{convert|26,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1926/27 |{{convert|27,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|47,350|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1966/67 |{{convert|31,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|65,540|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2006/07 |{{convert|31,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1927/28 |{{convert|31,430|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|51,730|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1967/68 |{{convert|36,970|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|46,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2007/08 |{{convert|30,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,590|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1928/29 |{{convert|29,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1968/69 |{{convert|43,170|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|51,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|66,420|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2008/09 |{{convert|29,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1929/30 |{{convert|27,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|48,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1969/70 |{{convert|34,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|47,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,820|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2009/10 |{{convert|32,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,010|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1930/31 |{{convert|28,850|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1970/71 |{{convert|28,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,330|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2010/11 |{{convert|22,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|35,480|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1931/32 |{{convert|29,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1971/72 |{{convert|29,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,470|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,880|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2011/12 |{{convert|24,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,070|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|54,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1932/33 |{{convert|27,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,950|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1972/73 |{{convert|25,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,290|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|50,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2012/13 |{{convert|27,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,660|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1933/34 |{{convert|31,090|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,670|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1973/74 |{{convert|31,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|39,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2013/14 |{{convert|30,300|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,080|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1934/35 |{{convert|31,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,560|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,310|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1974/75 |{{convert|29,960|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|63,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2014/15 |{{convert|26,000|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,860|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|61,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1935/36 |{{convert|32,640|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,650|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1975/76 |{{convert|32,410|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,240|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2015/16 |{{convert|29,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,360|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|58,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1936/37 |{{convert|31,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,120|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1976/77 |{{convert|33,390|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,760|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2016/17 |{{convert|26,400|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|37,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|53,800|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |937/38 |{{convert|30,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,060|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|56,790|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1977/78 |{{convert|33,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|43,550|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,440|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2017/18 |{{convert|28,600|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,130|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|60,100|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1938/39 |{{convert|29,040|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,260|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|62,380|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1978/79 |{{convert|33,570|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|45,180|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,280|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2018/19 |{{convert|28,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,770|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|70,900|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1939/40 |{{convert|30,210|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,780|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1979/80 |{{convert|33,340|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|41,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,530|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2019/20 |{{convert|35,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|50,250|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|67,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1940/41 |{{convert|31,370|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,320|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|57,110|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1980/81 |{{convert|29,680|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,710|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|52,160|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |2020/21 |{{convert|28,700|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|40,830|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|59,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |- |1941/42 |{{convert|31,190|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|42,150|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|55,200|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |1981/82 |{{convert|29,270|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} |''{{convert|38,930|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}}'' |{{convert|49,020|m3/s|cuft/s|disp=br()|abbr=values|sortable=on}} | colspan="7" | |} == Width den depth == {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+Middle den Lower Congo width den depth: ! rowspan="2" |Location ! colspan="2" |Width ! colspan="2" |Average depth ! colspan="2" |Max depth |- !m !ft !m !ft !m !ft |- | colspan="7" |'''Lower Congo''' |- |5°08′55.3″S 13°59′20.5″E |1,070 |3,510 |49.3 |162 |87.1 |286 |- |Ile Soka 5°08′30.4″S 13°59′27.9″E |1,020 |3,350 |57.4 |188 |92.9 |305 |- |5°02′57.3″S 13°59′28.2″E |450 |1,480 | | |165 |541 |- |Bulu 5°01′49.5″S 14°01′37.2″E |429 |1,407 |62.3 |204 |102 |335 |- |5°01′58.6″S 14°01′37.2″E |384 |1,260 |43.2 |142 |78.1 |256 |- |5°02′07.8″S 14°01′50.3″E |388 |1,273 |44.1 |145 |78.5 |258 |- |Ile Banza 5°2′20.6″S 14°02′09.2″E |540 |1,770 |44.1 |145 |79.2 |260 |- |Luozi 4°56′50.7″S 14°09′21.2″E |2,190 |7,190 |11.7 |38 |24.2 |79 |- |Muhambi 4°55′38.5″S 14°15′16.5″E |1,010 |3,310 |33.9 |111 |78.2 |257 |- |Pioka 4°54′03.3″S 14°24′18.2″E |1,460 |4,790 |75.3 |247 |118 |387 |- |Kinshasa– Brazzaville 4°16′47.3″S 15°18′32.8″E |3,264 |10,709 |9.0 |29.5 |15.7 |52 |- | colspan="7" |'''Middle Congo''' |- |Maloukou 4°05′24.4″S 15°30′39.1″E | | |14.8 |49 |36.3 |119 |- |Léchia 3°52′43.4″S 15°55′11.6″E | | |21.5 |71 |50.3 |165 |- |Kounzoulou–Miranda 3°33′18.7″S 16°05′32.2″E | | |20.9 |69 |45.0 |147.6 |- |Kunzulu 3°28′52.5″S 16°07′18.3″E |1,540 |5,050 |16.8 |55 | | |- |Kwamouth 3°11′23.7″S 16°11′09.6″E |1,905 |6,250 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Kasai at mouth 3°10′36.4″S 16°11′41.5″E |606 |1,988 |12.7 |42 | | |- |Congo at Kasai mouth 3°09′59.7″S 16°10′51.7″E |1,851 |6,073 |12.9–15.3 |42–50 |39.9 |131 |- |Mbali–Mosebwaka 2°48′33.9″S 16°11′40.1″E | | |8.4 |28 |26.7 |88 |- |Bouemba 2°12′22.9″S 16°10′49.0″E | | |7.0 |23.0 |22.2 |73 |- |Bolobo 2°09′28.5″S 16°12′16.5″E |4,119 |13,514 |7.2 |24 | | |- |Yumbi 1°52′15.5″S 16°30′43.4″E | | |7.1 |23 |19.7 |65 |- |Bounda 1°37′55.5″S 16°37′59.4″E | | |8.0 |26.2 |19.7 |65 |- |Mossaka 1°14′22.2″S 16°47′44.5″E | | |7.6 |25 |19.2 |63 |- |Lukolela 1°03′13.5″S 17°08′58.0″E |1,757 |5,764 |8.0–11.7 |26.2–38.4 |32.0 |105.0 |- |Bweta–Manga 0°54′39.2″S 17°23′27.1″E |1,865–5,083 |6,119–16,677 |5.0–6.1 |16.4–20.0 | | |- |Yambe 0°43′38.5″S 17°33′02.9″E |2,468 |8,097 |11.8 |39 | | |- |Liranga 0°41′00.4″S 17°36′43.7″E | | |7.9 |26 |32.7 |107 |- |Bomenenge–Mikuka 0°25′58.1″S 17°50′13.3″E | | |7.6 |25 |23.7 |78 |- |Mbandaka 0°01′17.4″N 18°13′10.9″E | | |8.5 |28 |31.8 |104 |- |Kisangani 0°30′22.1″N 25°11′03.4″E |1,440 |4,720 |6.0–7.5 |19.7–24.6 | | |- ! colspan="7" |Sources: |} == Tributaries == [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_plain_political.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus countries dem mark]] [[File:CongoLualaba_watershed_topo.png|thumb|Course den drainage basin of de Congo River plus topography shading]] {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+De main river den tributaries be (sorted in order from de mouth wey dey head upstream): ! rowspan="2" |Left tributary ! rowspan="2" |Right tributary ! colspan="2" |Length ! colspan="2" |Basin size ! colspan="2" |Average discharge |- !km !mi !km² !sq mi !m³/s !cu ft/s |- | colspan="2" |''Congo'' |4,374 |2,718 |3,712,316 |1,433,333 |41,400 |1,460,000 |- | colspan="8" | '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) |- | |Luki | | | | |14.4 |510 |- |Lué-Grande | rowspan="5" | | | |2,786.7 |1,076.0 |25.7 |910 |- |Fuila |150 |93 |1,051.5 |406.0 |8.9 |310 |- |M'pozo |170 |110 |6,932.5 |2,676.7 |78.8 |2,780 |- |Lufu |190 |120 |2,586.3 |998.6 |27.7 |980 |- |Kwilu |284 |176 |6,500 |2,500 |89.4 |3,160 |- | |Lwala | | |2,322.2 |896.6 |26.6 |940 |- |Lukunga | |221 |137 |2,166.9 |836.6 |25.1 |890 |- | |Yambi |65 |40 |1,262.3 |487.4 |19.4 |690 |- |Mpioka | rowspan="3" | |31 |19 |788.7 |304.5 |10.1 |360 |- |Lunzadi | | |753.9 |291.1 |11.1 |390 |- |Inkisi |559 |347 |13,500 |5,200 |291.1 |10,280 |- | rowspan="2" | |Foulakary |127 |79 |3,230.5 |1,247.3 |51.1 |1,800 |- |Djoué |175 |109 |6,225 |2,403 |158.4 |5,590 |- | colspan="8" | '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) |- |N'djili | rowspan="2" | |93 |58 |2,258.9 |872.2 |38.5 |1,360 |- |Nsele |193 |120 |4,500 |1,700 |77.1 |2,720 |- | rowspan="2" | |Djiri |63 |39 |1,395.5 |538.8 |31.3 |1,110 |- |Yana | | |663.3 |256.1 |15.1 |530 |- |Lufimi | |268 |167 |11,500 |4,400 |199 |7,000 |- | |Mary | | |3,529 |1,363 |84.6 |2,990 |- |Mai Mpili | rowspan="3" | |62 |39 |759.7 |293.3 |13 |460 |- |Lidji |108 |67 |1,686 |651 |24.5 |870 |- |Kasai |2,153 |1,338 |884,370 |341,460 |11,600 |410,000 |- | rowspan="4" | |Gam-bomba | | |1,372.7 |530.0 |29.3 |1,030 |- |Léfini |418 |260 |14,951.1 |5,772.7 |423.1 |14,940 |- |M'Pouya | | |1,175.5 |453.9 |21.2 |750 |- |N'Goindi | | |1,537.2 |593.5 |30 |1,100 |- |Gampoka | | | |1,036.8 |400.3 |10.7 |380 |- | rowspan="2" | |Nkeni |331 |206 |8,249.6 |3,185.2 |209.5 |7,400 |- |Nkeme | | |3,154 |1,218 |39.4 |1,390 |- |Nsolu | rowspan="2" | | | |4,129 |2,566 |39.1 |1,380 |- |Sangasi |64 |40 |2,020.9 |780.3 |19.4 |690 |- | rowspan="3" | |Alima |577 |359 |23,192.7 |8,954.8 |700 |25,000 |- |Likouala |615 |382 |69,800 |26,900 |1,053.5 |37,200 |- |Sangha |1,395 |867 |191,953 |74,113 |2,471 |87,300 |- |Pama | rowspan="3" | |50 |31 |2,202.7 |850.5 |24.7 |870 |- |Manga |43 |27 |1,337.7 |516.5 |17.7 |630 |- |Irebu |35 |22 |7,380 |2,850 |105.5 |3,730 |- | |Ubangi |2,299 |1,429 |651,918 |251,707 |5,936 |209,600 |- |Ruki | rowspan="3" | |1,200 |750 |173,790 |67,100 |4,500 |160,000 |- |Ikelemba |345 |214 |12,510 |4,830 |222.1 |7,840 |- |Lulonga |705 |438 |76,950 |29,710 |2,040 |72,000 |- | rowspan="2" | |Moeko |190 |120 |4,346.3 |1,678.1 |40.5 |1,430 |- |Mongala |663 |412 |52,200 |20,200 |708.6 |25,020 |- |Lofofe | | | |1,333.8 |515.0 |22.5 |790 |- | |Mioka |93 |58 |1,872 |723 |30.2 |1,070 |- |Isambi | | | |2,135.7 |824.6 |36.6 |1,290 |- | rowspan="8" | |Molua |71 |44 |1,566.6 |604.9 |24.7 |870 |- |Itimbiri |700 |430 |50,490 |19,490 |773.2 |27,310 |- |Makpulu | | |1,279.1 |493.9 |22.6 |800 |- |Loie | | |682.3 |263.4 |12.5 |440 |- |Moliba | | |1,363.2 |526.3 |24.8 |880 |- |Ikot | | |987.2 |381.2 |20.3 |720 |- |Mokeke | | |695 |268 |12.9 |460 |- |Lula | | |582 |225 |10.9 |380 |- |Lunua | | | |612.3 |236.4 |12.5 |440 |- | |Aruwimi |1,287 |800 |116,100 |44,800 |2,200 |78,000 |- |Loleka | rowspan="3" | | | |1,349.6 |521.1 |27.1 |960 |- |Lukombe | | |2,931.8 |1,132.0 |53.3 |1,880 |- |Lomami |2,063 |1,282 |109,080 |42,120 |2,061.8 |72,810 |- | |Lubilu | | |1,222.3 |471.9 |20 |710 |- |Romée | | | |601.9 |232.4 |10 |350 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lubania | | |743.1 |286.9 |11.5 |410 |- |Lindi |797 |495 |60,300 |23,300 |1,200 |42,000 |- | colspan="8" | '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) |- |Yoko | | | |866.1 |334.4 |15.5 |550 |- | |Maiko |516 |321 |13,935.7 |5,380.6 |318.7 |11,250 |- |Oluka | | | |495.2 |191.2 |10 |350 |- | rowspan="2" | |Obiautku | | |1,290.1 |498.1 |33.9 |1,200 |- |Lilu |281 |175 |6,381.5 |2,463.9 |192.4 |6,790 |- |Ruiki | rowspan="2" | |203 |126 |5,540.2 |2,139.1 |125.8 |4,440 |- |Lilo |202 |126 |3,684.8 |1,422.7 |92.8 |3,280 |- | rowspan="2" | |Lowa |615 |382 |49,590 |19,150 |1,624.8 |57,380 |- |Ulindi |803 |499 |30,240 |11,680 |901.7 |31,840 |- |Kasuku | |397 |247 |11,468.1 |4,427.9 |175.8 |6,210 |- | rowspan="3" | |Ambe |96 |60 |2,231.8 |861.7 |69.1 |2,440 |- |Luti | | |771 |298 |22.4 |790 |- |Elila |670 |420 |27,360 |10,560 |678.1 |23,950 |- |Lueki | |205 |127 |6,494.3 |2,507.5 |58.8 |2,080 |- | rowspan="2" | |Kiha-muwa |182 |113 |1,362 |526 |23.8 |840 |- |Kabila |70 |43 |2,229.6 |860.9 |22 |780 |- |Lowe | rowspan="3" | |49 |30 |2,306.4 |890.5 |16.3 |580 |- |Ganze |25 |16 |1,331.6 |514.1 |8.7 |310 |- |Lubutu |212 |132 |8,419.5 |3,250.8 |57 |2,000 |- | |Kunda |96 |60 |5,749.1 |2,219.7 |41.4 |1,460 |- |Mulongoi | |219 |136 |4,754.5 |1,835.7 |21.9 |770 |- | rowspan="6" | |Lulindi |190 |120 |3,515 |1,357 |17.4 |610 |- |Luama |741 |460 |25,099.1 |9,690.8 |221 |7,800 |- |Luika |223 |139 |6,214.2 |2,399.3 |17.6 |620 |- |Luvilo | | |1,126.5 |434.9 |4.1 |140 |- |Lufutuka | | |1,792.7 |692.2 |6.9 |240 |- |Lukuga |350 |220 |271,580 |104,860 |271 |9,600 |- |Lubanzi | rowspan="3" | | | |3,045.7 |1,176.0 |19.3 |680 |- |Kay | | |1,742 |673 |8.6 |300 |- |Lukuswa | | |1,822.1 |703.5 |7.7 |270 |- | |Luboy | | |1,644.3 |634.9 |4.4 |160 |- |Luvidjo | |240 |150 |11,312.4 |4,367.7 |69.7 |2,460 |- | rowspan="3" | |Kalongwe | | |1,208.1 |466.5 |3.7 |130 |- |Luvua |388 |241 |265,260 |102,420 |600 |21,000 |- |Kai | | |1,142.7 |441.2 |6.5 |230 |- |Lubumbu | | | |1,342.4 |518.3 |8.8 |310 |- | |Kalumen- gongo |329 |204 |8,069.3 |3,115.6 |66.9 |2,360 |- |Lovoi | |385 |239 |19,624.6 |7,577.1 |185.8 |6,560 |- | |Lufira |911 |566 |51,480 |19,880 |502 |17,700 |- |Lubudi | |490 |300 |27,500 |10,600 |191.5 |6,760 |- | |Kalule |172 |107 |4,208.8 |1,625.0 |28.6 |1,010 |- |Musonoi | rowspan="2" | | | |1,539.7 |594.5 |7.7 |270 |- |Lufupa |155 |96 |5,070.7 |1,957.8 |36.8 |1,300 |- | rowspan="3" | |Kando |191 |119 |2,455.5 |948.1 |16.1 |570 |- |Nyund-welu | | |1,319.4 |509.4 |10.1 |360 |- |Lukonga |131 |81 |1,721.2 |664.6 |10.2 |360 |- |Mukwishi | |61 |38 |1,562 |603 |12.2 |430 |- ! colspan="8" |Source: |} '''Lower Congo''' (river mouth to Kinshasa) Downstream of Kinshasa, from de river mouth at Banana, der be a few major tributaries. * M'pozo (left) * Kwilu (left) * Inkisi (left) * Foulakary (right) * Djoué (right) '''Middle Congo''' (Kinshasa to de Boyoma Falls) * Nsele (left) * Lufimi (left) * Mary (right) * [[Kasai River|Kwa–Kasai]] (left) ** Fimi *** Lukenie [[File:LukenieRiver.jpg|right|thumb|Aerial view of de Lukenie River as e dey meander thru de Central Congolian lowland forests]] *** Lokoro—Lake Mai-Ndombe ** Kwango *** Culio *** Wamba *** Kwilu **** Kwenge **** Inzia ** Loange ** Sankuru *** Lubilanji *** Lubefu *** Lubudi ** Lulua ** Chicapa ** Luachimo ** Lubembe *** Chiumbe * Léfini (right)[[File:Lefini_River_(25583791878).jpg|thumb|Léfini River]] * Nkeni (right) * Alima (right) * Likouala-Mossaka (right) * Sangha (right) ** Likouala aux Herbes ** Ngoko *** Boumba ** Kadéï (570 km, 41,000 km², 466 m³/s) ** Mambéré * [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] (right)[[File:Убанги_као_пут.jpg|thumb|[[Ubangi River]]]] ** Giri ** Lua ** Lobaye ** Mbali ** Ouaka ** Kotto ** Mbomou [[File:Forward,_forward.jpg|thumb|Man on de Mbomou River, between Bangassou den Ndu]] *** Chinko *** Mbari *** Bili ** Uele [[File:Uele_rivière_Bomokandi.jpg|thumb|Uele River]] *** Kibali *** Dungu *** Bomokandi *** Uere * Irebu—Lake Tumba (left) * Ruki (left) ** Momboyo ** Busira *** Salonga *** Tshuapa anaa Ruki (left) **** Lomela * Ikelemba (left) * Lulonga (left) ** Lopori ** Maringa * Moeko (right) * Mongala (right) * Itimbiri (right) * Aruwimi (right) ** Ituri [[File:Photo_of_the_day_11.10.2015_(21868921339).jpg|thumb|A river wey dey flow thru de Ituri Rainforest]] ** Nepoko * Lukombe (left) * Lomami (left)[[File:Swallowtails_on_bank_of_Lomami_River_at_Katopa_Camp,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Lomami River]] * Lindi (right) ** Tshopo [[File:Cascades_of_the_Tshopo_river.jpg|thumb|Cascades of de Tshopo River]] * Maiko (right) '''Upper Congo''' (Lualaba; upstream from de Boyoma Falls) * Lilu (right) * Ruiki (left) * Lilo (left) * Lowa (right) ** Oso * Ulindi (right) ** Lugulu * Kasuku (left) * Ambe (right) * Elila (right) * Loho (left) * Lubutu (left) * Kunda (right) * Luama (right) * Luika (right) * Lukuga (right) ** Rusizi ([[Lake Tanganyika]])[[File:Hippos_and_Bridge,_Burundi_067.jpg|thumb|Ruzizi River]] ** Malagarasi ([[Lake Tanganyika]]) *** Ugalla *** Gombe **** Moyowosi * Luvidjo (left) * Luvua (right) ** Kalungwishi (Lake Mweru) ** Luapula (Lake Mweru; 740 km, 173,386 km², 741 m³/s) *** Chambeshi (Lake Bangweulu, Bangweulu swamp; 500 km, 44,427 km², 185 m³/s) * Kalumengongo (right) * Lovoi (left) * Lufira (right) * Lubudi (left) * Lufupa (left) == Citations == * {{cite book |last=Forbath |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/rivercongodiscov0000forb |title=The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic River |publisher=E. P. Dutton |year=1979 |isbn=0-525-47573-7 |place=New York}} * {{cite book |last=Jeal |first=Tim |title=Stanley: The Impossible Life of Africa's Greatest Explorer |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-571-22102-8 |location=London}} == General den cited sources == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * The Royal Geography Society's Hidden Journeys project: ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714120922/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/London-Johannesburg/Congo.aspx The River Congo Basin] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172521/http://www.hiddenjourneys.co.uk/Audio%20Slideshows.aspx#level_16 Audio slideshow: The River Congo: Following in Explorer Sir Henry Morton Stanley's Footsteps]—Tim Butcher recounts his trip through the Congo on the route of 19th-century explorer Sir Henry Morgan Stanley. * [http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82 Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law]—Peace Palace Library * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015647/http://www.waterandnature.org/en/resources/publications/thematic-collection/facts-figures/watersheds-world Map of the Congo River basin at Water Resources eAtlas] * [http://research.amnh.org/ichthyology/congo/index_02.html The Congo Project], American Museum of Natural History {{Authority control}} [[Category:Congo River| ]] [[Category:Congo drainage basin|*]] [[Category:Angola–Democratic Republic of the Congo border]] [[Category:Border rivers]] [[Category:Congolian forests]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo border]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Physiographic sections]] [[Category:Rivers of Angola]] [[Category:Rivers of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Rivers of de Republic of the Congo]] 53ufa21btgv30xejon5v3qjitc5ndhe 0 27179 100083 99720 2026-06-03T22:19:01Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Senegal River''' (Serer: ''"Seen O Gal"'' anaa "Senegal" - compound of de&nbsp;Serer term "Seen" anaa "Sene" anaa "Sen" (from&nbsp;Roog Seen, Supreme Deity insyd&nbsp;Serer religion) den "O Gal" (wey dey mean "body of water")); Wolof: ''Dexug Senegaal'', Arabic: نهر السنغال, romanized: ''Nahr as-Siniġāl'', French: ''Fleuve Sénégal'') be a 1086-kilometre-long (675 mi) river insyd [[West Africa]]; much of ein length dey mark part of de border between [[Senegal]] den [[Mauritania]]. E get a drainage basin of 270000 km2 (100000 sq mi), a mean flow of 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), den an annual discharge of 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Important tributaries be de Falémé River, Karakoro River, den de Gorgol River. De river dey divide into two branches once e pass Kaédi. De left branch, dem call de Doué, dey run parallel to de main river to de north. After 200 km (120 mi) de two branches rejoin a few kilometers downstream of Podor. Insyd 1972 [[Mali]], Mauritania den Senegal found de Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) to manage de river basin. [[Guinea]] join insyd 2005. As of 2012, na only very limited use be made of de river for de transportation of goods den passengers. Na de OMVS look at de feasibility of creating a navigable channel 55 m (180 ft) in width between de small town of Ambidédi insyd [[Mali]] den Saint-Louis, a distance of 905 km (562 mi).E go give landlocked Mali a direct route to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De aquatic fauna insyd de Senegal River basin be closely associated plus dat of de [[Gambia River]] basin, wey de two be usually combined under a single ecoregion dem know as de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Only three species of frogs den one fish be endemic to dis ecoregion. De river get two large dams along ein course, de Manantali Dam insyd [[Mali]] den de Maka-Diama Dam downstream on de Mauritania-Senegal border. In between be de Félou Hydroelectric Plant, dem build insyd 1927, buh dem replace insyd 2014. De construction of de Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream of Felou at Gouina Falls begin insyd 2013. == History == De area be previously occupied by de Serer people, wey dey follow dema religious den ethnic persecution by Islamic forces insyd de 11th century, result in de Serer exodus to de south.<ref name="Villalón2006p54">{{cite book |author=Villalón, Leonardo A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54 |title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03232-2 |pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]."</ref><ref name=":1">Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;51</ref><ref name=":2">Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p. 63</ref><ref name=":3">Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref><ref name=":4">Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}</ref><ref name=":5">Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)</ref><ref name=":6">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}</ref> == References == nazpj1efgc85vcnmkz5obtmsj69eqoe 100086 100083 2026-06-03T22:22:51Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Senegal River''' (Serer: ''"Seen O Gal"'' anaa "Senegal" - compound of de&nbsp;Serer term "Seen" anaa "Sene" anaa "Sen" (from&nbsp;Roog Seen, Supreme Deity insyd&nbsp;Serer religion) den "O Gal" (wey dey mean "body of water")); Wolof: ''Dexug Senegaal'', Arabic: نهر السنغال, romanized: ''Nahr as-Siniġāl'', French: ''Fleuve Sénégal'') be a 1086-kilometre-long (675 mi) river insyd [[West Africa]]; much of ein length dey mark part of de border between [[Senegal]] den [[Mauritania]]. E get a drainage basin of 270000 km2 (100000 sq mi), a mean flow of 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), den an annual discharge of 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Important tributaries be de Falémé River, Karakoro River, den de Gorgol River. De river dey divide into two branches once e pass Kaédi. De left branch, dem call de Doué, dey run parallel to de main river to de north. After 200 km (120 mi) de two branches rejoin a few kilometers downstream of Podor. Insyd 1972 [[Mali]], Mauritania den Senegal found de Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) to manage de river basin. [[Guinea]] join insyd 2005. As of 2012, na only very limited use be made of de river for de transportation of goods den passengers. Na de OMVS look at de feasibility of creating a navigable channel 55 m (180 ft) in width between de small town of Ambidédi insyd [[Mali]] den Saint-Louis, a distance of 905 km (562 mi).E go give landlocked Mali a direct route to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De aquatic fauna insyd de Senegal River basin be closely associated plus dat of de [[Gambia River]] basin, wey de two be usually combined under a single ecoregion dem know as de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Only three species of frogs den one fish be endemic to dis ecoregion. De river get two large dams along ein course, de Manantali Dam insyd [[Mali]] den de Maka-Diama Dam downstream on de Mauritania-Senegal border. In between be de Félou Hydroelectric Plant, dem build insyd 1927, buh dem replace insyd 2014. De construction of de Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream of Felou at Gouina Falls begin insyd 2013. == History == De area be previously occupied by de Serer people, wey dey follow dema religious den ethnic persecution by Islamic forces insyd de 11th century, result in de Serer exodus to de south.<ref name="Villalón2006p54">{{cite book |author=Villalón, Leonardo A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54 |title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03232-2 |pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]."</ref><ref name=":1">Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;51</ref><ref name=":2">Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p. 63</ref><ref name=":3">Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref><ref name=":4">Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}</ref><ref name=":5">Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)</ref><ref name=":6">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book |last=Betz |first=R. L. |title=The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700 |publisher=Hes & de Graaf |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-6194-489-8}} * {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850 |publisher=Longman |year=1998 |isbn=0-582-31852-1 |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=De la Roncière |first=Charles |title=La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge |publisher=Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte |others=2 volumes |year=1925 |location=Cairo}} == External links == 9t8e2h16zhi125hrjvnszqo73nho605 100089 100086 2026-06-03T22:24:09Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Senegal River''' (Serer: ''"Seen O Gal"'' anaa "Senegal" - compound of de&nbsp;Serer term "Seen" anaa "Sene" anaa "Sen" (from&nbsp;Roog Seen, Supreme Deity insyd&nbsp;Serer religion) den "O Gal" (wey dey mean "body of water")); Wolof: ''Dexug Senegaal'', Arabic: نهر السنغال, romanized: ''Nahr as-Siniġāl'', French: ''Fleuve Sénégal'') be a 1086-kilometre-long (675 mi) river insyd [[West Africa]]; much of ein length dey mark part of de border between [[Senegal]] den [[Mauritania]]. E get a drainage basin of 270000 km2 (100000 sq mi), a mean flow of 680 m3/s (24,000 cu ft/s), den an annual discharge of 21.5 km3 (5.2 cu mi). Important tributaries be de Falémé River, Karakoro River, den de Gorgol River. De river dey divide into two branches once e pass Kaédi. De left branch, dem call de Doué, dey run parallel to de main river to de north. After 200 km (120 mi) de two branches rejoin a few kilometers downstream of Podor. Insyd 1972 [[Mali]], Mauritania den Senegal found de Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS) to manage de river basin. [[Guinea]] join insyd 2005. As of 2012, na only very limited use be made of de river for de transportation of goods den passengers. Na de OMVS look at de feasibility of creating a navigable channel 55 m (180 ft) in width between de small town of Ambidédi insyd [[Mali]] den Saint-Louis, a distance of 905 km (562 mi).E go give landlocked Mali a direct route to de [[Atlantic Ocean]]. De aquatic fauna insyd de Senegal River basin be closely associated plus dat of de [[Gambia River]] basin, wey de two be usually combined under a single ecoregion dem know as de Senegal-Gambia Catchments. Only three species of frogs den one fish be endemic to dis ecoregion. De river get two large dams along ein course, de Manantali Dam insyd [[Mali]] den de Maka-Diama Dam downstream on de Mauritania-Senegal border. In between be de Félou Hydroelectric Plant, dem build insyd 1927, buh dem replace insyd 2014. De construction of de Gouina Hydroelectric Plant upstream of Felou at Gouina Falls begin insyd 2013. == History == De area be previously occupied by de Serer people, wey dey follow dema religious den ethnic persecution by Islamic forces insyd de 11th century, result in de Serer exodus to de south.<ref name="Villalón2006p54">{{cite book |author=Villalón, Leonardo A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xFC1KUbXJ6gC&pg=PA54 |title=Islamic Society and State Power in Senegal: Disciples and Citizens in Fatick |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-03232-2 |pages=54–55}}, Quote: "Serer oral tradition recounts the group's origins in the Senegal River valley, where it was part of, or closely related to, the same group as the ancestors of today's [[Toucouleur people|Tukulor]]."</ref><ref name=":1">Galvan, Dennis Charles,&nbsp;''The State Must Be Our Master of Fire: How Peasants Craft Culturally Sustainable Development in Senegal,'' Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004, p.&nbsp;51</ref><ref name=":2">Berg, Elizabeth; Wan, Ruth; and Lau, Ruth (2009).&nbsp;''Senegal''. Marshall Cavendish. {{ISBN|9780761444817}}, p. 63</ref><ref name=":3">Page, Willie F., ''Encyclopedia of African history and culture: African kingdoms (500 to 1500)'', pp. 209, 676. Vol.2, Facts on File (2001), {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref><ref name=":4">Streissguth, Thomas, "Senegal in Pictures, Visual Geography", Second Series, p. 23, Twenty-First Century Books (2009), {{ISBN|1-57505-951-7}}</ref><ref name=":5">Oliver, Roland Anthony; & Fage, J. D.,; "Journal of African history", Volume 10, p. 367. Cambridge University Press (1969)</ref><ref name=":6">Mwakikagile, Godfrey, "Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, The People and The Culture," (2010), p. 11, {{ISBN|9987-9322-2-3}}</ref> == References == <references /> == Read further == * {{cite book |last=Betz |first=R. L. |title=The Mapping of Africa: a cartobibliography of printed maps of the African continent to 1700 |publisher=Hes & de Graaf |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-6194-489-8}} * {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Basil |title=West Africa Before the Colonial Era: a history to 1850 |publisher=Longman |year=1998 |isbn=0-582-31852-1 |location=London}} * {{cite book |last=De la Roncière |first=Charles |title=La découverte de l'Afrique au moyen âge |publisher=Société Royale de Géographie d'Égypte |others=2 volumes |year=1925 |location=Cairo}} == External links == {{Commons}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629065341/http://zope0.itcilo.org/delta/lmdd2003/news/1067611432/1068825691/presentation%20ressources%20en%20eau%20senegal.ppt The Hydrology of Senegal] (PowerPoint presentation) {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senegal River}} [[Category:Senegal River| ]] [[Category:Rivers of Senegal]] [[Category:Rivers of Mauritania]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Mauritania–Senegal border]] [[Category:Rivers of Mali]] [[Category:Lowest points of countries]] [[Category:Serer history]] na9c93e0wpfku7c7v70ly4if4adheo2 0 27180 100097 99721 2026-06-03T22:32:08Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''Chari River''', anaa '''Shari River''', be a 1,400 kilometres (870 mi) long river, wey dey flow insyd [[Central Africa]]. E be de main source of water of [[Lake Chad]], wich dey locate at de junction of four countries: [[Nigeria]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], den [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chari-River|title=Chari River {{!}} river, Africa|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2017-06-06|language=en}}</ref> == Geography == De Chari River dey flow from de [[Central African Republic]] thru Chad into [[Lake Chad]], dey follow de Cameroon border from N'Djamena, wer e be joined by ein western den principal tributary, de Logone River. E dey provide 90&nbsp;percent of de water wey dey flow into Lake Chad. De watershed of de river dey cover 548,747 square kilometres (211,872 mi2). De principal tributary be de Logone River, while minor tributaries dey include de Bahr Salamat, Bahr Sah, Bahr Aouk den Bahr Kéita. Much of Chad ein population, wey dey include Sarh den de capital N'Djamena, dey concentrate around am. As of 2016, Chad remain one of four countries wer Guinea worm disease remain endemic. De majority of remaining cases be concentrated around de Chari River. De river dey support an important local fishing industry. One of de most highly prized local fish be de Nile perch. Since de 1960s, der be proposals to divert water from de [[Ubangi River]] to de Chari to revitalize Lake Chad, wich go constitute a reversal of de capture of de upper Ubangi from de Chari by de [[Congo River]] wey be believed to occur insyd de early Pleistocene.<ref>See Cooper, John E. and Hull, Gordon; ''Gorilla Pathology and Health: With a Catalogue of Preserved Materials'', p. 371 {{ISBN|9780128020395}}</ref> == History == Na dem say de Sao people live by dis river.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Ying |last2=Trillo |first2=E. A. |last3=Murr |first3=L. E. |date=2000 |title=Friction-stir welding of aluminum alloy 2024 to silver |journal=Journal of Materials Science Letters |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1047–1051 |doi=10.1023/a:1006795221194 |issn=0261-8028 |s2cid=135070501}}</ref> De Chari River basin be populated by diverse speakers of de Chadic languages, Adamawa languages, Ubangian languages, Bongo-Bagirmi languages. == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Chari River| ]] [[Category:International rivers of Africa]] [[Category:Rivers of Cameroon]] [[Category:Rivers of de Central African Republic]] [[Category:Rivers of Chad]] [[Category:Lake Chad]] [[Category:Cameroon–Chad border]] so5nj8pgugmf8bueh8j5736ji8p0luv 0 27181 100095 99843 2026-06-03T22:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:20230601 shrub Lake albert.jpg|thumb|'''20230601 shrub Lake albert''']] '''Lake Albert''', wey dem originally know am '''Lake Mwitanzige''' by de [[:en:Nyoro_people|Banyoro]], '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de [[:en:Alur_people|Alur]], den temporarily as '''Lake Mobutu Sese Seko''', be a lake wey dem locate for [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] insyd den de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E be Africa ein sixth-largest lake den de second biggest of Uganda ein Great Lakes. == Geography == Dem locate Lake Albert is located for de border between Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo top. E be de northernmost of de chain of lakes for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift. E dey about {{convert|160|km|0}} long den {{convert|30|km|0}} across at ein widest, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|51|m|0}}, den a surface elevation of {{convert|619|m|0}} above sea level. [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|'''Shoebill-Lake-Albert''']]Lake Albert dey part of de complicated system of de upper [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. Ein main sources be de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], wey dey ultimately come from [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]] to de southeast, den de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]], wey dey issue from [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] to de southwest. De water of de Victoria Nile dey much less saline dan dat of Lake Albert. De lake ein outlet, at ein northernmost tip, be de [[:en:Albert_Nile|Albert Nile]] section of de[[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. De river dey later becam known as de [[:en:Mountain_Nile|Mountain Nile]] wen ein course dey enter [[:en:South_Sudan|South Sudan]]. At de southern end of de lake, wey de Semliki dey come insyd, der be [[:en:Swamp|swamps]]. De [[:en:Rwenzori_Mountains|Rwenzori Mountains]] dey to de south of de lake, den to de northwest be de [[:en:Blue_Mountains_(Congo)|Blue Mountains]]. De few settlements along de shore dey include [[:en:Butiaba|Butiaba]] den[[:en:Pakwach|Pakwach]]. == Water characteristics == [[File:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327)''']]Unlike de very deep [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Lake Malawi]], [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]] den [[:en:Lake_Kivu|Lake Kivu]], Lake Albert ein water temperature dey relatively stable thruout, typically around 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), den even ein deeper sections dey contain oxygen.<ref name="Green2009">{{cite book |author=Green, J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=263–286 |chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift}}</ref> [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert view from de shoreline for Buhuka, Kikuube District insyd''']]De water get a [[:en:PH|pH]] of around anaa just below 9 den an [[:en:Electric_conductivity|electric conductivity]] of around 720–780 μS/cm. Dem be both very high give a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower dan [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]].<ref name="Talling2009">{{cite book |author=Talling, J.F. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=367–394 |chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics}}</ref> == Animals == Lake Albert be home to many aquatic den semi-aquatic animals like [[:en:Hippopotamus|hippopotamuses]], [[:en:Uganda_kob|Uganda kob]] antelopes, [[:en:Nile_crocodile|Nile crocodiles]], [[:en:Nile_monitor|Nile monitors]], [[:en:African_softshell_turtle|African softshell turtles]], [[:en:Central_African_mud_turtle|Central African mud turtles]], [[:en:Williams'_mud_turtle|Williams' mud turtles]], various semi-aquatic snakes den various frogs.<ref name="Green2009" /> Water birds dey numerous den dey include [[:en:Pelican|pelicans]], [[:en:Heron|herons]] den de rare [[:en:Shoebill|shoebill]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramsar Sites |url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=ugandawildlife.org}}</ref> ==== Fish den fishing ==== Der be 55 fish species for Lake Albert insyd.<ref name="Wandera2011">{{cite journal |author1=Wandera, S.B. |author2=J.S. Balirwa |year=2010 |title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda |journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=284–293 |bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W |doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 |s2cid=84735862}}</ref> Except give Nile crocodiles, de largest predator for de lake insyd be de [[:en:Nile_perch|Nile perch]] (native; unlike for oda [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]] insyd wey introduce den [[:en:Invasive_species|invasive]]). Oda large predatory fish dey include de [[:en:Hydrocynus_forskahlii|elongate tigerfish]], [[:en:Hydrocynus_vittatus|African tigerfish]], [[:en:Marbled_lungfish|marbled lungfish]], [[:en:Cornish_jack|cornish jack]], ''[[:en:Bagrus|Bagrus]] docmak'', [[:en:African_sharptooth_catfish|African sharptooth catfish]] den [[:en:Vundu|vundu]] catfish.<ref name="Green2009" /> In addition, Der be important fisheries give de [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]], [[:en:Labeobarbus_bynni|Niger barb]], [[:en:Albert_lates|Albert lates]], [[:en:Malapterurus_electricus|electric catfish]] den [[:en:Giraffe_catfish|giraffe catfish]] dat dem use standard fishing methods catch'em,<ref name="Wandera2011" /> den de small ''[[:en:Brycinus|Brycinus]] nurse'' den ''[[:en:Engraulicypris_bredoi|Engraulicypris bredoi]]'' dat dem mainly use [[:en:Fishing_light_attractor|light fishing]] to catch'em.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=The Lake Albert light fishery |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda)}}</ref> As much as 30% of de fish production for Uganda insyd be from Lake Albert.<ref name="Wandera2011" /> Lake Albert get fewer [[:en:Endemism|endemics]] dan de oda [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="Witte2009">{{cite book |author1=Witte, F. |title=The Nile |author2=M.J.P. van Oijen |author3=F.A. Sibbing |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=647–676 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile}}</ref> Although de Albert Nile–de section of de Nile dat dey leave Lake Albert—get several [[:en:Rapids|rapids]] for de [[:en:Nimule|Nimule]] region insyd,<ref name="Dumont2009">{{cite book |author=Dumont, H.J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=1–21 |chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources}}</ref> dem no effectively isolate de lake from de main Nile sections.<ref name="Witte2009" /> For contrast insyd, [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]] (den ultimately [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]]), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de rapids for de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] top, while [[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Lake Kyoga]] (den ultimately [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de [[:en:Murchison_Falls|Murchison Falls]] for de Victoria Nile top.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Dumont2009" /> As a consequence, most of Lake Albert ein fish dey widespread riverine species wey dem sanso find for de main Nile sections. Der be few [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] cichlids; a group wey be very diverse for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd. Of de six haplochromines for Lake Albert insyd, four be endemic (''[[:en:Haplochromis_albertianus|Haplochromis albertianus]]'', ''[[:en:Haplochromis_avium|H. avium]]'', ''[[:en:Haplochromis_bullatus|H. bullatus]]'' den ''[[:en:Haplochromis_mahagiensis|H. mahagiensis]]'') den dem sanso find two for de Nile insyd (''[[:en:Haplochromis_loati|H. loati]]'' den ''[[:en:Pseudocrenilabrus_multicolor|Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor]]''). For comparison insyd, most of de more dan 60 haplochromines for [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]]–George insyd den most of de roughly 600 haplochromines for [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria]]–[[:en:Lake_Kyoga|Kyoga]] insyd be endemic.<ref name="Witte2009" /> De only oda endemic fish species for Lake Albert insyd be de small cyprinid ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' den de endangered Albert lates.<ref name="Witte2009" /> == History == De [[:en:Nyoro_people|Banyoro]] den [[:en:Tooro_people|Batooro]] still know Lake Albert as '''Mwitanzige''', den '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de[[:en:Alur_people| Alur]] as well as oda pippoe wey inhabit de region give centuries before de [[:en:Protectorate_of_Uganda|colonial age]]. Dis name dey mean ‘locust killer’, from ''omwita'' ‘killer’ den ''enzige'' ‘locusts’ for de [[:en:Runyoro|Runyoro]] language, den 'De Lake wey defeat de locusts' for de [[:en:Alur_language|Alur]] language insyd, from ''Nam'', 'Lake', ''Ovoyo'', 'deafeat', ''Bonyo'', '[[:en:Locust|Locusts]]'. Dis be sekof a local legend wey dey tell how a plague of locusts destroy de crops of de pippoe wey dey live for de eastern shore of de lake top, but wen dem try to cross to de oda side dem never go der. For 1864 insyd, de explorers [[:en:Samuel_Baker|Samuel Baker]] den Flóra von Sass find de lake<ref>Dorothy Middleton (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 <nowiki>"Baker [née von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)"</nowiki>]. ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42346|10.1093/ref:odnb/42346]]. Retrieved 2015-09-11. (Subscription, [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/ Wikipedia Library] access or [https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public UK public library membership] required.)</ref> den rename am after de recently deceased [[:en:Albert,_Prince_Consort|Prince Albert]], consort of [[:en:Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]. For de 20th century insyd, [[:en:List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Zairian Presido]] [[:en:Mobutu_Sese_Seko|Mobutu Sese Seko]] temporarily name de lake after einself. European colonialists operate shipping for de lake top. De British plan shipping for Lake Albert top as part of a network of railway, river steamer den lake steamer services wey e link British interests for [[:en:Egypt|Egypt]] insyd, east Africa den southern Africa. De [[:en:John_I._Thornycroft_&_Company|John I. Thornycroft & Company]] shipyard at Wools ton, Hampshire build de cargo den passenger ship ''[[:en:SS_Robert_Coryndon|SS Robert Coryndon]]'' give dis purpose for 1930 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |title=Jitze Couperus |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project}}</ref> Dem name am after de [[:en:British_Army|British Army]] officer Robert Thorne Corydon, wey be governor of Uganda 1918–22.<ref name="Insomniac">{{cite web |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep}}</ref> [[:en:Winston_Churchill|Winston Churchill]] describe de ship as ''"de best library afloat"'' den [[:en:Ernest_Hemingway|Ernest Hemingway]] bell am ''"magnificence on water"''.<ref name="Insomniac" /> Dem either scuttle am for 1962 insyd<ref name="darbykj">{{cite web |date=2007-12-09 |title=darbykj's photostream |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=[[Flickr]] |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> anaa sink for 1964 insyd.<ref name="darbykj" /> She dey remain unsalvaged den partly submerged for de lake insyd at Butyaba landing site. Dem fi still see am to date. [[:en:Heritage_Oil|Heritage Oil]] den [[:en:Tullow_Oil|Tullow Oil]] announce major oil finds for de Lake Albert basin insyd, plus estimates wey de multi-billion barrel field go prove to be de largest onshore field dem find for [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]] insyd give more dan twenty years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority |url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.nema.go.ug}}</ref> For March 2014 insyd, a boat wey dey carry Congolese refugees, e [[:en:2014_Lake_Albert_boat_disaster|capsize]] [[:en:2014_Lake_Albert_boat_disaster|for Lake Albert insyd]], wey e kill more dan 250 pippoe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> For 26 December 2016 top, a boat wey dey carry 45 members den fans of a local village football team capsize for Lake Albert insyd wey e kill at least 30 pippoe.<ref>{{cite web |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |website=MSN}}</ref> For 24 December 2020 top, 30 people die wen a boat capsize while e dey travel from [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] to de Democratic Republic of de Congo. De passengers dey concern about travel restrictions wey dem relate to de [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa|COVID-19 pandemic]] [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Africa|for Africa insyd]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamale|first=Jean-Yves|title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323|access-date=December 24, 2020|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> De [[:en:Kibiro|Kibiro]] settlement for Lake Albert top get cultural den archeological significance.<ref name="kibirofinds">{{Cite journal |last=Connah |first=Graham |date=March 1, 1997 |title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–67 |doi=10.1007/BF02968365 |s2cid=128430380 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer Link}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:Energy_in_Uganda|Energy]] [[:en:Energy_in_Uganda|for Uganda insyd]] * [[:en:Rift_valley|Rift Valley]] * [[:en:Oil_well|Oil wells]] * [[:en:Semliki_River|semliki]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=2008-03-14}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 World Lakes Database entry] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 give Lake Albert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11|date=2019-12-04}} *[http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm "East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services"]: photos of East African lake ferries wey dey include SS ''Robert Coryndon'' d0y6tyf7gydki79d5mo28qsa4iqkhrp 100101 100095 2026-06-03T23:03:31Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 100101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:20230601 shrub Lake albert.jpg|thumb|'''20230601 shrub Lake albert''']] '''Lake Albert''', wey dem originally know am '''Lake Mwitanzige''' by de Banyoro, '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur, den temporarily as '''Lake Mobutu Sese Seko''', be a lake wey dem locate for [[Uganda]] insyd den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E be Africa ein sixth-largest lake den de second biggest of Uganda ein Great Lakes. == Geography == Dem locate Lake Albert for de border between Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo top. E be de northernmost of de chain of lakes for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift. E dey about {{convert|160|km|0}} long den {{convert|30|km|0}} across at ein widest, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|51|m|0}}, den a surface elevation of {{convert|619|m|0}} above sea level. [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|'''Shoebill-Lake-Albert''']]Lake Albert dey part of de complicated system of de upper [[Nile]]. Ein main sources be de [[White Nile]], wey dey ultimately come from [[Lake Victoria]] to de southeast, den de Semliki River, wey dey issue from [[Lake Edward]] to de southwest. De water of de Victoria Nile dey much less saline dan dat of Lake Albert. De lake ein outlet, at ein northernmost tip, be de Albert Nile section of de [[White Nile]]. De river dey later becam known as de Mountain Nile wen ein course dey enter [[South Sudan]]. At de southern end of de lake, wey de Semliki dey come insyd, der be swamps. De Rwenzori Mountains dey to de south of de lake, den to de northwest be de Blue Mountains. De few settlements along de shore dey include Butiaba denPakwach. == Water characteristics == [[File:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327)''']]Unlike de very deep [[Lake Malawi]], [[Lake Tanganyika]] den Lake Kivu, Lake Albert ein water temperature dey relatively stable thruout, typically around 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), den even ein deeper sections dey contain oxygen.<ref name="Green2009">{{cite book |author=Green, J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=263–286 |chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift}}</ref> [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert view from de shoreline for Buhuka, Kikuube District insyd''']]De water get a pH of around anaa just below 9 den an electric conductivity of around 720–780 μS/cm. Dem be both very high give a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower dan Lake Edward.<ref name="Talling2009">{{cite book |author=Talling, J.F. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=367–394 |chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics}}</ref> == Animals == Lake Albert be home to chaw aquatic den semi-aquatic animals like hippopotamuses, Uganda kob antelopes, Nile crocodiles, Nile monitors, African softshell turtles, Central African mud turtles, Williams' mud turtles, various semi-aquatic snakes den various frogs.<ref name="Green2009" /> Water birds dey numerous den dey include pelicans, herons den de rare shoebill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramsar Sites |url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=ugandawildlife.org}}</ref> ==== Fish den fishing ==== Der be 55 fish species for Lake Albert insyd.<ref name="Wandera2011">{{cite journal |author1=Wandera, S.B. |author2=J.S. Balirwa |year=2010 |title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda |journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=284–293 |bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W |doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 |s2cid=84735862}}</ref> Except give Nile crocodiles, de largest predator for de lake insyd be de Nile perch (native; unlike for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd wey introduce den invasive). Oda large predatory fish dey include de elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, ''Bagrus docmak'', African sharptooth catfish den vundu catfish.<ref name="Green2009" /> In addition, der be important fisheries give de Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, electric catfish den giraffe catfish dat dem use standard fishing methods catch'em,<ref name="Wandera2011" /> den de small ''Brycinus nurse'' den ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' dat dem mainly use light fishing to catch'em.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=The Lake Albert light fishery |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda)}}</ref> As much as 30% of de fish production for Uganda insyd be from Lake Albert.<ref name="Wandera2011" /> Lake Albert get fewer [[:en:Endemism|endemics]] dan de oda [[African Great Lakes]].<ref name="Witte2009">{{cite book |author1=Witte, F. |title=The Nile |author2=M.J.P. van Oijen |author3=F.A. Sibbing |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=647–676 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile}}</ref> Although de Albert Nile–de section of de Nile dat dey leave Lake Albert—get several rapids for de Nimule region insyd,<ref name="Dumont2009">{{cite book |author=Dumont, H.J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=1–21 |chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources}}</ref> dem no effectively isolate de lake from de main Nile sections.<ref name="Witte2009" /> For contrast insyd, Lake Edward (den ultimately Lake George), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de rapids for de Semliki River top, while Lake Kyoga (den ultimately [[Lake Victoria]]), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de Murchison Falls for de Victoria Nile top.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Dumont2009" /> As a consequence, most of Lake Albert ein fish dey widespread riverine species wey dem sanso find for de main Nile sections. Der be few haplochromine cichlids; a group wey be very diverse for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd. Of de six haplochromines for Lake Albert insyd, four be endemic (''Haplochromis albertianus'', ''H. avium'', ''H. bullatus'' den ''H. mahagiensis'') den dem sanso find two for de Nile insyd (''H. loati'' den ''Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor''). For comparison insyd, most of de more dan 60 haplochromines for Lake Edward–George insyd den most of de roughly 600 haplochromines for [[Lake Victoria]]–Kyoga insyd be endemic.<ref name="Witte2009" /> De only oda endemic fish species for Lake Albert insyd be de small cyprinid ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' den de endangered Albert lates.<ref name="Witte2009" /> == History == De Banyoro den Batooro still know Lake Albert as '''Mwitanzige''', den '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur as well as oda pippoe wey inhabit de region give centuries before de colonial age. Dis name dey mean ‘locust killer’, from ''omwita'' ‘killer’ den ''enzige'' ‘locusts’ for de Runyoro language, den 'De Lake wey defeat de locusts' for de Alur language insyd, from ''Nam'', 'Lake', ''Ovoyo'', 'deafeat', ''Bonyo'', 'Locusts'. Dis be sekof a local legend wey dey tell how a plague of locusts destroy de crops of de pippoe wey dey live for de eastern shore of de lake top, but wen dem try to cross to de oda side dem never go der. For 1864 insyd, de explorers Samuel Baker den Flóra von Sass find de lake<ref>Dorothy Middleton (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 <nowiki>"Baker [née von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)"</nowiki>]. ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42346|10.1093/ref:odnb/42346]]. Retrieved 2015-09-11. (Subscription, [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/ Wikipedia Library] access or [https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public UK public library membership] required.)</ref> den rename am after de recently deceased Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. For de 20th century insyd, Zairian Presido Mobutu Sese Seko temporarily name de lake after einself. European colonialists operate shipping for de lake top. De British plan shipping for Lake Albert top as part of a network of railway, river steamer den lake steamer services wey e link British interests for [[Egypt]] insyd, east Africa den southern Africa. De John I. Thornycroft & Company shipyard at Wools ton, Hampshire build de cargo den passenger ship ''SS Robert Coryndon'' give dis purpose for 1930 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |title=Jitze Couperus |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project}}</ref> Dem name am after de British Army officer Robert Thorne Corydon, wey be governor of Uganda 1918–22.<ref name="Insomniac">{{cite web |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep}}</ref> Winston Churchill describe de ship as ''"de best library afloat"'' den Ernest Hemingway bell am ''"magnificence on water"''.<ref name="Insomniac" /> Dem either scuttle am for 1962 insyd<ref name="darbykj">{{cite web |date=2007-12-09 |title=darbykj's photostream |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=[[Flickr]] |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> anaa sink for 1964 insyd.<ref name="darbykj" /> She dey remain unsalvaged den partly submerged for de lake insyd at Butyaba landing site. Dem fi still see am to date. Heritage Oil den Tullow Oil announce major oil finds for de Lake Albert basin insyd, plus estimates wey de multi-billion barrel field go prove to be de largest onshore field dem find for sub-Saharan Africa insyd give more dan twenty years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority |url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.nema.go.ug}}</ref> For March 2014 insyd, a boat wey dey carry Congolese refugees, e capsize for Lake Albert insyd, wey e kill more dan 250 pippoe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> For 26 December 2016 top, a boat wey dey carry 45 members den fans of a local village football team capsize for Lake Albert insyd wey e kill at least 30 pippoe.<ref>{{cite web |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |website=MSN}}</ref> For 24 December 2020 top, 30 people die wen a boat capsize while e dey travel from Uganda to de Democratic Republic of the Congo. De passengers dey concern about travel restrictions wey dem relate to de [[COVID-19]] pandemic for Africa insyd.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamale|first=Jean-Yves|title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323|access-date=December 24, 2020|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> De [[:en:Kibiro|Kibiro]] settlement for Lake Albert top get cultural den archeological significance.<ref name="kibirofinds">{{Cite journal |last=Connah |first=Graham |date=March 1, 1997 |title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–67 |doi=10.1007/BF02968365 |s2cid=128430380 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer Link}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food] [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=2008-03-14}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 World Lakes Database entry] [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 give Lake Albert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11|date=2019-12-04}} *[http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm "East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services"]: photos of East African lake ferries wey dey include SS ''Robert Coryndon'' 6o5kzabakzhnm0qkskqpdrqfottaxhk 0 27201 99971 99970 2026-06-03T12:00:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. == References == 8jy13b1hrtcybd01u7xvd9j0vynqffl 99972 99971 2026-06-03T12:01:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. == References == 8woqy9lzdlz1cyara6xlinj9k00hpk6 99973 99972 2026-06-03T12:02:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. == References == 66t6c0mvjtu8p0xiwrhgsyug43iiqjc 99974 99973 2026-06-03T12:03:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. == References == 08svw3krk4yujudhcv978in1fc496uu 99975 99974 2026-06-03T12:04:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business. == References == one5s7glv3u0vz6fq46srf570cls3ou 99976 99975 2026-06-03T12:05:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business. Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. == References == nhrlt1qhigvm5gvwiow688ngc7p2j71 99977 99976 2026-06-03T12:08:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business. Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. == References == jjl0dkhm2mb3v3jrshifbr3y07f29s6 99978 99977 2026-06-03T12:09:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business. Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd. == References == e520vwba5dpcjjdpk8d793l70isjj6h 99979 99978 2026-06-03T12:09:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business. Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd. Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == References == 7g3by9jwz88vbwus3ntdhfutoioma7e 99980 99979 2026-06-03T12:10:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd. Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == References == f0j3n6cptmb0snfkjbwe8iv62o2i5xg 99981 99980 2026-06-03T12:11:01Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd. Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == References == n7tcxv1vbywhb1y1vwlblbdbk20ej0h 99982 99981 2026-06-03T12:11:30Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == References == i4fczlpft1nfvazlt62s4wzryn3b7x1 99983 99982 2026-06-03T12:13:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == == References == nyfo8ncu5awhfwu4n7zzjvjfukzr5uk 99984 99983 2026-06-03T12:20:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. == References == qfdcv6qtvfohrg7xsmzxz2o9ble1818 99985 99984 2026-06-03T12:21:50Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. == References == ess020n0504oeimnxe2dj4oawo8lh3s 99986 99985 2026-06-03T12:22:15Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas. == References == l8bccwil5pqtjc57fg5me453e9moxr7 99987 99986 2026-06-03T12:22:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref> == References == duyhklglj9gwvgn92u454a2qvhpfz4r 99989 99987 2026-06-03T12:25:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> == References == g98zza544vrqtmdnnv1rtnb2b2t8myt 99990 99989 2026-06-03T12:25:55Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government. == References == p98od1qhx7ixlkyjixvdvmss2nvc4pr 99991 99990 2026-06-03T12:26:19Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> == References == t5heyl2qv9nnlrnottd133i45z6vap5 99993 99991 2026-06-03T12:26:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd. == References == ers9nk3aoqz6d2w054kxk2riim6liw3 99994 99993 2026-06-03T12:27:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == References == kb24y2xtjwsge2z23td3bmg8w0cws9f 99996 99994 2026-06-03T12:27:32Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == == References == m7bie4sixnlbzeufwimttddk3wwuk2n 99997 99996 2026-06-03T12:28:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Uganda|List of lakes of Uganda]] == References == jaab5az2twuk58a39q7pxcg7jyuw8ox 99998 99997 2026-06-03T12:28:41Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 99998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Uganda|List of lakes of Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_Uganda|List of protected areas of Uganda]] == References == 91iokwji42gohbugcka3wlpj8eb1u6c 100000 99998 2026-06-03T12:29:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Uganda|List of lakes of Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_Uganda|List of protected areas of Uganda]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food] [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=2008-03-14}} 1i1784kepdqkvxwzd5ebo4zo7tbo6pi 100001 100000 2026-06-03T12:30:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]], for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] (DRC) den [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de [[:en:Equator|equator]] == History == Welsh explorer [[:en:Henry_Morton_Stanley|Henry Morton Stanley]] first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de [[:en:Emin_Pasha_Relief_Expedition|Emin Pasha Relief Expedition]]. Dem name de lake for honour of [[:en:Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] insyd, son of then British monarch [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Queen Victoria]], den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]] den de then [[:en:Zaire|Zaire]] (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[:en:Idi_Amin|Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. [[:en:SOCO_International|SOCO International]] enter de premises of de [[:en:Virunga_National_Park|Virunga National Park]] wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of it, such plans naturally dey go against de[[:en:World_Heritage_Site|World Heritage Convention]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == ==== Topography den drainage ==== Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de [[:en:Rutshuru_River|Rutshuru River]], de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|Lake George]] to de northeast dey empty into am via de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]]. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de [[:en:Semliki_River|Semliki River]] into [[:en:Lake_Albert_(Africa)|Lake Albert]], wey e dey join de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[:en:Nile|Nile]]. De western [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat [[:en:Lava|lava]] plains. De [[:en:Ruwenzori_Mountains|Ruwenzori Mountains]] dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. [https://mghydro.com/app/shared/757AFD Interactive map]]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de [[:en:Kazinga_Channel|Kazinga Channel]] for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de [[:en:Nyamuragira|Nyamuragira]] volcano for de western [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virunga Mountains]] insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit [[:en:Lake_Katwe|Lake Katwe]] for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of [[:en:Sulphurous_water|sulphurous water]] nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized [[:en:Bunyaruguru|Bunyaruguru]] field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de [[:en:Queen_Elizabeth_National_Park|Queen Elizabeth National Park]] (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at [[:en:Ishango|Ishango]] (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be [[:en:Kasese|Kasese]] for Uganda insyd to de northeast den [[:en:Butembo|Butembo]] for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''[[:en:Bagrus_docmak|Bagrus docmak]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_niloticus|Oreochromis niloticus]]'', ''[[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|Oreochromis leucostictus]]'', den ova 50 species of ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' den oda [[:en:Haplochromine|haplochromine]] species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. ==== Decline of hippos den tilapia ==== [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 [[:en:Hippo|hippos]] insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed [[:en:Tilapia|tilapia]], a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a [[:en:Naval_warfare|naval skirmish]] between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of de Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese [[:en:Naval_ship|naval vessels]] wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, [[:en:North_Kivu|North Kivu]] official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == Make you sanso see == * [[:en:List_of_lakes_of_Uganda|List of lakes of Uganda]] * [[:en:List_of_protected_areas_of_Uganda|List of protected areas of Uganda]] == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food] [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=2008-03-14}} * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database] spvtvslec9ooswz5p4lb4gfgvc9xawo 0 27202 99988 99950 2026-06-03T12:24:07Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citations 99988 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> 9wsydxzy9y82k3194kbjhwk1ngpiuvl 99992 99988 2026-06-03T12:26:26Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 99992 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, 6vqwqklb7ovb12w6fo8tgmieei4i7kp 99995 99992 2026-06-03T12:27:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 99995 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%). h4y83eebnwncxhlyaly8klljo3ezdlv 99999 99995 2026-06-03T12:29:06Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 99999 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> qmbje97v62pv63ot4t9tt6oudwcshtb 100003 99999 2026-06-03T12:31:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100003 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, ec19v5puxfrhnmm2sxjq893z3zvz1mo 100004 100003 2026-06-03T12:34:17Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100004 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house. j20253y9i7enhqkv52huab0rei5qalb 100005 100004 2026-06-03T12:38:35Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100005 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, snybq17enzxph34kqom4y9apvpig153 100006 100005 2026-06-03T12:40:05Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100006 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty. l14tj1nlmwt9khp3tdiwjn8prac1f95 100007 100006 2026-06-03T12:42:46Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100007 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, idteap58ttgkfm3400g4257emdco4zx 100008 100007 2026-06-03T12:46:07Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100008 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey. 3aw1wa9492z1s2yqodzfak08nadlfad 100009 100008 2026-06-03T12:49:41Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100009 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, 5ct5iim4e7kadnz8o3nfazqis9jdj6y 100010 100009 2026-06-03T12:52:54Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100010 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, h2jvhsp9c1wfc47stfre304uac2mrnc 100011 100010 2026-06-03T13:00:20Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100011 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am. 2fib81w0dy8w6wlefblj3jvryvt7j3i 100013 100011 2026-06-03T16:15:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100013 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> lp4l0lhtqrxz4p68wwnrzuxp82h3pxl 100014 100013 2026-06-03T16:20:16Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100014 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === gxuvewtvf6r107jdcny418eehbp2cow 100015 100014 2026-06-03T16:27:27Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added databox 100015 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] dhggms0bap6zphjdr6q6ksxec2s8r4m 100016 100015 2026-06-03T16:29:11Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100016 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] h9b57n7609iaiwwwi1b3af03nvbw94t 100017 100016 2026-06-03T16:31:17Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100017 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] 0v33stficbt05al6badtd8bo08nacai 100018 100017 2026-06-03T16:32:22Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100018 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]] sn91996c0i5jzq4pv3p5n34vzk50mcx 100019 100018 2026-06-03T16:34:23Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 changed some content 100019 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. 211kln88rwtaulptyt57ths15104q6s 100020 100019 2026-06-03T16:39:56Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100020 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa. s1mwhsj5dcjnwlqyylvsw391tym2dky 100021 100020 2026-06-03T16:44:14Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100021 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, 3rf3lkkwfzyd23e5cvrd481jjf40hom 100022 100021 2026-06-03T16:45:12Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100022 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that. t3h4le42bjdlm15ryqmhugo07h2knti 100023 100022 2026-06-03T16:55:57Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100023 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria rrtkz3ds54n23c0jlqiiloug19npta8 100024 100023 2026-06-03T16:59:10Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100024 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, 7alkuz029drrw131unlvllq4ulrrvrg 100025 100024 2026-06-03T17:00:15Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100025 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, 1xhy0q72hofabnnaurxaha3t7ef9f2w 100026 100025 2026-06-03T17:02:40Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100026 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories. 205rr82ozto7w71qv19s4ny6vkvnxrp 100027 100026 2026-06-03T17:05:11Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100027 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> hn0khw9fppd94d1d4xqih6qhbj95axm 100028 100027 2026-06-03T17:13:21Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100028 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, fbi6m51shzhvy53dg304gjju597ead9 100030 100028 2026-06-03T17:15:24Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100030 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, b9fdm169nzpflmfi2kixq0jxfmgopfe 100036 100030 2026-06-03T17:19:45Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100036 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places ro0fpdxzyjily7zx3fojs2oqt3p031b 100037 100036 2026-06-03T17:21:13Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 100037 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> ck7tv8i9da2yudxwd9n026rksuqhr1x 100038 100037 2026-06-03T17:23:34Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added links 100038 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> icks35w42zinr1vh23f4bxxg0dkycvv 100039 100038 2026-06-03T17:24:57Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added subheading 100039 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === m3i0j7a3xugswnjmibzw2s3wjku9l2d 100041 100039 2026-06-03T17:29:43Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added link and content 100041 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' h3gt3g73mns6eq2dzh9lb5o8oy249pm 100050 100041 2026-06-03T17:41:04Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100050 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability. Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa. 9r2c3migvbqotzylc33pmuantp7ca47 100057 100050 2026-06-03T21:48:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100057 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, epqief062ofx0994jzc8o3ibahlpfk5 100059 100057 2026-06-03T21:49:46Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100059 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall, rautqd1dmu1v048c9algpq9fyrrguk2 100060 100059 2026-06-03T21:50:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100060 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. b47cxgkm7hbqxm404c3lcyw3vmvgh8i 100061 100060 2026-06-03T21:55:00Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100061 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, rwr4iljk0r5ejv975nx39blvcbn3038 100063 100061 2026-06-03T21:56:24Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100063 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things cwym786wspf26qmupx3etwaraqk0gl4 100067 100063 2026-06-03T21:57:29Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100067 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, 8twy8xoym3c6j4fgmrb4rm70jt6pdr4 100068 100067 2026-06-03T21:59:18Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100068 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, pc1ms12l873ic8bc28d1okigeb77pup 100070 100068 2026-06-03T22:00:52Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100070 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used. 58b651jlgqbzw02rxuj1j9uk5nid9mu 100071 100070 2026-06-03T22:01:47Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 100071 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> 9p42i603w90r0cnwo904csoukv29ez9 100072 100071 2026-06-03T22:03:27Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100072 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, nq35it8tsrr8w04c7ahy6fv2ifasj4x 100073 100072 2026-06-03T22:04:30Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100073 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. s4cdid24hr2vghwzbmg4rlvhtztx7by 100075 100073 2026-06-03T22:05:34Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100075 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, hbrxza8lbib0xbnf8eiqm4je6vnp5ow 100076 100075 2026-06-03T22:06:44Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100076 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area. ilrdgtwl647y9zplhtpsi203qgaw6tz 100077 100076 2026-06-03T22:08:17Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 100077 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> pl0nzfb4vie3rb8622do4ei87lh4zle 100078 100077 2026-06-03T22:11:58Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100078 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move fuw3tuaai9giilii1ifc8nsn1uxjzbf 100080 100078 2026-06-03T22:13:05Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100080 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse. emzovccqxdp27n0q3tko25n9g08yoxi 100081 100080 2026-06-03T22:15:05Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added link 100081 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse. hcopwhrag09ql4ioh05t5op0c7rufn0 100082 100081 2026-06-03T22:18:07Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100082 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, iildywba66ys694vsqxswfh3ozlp5ao 100084 100082 2026-06-03T22:19:42Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100084 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce. kcxd9swhq69letuwtlslc68kgx2ooum 100085 100084 2026-06-03T22:21:08Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 100085 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> hje8do3mnv9u2vqi49u36i4g8i28jgn 100087 100085 2026-06-03T22:22:53Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100087 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, ef740h74rcca7lg49om9hfhczkhpp43 100088 100087 2026-06-03T22:23:44Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100088 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, alfq9mcea0hfksggy32mnniykx85n7w 100090 100088 2026-06-03T22:24:46Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 Added content 100090 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa,and this go put plenty pressure on water supply. hg4kan7rblfnctm9n3epgjotgz9yvbi 100091 100090 2026-06-03T22:25:47Z Dinnani Hamdia 3237 added citation 100091 wikitext text/x-wiki From Wikipedia[[File:Africa_water_challege.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|For plenty countries for Africa, jerry can wey people dey use carry and store water be good option for safe water storage.]]Although access to water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey improve small small for the last twenty years,the region still dey behind all the other developing regions.Access to better water supply increase from 49% for 1990 reach 68% for 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>while access to better sanitation only rise from 28% reach 31% for dat same period.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015)wey dem set make dem cut the number of people wey no get access to safe drinking water and sanitation by half between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Big differences still dey among the countries for Sub-Saharan Africa,and also between urban areas and rural areas. Normally, utilities dey supply water for urban areas, while municipalities or community groups dey provide water for rural areas.Sewerage networks no too common,and wastewater treatment even dey less common pass.Sanitation often dey come in the form of individual pit latrines or toilets wey people dey share.70% of the investments for water supply and sanitation for Sub-Saharan Africa dey come from inside the countries themselves,and only 30% dey come from outside sources (average from 2001 to 2005).Most of the internal financing dey come from households wey dey use their own money provide water and sanitation services,wey amount to about $2.1 billion wey be mainly for on-site sanitation systems like latrines.Public sector financing ($1.2 billion) almost dey equal external financing ($1.4 billion).The contribution from private commercial financing be very small,only about $10 million. == Water resources == === Groundwater === [[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]] Groundwater plays a key role in sustaining water supplies and livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa especially due to its widespread availability, generally high quality, and intrinsic ability to buffer episodes of drought and increasing climate variability.Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass,and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow. Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty,one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Pipe water still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town,but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).<ref name=":0" /> WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Surface water === [[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there,like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>For another case study wey dem do for [[Madagascar]], [[Uganda]] and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> === Impacts of climate change === ''Make you read more about am: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa|Climate Change for Africa.]]'' The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall,how much e fall,when and where e fall go change. Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town,farming growing and how land dey be used.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa.For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref>Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make [[:en:Water_scarcity|water scarcity]] worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.<ref>{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-05-23 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=1355668708 |access-date=2026-06-03 |language=en}}</ref> Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa,and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.<ref name=":1" /> eoxg30t0g5ypdl9ol898rdho243ifeh 14 27203 100032 2026-06-03T17:18:00Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100032 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27204 100033 2026-06-03T17:18:11Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100033 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27205 100034 2026-06-03T17:18:23Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100034 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27206 100035 2026-06-03T17:19:09Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100035 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27207 100040 2026-06-03T17:25:19Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 #AWC2026 100040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Urban river for Kumasi, Ghana}}'''Wiwi River''', wey some sources dey call '''Wewe River''' too, be urban river for [[Kumasi]] inside [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]]. E be part of de drainage system for Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and e be one of de watercourses wey dey connected to [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) campus. De river be important because e dey help urban drainage, campus ecology, irrigation, wastewater reception, public health studies and biodiversity research. Wiwi River dey de south-eastern part of Kumasi. One disaster-risk profile wey UNDP Ghana prepare describe say de river dey flow south-westwards through KNUST campus before e join Sisan River for Ahensan.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> De same report identify Wiwi as one of de four main drainage basins for Kumasi, together with Subin, Aboabo and Sisan basins.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> Researchers study de river because e get connection with urbanization, pollution, agriculture, wetland use and public health. Studies look at ein microbiological water quality, ein link to schistosomiasis infection among schoolchildren, de impact of wastewater and land use, and how aquatic and riparian invertebrate communities respond to disturbance.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> == Course and location == Wiwi River dey drain part of south-eastern Kumasi and pass through KNUST campus. UNDP Ghana ein disaster-risk profile state say de river dey flow south-westwards through KNUST and join Sisan River at Ahensan.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> De river be part of Kumasi ein urban drainage system, wey get several rivers and streams wey dey drain northern and central parts of de city. Other studies and project reports describe de river as water body wey pass through or near communities such as Kotei, Ayeduase, Ayigya and Ahensan, plus KNUST campus. One conservation project report on Wewe River note say de river dey provide household and irrigation water for nearby communities and support riparian zone within de university environment.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De river ein location inside and around urban university environment give am special character. E dey function both as natural watercourse and as heavily modified urban hydrological system wey campus development, nearby settlements, farms, drains and wastewater flows shape. == Drainage and urban setting == Kumasi get extensive network of rivers and streams. Wiwi basin be one of de city ein main drainage basins, together with Subin, Aboabo and Sisan basins.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> These basins dey drain northern and central parts of de city, and rapid urban development, inadequate drainage capacity and increased runoff from built-up surfaces dey affect dem. Urbanisation around Wiwi River increase pressure on de river corridor. Built-up land, agriculture, wastewater discharge, stormwater runoff and encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas dey affect de river and ein wetlands. Research on land-use activities around surface water bodies in Kumasi identify weak enforcement of buffer regulations and growing development pressure along urban rivers, including Wiwi and Subin rivers.<ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> De river ein urban setting be central to ein environmental condition. Where natural vegetation remove or drainage channels carry greywater and refuse, de river dey get more exposure to sediment, nutrients, pathogens and other pollutants. De condition of Wiwi River show de wider challenge of managing water bodies for fast-growing African cities, where settlement expansion, land scarcity and weak enforcement of planning standards put pressure on river buffers and wetlands. == Water use and irrigation == Wiwi River and ein riparian area support several local uses. Reports and studies describe de river as source of water for household use, irrigation and nearby farming activities. De SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana project report note say de river dey provide household and irrigation water for communities around KNUST and nearby settlements.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De river get connection with dry-season vegetable farming. One study on wastewater management in Kumasi report say people dey use Wiwi River intensively to cultivate vegetables such as carrots, lettuce, cabbage and spring onions, especially during de dry season.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> This use be important for urban livelihoods, but e raise public-health concerns when irrigation water get faecal contamination or untreated wastewater. De use of polluted urban water for vegetable farming be common challenge for cities where farmers rely on nearby drains, streams or rivers to maintain production during dry periods. For Wiwi River, this issue be important because research identify microbiological contamination levels wey make de water unsuitable for domestic use and for irrigation of vegetables wey people fit eat raw.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> == Water quality and pollution == Researchers examine de microbiological quality of Wiwi River in detail. One study in 2014 assess water quality along de river ein longitudinal gradient by sampling five locations every two weeks from November 2012 to February 2013.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De study test for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and faecal enterococci.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De study find say microbial contamination vary across de river and generally increase downstream. De most upstream sampling site record de lowest coliform counts, while downstream areas show higher microbial loads.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De authors conclude say microbial counts in de river exceed de WHO guideline wey de study use, making de water unsuitable for domestic use and for irrigation of vegetables intended for direct consumption.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> Sources of pollution in de catchment include domestic wastewater, greywater, refuse disposal, runoff from developed surfaces and land-use activities close to de river. Awuah and colleagues report say wastewater from de KNUST sewage treatment works and greywater sources contribute to water-quality problems.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study note say part of de wastewater from de KNUST treatment plant enter one adjacent wetland before flowing into Wiwi River.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De pollution of Wiwi River no be only local environmental problem. E get implications for food safety, urban agriculture, public health, aquatic biodiversity and de management of university and community landscapes. De river show how urban water bodies fit become receiving systems for waste when wastewater infrastructure, drainage maintenance and land-use control be weak. == Wastewater and sanitation issues == Wastewater management be one of de main issues connected with Wiwi River. One study by Awuah in 2014 characterize wastewater generated from KNUST campus and Asafo in Kumasi.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study estimate wastewater quantities and analyze parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, nutrients, metals, coliforms and helminth eggs.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De researchers report say de KNUST sewage treatment plant get operational problems, including broken trickling filter. Because of this, wastewater enter one adjacent wetland and later flow into Wiwi River.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study record high microbial levels in wastewater samples and find helminth eggs in de wastewater streams examined.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> These findings be important because people use de river for urban farming and other local activities. Where untreated or poorly treated wastewater enter river wey people dey use for irrigation, de risk no stay only inside de river channel. E fit affect vegetable consumers, farmers, nearby residents and aquatic organisms. Wiwi River therefore be useful case for understanding de connection between sanitation infrastructure, wastewater treatment, urban farming and water safety in Kumasi. == Public health and schistosomiasis == Wiwi River has been studied as possible source of schistosomiasis transmission in Kumasi. One study in 2013 investigate Schistosoma haematobium infection among schoolchildren in an urban setting and identify Wiwi River as potential source of infection.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref> De study be important because schistosomiasis often get association with rural water bodies, but Wiwi River case show say urban watercourses too fit create conditions for exposure. De study report say de river environment support conditions wey be suitable for freshwater snail intermediate hosts of schistosomes.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref> Contact with contaminated river water fit put children and other users at risk, especially where people use de river for bathing, playing, irrigation or other activities wey involve direct contact with water. De public-health significance of Wiwi River get link with ein urban context. Wastewater, poor sanitation, direct contact with contaminated water and ecological conditions wey support intermediate hosts fit combine to create health risks. This make de river relevant to wider discussions on urban WASH, environmental health, school health and water-related diseases in Ghanaian cities. == Ecology and biodiversity == Wiwi River supports riparian and aquatic habitats within de KNUST landscape. One conservation project report by SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana describe Wewe River as critical habitat for at least 12 amphibian species on KNUST campus.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De report note say amphibian populations along de river decline because of farming, fuelwood extraction and illegal sewage disposal.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De same project report identify KNUST Botanical Garden, de Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources demonstration farm and de Wewe riparian zone as important habitat areas.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Surveys record amphibians in de riparian zone, arboretum and farm areas, while restoration work involve removal of invasive weeds and planting of native tree species inside de KNUST riparian wetland.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Researchers also study de river through aquatic macroinvertebrates. One study in 2021 examine benthic invertebrate assemblages in Wewe River under different habitat conditions and seasons.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> De study divide de river into intact, moderately disturbed and severely disturbed zones, and sample during wet and dry seasons.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> De benthic invertebrate study be important because aquatic macroinvertebrates dey widely used as indicators of freshwater ecosystem health. De researchers find say habitat condition and season influence invertebrate assemblages in de river.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> Their work show say de ecological condition of Wiwi River dey vary along de river continuum and reflect de effects of disturbance, urban development and land-use change. == Riparian zone and wetland functions == De riparian zone of Wiwi River dey provide ecological and hydrological functions. Vegetation along de river fit help stabilise banks, reduce erosion, filter runoff, provide habitat for amphibians and invertebrates, and support small-scale farming. De SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana project report describe de Wewe riparian zone as habitat with vegetation structure wey supports wildlife within de KNUST landscape.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Urban wetland research in Kumasi show say many wetlands in de city dey face encroachment, weak institutional support and competing land uses. One study in 2021 find say urban wetlands in Kumasi dey provide ecosystem services, but residential, civic and recreational encroachment, weak institutional coordination and pressure from de urban land market dey affect dem.<ref>Kuusaana, E. D.; Ahmed, A.; Campion, B. B.; Dongzagla, A. (2021). "Characterisation and typology of urban wetlands in Ghana: Implications for the governance of urban commons in secondary cities in Africa." ''Urban Governance'', 1(2), 161–172. doi:10.1016/j.ugj.2021.09.002.</ref> These findings matter to Wiwi River because ein riparian and wetland areas dey inside rapidly urbanising environment. Protecting de river corridor require water-quality management, control of land uses within de buffer zone, restoration of vegetation and cooperation between traditional authorities, public agencies, de university and nearby communities. == Research and educational significance == Wiwi River be important as research and teaching site because of ein location within KNUST campus and ein exposure to several urban environmental pressures. Studies on de river contribute to knowledge on microbiological water quality, wastewater impacts, schistosomiasis, amphibian conservation, benthic invertebrate ecology and land-use pressures in Kumasi.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref><ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> De river provide practical case for understanding urban ecology in a secondary African city. E link campus planning, community water use, wastewater management, river health, public health and biodiversity conservation. For students and researchers, Wiwi River offer living laboratory for studies in environmental science, public health, aquatic ecology, urban planning, sanitation and water-resource management. De river ein research value strengthen ein importance for public education insyd. Conservation activities along Wewe River include amphibian surveys, restoration work and awareness campaigns involving students and nearby communities.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Such work show how urban rivers fit be used for research, environmental learning and local conservation action. == Management and conservation == Management of Wiwi River require coordinated action on wastewater treatment, solid-waste control, riparian restoration, land-use regulation, water-quality monitoring and public education. Studies on de river point to de need for better sanitation infrastructure and stronger control of activities wey degrade water quality and riverbank habitats.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> One priority be improvement of wastewater treatment and prevention of untreated wastewater from entering de river. This includes maintaining treatment plants, managing greywater, preventing illegal discharge and monitoring de quality of effluent entering wetlands and river channels. Second priority be protection of de riparian zone. Farming, tree cutting, construction and dumping along de riverbank fit reduce habitat quality, increase erosion and expose de river to pollutants. Restoration activities such as invasive-weed removal, native tree planting and vegetation corridor protection fit improve ecological conditions and support amphibians, invertebrates and other wildlife. Third priority be regular water-quality and biodiversity monitoring. Researchers already study de river through microbiological indicators, benthic invertebrates and amphibian surveys. Continued monitoring fit help assess whether management interventions dey improve river health and reduce public-health risks. == See also == * [[Kumasi]] * [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] * Bibini River * Sisan River * Subin River * Aboabo River * [[Water pollution]] * Schistosomiasis * [[Stormwater]] * [[Wastewater treatment]] == References == <references /> lz02n04cbq5lnsfx89qjc6ltrfcv2y9 14 27208 100045 2026-06-03T17:38:44Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100045 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27209 100046 2026-06-03T17:38:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100046 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27210 100047 2026-06-03T17:39:07Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100047 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27211 100048 2026-06-03T17:40:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100048 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27212 100049 2026-06-03T17:40:17Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100049 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27213 100055 2026-06-03T21:41:47Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Created an article 100055 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> ey1k0ukjmdsdzw418bt5yb5mlm9cux4 100056 100055 2026-06-03T21:46:22Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added a heading 100056 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> == General den cited sources == suw9qvvo6otxcyo94jxdchxnjuhv0vd 100069 100056 2026-06-03T22:00:39Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 100069 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, [[coastal flooding]] den [[urban flooding]], wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or [[River management|river management]] purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare [[paddy field]]s for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries. Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, seas, or oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over or break [[levee]]s, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref> Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to [[property]] or [[drowning|drown]] [[domestication of animals|domestic animals]]. == General den cited sources == 7hdpnq0sp3yvu6cuhuxay1pa7wn6l6e 100074 100069 2026-06-03T22:04:45Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 100074 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, [[coastal flooding]] den [[urban flooding]], wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or [[River management|river management]] purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare [[paddy field]]s for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries. Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, seas, or oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over or break [[levee]]s, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref> Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to [[property]] or [[drowning|drown]] [[domestication of animals|domestic animals]]. Floods fit also happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de [[Channel (geography)|river channel]], especially for bends or [[meander]]s of de [[waterway]]. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den [[Fertility (soil)|fertile]]. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry. Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of [[waterborne diseases]] den [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector-borne diseases]], such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}</ref> Floods be one important area of study for [[hydrology]] den [[hydraulic engineering]]. == General den cited sources == focgbb1hm8ztdvkcjxwrshuggqxzpqq 100079 100074 2026-06-03T22:12:10Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 100079 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, [[coastal flooding]] den [[urban flooding]], wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or [[River management|river management]] purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare [[paddy field]]s for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries. Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, seas, or oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over or break [[levee]]s, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref> Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to [[property]] or [[drowning|drown]] [[domestication of animals|domestic animals]]. Floods fit also happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de [[Channel (geography)|river channel]], especially for bends or [[meander]]s of de [[waterway]]. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den [[Fertility (soil)|fertile]]. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry. Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of [[waterborne diseases]] den [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector-borne diseases]], such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}</ref> Floods be one important area of study for [[hydrology]] den [[hydraulic engineering]]. Large number of people for de world dey live close to major [[Coastal flooding|coastlines]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}</ref> while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near [[Floodplain|floodplains]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}</ref> Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{TOC level|3}} == Types == [[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded [[New Orleans]] after [[Hurricane Katrina]]]] [[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy [[monsoon]] rain den high tide for [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]]]] [[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]] [[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]] === Areal flooding === [[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]], one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for [[Ilmajoki]], [[South Ostrobothnia]].]] Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit [[Infiltration (hydrology)|absorb]] am or than de water fit [[Surface runoff|flow away]]. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface [[soil]] fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de [[water table]] dey near de surface, such as a [[floodplain]], or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a [[Storm train|series of storms]]. Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, [[concrete]], paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of [[Surface runoff|overland flow]] depend on de slope of de land. [[Endorheic basin|Endorheic basins]] fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}</ref> == General den cited sources == 90f494t0p4tsyjczyyyknnsr1yp34wi 100102 100079 2026-06-03T23:04:23Z Achiri Bitamsimli 64 Added more content 100102 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''flood''' na overflow of water (or sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.<ref>MSN Encarta Dictionary, [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31</ref> For de sense of "flowing water", dem fit also use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health. Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, or flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.<ref>Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.</ref>{{rp|1517}} For example, climate change dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}</ref> Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, [[coastal flooding]] den [[urban flooding]], wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or [[River management|river management]] purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare [[paddy field]]s for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries. Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as [[river]]s, [[lake]]s, seas, or oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over or break [[levee]]s, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.<ref>Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref> Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to [[property]] or [[drowning|drown]] [[domestication of animals|domestic animals]]. Floods fit also happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de [[Channel (geography)|river channel]], especially for bends or [[meander]]s of de [[waterway]]. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den [[Fertility (soil)|fertile]]. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry. Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of [[waterborne diseases]] den [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector-borne diseases]], such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}</ref> Floods be one important area of study for [[hydrology]] den [[hydraulic engineering]]. Large number of people for de world dey live close to major [[Coastal flooding|coastlines]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}</ref> while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near [[Floodplain|floodplains]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}</ref> Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{TOC level|3}} == Types == [[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded [[New Orleans]] after [[Hurricane Katrina]]]] [[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy [[monsoon]] rain den high tide for [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Australia]]]] [[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]] [[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]] === Areal flooding === [[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for [[Ostrobothnia (historical province)|Ostrobothnia]], one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for [[Ilmajoki]], [[South Ostrobothnia]].]] Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit [[Infiltration (hydrology)|absorb]] am or than de water fit [[Surface runoff|flow away]]. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface [[soil]] fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de [[water table]] dey near de surface, such as a [[floodplain]], or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a [[Storm train|series of storms]]. Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, [[concrete]], paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of [[Surface runoff|overland flow]] depend on de slope of de land. [[Endorheic basin|Endorheic basins]] fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}</ref> === River flooding === [[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]] Flood fit happen for all types of [[river]] den [[stream]] channels, from small [[Stream#Intermittent and ephemeral streams|ephemeral streams]] for humid areas, to [[Arroyo (watercourse)|normally-dry channels]] for arid regions, go reach big rivers like the [[Amazon River|Amazon]]. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause [[muddy flood]] where [[sediment]]s dey carried with the runoff as suspended material or [[bed load]]. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like [[landslide]]s, ice, debris, or [[beaver]] dams. Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large [[Drainage basin|catchment areas]]. The increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, [[monsoon]] rains, or [[tropical cyclones]]. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, and rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of the basin. For very flat areas like the [[Red River of the North|Red River Valley of the North]] for [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], den [[Manitoba]], mixed type of river and areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am "overland flooding". This one different from "overland flow" wey mean surface runoff. The Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey [[Lake Agassiz]] create, and for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say the slope very small. For this kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy and snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream or even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, and e fit travel far distance for flat land. Fast flooding events including [[flash floods]] dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, or normally-dry channels. The cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain or sudden release of water from dam, landslide, or glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area inside narrow canyon when water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} in just one minute.<ref name="Hjalmarson">{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}</ref> Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. The deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey and thin soil already full with water. Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest United States. For this kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength because e dey soak into sandy river bed. So the front of the flood dey move slow pass the water behind. Because of this, the flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again and flow rate become very strong. This one dey help people take precautions and give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}</ref> For example, farmers fit move their animals comot from low-lying areas, and utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People also fit evacuate areas wey flood go affect. To make flood forecast for [[Waterway|waterways]] more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link [[Stream flow|stream flows]] to past rainfall events.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}</ref> If you combine this historical data with [[Real-time data|real-time information]] about water levels in catchment areas—like space left inside reservoirs, groundwater levels, and how much soil and underground water systems don already soak ([[Phreatic zone|saturation]] of [[Aquifer|aquifers]])—then flood prediction go become more accurate. [[Weather radar|Radar]] rainfall estimates and normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise and when e go reach certain places with good accuracy and enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show the maximum expected water level and the estimated time wey e go reach key points along the river.<ref name="Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System">{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}</ref> E also fit help calculate the statistical return period of flood. For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against what dem call 100-year flood—that one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99¹⁰⁰, or roughly 1 − 1/[[E (mathematical constant)|''e'']]) to happen inside any 100-year period. According to the U.S. [[National Weather Service]] (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for [[Taunton, Massachusetts]], one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on [[Impervious surface|non-absorbent surfaces]]. Many NWS RFCs dey also issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show the amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding or flooding for big [[Water basin|water basins]].<ref name="Flash Flood Guidance">{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> == General den cited sources == foioztqzzus9wrda8aj4xvoz8w397zq 14 27214 100064 2026-06-03T21:56:29Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100064 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27215 100065 2026-06-03T21:56:47Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100065 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27216 100066 2026-06-03T21:57:27Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100066 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27217 100092 2026-06-03T22:26:35Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100092 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27218 100093 2026-06-03T22:26:50Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100093 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27219 100094 2026-06-03T22:27:05Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100094 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27220 100098 2026-06-03T22:32:55Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100098 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27221 100099 2026-06-03T22:33:08Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100099 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27222 100106 2026-06-04T09:16:40Z Kofiarkohbaidoo 2561 #AWC2026 100106 wikitext text/x-wiki Aboabo River be urban river for [[Kumasi]], de capital of [[Ashanti Region]] for [[Ghana]]. E be part of de drainage network for Kumasi Metropolitan Area, and e dey flow through densely settled parts of de city. De river rises around Tafo-Pankrono for northern Kumasi and flows southwards to meet Sisan River for [[Asokwa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schuurmans |first=Hanneke |date=28 December 2014 |title=Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts |url=https://crewghana.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/risks-profile-of-hotspot.pdf |journal=UNDP Ghana}}</ref> De river be one of Kumasi ein important urban watercourses sake of e dey help stormwater drainage, den e sanna dey insyd one heavily built-up catchment. Academic den disaster-risk studies examine de river in relation to water pollution, land-use pressure and annual flooding inside Kumasi metropolis. == Course and Basin == Aboabo River originates from Tafo-Pankrono area for de northern part of Kumasi and flows southwards through de city. One disaster-risk profile wey UNDP Ghana prepare describe de river as water body wey joins Sisan River at Asokwa. De same report identify Owusu Ansa and Dichemso streams as major tributaries of Aboabo River. De river get reported length of about 6.05 km. De UNDP Ghana risk profile report say de channel be about 2.5 metres wide upstream and about 30.5 metres wide downstream, with average flow speed of 0.87 m/s. Settlements wey dey inside de river basin include Pankrono, Moshie Zongo, Buokrom, New Tafo, Dichemso, Aboabo, Anloga, Amakom, Manhyia, Asokwa and Atonsu. Aboabo basin be one of de main drainage basins of Kumasi. One disaster-risk report on Kumasi identify four main drainage basins for de city: Subin, Aboabo, Sisan and Wiwi basins. These basins dey drain northern and central parts of Kumasi, and de city ein rapid infrastructure development and drainage constraints dey affect dem. == Urban Setting and Land Use == Aboabo River dey flow through one highly urbanised catchment. Land-use activities around de river have been studied together with those around Subin River because both water bodies dey pass through built-up parts of Kumasi. De land-use literature identify pressure on river buffer zones as major issue for urban water bodies in Kumasi. Urbanisation inside de catchment affects runoff, drainage capacity and de river ein exposure to pollution. De UNDP Ghana risk profile note say urbanisation of Kumasi catchments reduces infiltration and increases runoff. Blocked channels, construction, garbage, silt and vegetation also contribute to flood hazards in de city. These pressures make Aboabo River both natural watercourse and part of Kumasi ein urban stormwater system. == Pollution == Aboabo River has been de subject of research on inland water pollution in Kumasi. One study by Danquah, Abass and Nikoi assess de water quality of de river and examine human-related factors wey contribute to pollution. De study use physico-chemical and bacteriological assessment of water samples, together with observation, interviews, informal conversations and cross-sectional survey of 396 households inside de river basin. De study find say water from Aboabo River be polluted and unsuitable for domestic consumption. De main direct sources of pollution identified be indiscriminate dumping of refuse, channelling of raw sewage into de river, open defecation along de river banks and discharge of industrial waste into de river. De study also identify population growth and institutional challenges as underlying factors wey contribute to de pollution problem. Pollution of Aboabo River reflects wider sanitation and land-use problems inside dense urban catchments. Danquah, Abass and Nikoi recommend enforcement of by-laws, provision of adequate sanitation facilities and stronger involvement of opinion leaders to promote environmentally responsible practices among residents. == Flooding == Aboabo River basin dey associated with recurrent flooding in Kumasi. Oppong ein 2011 thesis on environmental hazards in Ghanaian cities examine annual floods along Aboabo River inside Kumasi Metropolitan Area. De study focus on communities including Anloga, Dichemso, Aboabo and Amakom, and find say flooding inside de basin affected life and property. Oppong identify both natural and human factors behind flooding inside de basin. De thesis link flooding to increases in average temperature, annual rainfall and seasonal rainfall over de previous thirty years. E also identify poor land use, unplanned settlement development and indiscriminate disposal of refuse into and along de banks of de river as human causes. De study report socioeconomic effects including loss of life and property, financial problems and health problems among inhabitants of de basin. Flood events around Aboabo area have also been reported in Ghanaian news media. In July 2015, de Daily Graphic report say President John Dramani Mahama announce plans to desilt Aboabo River after heavy rains in Kumasi. De report state say de river burst ein banks inside Aboabo suburb and floodwaters enter homes. De same report state say an old bridge over de river go be replaced to allow water flow more freely. One 2018 conference paper on urban wetlands and floods in Ghana refer to Aboabo River overflowing ein banks in Kumasi on 27 June 2015 and causing deaths. Flooding around Aboabo be part of wider pattern of urban flood risk in Kumasi, where drainage channels, wetlands and built-up settlements interact during heavy rainfall. == Management and Mitigation == Studies and reports on Aboabo River have proposed several responses to reduce pollution and flood risk. Pollution-focused recommendations include enforcement of by-laws, improvement of sanitation facilities, public education and stronger local leadership in environmental management. Flood-focused recommendations include proper waste disposal, enforcement of planning regulations, protection of river reserves, resettlement away from high-risk locations, desilting and construction or improvement of drainage channels. De 2015 desilting announcement followed flooding in Kumasi and was presented as short-term measure to improve channel capacity and reduce flood risk. Long-term management of de river basin depends on maintaining drainage channels, preventing waste disposal into de river, controlling construction along de channel and improving sanitation and solid-waste systems in settlements within de catchment. == References == <references /> rqs8wu7qe1n1n6y9ti4qhezc3qapank