Wikipedia gpewiki https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6228 100109 37051 2026-06-04T13:25:56Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} De '''University of Parakou''' (UP) be university wey dey locate insyd Parakou, insyd de northern region of [[Benin]]. Ebe de second public university insyd de Republic of Benin, wey dey follow de [[University of Abomey-Calavi]]. Insyd tde 2010s, Benin officially get seven public universities, wey dey include those insyd Kétou, Abomey, Lokossa, Porto-Novo, den Natitingou. De latter result from de University of Parakou loose ein university centers insyd Djougou den Natitingou. == History == Dem found am for 18 August 2001 as autonomous national institution (decree n°2001-365), de University of Parakou be public, scientific, technical, den cultural university plus legal personality den financial autonomy.<ref>[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090828000000/http://www.up.bj/index.php?page=templates-and-stylesheets "Université de Parakou - Historique"]. ''up.bj via Wikiwix''. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</ref> == Organization == UP dey consist of 11 training entities dem distribute among faculties, institutes of professional training, den doctoral schools.<ref>[http://www.up.bj/index.php?page=pages-and-navigation "up.bj/index.php?page=pages-and-navigation"]. Retrieved 12 October 2023.</ref> === List of Rectors of de University of Parakou from 2001 to 2014<ref>[https://sgg.gouv.bj/doc/decret-2001-430/ "Décret N° 2001-430 du 17 octobre 2001"]. ''Secrétariat général du Gouvernement du Bénin''. Retrieved 2021-11-02.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240616161911/http://news.acotonou.com/h/104383.html "Conseil des ministres:Les recteurs et vice-recteurs nommés"]. ''aCotonou.com''. Retrieved 2 November 2021.</ref> === {| class="wikitable" !N° !Name !Period |- |1 |Michel Boko |2001-2002 |- |2 |D. Gilbert Avode |2002-2003 |- |3 |Alexis Hountondji |2003-2006 |- |4 |A. Simon Akpona |2006-2012 |- |5 |Barthélémy Biao |2012-2014 |- |6 |Prosper Gandaho |2014-2020 |- |7 |Bertrand Sogbossi Bocco |2021-present |} === Training Entities === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Entity !Programs |- |FA | - Plant Production Sciences and Techniques (STPV) - Natural Resources Management (AGRN) - Animal Production Sciences and Techniques (STPA) - Rural Economics and Sociology (ESR) - Nutrition and Agro-Food Sciences and Techniques (NSAA) |- |FM | - General Medicine |- |IFSIO | - Nursing and Obstetric Care |- |FDSP | - Private Law - Public Law - Political Science and International Relations >>Master Programs - Corporate and Business Law (JEA) - Labor Administration and Social Protection (ATPS) - Local Administration and Sustainable Development (ALDD) - Public Services Administration and Public Litigation Management (ASPGCP) - Public Procurement and Public-Private Partnership (M3P) - International Policy and Interest Representation (RIPI) |- |FASEG | - ECONOMICS: >>International Economics and Finance (EFI) >>Economic Analysis and Policy (APE) >>Agricultural Economics (EA) >>Local Finance and Economics (EFCL) - MANAGEMENT: >>Finance and Accounting (FC) >>Marketing and Organizational Management (MMO) >>Entrepreneurship and Business Management (EGE) |- |FLASH | - Department of Geography and Land Management - Department of Sociology and Anthropology - Department of English Studies - Department of Modern Languages - Department of Hispanic Studies - Department of German Studies |- |IUT |>>Bachelor Programs - Bank Management (GB) - Business Management (GE) - IT Management (IG) - Transport and Logistics Management (GTL) - Commercial Management (GC) - Human Resources Management (GRH) >>Master Programs - Geosciences and Land Management - Sociology and Social Mediation - English Studies |- |EDSAE | - PhD in Natural Resource Economics (ERN) - PhD in Natural Resource Sociology (SRN) - PhD in Animal Production (PA) - PhD in Plant Protection (PV) - PhD in Natural Resources Management and Planning (AGRN) - PhD in Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation (MCB) - PhD in Population, Demography, and Environment (PDE) |- |ENATSE | - Professional License in Public Health: Epidemiological Surveillance Option |- |ENSPD | - Applied Statistics and Planning and Evaluation |- |EDSJPA | - Law and Political Science |} === University Centers === Since 2016, de University of Parakou no longer get university centers. However, within de university, der be are non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as de "Amour et Vie" Center den de Center for Well-being in de Fight Against AIDS (CBELS), which dey raise awareness about HIV/AIDS den hepatitis. == References == <references /> == External links == * (insyd French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20171022024137/http://www.univ-parakou.bj/ Official website] [[Category:Universities insyd Benin]] [[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 2001]] [[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 2001]] [[Category:Education insyd Benin]] [[Category:2001 establishments insyd Benin]] e6qt9thz1ziwzj8g1grpqxkkl5d2dbn 0 7825 100110 38046 2026-06-04T14:02:11Z InternetArchiveBot 29 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 100110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Verena Bentele''' (born 28 February 1982, insyd Lindau) be blind German Paralympic biathlete den cross-country skier. She study for de Carl-Strehl Schule, special school give de blind den partially sighted insyd Marburg, Germany. She win ein first Paralympic medals (one gold, two silver, one bronze) for de 1998 Winter Paralympics, follow by four gold medals for de 2002 Winter Paralympics, as well as two gold den one bronze medal for de 2006 Winter Paralympics.<ref>[https://www.paralympic.org/verena-bentele "Verena Bentele"]. ''Paralympic.org''. International Paralympic Committee.</ref> Na she sanso be winner of de Combined World Cup insyd Biathlon und Cross-Country insyd 2006. == Career == During de 2009 German blind cross country championship, Bentele get serious accident. Ein sighted guide fail make she give am proper directions, so she fall down slope insyd dry river bed. She tear cruciate ligament insyd ein knee, wey she suffer finger den liver injuries, wey she damage one kidney so badly dat it had to na dem for komot am. Despite dis, year later per, Bentele get ein best Olympic result, wey she win five gold medals insyd de 2010 Winter Paralympics insyd Vancouver. As result of ein performance for de Games, na dem name Bentele Best Female for de Paralympic Sport Awards.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/press-release/verena-bentele-named-best-female-athlete-ipc "Verena Bentele Named Best Female Athlete by IPC"]. ''International Paralympic Committee''. 12 December 2012.</ref> Bentele win de "Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability" award for de year 2011. Late insyd 2011, she announce ein retirement for de age of 29.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/news/germany-s-top-winter-athlete-bentele-announces-retirement "Germany's Top Winter Athlete Bentele Announces Retirement"].</ref> Insyd 2014 na dem induct Bentele into de Paralympic Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://www.paralympic.org/news/ipc-reveals-three-paralympic-hall-fame-inductees "IPC reveals three Paralympic Hall of Fame inductees"]. ''paralympic.org''. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2015.</ref> Na dem nominate Bentele by de Social Democratic Party make she be delegate to de Federal Convention give de purpose of make dem elect de Presido of Germany insyd 2010, 2012 den 2017.<ref>[https://www.bayern.landtag.de/fileadmin/Internet_Dokumente/Sonstiges_P/20161122_Mitglieder_Bundesversammlung.pdf Mitglieder bzw. Ersatzmitglieder der 16. Bundesversammlung] Landtag of Bavaria, press release of 22 November 2016.</ref> She join de party insyd 2012. == Federal Government Commissioner for Matters wey dey relate to Disabled Persons, 2014–2018 == Insyd January 2014, na dem appoint Bentele Federal Government Commissioner for Matters wey dey relate to Disabled Persons insyd de government of Chancellor Angela Merkel.<ref>[https://corporate.dw.com/en/verena-bentele-the-federal-government-commissioner-for-matters-relating-to-disabled-persons/a-18386953 "Verena Bentele, The Federal Government Commissioner for Matters relating to Disabled Persons"]. ''DW''. Retrieved 18 December 2022.</ref> For dis capacity insyd, na she dey part of de Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs under de leadership of minister Andrea Nahles wey she dey head de government ein focal point wey dey in charge of monitoring de implementation of de Convention on de Rights of Persons plus Disabilities. She serve insyd dat position til 2018. == Sozialverband VdK Deutschland e.V., from 2018 == Insyd May 2018, na dem elect Bentele presido of de non-profit organisation Sozialverband VdK Deutschland e.V.,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230430151238/https://www.vdk.de/deutschland/pages/presse/pressemitteilung/74973/verena_bentele_ist_die_neue_vdk-praesidentin?dscc=ok "Verena Bentele ist die neue Präsidentin des Sozialverbands VdK Deutschland"] (insyd German). Retrieved 30 April 2023.</ref> de largest social association insyd Germany. == Oda activities == * German Sport University Cologne (DSHS), Member of de University Council<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240415033131/https://www.dshs-koeln.de/english/university-facilities/university-management/university-council/ "University Council"]. ''German Sport University Cologne''. Retrieved 16 August 2024.</ref> * German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR), Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Trustees<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080159/https://www.institut-fuer-menschenrechte.de/en/about-us/structure/board-of-trustees/ Board of Trustees] German Institute for Human Rights (DIMR).</ref> * National Paralympic Committee Germany (DBS), Member of de Board of Trustees (since 2012) == References == [[Category:Living people]] <references /> == External links == Wikimedia Commons get media wey relate to '''''[[commons:Category:Verena_Bentele|Verena Bentele]]'''''. * [https://www.paralympic.org/verena-bentele Verena Bentele] at de International Paralympic Committee * [https://web.archive.org/web/1/http://ipc.infostradasports.com/asp/lib/TheASP.asp?pageid=8937&sportid=-1&personid=917577 Verena Bentele] at IPC.InfostradaSports.com (archived) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120104000430/https://www.laureus.com/awards/2011/winners 2011 Laureus World Sports Awards Winners] at de Wayback Machine (archived 4 January 2012) * [https://archive.today/20130211155512/http://mediaserver.planet-schule.de/data/richmedia/filme_multimedial/swr_tastsinn/ Total phänomenal: Tastsinn, 15 minute documentary clip on Verena, de sense of touch, and how she uses it to live as a blind person] at archive.today (archived 11 February 2013) (insyd German) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209170532/http://www.biathlon-bentele.de/ Official website] at de Wayback Machine (archived 9 February 2011) (insyd German) [[Category:Human]] [[Category:1982 births]] [[Category:German female biathletes]] [[Category:German female cross-country skiers]] [[Category:Paralympic biathletes for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic cross-country skiers for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd biathlon]] [[Category:Paralympic medalists insyd cross-country skiing]] [[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic silver medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Paralympic bronze medalists for Germany]] [[Category:Visually impaired category Paralympic competitors]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Biathletes at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Cross-country skiers at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 1998 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2002 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2006 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Medalists at de 2010 Winter Paralympics]] [[Category:Laureus World Sports Awards winners]] [[Category:Paralympic Sport Awards — Best Female winners]] [[Category:Recipients of de Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Recipients of de Silver Laurel Leaf]] [[Category:People wey komot Lindau]] [[Category:German blind people]] [[Category:Sportspeople wey komot Swabia (Bavaria)]] [[Category:German women insyd politics]] [[Category:Blind politicians]] 0glljznzln0oz053h9xl9hawf5z8naj 0 26442 100175 99781 2026-06-04T23:45:36Z DaSupremo 9 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-31744-82|~2026-31744-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-31744-82|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:DaSupremo|DaSupremo]] 96790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Self-harm''' be intentional behavior wey dey cause harm to oneself. Dis be most commonly regarded as direct injury of one ein own tissues, usually widout suicidal intention.<ref name=Gindhu05>{{cite journal |vauthors=Laye-Gindhu A, Schonert-Reichl KA |title=Nonsuicidal Self-Harm Among Community Adolescents: Understanding the 'Whats' and 'Whys' of Self-Harm |journal=Journal of Youth and Adolescence |volume=34 |year=2005 |pages=447–457 |issue=5 |s2cid=145689088 |doi=10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z}}</ref><ref name="Klonsky07">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED |title=The functions of deliberate self-injury: a review of the evidence |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=226–239 |date=March 2007a |s2cid=1321836 |doi=10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002 |pmid=17014942}}</ref><ref name="Muehlenkamp05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Muehlenkamp JJ |title=Self-injurious behavior as a separate clinical syndrome |journal=The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=324–333 |date=April 2005 |doi=10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.324 |pmid=15839768}}</ref> Oda terms dem dey use such as '''cutting''', '''self-abuse''', '''self-injury''', den '''self-mutilation''' for any self-harming behavior regardless of [[Suicide|suicidal]] intent.<ref name="Klonsky07"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Groschwitz RC, Plener P |title=The Neurobiology of Non-suicidal Self-injury (NSSI): A review |journal=Suicidology Online |volume=3 |pages=24–32 |url=http://www.suicidology-online.com/pdf/SOL-2012-3-24-32.pdf |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref> Common forms of self-harm dey include damaging de skin plus a sharp object anaa scratching plus de fingernails, hitting, anaa burning. De exact bounds of ''self-harm'' be imprecise, buh generally dey exclude tissue damage wey dey occur as an unintended side-effect of [[eating disorder]]s anaa [[substance abuse]], as well as more societally acceptable body modification, such as tattoos den piercings.<ref>{{harvnb|Klonsky|2007b|p=1040}}: "[B]ehaviors associated with substance and eating disorders—such as alcohol abuse, binging, and purging—are usually not considered self-injury because the resulting tissue damage is ordinarily an unintentional side effect. In addition, body piercings and tattoos are typically not considered self-injury because they are socially sanctioned forms of cultural or artistic expression. However, the boundaries are not always clear-cut. In some cases behaviors that usually fall outside the boundaries of self-injury may indeed represent self-injury if performed with explicit intent to cause tissue damage."</ref> Although self-harm be by definition non-suicidal, e still fi be life-threatening.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Farber SK, Jackson CC, Tabin JK, Bachar E |title=Death and annihilation anxieties in anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and self-mutilation |journal=Psychoanalytic Psychology |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=289–305 |year=2007 |doi=10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.289}}</ref> People wey dey do self-harm be more likely to die by suicide,<ref name="Muehlenkamp05"/><ref name="Skegg05">{{cite journal |vauthors=Skegg K |title=Self-harm |journal=Lancet |volume=366 |issue=9495 |pages=1471–1483 |year=2005 |s2cid=208794175 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67600-3 |pmid=16243093}}</ref> wey na 40–60% of people wey die by suicide previously self-harm.<ref name="Hawton_BMJ_03">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hawton K, Zahl D, Weatherall R |title=Suicide following deliberate self-harm: long-term follow-up of patients who presented to a general hospital |journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry |volume=182 |issue=6 |pages=537–542 |date=June 2003 |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.6.537 |doi-access=free |pmid=12777346}}</ref> Still, a minority per of those wey self-harm be suicidal.<ref name="fox_hawton">{{cite book |vauthors=Fox C, Hawton K |title=Deliberate Self-Harm in Adolescence |place=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |isbn=978-1-84310-237-3 |year=2004}}</ref><ref name="Suyemoto98">{{cite journal |vauthors=Suyemoto KL |title=The functions of self-mutilation |journal=Clinical Psychology Review |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=531–554 |date=August 1998 |s2cid=15468889 |doi=10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0 |pmid=9740977}}</ref> De desire to self-harm be a common symptom of sam [[personality disorder]]s. People plus oda [[mental disorder]]s sanso fi self-harm. Studies sanso dey provide strong support for a self-punishment function, den modest evidence for anti-dissociation, interpersonal-influence, anti-suicide, sensation-seeking, den interpersonal boundaries functions.<ref name="Klonsky07" /> Self-harm sanso fi occur in high-functioning individuals wey get no underlying mental health diagnosis. De motivations for self-harm dey vary; sam dey use am as a coping mechanism to provide temporary relief of intense feelings such as anxiety, [[depression (mood)|depression]], [[psychological stress|stress]], emotional numbness, anaa a sense of failure. Self-harm often be associated plus a history of trauma, wey dey include emotional den sexual abuse.<ref name="meltzer">{{cite book |vauthors=Meltzer H, Lader D, Corbin T, Singleton N, Jenkins R, Brugha T |year=2000 |title=Non Fatal Suicidal Behaviour Among Adults aged 16 to 74 |place=Great Britain |publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|The Stationery Office]] |isbn=978-0-11-621548-2 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-05 |access-date=2023-08-27 |archive-url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/psychiatric-morbidity/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour-among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain/non-fatal-suicidal-behaviour---among-adults-aged-16-74-in-great-britain.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="rea">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rea K, Aiken F, Borastero C |title=Building therapeutic staff: client relationships with women who self-harm |journal=Women's Health Issues |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=121–125 |year=1997 |doi=10.1016/S1049-3867(96)00112-0 |pmid=9071885}}</ref> Der be a number of different methods wey fi be used to treat self-harm, wich concentrate on either treating de underlying causes, anaa on treating de behavior einself. Oda approaches dey involve avoidance techniques, wich focus on keeping de individual occupied plus oda activities, anaa replacing de act of self-harm plus safer methods wey no dey lead to permanent damage.<ref name="Klonsky08">{{cite journal |vauthors=Klonsky ED, Glenn CR |title=Resisting Urges to Self-Injure |journal=Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=211–220 |date=March 2008 |pmc=5841247 |doi=10.1017/S1352465808004128 |pmid=29527120}}</ref> Self-harm dey tend to begin insyd adolescence. Self-harm insyd kiddie time be relatively rare, buh na de rate dey increase since de 1980s.<ref name="ThomasHardy1997">{{cite book |vauthors=Thomas B, Hardy S, Cutting P |title=Stuart and Sundeen's mental health nursing: principles and practice |year=1997 |publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn=978-0-7234-2590-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343 343] |url=https://archive.org/details/stuartsundeensme0000unse/page/343}}</ref> Self-harm sanso fi occur insyd de elderly population.<ref name=Pierce87>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pierce D |title=Deliberate self-harm in the elderly |journal=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry |volume=2 |pages=105–110 |year=1987 |issue=2 |s2cid=145408278 |doi=10.1002/gps.930020208}}</ref> De risk of serious injury den suicide be higher insyd older people wey self-harm.<ref name=NICE04>{{cite book |author=National Institute for Clinical Excellence |title=National Clinical Practice Guideline Number 16: Self-harm |publisher=The British Psychological Society |year=2004 |url=http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/pdf/CG16FullGuideline.pdf |access-date=2009-12-13}}</ref> Captive animals, such as birds den monkeys, sanso be known to harm demaselves.<ref name=Jones07>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jones IH, Barraclough BM |title=Auto-mutilation in animals and its relevance to self-injury in man |journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=40–47 |date=July 1978 |s2cid=24737213 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1978.tb06918.x |pmid=99981}}</ref> == References == <references /> ==External links== <!-- Please do not add links to self-help or support group sites to this list. Please discuss on the article talk page if you are considering adding new links to this list. --> {{sister project links||d=Q622527|c=Category:Self harm|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=Self harm|species=no}} * [https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/problems-disorders/self-harm Information about self-harm] from the Royal College of Psychiatrists {{Authority control}} [[Category:Self-harm| ]] [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] pj8081bjkcrb9jlfg7uvw8jepcibent 0 27147 100239 99544 2026-06-05T11:52:31Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356617845|Atlantic Ocean]]" 100239 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[File:Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv|thumb|Dem take dis video by de crew of Expedition 29 on board de ISS. De pass dey start from just northeast of de island of Newfoundland over de North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over [[South Sudan]].]] De '''Atlantic Ocean''' be de second largest of de world ein five oceanic divisions, plus an area of about 85,133,000 square kilometers (32,870,000 sq mi).<ref name="Atlantic Ocean – Britannica2">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Atlantic Ocean|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072935/https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> E dey cover approximately 17% of [[Earth|Earth ein surface]] den about 24% of ein water surface area. During de Age of Discovery, na e be known for separating de New World of de Americas ([[North America]] den South America) from de Old World of Afro-Eurasia ([[Africa]], Asia, den Europe). Thru ein separation of Afro-Eurasia from de Americas, de Atlantic Ocean play a central role insyd de development of human society, globalization, den de histories of chaw nations. While de Norse be de first known humans to cross de Atlantic, na e be de expedition of Christopher Columbus insyd 1492 wey prove to be de most consequential. Columbus ein expedition usher insyd an age of exploration den colonization of de Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, [[French colonial empire|France]], den de United Kingdom. From de 16th to 19th centuries, na de Atlantic Ocean be de center of both [[Atlantic slave trade|an eponymous slave trade]] den de Columbian exchange while occasionally dey host naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like de United States den [[Brazil]], both increased in degree during de early 20th century. After World War II, major military operations cam be rarer, though notable postwar conflicts dey include de Cuban Missile Crisis den de Falklands War. De ocean remain a core component of trade around de world. De Atlantic Ocean ein temperatures vary by location. For example, de South Atlantic dey maintain warm temperatures year-round, as ein basin countries be tropical. De North Atlantic maintain a temperate climate, as ein basin countries be temperate wey e get seasons of extremely low temperatures den high temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAS |first=Des Clics Nomades |title=Water temperature of the Atlantic Ocean - real time map and monthly temperatures |url=https://www.seatemperatu.re/seas-and-oceans/atlantic-ocean/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=SeaTemperatu.re |language=en}}</ref> De Atlantic Ocean dey occupy an elongated, S-shaped basin wey dey extend longitudinally between Europe den Africa to de east, den de Americas to de west. As one component of de interconnected World Ocean, e be connected insyd de north to de Arctic Ocean, to de [[Pacific Ocean]] insyd de southwest, de Indian Ocean insyd de southeast, den de Southern Ocean insyd de south. Oda definitions describe de Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica. Dem divide de Atlantic Ocean insyd two parts, de northern den southern Atlantic, by de Equator.<ref>[[International Hydrographic Organization]], [https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf ''Limits of Oceans and Seas'', 3rd ed. (1953)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|date=8 October 2011}}, pages 4 and 13.</ref> == Names == [[File:1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg|thumb|De Aethiopian Ocean dem depict insyd a 1710 French map of [[Africa]]]] === Water masses === {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em; text-align: center;" |+Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses<ref>{{Harvnb|Emery|Meincke|1986}}</ref> !Water mass !Temperature !Salinity |- ! colspan="3" |Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft) |- | align="left" |Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Upper Water (ASUW) |0.0–4.0&nbsp;°C |34.0–35.0 |- | align="left" |Western North Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (WNACW) |7.0–20&nbsp;°C |35.0–36.7 |- | align="left" |Eastern North Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (ENACW) |8.0–18.0&nbsp;°C |35.2–36.7 |- | align="left" |South Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (SACW) |5.0–18.0&nbsp;°C |34.3–35.8 |- ! colspan="3" |Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m anaa 1,600–4,900 ft) |- | align="left" |Western Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Intermediate Water (WASIW) |3.0–9.0&nbsp;°C |34.0–35.1 |- | align="left" |Eastern Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Intermediate Water (EASIW) |3.0–9.0&nbsp;°C |34.4–35.3 |- | align="left" |Mediterranean Water (MW) |2.6–11.0&nbsp;°C |35.0–36.2 |- | align="left" |Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) |−1.5–3.0&nbsp;°C |34.7–34.9 |- ! colspan="3" |Deep den abyssal waters (1,500&nbsp;m–bottom anaa 4,900&nbsp;ft–bottom) |- | align="left" |North Atlantic<br /><br />Deep Water (NADW) |1.5–4.0&nbsp;°C |34.8–35.0 |- | align="left" |Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) |−0.9–1.7&nbsp;°C |34.6–34.7 |- | align="left" |Arctic Bottom Water (ABW) |−1.8 to −0.5&nbsp;°C |34.9–34.9 |} == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] svyy75znl1f3k0c9ccvbkocna6yhuvp 100240 100239 2026-06-05T11:53:18Z Ibnali1 62 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/100239|100239]] by [[Special:Contributions/Ibnali1|Ibnali1]] ([[User talk:Ibnali1|talk]]) 100240 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv|thumb|Dem take dis video by de crew of Expedition 29 on board de ISS. De pass dey start from just northeast of de island of Newfoundland over de North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over [[South Sudan]].]] De '''Atlantic Ocean''' be de second largest of de world ein five oceanic divisions, plus an area of about 85,133,000 square kilometers (32,870,000 sq mi).<ref name="Atlantic Ocean – Britannica2">{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Atlantic Ocean|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072935/https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean|archive-date=15 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> E dey cover approximately 17% of [[Earth|Earth ein surface]] den about 24% of ein water surface area. During de Age of Discovery, na e be known for separating de New World of de Americas ([[North America]] den South America) from de Old World of Afro-Eurasia ([[Africa]], Asia, den Europe). Thru ein separation of Afro-Eurasia from de Americas, de Atlantic Ocean play a central role insyd de development of human society, globalization, den de histories of chaw nations. While de Norse be de first known humans to cross de Atlantic, na e be de expedition of Christopher Columbus insyd 1492 wey prove to be de most consequential. Columbus ein expedition usher insyd an age of exploration den colonization of de Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, [[French colonial empire|France]], den de United Kingdom. From de 16th to 19th centuries, na de Atlantic Ocean be de center of both [[Atlantic slave trade|an eponymous slave trade]] den de Columbian exchange while occasionally dey host naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like de United States den [[Brazil]], both increased in degree during de early 20th century. After World War II, major military operations cam be rarer, though notable postwar conflicts dey include de Cuban Missile Crisis den de Falklands War. De ocean remain a core component of trade around de world. De Atlantic Ocean ein temperatures vary by location. For example, de South Atlantic dey maintain warm temperatures year-round, as ein basin countries be tropical. De North Atlantic maintain a temperate climate, as ein basin countries be temperate wey e get seasons of extremely low temperatures den high temperatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAS |first=Des Clics Nomades |title=Water temperature of the Atlantic Ocean - real time map and monthly temperatures |url=https://www.seatemperatu.re/seas-and-oceans/atlantic-ocean/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=SeaTemperatu.re |language=en}}</ref> De Atlantic Ocean dey occupy an elongated, S-shaped basin wey dey extend longitudinally between Europe den Africa to de east, den de Americas to de west. As one component of de interconnected World Ocean, e be connected insyd de north to de Arctic Ocean, to de [[Pacific Ocean]] insyd de southwest, de Indian Ocean insyd de southeast, den de Southern Ocean insyd de south. Oda definitions describe de Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica. Dem divide de Atlantic Ocean insyd two parts, de northern den southern Atlantic, by de Equator.<ref>[[International Hydrographic Organization]], [https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf ''Limits of Oceans and Seas'', 3rd ed. (1953)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|date=8 October 2011}}, pages 4 and 13.</ref> == Names == [[File:1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg|thumb|De Aethiopian Ocean dem depict insyd a 1710 French map of [[Africa]]]] De oldest known dey mention of an "Atlantic" sea cam from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211):<ref name="MangasPlácido1998">{{Cite book |last=Mangas |first=Julio |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=pZBSML97Ya0C|page=283}} |title=La Península Ibérica en los autores griegos: de Homero a Platón – SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211) |last2=Plácido |first2=Domingo |last3=Elícegui |first3=Elvira Gangutia |last4=Rodríguez Somolinos |first4=Helena |publisher=Editorial Complutense |year=1998 |page=283}}</ref> Atlantikôi pelágei (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει, 'the Atlantic sea', etym. 'Sea of Atlas') den insyd ''The Histories'' of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Ancient Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα, 'Sea of Atlas' anaa 'de Atlantic sea'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español |url=http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191304/http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82 |archive-date=1 January 2018 |website=dge.cchs.csic.es}}</ref>), wer de name dey refer to "de sea beyond de pillars of Hercules" (de Strait of Gibraltar), beyond de Atlas Mountains insyd Morocco den off de West African coast.<ref name="Oxford-Dict" /> Insyd dese uses, de name dey refer to Atlas, de Titan insyd Greek mythology, wey support de heavens den wey later appear as a frontispiece insyd medieval maps den atlases.<ref name="Oxford-Dict">{{Harvnb|Oxford Dictionaries|2015}}</ref> === Water masses === {| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em; text-align: center;" |+Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses<ref>{{Harvnb|Emery|Meincke|1986}}</ref> !Water mass !Temperature !Salinity |- ! colspan="3" |Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft) |- | align="left" |Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Upper Water (ASUW) |0.0–4.0&nbsp;°C |34.0–35.0 |- | align="left" |Western North Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (WNACW) |7.0–20&nbsp;°C |35.0–36.7 |- | align="left" |Eastern North Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (ENACW) |8.0–18.0&nbsp;°C |35.2–36.7 |- | align="left" |South Atlantic<br /><br />Central Water (SACW) |5.0–18.0&nbsp;°C |34.3–35.8 |- ! colspan="3" |Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m anaa 1,600–4,900 ft) |- | align="left" |Western Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Intermediate Water (WASIW) |3.0–9.0&nbsp;°C |34.0–35.1 |- | align="left" |Eastern Atlantic Subarctic<br /><br />Intermediate Water (EASIW) |3.0–9.0&nbsp;°C |34.4–35.3 |- | align="left" |Mediterranean Water (MW) |2.6–11.0&nbsp;°C |35.0–36.2 |- | align="left" |Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW) |−1.5–3.0&nbsp;°C |34.7–34.9 |- ! colspan="3" |Deep den abyssal waters (1,500&nbsp;m–bottom anaa 4,900&nbsp;ft–bottom) |- | align="left" |North Atlantic<br /><br />Deep Water (NADW) |1.5–4.0&nbsp;°C |34.8–35.0 |- | align="left" |Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) |−0.9–1.7&nbsp;°C |34.6–34.7 |- | align="left" |Arctic Bottom Water (ABW) |−1.8 to −0.5&nbsp;°C |34.9–34.9 |} == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] <references /> === Sources === * {{cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James |title=The Rise of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change, and Economic Growth |journal=American Economic Review |date=June 2005 |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=546–579 |doi=10.1257/0002828054201305 |hdl=1721.1/64034 }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Acemoglu|Johnson|Robinson|2005}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Als |first1=Thomas D. |last2=Hansen |first2=Michael M. |last3=Maes |first3=Gregory E. |last4=Castonguay |first4=Martin |last5=Riemann |first5=Lasse |last6=Aarestrup |first6=Kim |last7=Munk |first7=Peter |last8=Sparholt |first8=Henrik |last9=Hanel |first9=Reinhold |last10=Bernatchez |first10=Louis |title=All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea |journal=Molecular Ecology |date=April 2011 |volume=20 |issue=7 |pages=1333–1346 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05011.x |pmid=21299662 |bibcode=2011MolEc..20.1333A }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Als|Hansen|Maes|Castonguay|2011}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Avery |first1=Graham |last2=Halkett |first2=David |last3=Orton |first3=Jayson |last4=Steele |first4=Teresa |last5=Tusenius |first5=Madelon |last6=Klein |first6=Richard |title=The Ysterfontein 1 Middle Stone Age Rock Shelter and the Evolution of Coastal Foraging |journal=Goodwin Series |date=2008 |volume=10 |pages=66–89 |jstor=40650020 }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Avery|Halkett|Orton|Steele|2008}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=G |last2=Flemming |first2=N |title=Archaeology of the continental shelf: Marine resources, submerged landscapes and underwater archaeology |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |date=November 2008 |volume=27 |issue=23–24 |pages=2153–2165 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.012 |bibcode=2008QSRv...27.2153B }}<!-- {{Harvnb|Bailey|Flemming|2008}} --> * {{cite journal |last1=Bigg |first1=G. 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Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855–857. * {{Cite book|title=Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories|last=Winchester|first=Simon|publisher=HarperCollins UK|year=2010|isbn=978-0-00-734137-5|author-link=Simon Winchester}} [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] == External links == {{Sister project links|voy=Atlantic Ocean|wikt=Atlantic Ocean|commons=Atlantic Ocean|q=Atlantic Ocean|v=no|n=no|s=CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Atlantic Ocean|b=no}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090829012101/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/history/hiscountries/A/atlanticocean.html Atlantic Ocean]. Cartage.org.lb (archived) * [https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3320.lh000817/ "Map of Atlantic Coast of North America from the Chesapeake Bay to Florida"] from 1639 via the Library of Congress {{Authority control}} [[Category:Atlantic Ocean| ]] [[Category:Oceans]] [[Category:History of de Atlantic Ocean| ]] [[Category:Landforms of de Atlantic Ocean| ]] [[Category:Oceans wey dey surround Antarctica]] 3gqkyvenny5unuudwb7mpr14ai91nh1 0 27181 100141 100101 2026-06-04T20:32:34Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:20230601 shrub Lake albert.jpg|thumb|'''20230601 shrub Lake albert''']] '''Lake Albert''', wey dem originally know am '''Lake Mwitanzige''' by de Banyoro, '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur, den temporarily as '''Lake Mobutu Sese Seko''', be a lake wey dem locate for [[Uganda]] insyd den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E be Africa ein sixth-largest lake den de second biggest of Uganda ein Great Lakes. == Geography == Dem locate Lake Albert for de border between Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo top. E be de northernmost of de chain of lakes for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift. E dey about {{convert|160|km|0}} long den {{convert|30|km|0}} across at ein widest, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|51|m|0}}, den a surface elevation of {{convert|619|m|0}} above sea level. [[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|'''Shoebill-Lake-Albert''']]Lake Albert dey part of de complicated system of de upper [[Nile]]. Ein main sources be de [[White Nile]], wey dey ultimately come from [[Lake Victoria]] to de southeast, den de Semliki River, wey dey issue from [[Lake Edward]] to de southwest. De water of de Victoria Nile dey much less saline dan dat of Lake Albert. De lake ein outlet, at ein northernmost tip, be de Albert Nile section of de [[White Nile]]. De river dey later becam known as de Mountain Nile wen ein course dey enter [[South Sudan]]. At de southern end of de lake, wey de Semliki dey come insyd, der be swamps. De Rwenzori Mountains dey to de south of de lake, den to de northwest be de Blue Mountains. De few settlements along de shore dey include Butiaba denPakwach. == Water characteristics == [[File:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327)''']]Unlike de very deep [[Lake Malawi]], [[Lake Tanganyika]] den Lake Kivu, Lake Albert ein water temperature dey relatively stable thruout, typically around 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), den even ein deeper sections dey contain oxygen.<ref name="Green2009">{{cite book |author=Green, J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=263–286 |chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift}}</ref> [[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert view from de shoreline for Buhuka, Kikuube District insyd''']]De water get a pH of around anaa just below 9 den an electric conductivity of around 720–780 μS/cm. Dem be both very high give a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower dan Lake Edward.<ref name="Talling2009">{{cite book |author=Talling, J.F. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=367–394 |chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics}}</ref> == Animals == Lake Albert be home to chaw aquatic den semi-aquatic animals like hippopotamuses, Uganda kob antelopes, Nile crocodiles, Nile monitors, African softshell turtles, Central African mud turtles, Williams' mud turtles, various semi-aquatic snakes den various frogs.<ref name="Green2009" /> Water birds dey numerous den dey include pelicans, herons den de rare shoebill.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramsar Sites |url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=ugandawildlife.org}}</ref> ==== Fish den fishing ==== Der be 55 fish species for Lake Albert insyd.<ref name="Wandera2011">{{cite journal |author1=Wandera, S.B. |author2=J.S. Balirwa |year=2010 |title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda |journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=284–293 |bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W |doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 |s2cid=84735862}}</ref> Except give Nile crocodiles, de largest predator for de lake insyd be de Nile perch (native; unlike for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd wey introduce den invasive). Oda large predatory fish dey include de elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, ''Bagrus docmak'', African sharptooth catfish den vundu catfish.<ref name="Green2009" /> In addition, der be important fisheries give de Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, electric catfish den giraffe catfish dat dem use standard fishing methods catch'em,<ref name="Wandera2011" /> den de small ''Brycinus nurse'' den ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' dat dem mainly use light fishing to catch'em.<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=The Lake Albert light fishery |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda)}}</ref> As much as 30% of de fish production for Uganda insyd be from Lake Albert.<ref name="Wandera2011" /> Lake Albert get fewer [[:en:Endemism|endemics]] dan de oda [[African Great Lakes]].<ref name="Witte2009">{{cite book |author1=Witte, F. |title=The Nile |author2=M.J.P. van Oijen |author3=F.A. Sibbing |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=647–676 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile}}</ref> Although de Albert Nile–de section of de Nile dat dey leave Lake Albert—get several rapids for de Nimule region insyd,<ref name="Dumont2009">{{cite book |author=Dumont, H.J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=1–21 |chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources}}</ref> dem no effectively isolate de lake from de main Nile sections.<ref name="Witte2009" /> For contrast insyd, Lake Edward (den ultimately Lake George), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de rapids for de Semliki River top, while Lake Kyoga (den ultimately [[Lake Victoria]]), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de Murchison Falls for de Victoria Nile top.<ref name="Witte2009" /><ref name="Dumont2009" /> As a consequence, most of Lake Albert ein fish dey widespread riverine species wey dem sanso find for de main Nile sections. Der be few haplochromine cichlids; a group wey be very diverse for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd. Of de six haplochromines for Lake Albert insyd, four be endemic (''Haplochromis albertianus'', ''H. avium'', ''H. bullatus'' den ''H. mahagiensis'') den dem sanso find two for de Nile insyd (''H. loati'' den ''Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor''). For comparison insyd, most of de more dan 60 haplochromines for Lake Edward–George insyd den most of de roughly 600 haplochromines for [[Lake Victoria]]–Kyoga insyd be endemic.<ref name="Witte2009" /> De only oda endemic fish species for Lake Albert insyd be de small cyprinid ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' den de endangered Albert lates.<ref name="Witte2009" /> == History == De Banyoro den Batooro still know Lake Albert as '''Mwitanzige''', den '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur as well as oda pippoe wey inhabit de region give centuries before de colonial age. Dis name dey mean ‘locust killer’, from ''omwita'' ‘killer’ den ''enzige'' ‘locusts’ for de Runyoro language, den 'De Lake wey defeat de locusts' for de Alur language insyd, from ''Nam'', 'Lake', ''Ovoyo'', 'deafeat', ''Bonyo'', 'Locusts'. Dis be sekof a local legend wey dey tell how a plague of locusts destroy de crops of de pippoe wey dey live for de eastern shore of de lake top, but wen dem try to cross to de oda side dem never go der. For 1864 insyd, de explorers Samuel Baker den Flóra von Sass find de lake<ref>Dorothy Middleton (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 <nowiki>"Baker [née von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)"</nowiki>]. ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42346|10.1093/ref:odnb/42346]]. Retrieved 2015-09-11. (Subscription, [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/ Wikipedia Library] access or [https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public UK public library membership] required.)</ref> den rename am after de recently deceased Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. For de 20th century insyd, Zairian Presido Mobutu Sese Seko temporarily name de lake after einself. European colonialists operate shipping for de lake top. De British plan shipping for Lake Albert top as part of a network of railway, river steamer den lake steamer services wey e link British interests for [[Egypt]] insyd, east Africa den southern Africa. De John I. Thornycroft & Company shipyard at Wools ton, Hampshire build de cargo den passenger ship ''SS Robert Coryndon'' give dis purpose for 1930 insyd.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |title=Jitze Couperus |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project}}</ref> Dem name am after de British Army officer Robert Thorne Corydon, wey be governor of Uganda 1918–22.<ref name="Insomniac">{{cite web |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep}}</ref> Winston Churchill describe de ship as ''"de best library afloat"'' den Ernest Hemingway bell am ''"magnificence on water"''.<ref name="Insomniac" /> Dem either scuttle am for 1962 insyd<ref name="darbykj">{{cite web |date=2007-12-09 |title=darbykj's photostream |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=[[Flickr]] |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> anaa sink for 1964 insyd.<ref name="darbykj" /> She dey remain unsalvaged den partly submerged for de lake insyd at Butyaba landing site. Dem fi still see am to date. Heritage Oil den Tullow Oil announce major oil finds for de Lake Albert basin insyd, plus estimates wey de multi-billion barrel field go prove to be de largest onshore field dem find for sub-Saharan Africa insyd give more dan twenty years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oil & Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority |url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.nema.go.ug}}</ref> For March 2014 insyd, a boat wey dey carry Congolese refugees, e capsize for Lake Albert insyd, wey e kill more dan 250 pippoe.<ref>{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> For 26 December 2016 top, a boat wey dey carry 45 members den fans of a local village football team capsize for Lake Albert insyd wey e kill at least 30 pippoe.<ref>{{cite web |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |website=MSN}}</ref> For 24 December 2020 top, 30 people die wen a boat capsize while e dey travel from Uganda to de Democratic Republic of the Congo. De passengers dey concern about travel restrictions wey dem relate to de [[COVID-19]] pandemic for Africa insyd.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kamale|first=Jean-Yves|title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323|access-date=December 24, 2020|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 24, 2020}}</ref> De [[:en:Kibiro|Kibiro]] settlement for Lake Albert top get cultural den archeological significance.<ref name="kibirofinds">{{Cite journal |last=Connah |first=Graham |date=March 1, 1997 |title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–67 |doi=10.1007/BF02968365 |s2cid=128430380 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer Link}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{Commons}} * Cana, Frank Richardson; Garstin, William Edmund (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Albert_Nyanza|"Albert Nyanza"]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 503–504. *[http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} *[http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 World Lakes Database entry for Lake Albert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 |date=2019-12-04 }} *[http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm "East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services"]: photos of East African lake ferries including SS ''Robert Coryndon'' {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Albert}} [[Category:Lake Albert (Africa)| ]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] [[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]] [[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Lakes of Uganda]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda border]] [[Category:Nile]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa]] j61zctunsuv21zfrmuz4354363k02vx 0 27201 100156 100001 2026-06-04T21:47:14Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 100156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift, for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)]] den [[Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de equator. == History == Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. Dem name de lake for honour of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales insyd, son of then British monarch Queen Victoria, den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, Uganda den de then Zaire (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. SOCO International enter de premises of de Virunga National Park wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of am, such plans naturally dey go against de World Heritage Convention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == === Topography den drainage === Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de Rutshuru River, de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. Lake George to de northeast dey empty into am via de Kazinga Channel. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de Semliki River into Lake Albert, wey e dey join de [[White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[Nile]]. De western escarpment of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat lava plains. De Ruwenzori Mountains dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. Interactive map]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de Kazinga Channel for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de Nyamuragira volcano for de western Virunga Mountains insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit Lake Katwe for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of sulphurous water nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized Bunyaruguru field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at Ishango (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be Kasese for Uganda insyd to de northeast den Butembo for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''Bagrus docmak'', ''Oreochromis niloticus'', ''Oreochromis leucostictus'', den ova 50 species of ''Haplochromis'' den oda haplochromine species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. === Decline of hippos den tilapia === [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 hippos insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed tilapia, a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a naval skirmish between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese naval vessels wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, North Kivu official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food] [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM|date=2008-03-14}} * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database] jy357xlclbbqujzqvynt55viqxuixcd 100157 100156 2026-06-04T21:59:19Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift, for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)]] den [[Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de equator. == History == Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. Dem name de lake for honour of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales insyd, son of then British monarch Queen Victoria, den e later becam King Edward VII. For 1973 insyd, Uganda den de then Zaire (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name. For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. SOCO International enter de premises of de Virunga National Park wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of am, such plans naturally dey go against de World Heritage Convention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Geography == === Topography den drainage === Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de Rutshuru River, de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. Lake George to de northeast dey empty into am via de Kazinga Channel. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de Semliki River into Lake Albert, wey e dey join de [[White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[Nile]]. De western escarpment of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat lava plains. De Ruwenzori Mountains dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.<ref name="Google">Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes</ref> [[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. Interactive map]] ==== Volcanism ==== De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de Kazinga Channel for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de Nyamuragira volcano for de western Virunga Mountains insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.<ref name="Google" /> De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit Lake Katwe for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of sulphurous water nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.<ref>Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 "Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda"], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}</ref> High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}</ref> De similarly sized Bunyaruguru field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref> ==== Settlements ==== [[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at Ishango (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be Kasese for Uganda insyd to de northeast den Butembo for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.<ref name="Mich">Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&nbsp;000&nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin</ref> == Ecology == Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''Bagrus docmak'', ''Oreochromis niloticus'', ''Oreochromis leucostictus'', den ova 50 species of ''Haplochromis'' den oda haplochromine species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species. === Decline of hippos den tilapia === [[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 hippos insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}</ref> Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed tilapia, a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward. [[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.<ref name=":1" /> Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer. == 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish == For July 6, 2018 top, der be a naval skirmish between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese naval vessels wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}</ref> Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}</ref> For July 9 top, North Kivu official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote="The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake," said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> == References == <references /> == External links == {{commons}} * Cana, Frank Richardson; Garstin, William Edmund (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Albert_Edward_Nyanza|"Albert Edward Nyanza"]] . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 502. * [http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }} * [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database] {{DEFAULTSORT:Edward}} [[Category:Lake Edward| ]] [[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]] [[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]] [[Category:Lakes of Uganda]] [[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda border]] [[Category:International lakes of Africa]] [[Category:African Great Lakes]] 0ywmhsa5jwjieeootz6ybsi43sajqmd 0 27202 100159 100091 2026-06-04T22:17:49Z DaSupremo 9 Make sum corrections 100159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}</ref> while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.<ref name="JMP">WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}</ref> Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas. Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only. == References == <references /> == External links == * [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities] * [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program] * [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6. {{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}} [[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]] 8173lrrha3dpofpmu4az0xlje3st62q 0 27207 100163 100040 2026-06-04T23:12:26Z DaSupremo 9 Improve article 100163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wiwi River''', wey some sources dey call '''Wewe River''' too, be urban river for [[Kumasi]] insyd [[Ashanti Region]] of [[Ghana]]. E be part of de drainage system for Kumasi Metropolitan Area, den e be one of de watercourses wey dey connected to [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] (KNUST) campus. De river be important because e dey help urban drainage, campus ecology, irrigation, wastewater reception, public health studies den biodiversity research. Wiwi River dey de south-eastern part of Kumasi. One disaster-risk profile wey UNDP Ghana prepare describe say de river dey flow south-westwards through KNUST campus before e join Sisan River for Ahensan.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> De same report identify Wiwi as one of de four main drainage basins for Kumasi, together with Subin, Aboabo den Sisan basins.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> Researchers study de river because e get connection with urbanization, pollution, agriculture, wetland use den public health. Studies look at ein microbiological water quality, ein link to schistosomiasis infection among schoolchildren, de impact of wastewater den land use, den how aquatic den riparian invertebrate communities respond to disturbance.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> == Course den location == Wiwi River dey drain part of south-eastern Kumasi den pass through KNUST campus. UNDP Ghana ein disaster-risk profile state say de river dey flow south-westwards through KNUST den join Sisan River at Ahensan.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> De river be part of Kumasi ein urban drainage system, wey get several rivers den streams wey dey drain northern den central parts of de city. Other studies den project reports describe de river as water body wey pass through or near communities such as Kotei, Ayeduase, Ayigya den Ahensan, plus KNUST campus. One conservation project report on Wewe River note say de river dey provide household den irrigation water for nearby communities den support riparian zone within de university environment.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De river ein location insyd den around urban university environment give am special character. E dey function both as natural watercourse den as heavily modified urban hydrological system wey campus development, nearby settlements, farms, drains den wastewater flows shape. == Drainage den urban setting == Kumasi get extensive network of rivers den streams. Wiwi basin be one of de city ein main drainage basins, together with Subin, Aboabo den Sisan basins.<ref>Schuurmans, Hanneke (28 December 2014). ''Risk Profiles of Hotspots in the Pilot Districts''. UNDP Ghana. Retrieved 31 May 2026.</ref> These basins dey drain northern den central parts of de city, den rapid urban development, inadequate drainage capacity and increased runoff from built-up surfaces dey affect dem. Urbanisation around Wiwi River increase pressure on de river corridor. Built-up land, agriculture, wastewater discharge, stormwater runoff den encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas dey affect de river den ein wetlands. Research on land-use activities around surface water bodies in Kumasi identify weak enforcement of buffer regulations den growing development pressure along urban rivers, including Wiwi den Subin rivers.<ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> De river ein urban setting be central to ein environmental condition. Where natural vegetation remove or drainage channels carry greywater den refuse, de river dey get more exposure to sediment, nutrients, pathogens and other pollutants. De condition of Wiwi River show de wider challenge of managing water bodies for fast-growing African cities, where settlement expansion, land scarcity den weak enforcement of planning standards put pressure on river buffers den wetlands. == Water use den irrigation == Wiwi River den ein riparian area support several local uses. Reports den studies describe de river as source of water for household use, irrigation den nearby farming activities. De SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana project report note say de river dey provide household den irrigation water for communities around KNUST den nearby settlements.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De river get connection with dry-season vegetable farming. One study on wastewater management in Kumasi report say people dey use Wiwi River intensively to cultivate vegetables such as carrots, lettuce, cabbage den spring onions, especially during de dry season.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> This use be important for urban livelihoods, but e raise public-health concerns when irrigation water get faecal contamination or untreated wastewater. De use of polluted urban water for vegetable farming be common challenge for cities where farmers rely on nearby drains, streams or rivers to maintain production during dry periods. For Wiwi River, this issue be important because research identify microbiological contamination levels wey make de water unsuitable for domestic use den for irrigation of vegetables wey people fit eat raw.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> == Water quality den pollution == Researchers examine de microbiological quality of Wiwi River in detail. One study in 2014 assess water quality along de river ein longitudinal gradient by sampling five locations every two weeks from November 2012 to February 2013.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De study test for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species den faecal enterococci.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De study find say microbial contamination vary across de river den generally increase downstream. De most upstream sampling site record de lowest coliform counts, while downstream areas show higher microbial loads.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> De authors conclude say microbial counts in de river exceed de WHO guideline wey de study use, making de water unsuitable for domestic use den for irrigation of vegetables intended for direct consumption.<ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref> Sources of pollution in de catchment include domestic wastewater, greywater, refuse disposal, runoff from developed surfaces den land-use activities close to de river. Awuah den colleagues report say wastewater from de KNUST sewage treatment works den greywater sources contribute to water-quality problems.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study note say part of de wastewater from de KNUST treatment plant enter one adjacent wetland before flowing into Wiwi River.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De pollution of Wiwi River no be only local environmental problem. E get implications for food safety, urban agriculture, public health, aquatic biodiversity den de management of university den community landscapes. De river show how urban water bodies fit become receiving systems for waste when wastewater infrastructure, drainage maintenance den land-use control be weak. == Wastewater den sanitation issues == Wastewater management be one of de main issues connected with Wiwi River. One study by Awuah in 2014 characterize wastewater generated from KNUST campus den Asafo insyd Kumasi.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study estimate wastewater quantities den analyze parameters such as chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, nutrients, metals, coliforms den helminth eggs.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De researchers report say de KNUST sewage treatment plant get operational problems, including broken trickling filter. Because of this, wastewater enter one adjacent wetland den later flow into Wiwi River.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> De study record high microbial levels in wastewater samples den find helminth eggs in de wastewater streams examined.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref> These findings be important because people use de river for urban farming den other local activities. Where untreated or poorly treated wastewater enter river wey people dey use for irrigation, de risk no stay only insyd de river channel. E fit affect vegetable consumers, farmers, nearby residents den aquatic organisms. Wiwi River therefore be useful case for understanding de connection between sanitation infrastructure, wastewater treatment, urban farming den water safety in Kumasi. == Public health den schistosomiasis == Wiwi River has been studied as possible source of schistosomiasis transmission in Kumasi. One study in 2013 investigate Schistosoma haematobium infection among schoolchildren in an urban setting den identify Wiwi River as potential source of infection.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref> De study be important because schistosomiasis often get association with rural water bodies, but Wiwi River case show say urban watercourses too fit create conditions for exposure. De study report say de river environment support conditions wey be suitable for freshwater snail intermediate hosts of schistosomes.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref> Contact with contaminated river water fit put children den other users at risk, especially where people use de river for bathing, playing, irrigation or other activities wey involve direct contact with water. De public-health significance of Wiwi River get link with ein urban context. Wastewater, poor sanitation, direct contact with contaminated water den ecological conditions wey support intermediate hosts fit combine to create health risks. This make de river relevant to wider discussions on urban WASH, environmental health, school health den water-related diseases in Ghanaian cities. == Ecology den biodiversity == Wiwi River supports riparian den aquatic habitats within de KNUST landscape. One conservation project report by SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana describe Wewe River as critical habitat for at least 12 amphibian species on KNUST campus.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De report note say amphibian populations along de river decline because of farming, fuelwood extraction den illegal sewage disposal.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> De same project report identify KNUST Botanical Garden, de Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources demonstration farm den de Wewe riparian zone as important habitat areas.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Surveys record amphibians in de riparian zone, arboretum den farm areas, while restoration work involve removal of invasive weeds den planting of native tree species insyd de KNUST riparian wetland.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Researchers also study de river through aquatic macroinvertebrates. One study in 2021 examine benthic invertebrate assemblages in Wewe River under different habitat conditions den seasons.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> De study divide de river into intact, moderately disturbed den severely disturbed zones, den sample during wet den dry seasons.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> De benthic invertebrate study be important because aquatic macroinvertebrates dey widely used as indicators of freshwater ecosystem health. De researchers find say habitat condition den season influence invertebrate assemblages in de river.<ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref> Their work show say de ecological condition of Wiwi River dey vary along de river continuum den reflect de effects of disturbance, urban development den land-use change. == Riparian zone den wetland functions == De riparian zone of Wiwi River dey provide ecological den hydrological functions. Vegetation along de river fit help stabilise banks, reduce erosion, filter runoff, provide habitat for amphibians den invertebrates, den support small-scale farming. De SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana project report describe de Wewe riparian zone as habitat with vegetation structure wey supports wildlife within de KNUST landscape.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Urban wetland research insyd Kumasi show say many wetlands in de city dey face encroachment, weak institutional support den competing land uses. One study in 2021 find say urban wetlands insyd Kumasi dey provide ecosystem services, but residential, civic den recreational encroachment, weak institutional coordination den pressure from de urban land market dey affect dem.<ref>Kuusaana, E. D.; Ahmed, A.; Campion, B. B.; Dongzagla, A. (2021). "Characterisation and typology of urban wetlands in Ghana: Implications for the governance of urban commons in secondary cities in Africa." ''Urban Governance'', 1(2), 161–172. doi:10.1016/j.ugj.2021.09.002.</ref> These findings matter to Wiwi River because ein riparian den wetland areas dey insyd rapidly urbanising environment. Protecting de river corridor require water-quality management, control of land uses within de buffer zone, restoration of vegetation den cooperation between traditional authorities, public agencies, de university den nearby communities. == Research den educational significance == Wiwi River be important as research den teaching site because of ein location within KNUST campus den ein exposure to several urban environmental pressures. Studies on de river contribute to knowledge on microbiological water quality, wastewater impacts, schistosomiasis, amphibian conservation, benthic invertebrate ecology den land-use pressures in Kumasi.<ref>Tay, S. C. K.; Kye-Duodu, G.; Gbedema, S. Y. (2013). "River Wiwi: A source of Schistosoma haematobium infection in school children in Kumasi, an urban African setting." ''African Journal of Microbiology Research'', 7(20), 2213–2220. doi:10.5897/AJMR12.489.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Oppong, S. K.; Nsor, C. A.; Buabeng, G. K. (2021). "Response of benthic invertebrate assemblages to seasonal and habitat condition in the Wewe River, Ashanti region, Ghana." ''Open Life Sciences'', 16(1), 336–353. doi:10.1515/biol-2021-0040.</ref><ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> De river provide practical case for understanding urban ecology in a secondary African city. E link campus planning, community water use, wastewater management, river health, public health den biodiversity conservation. For students den researchers, Wiwi River offer living laboratory for studies in environmental science, public health, aquatic ecology, urban planning, sanitation den water-resource management. De river ein research value strengthen ein importance for public education insyd. Conservation activities along Wewe River include amphibian surveys, restoration work den awareness campaigns involving students den nearby communities.<ref>SAVE THE FROGS! Ghana. (2015). ''Project update: Restoring degraded habitats for amphibians along the Wewe River at KNUST''. Rufford Foundation.</ref> Such work show how urban rivers fit be used for research, environmental learning den local conservation action. == Management den conservation == Management of Wiwi River require coordinated action on wastewater treatment, solid-waste control, riparian restoration, land-use regulation, water-quality monitoring den public education. Studies on de river point to de need for better sanitation infrastructure den stronger control of activities wey degrade water quality den riverbank habitats.<ref>Awuah, E.; Amankwaah-Kuffour, R.; Gyasi, S. F.; Lubberding, H. J.; Gijzen, H. J. (2014). "Characterization and management of domestic wastewater in two suburbs of Kumasi, Ghana." ''Research Journal of Environmental Sciences'', 8, 318–330. doi:10.3923/rjes.2014.318.330.</ref><ref>Amisah, S.; Nuamah, P. A. (2014). "Spatial and temporal variations in microbiological water quality of the River Wiwi in Kumasi, Ghana." ''Water Quality, Exposure and Health'', 6, 217–224. doi:10.1007/s12403-014-0128-4.</ref><ref>Takyi, S. A.; Amponsah, O.; Darko, G.; Peprah, C.; Chiga, A. A. (2022). "Urbanization against ecologically sensitive areas: Effects of land use activities on surface water bodies in the Kumasi Metropolis." ''International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development''. doi:10.1080/19463138.2022.2146121.</ref> One priority be improvement of wastewater treatment den prevention of untreated wastewater from entering de river. This includes maintaining treatment plants, managing greywater, preventing illegal discharge den monitoring de quality of effluent entering wetlands den river channels. Second priority be protection of de riparian zone. Farming, tree cutting, construction den dumping along de riverbank fit reduce habitat quality, increase erosion den expose de river to pollutants. Restoration activities such as invasive-weed removal, native tree planting den vegetation corridor protection fit improve ecological conditions den support amphibians, invertebrates den other wildlife. Third priority be regular water-quality den biodiversity monitoring. Researchers already study de river through microbiological indicators, benthic invertebrates den amphibian surveys. Continued monitoring fit help assess whether management interventions dey improve river health den reduce public-health risks. == See also == * [[Kumasi]] * [[Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] * Bibini River * Sisan River * Subin River * [[Aboabo River]] * [[Water pollution]] * Schistosomiasis * [[Stormwater]] * [[Wastewater treatment]] == References == <references /> [[Category:Rivers insyd Ghana]] [[Category:Kumasi]] [[Category:Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology]] [[Category:Ashanti Region]] [[Category:Water pollution]] [[Category:Wetlands of Ghana]] kgxxvkqtlw84apyftzny04xcds0btaq 0 27223 100111 2026-06-04T14:04:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100111 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]]. f3drl4ucmw0p4rzxpdvtslgixggz72p 100112 100111 2026-06-04T14:04:40Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100112 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> e1gbxbc4yg430ibq2vqm1sy113n51c1 100113 100112 2026-06-04T14:05:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100113 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> == References == n8quzxcn6bsjq0t1xjqw3n10kr2vj0f 100114 100113 2026-06-04T14:05:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. == References == 97rfhzofprqg3w1rd7khox295ft6vx9 100115 100114 2026-06-04T14:06:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100115 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == er5e84n7ze6kpf7c08jxgjgcp6s9xok 100116 100115 2026-06-04T14:07:57Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100116 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]]. == References == ht4mbbwttpx5f7y5mbj6lsk60ai498m 100117 100116 2026-06-04T14:09:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100117 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> == References == cyupyxmr3daftoac1mwbzf76uv1j39x 100118 100117 2026-06-04T14:09:59Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. == References == 4c9qmd9jz7whxshrhd963wintz3fn1g 100119 100118 2026-06-04T14:15:51Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. == References == 20yl2qyp751u3z0ghjr7kswnvsdzm5t 100120 100119 2026-06-04T14:16:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]] == References == ji8k2ah4ox28htmwp871139qtqpek3c 100121 100120 2026-06-04T14:20:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. == References == 0lkoyrbrweiaxi7nehptdgfoabic8th 100122 100121 2026-06-04T14:21:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile. == References == jjovn3sp94s0sbh2j08trczn3pwcb5z 100123 100122 2026-06-04T14:22:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == 90cgva6u49vbmskshklnyvqx8ey230d 100124 100123 2026-06-04T14:30:34Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north. == References == rwgxjhvz92mks3hwppk9b6ginlek7v7 100125 100124 2026-06-04T14:31:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> == References == gslc2yyrcw97n1wkj0zhkvdzwvsd5qn 100126 100125 2026-06-04T14:31:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. == References == 4zpwq568snjjsg02333wysb79rchxbc 100127 100126 2026-06-04T14:31:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey overflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]]. == References == rl0td765iwba00fu7pazog3xmm1rgis 100128 100127 2026-06-04T14:32:22Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey overflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> == References == lrbpuobqcinnahu1e5dtlp8zb7oohxu 100129 100128 2026-06-04T14:37:39Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). == References == 58sqtccr6telvgfmsqzw5b0xviy1nwj 100130 100129 2026-06-04T14:39:06Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). == References == khehzddqv1dlqbdop5urdkdzx63p8kz 100131 100130 2026-06-04T14:39:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == References == 3yni3vkvsb82k25mz9qjdhzv3wyfucb 100132 100131 2026-06-04T14:41:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == == References == kvexm6gocx36knn9vau66kmdr3qev28 100133 100132 2026-06-04T14:46:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. == References == eiaogp9zbqyzxoc0kxrjhgv8ba9qbhn 100134 100133 2026-06-04T14:47:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. == References == c67s5t24hfhmdov0n2ss79p28bdis9e 100135 100134 2026-06-04T14:48:18Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. == References == fl81d3msa6pf8irwmgylrawxup9fean 100136 100135 2026-06-04T14:48:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. == References == cgtb5d4iql2eqjz5shopainw2fseh5y 100137 100136 2026-06-04T14:49:11Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. == References == 5ou8syxpg1am3bjhv7umced3c02r6v1 100138 100137 2026-06-04T14:49:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. == References == doev71c5san4jy9e8dad6td64deptce 100139 100138 2026-06-04T14:49:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. == References == oprf25cd1qrb8jz1uiu57ab9odl5qr1 100140 100139 2026-06-04T14:50:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest. Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd == References == tkg21pptmmp6gpglqf3ow4klsdv3on0 100143 100140 2026-06-04T20:38:21Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake. De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd == References == e6fdtmsi8fit7drttjgs2be9ddb4mq4 100144 100143 2026-06-04T20:39:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years. De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd == References == haoazy1ecglfi40hveumv041cxkr6nz 100145 100144 2026-06-04T20:39:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth. De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd == References == 0jrip8912r5dy3mfempt0w5b1gtrbce 100146 100145 2026-06-04T20:40:09Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd == References == ccwvvxnt2lzpbo7z2ixywmsm8502ocl 100147 100146 2026-06-04T20:41:02Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== == References == knw2kr251t3kqztyl6lcurjgod6tohc 100148 100147 2026-06-04T20:48:14Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders. == References == qkm03biu8ruj6y4t2g0v6irfbf6row8 100149 100148 2026-06-04T20:48:42Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> == References == nc6d6stfzdyuqblorzqdu7u9tjdkmxs 100150 100149 2026-06-04T20:49:17Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. == References == 8a57f3l0l1lmkk6908ppo3mfj9a1czy 100151 100150 2026-06-04T20:49:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March. == References == o55m5crcnxstyrjde1521u6emtpj2t2 100152 100151 2026-06-04T20:50:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March. For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance. == References == htx86i3gj9guw8omhlybv38dqcn7456 100153 100152 2026-06-04T20:50:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance. == References == 7qlkokfim2mim9erab60pumyg03r2a4 100154 100153 2026-06-04T20:51:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == References == srziig45ox4kzi0pifs6nuhg83r3g8h 100188 100154 2026-06-05T09:10:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom. == References == aeijh48r5xi4rpsk7r0hmkyzql7wufz 100189 100188 2026-06-05T09:10:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> == References == q5oby7m0ckyrz9cx7f6frnoxu73kld2 100190 100189 2026-06-05T10:01:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). == References == 7bq4iwc0ss2hzz9fsabnymm1qg4hus8 100191 100190 2026-06-05T10:02:36Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. == References == 8q8pqkfu7i9bm2bclz6hz3mx89w55px 100192 100191 2026-06-05T10:03:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both. == References == pbu7mib8bfkvh1z1cvgpas76ydxi152 100193 100192 2026-06-05T10:04:38Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> == References == ceik78lni2wli33mr6wogfnijtc36xl 100194 100193 2026-06-05T10:05:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. == References == hwy70h37kzi4gmo9p0glxe70ueea3zi 100195 100194 2026-06-05T10:06:08Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs. == References == 8ic4kq189thgvvgfaxnreakppwhd6ru 100196 100195 2026-06-05T10:06:48Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == n59z3wqlzy49v4l4le75hk4zfbc73zs 100197 100196 2026-06-05T10:07:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. == References == 0tnsobwyofsk1ofym7yqx8t3kl2sw0u 100198 100197 2026-06-05T10:08:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. == References == opul34ai6bzumxmx7117seefyr7g0ru 100199 100198 2026-06-05T10:09:27Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore. == References == 2ggxh8vb9kvkaog0r6aontzmtsw68md 100200 100199 2026-06-05T10:10:24Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> == References == 8499bcf4mbfcyozw5tcwyaohz0g126v 100201 100200 2026-06-05T10:11:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd. == References == j8gipncntximsou82m9pa5jqs3mazry 100202 100201 2026-06-05T10:11:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == References == j5w6lhs2hyym0t3ipolu64x30vufhse 100203 100202 2026-06-05T10:12:25Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂). == References == 74yenn49lbrjrlokhx2uazhecrhwnj3 100204 100203 2026-06-05T10:12:54Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == References == imqdqhn4fila3qppldk5dzu47jee24w 100205 100204 2026-06-05T10:13:49Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. == References == jhutwvumhmrazzdr58d1gs6j3gtpfsd 100206 100205 2026-06-05T10:15:33Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am. == References == ddrxtzodbeld8l7g97say9u8lwnab1a 100207 100206 2026-06-05T10:16:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> == References == azyoafve2gekwtrqxauwig00la58sj2 100208 100207 2026-06-05T10:17:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. == References == 4wv3194dgkv7qe0ms3nr4kx3czpscb4 100209 100208 2026-06-05T10:18:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. == References == psgvft2428zzegxddejhlauwezv6fja 100210 100209 2026-06-05T10:19:44Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite. == References == ip71d91dl77i4il006js5fy45fpr7z9 100211 100210 2026-06-05T10:20:29Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> == References == 6ncdnkh3xnt5trbiu1lsjz7whrwkig8 100212 100211 2026-06-05T10:21:45Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect. == References == 146loeqzi6ez1dulykxpjztrue8kp3h 100213 100212 2026-06-05T10:22:28Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref> == References == glwyds6i3mfa5gj01zzwn6zm8znps32 100214 100213 2026-06-05T10:23:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> == References == 7zgo138bwaw3smuzvswwyuaualjgi0n 100215 100214 2026-06-05T10:23:53Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. == References == k3scgv0mkhowqtz02by782islq446kj 100216 100215 2026-06-05T10:25:05Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am. == References == sghn3humq5n7zfy7k7hbmbyhn8v4gq3 100217 100216 2026-06-05T10:26:46Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> == References == bqlmea83odc61w3a09c2n4yt99jexc4 100218 100217 2026-06-05T10:28:07Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> == References == 8xy98dgozyav8mlo53cxb1413br3j9q 100219 100218 2026-06-05T10:28:52Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> == References == kh32195mwdknwvcfbdgcvp1p7vv7myn 100220 100219 2026-06-05T10:29:26Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. == References == pa6g8in9wnlpqonposbv5f00vuhzu44 100221 100220 2026-06-05T10:30:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. == References == tokzduiqn4lgmip4kpqeqos40u4moao 100222 100221 2026-06-05T10:31:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. == References == msk60j1n0gli5dagdaara63f2kz9di0 100223 100222 2026-06-05T10:31:56Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. == References == md4txpg21db1yb3u9rupfw6e1rs8u90 100224 100223 2026-06-05T10:33:58Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. == References == 5zbkkoymwjv1hp93qivkt82l2mfta5o 100225 100224 2026-06-05T10:34:31Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. == References == fnzy02umy3aarjbcuqo03an75d6ppgd 100226 100225 2026-06-05T10:35:04Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. == References == rmmhqkq6qid0us6hh9qp7xx2489soc7 100231 100226 2026-06-05T11:11:43Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]] == References == 1nhq5lmdacswfaim4pkcqjz37p2tu7c 100232 100231 2026-06-05T11:25:16Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. == References == tjy992mqpov48xrz7ldp65b4be3ont2 100233 100232 2026-06-05T11:25:47Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de [[:en:Bralirwa|Bralirwa brewery]] for [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] insyd. == References == i5p65tyeqxlgn7hoyzha9ncbbh6q89r 100234 100233 2026-06-05T11:26:12Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de [[:en:Bralirwa|Bralirwa brewery]] for [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] insyd.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref> == References == tlyk2uzj664k3gph3q5db9mlg1mjjjp 100235 100234 2026-06-05T11:27:03Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de [[:en:Bralirwa|Bralirwa brewery]] for [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] insyd.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name="powerhouse">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm|title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse|date=May 4, 2007|access-date=2008-02-05|author=Adam Mynott|work=BBC News}}</ref> == References == 079i6juoqfo0scygkslegz67xzbgfx0 100236 100235 2026-06-05T11:27:35Z Emmanuel Anin 1692 #AWC2026 100236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].<ref name="readersnatural">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}</ref> E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. [[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.<ref name="Danley">{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.<ref>{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}</ref> Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].<ref name="Danley" /> Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd. == Geography == Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.<ref name="readersnatural" /> Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.<ref name=":0" /> De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.<ref name="readersnatural" /> De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd. De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd ==== Human geography ==== Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.<ref name=":0" /> Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd. For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]], de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.<ref name=":015">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}</ref> For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}</ref> == Chemistry == Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}</ref> Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref> De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH₄) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO₂), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.<ref name="Wenz">{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}</ref> De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO₂).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.<ref name="Wenz" /> Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.<ref>"Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.</ref> Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}</ref><ref name="solidarites">{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]</ref> De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.<ref name="Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Killer Lakes">{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref><ref>[http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ "In the Shadow of Doom"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006</ref> Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population. Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system. Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term "evil wind" give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd. ==== Methane extraction ==== [[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de [[:en:Bralirwa|Bralirwa brewery]] for [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] insyd.<ref>[http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm "Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007</ref><ref name="powerhouse">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm|title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse|date=May 4, 2007|access-date=2008-02-05|author=Adam Mynott|work=BBC News}}</ref> As far as large-scale exploitation of dis resource dey concern, de Rwandan government negotiate plus a number of parties to extract methane from de lake. == References == g8q2dualz03os95dxqn4a8q363nbove 14 27224 100142 2026-06-04T20:33:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100142 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27225 100155 2026-06-04T21:05:40Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350727696|Zambezi]]" 100155 wikitext text/x-wiki De '''Zambezi''' (dem sanso spell '''Zambeze''' den '''Zambesi''') be de fourth-longest river insyd Africa, de longest east-flowing river insyd Africa den de largest flowing into de Indian Ocean from Africa. Ein drainage basin dey cover 1,390,000 km2 (540,000 mi2), slightly less dan half of de [[Nile]] ein own. De 2,574 km (1,599 mi) river dey rise insyd [[Zambia]] den dey flow thru eastern [[Angola]], along de north-eastern border of [[Namibia]] den de northern border of [[Botswana]], then along de border between Zambia den [[Zimbabwe]] to [[Mozambique]], wer e dey cross de country to empty into de Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River {{!}} river, Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502232720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambezi-River |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambezi River Facts and Information |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507055636/https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=7 May 2023 |access-date=2021-05-27 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> De Zambezi ein most noted feature be Victoria Falls. Ein oda falls dey include Chavuma Falls<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chavuma Falls {{!}} waterfall, Zambia {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626032309/https://www.britannica.com/place/Chavuma-Falls |archive-date=26 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> den Ngonye Falls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia Tourism: Waterfalls |url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407045055/https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/waterfalls/ngonye-falls/ |archive-date=7 April 2020 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Zambia Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref> De two main sources of hydroelectric power for de river top be de Kariba Dam, wich dey provide power to Zambia den Zimbabwe, den de Cahora Bassa Dam insyd Mozambique, wich dey provide power to Mozambique den [[South Africa]]. Additionally, two smaller power stations insyd Zambia be at Victoria Falls den Zengamina.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pasanisi |first=Francesco |last2=Tebano |first2=Carlo |last3=Zarlenga |first3=Francesco |date=March 2016 |title=A Survey near Tambara along the Lower Zambezi River |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=6 |doi=10.3390/environments3010006 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zengamina Hydro Project {{!}} North West Zambia Development Trust |url=http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423080555/http://www.nwzdt.org/?page_id=22 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=2022-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Course == === Origins === [[File:Zambezi_river_basin-en.svg|thumb|450x450px|De Zambezi den ein river basin]] De river dey rise insyd a black, marshy dambo in dense, undulating miombo woodland 50 km (31 mi) north of Mwinilunga den 20 km (12 mi) south of Ikelenge insyd de Ikelenge District of North-Western Province, Zambia, at about 1,524 metres (5,000 ft) above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilapidated Zambezi Source Site Worry Ikelenge DC |url=http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.muvitv.com/dilapidated-zambezi-source-site-worry-ikelenge-dc/ |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=muvitv.com |publisher=Muvi TV}}</ref> De area around de source be a national monument, forest reserve, den important bird area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZM002 Source of the Zambezi |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904101922/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sitefactsheet.php?id=7178 |archive-date=4 September 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=birdlife.org |publisher=Birdlife International}}</ref> === Upper Zambezi === De river dey flow to de southwest into Angola for about 240 km (150 mi), then e be joined by sizeable tributaries such as de Luena den de Chifumage wey dey flow from highlands to de north-west.<ref name="Dorling2">Dorling Kindersley, pp. 84–85</ref> E dey turn south den dey develop a floodplain, plus extreme width variation between de dry den rainy seasons. E dey enter dense evergreen ''Cryptosepalum ''dry forest, though on ein western side, Western Zambezian grasslands sanso occur. Wer e re-enter Zambia, e be nearly 400 m (1,300 ft) wide insyd de rainy season den dey flow rapidly, plus rapids wey dey end insyd de Chavuma Falls, wer de river dey flow thru a rocky fissure. De river dey drop about 400 m (1,300 ft) in elevation from ein source at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) to de Chavuma Falls at 1,100 m (3,600 ft), over a distance of about 400 km (250 mi). From dis point to de Victoria Falls, de level of de basin be very uniform, wey dey drop only by anoda 180 m (590 ft) across a distance of around 800 km (500 mi).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Geology |date=2014-11-25 |title=Zambezi River |url=https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520095950/https://www.geologypage.com/2014/11/zambezi-river.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Geology Page |language=en-US}}</ref> === Middle Zambezi === [[File:Victoria_Falls_aerial_view_September_2003.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls, de end of de upper Zambezi den beginning of de middle Zambezi]] De Victoria Falls be considered de boundary between de upper den middle Zambezi. Below dem, de river continue to flow due east for about 200 km (120 mi), wey dey cut thru perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 m (66 to 197 ft) apart insyd hills 200 to 250 m (660 to 820 ft) high. De river dey flow swiftly thru de Batoka Gorge, de current be continually interrupted by reefs. Na e be described<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edington |first=Sean |date=2020-12-29 |title=Is rafting on the Zambezi River below The Victoria Falls Dangerous? |url=https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520102959/https://safpar.com/is-rafting-on-the-zambezi-river-below-the-victoria-falls-dangerous/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=SAFPAR |language=en-US}}</ref> as one of de world ein most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge give kayakers den rafters alike. Beyond de gorge be a succession of rapids wey end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over dis distance, de river dey drop 250 m (820 ft). === Lower Zambezi === De lower Zambezi ein 650 kilometres (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to de Indian Ocean be navigable, although de river be shallow insyd chaw places during de dry season. Dis shallowness dey arise as de river dey enter a broad valley den dey spread out over a large area. Only at one point, de Lupata Gorge, 320 kilometres (200 mi) from ein mouth, be de river confine between high hills. Here, e be scarcely 200 metres (660 ft) wide. Elsewhere e be from 5 to 8 kilometres (3 to 5 mi) wide, wey dey flow gently insyd chaw streams. De riverbed be sandy, den de banks be low den reed-fringed. At places, however, den especially insyd de rainy season, de streams unite into one broad, fast-flowing river. == Discharge == Average, minimum den maximum discharge of the Zambezi River at Marromeu (Lower Zambezi). Period from 1998 to 2022.<ref name="River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry">{{Cite web |title=River Discharge and Reservoir Storage Changes Using Satellite Microwave Radiometry |url=https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307231439/https://floodobservatory.colorado.edu/SiteDisplays/257data.htm |archive-date=7 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> == Tributaries == '''''Upper Zambezi: 507,200&nbsp;km², discharges 1044 m³/s at Victoria Falls, wey dey comprise:''''' : ''Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570&nbsp;km², 850 m³/s at Lukulu:'' :* Chifumage River: [[Angola|Angolan]] central plateau :* Luena River: Angolan central plateau :* Kabompo River: 72,200&nbsp;km², NW highlands of Zambia :* Lungwebungu River: 47,400&nbsp;km², Angolan central plateau : ''Central Plains catchment, 284,630&nbsp;km², 196 m³/s (Victoria Falls–Lukulu):'' :* Luanginga River: 34,600&nbsp;km², Angolan central plateau :* Luampa River/Luena River, Zambia: 20,500&nbsp;km², eastern side of Zambezi :* Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River: 133,200&nbsp;km², Angolan S plateau & Caprivi == References == 5cz6cwrohbosg59aimg8b1vpfhyedh4 14 27226 100158 2026-06-04T21:59:52Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100158 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27227 100160 2026-06-04T22:18:29Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100160 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 14 27228 100161 2026-06-04T22:18:43Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100161 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27229 100162 2026-06-04T23:00:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 100162 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. In [[Meatu District]], [[Shinyanga Region]], water most often comes from open holes dug in the sand of dry riverbeds, and it is invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] f0fiboqxf9va0g907tv0ht6r1erxkcv 100165 100162 2026-06-04T23:15:41Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 100165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] lap5gbwn9egc27p3ufqr2my84rkfovv 100166 100165 2026-06-04T23:23:47Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100166 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] 6yps2ksnf9043m5z644p1bsw4sxqfad 100167 100166 2026-06-04T23:24:51Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 100167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] sgpiu508uqrqtjf4z8qcg71x4y57gx8 100168 100167 2026-06-04T23:25:34Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 100168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] s8r85wq45u1xfjrxnaitzk0qw1oi74i 100169 100168 2026-06-04T23:26:18Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100169 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] rq3t1jwt9ma155spwvwbudr98lk4ldi 100170 100169 2026-06-04T23:30:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100170 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Sahara Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] pqz0fb8uuv3zmcwjavqaswp93e820cb 100171 100170 2026-06-04T23:33:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Sahara Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] 6sqdlks0pjj1dubt2tjurpjkaplvzao 100172 100171 2026-06-04T23:36:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Sahara Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] 3lqk0conp9gysa2ze1ppd3r8ujaedlg 100173 100172 2026-06-04T23:42:57Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100173 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all [[climate]] den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] l6i3uj6cx5gbfu5l7tz328l54gd0idm 100174 100173 2026-06-04T23:44:48Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 100174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all [[climate]] den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] bci6gtuynh5sgar8t4r024o9vg9kbqg 100176 100174 2026-06-04T23:48:24Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100176 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve [[food security]] den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all [[climate]] den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] aikqj9zwlbkyggqlxhkk2t1t1f49w08 100177 100176 2026-06-04T23:55:26Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 100177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] fwfu0hlabodacl18h0b1v9vlimrqbta 100178 100177 2026-06-05T00:00:31Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve article 100178 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] e6s8tqlmhfaix464t5afu4m1rzek2dc 100179 100178 2026-06-05T00:01:20Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 100179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] ec5mlblekjy42e0pnxqw8idqt0x9zfl 100180 100179 2026-06-05T00:07:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 100180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] 9brdum43kro4mlghkrlo0aa9xabw6vu 100181 100180 2026-06-05T00:08:43Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add sub-heading 100181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] q5j3c1jx5l37o7d1tj6wclmdohstaiu 100182 100181 2026-06-05T00:10:10Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 100182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] <references /> [[Category:Water insyd Africa]] fdq8iwydbex4lu57440zab00vnxnfjm 100183 100182 2026-06-05T00:10:38Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 100183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] <references /> [[Category:Water insyd Africa]] [[Category:Water conservation]] 42eq8610go7uepuqswzzbcvrp0dm79b 100184 100183 2026-06-05T00:11:56Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 100184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] <references /> [[Category:Water insyd Africa]] [[Category:Water conservation]] [[Category:Water scarcity]] jlycqesargq8laff88ml4k1u7lb9nni 100185 100184 2026-06-05T00:12:33Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 100185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] <references /> [[Category:Water insyd Africa]] [[Category:Water conservation]] [[Category:Water scarcity]] [[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]] qg9ugd3dstrpta3bvau5xj6sj4ngw44 100186 100185 2026-06-05T00:16:09Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Dey add category 100186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mwamongu water source.jpg|thumb|Mwamanogu Village water source, [[Tanzania]]. Insyde Meatu District, Shinyanga Region, water most often comes from open holes dug insyde de sand of dry riverbeds, den it bi invariably contaminated.]] De main causes of '''water scarcity insyde Africa''' be physical den economic water scarcity, rapid population growth, den de effects of climate change on de water. Water scarcity be wen fresh water resources no dey to meet de standard water demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water Scarcity {{!}} Threats {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|access-date=2020-11-29|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> De rainfall insyde sub-Saharan Africa be highly seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent [[flood]]s den droughts.<ref name="WFL">{{cite web|title=International Decade for Action: Water for Life 2005-2015|url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/africa.shtml|access-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> De Food den Agriculture Organization of de United Nations report insyde 2012 dat growing water scarcity be now one of de leading challenges for sustainable development.<ref>FAO (2012). [https://www.fao.org/3/i3015e/i3015e.pdf Coping with water scarcity - An action framework for agriculture and food security], FAO Rome.</ref> Dis be because an increasing number of river basins have reached conditions of water scarcity. De reasons for dis are de combined demands of agriculture den oda sectors. Water scarcity insyde Africa get several impacts. They range from health, particularly affecting women den children, to education, agricultural productivity, den sustainable development. E can sanso lead to more water conflicts. To adequately address de issue of water scarcity insyde Africa, de [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] emphasizes de need to invest insyde de development of Africa's potential water resources. Dis would improve food security den water security, den protect economic gains by effectively managing droughts, floods den desertification.<ref name="uneca">{{cite web |title=Management Options to Enhance Survival and Growth |url=http://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163348/https://www.uneca.org/awich/Water%20in%20Africa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} == Scale == [[File:Local Girls in Babile Ethiopia 2012.jpg|thumb|Local girls from [[Babille, Ethiopia|Babile]] (Ethiopia) fill plastic water containers at the area's main water source.]] Sub-Saharan Africa get de largest number of water-stressed countries of any other place on de planet den of an estimated 800 million people who live insyd Africa, 300 million live insyd a water-stressed environment.<ref name="IaC">{{cite web|title=Archive: Conference on Water Scarcity in Africa: Issues and Challenges|url=http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401234042/http://www.gisclimat.fr/manifestation-scientifique/conf%C3%A9rence-%E2%80%9Cwater-scarcity-africa-issues-and-challenges%E2%80%9D|archive-date=1 April 2016|access-date=11 November 2016}}</ref> Insyd 2012, e be estimate dat by 2030, 75 million to 250 million people insyd Africa will be living insyd areas of high water stress.<ref name="IaC"/> Dis would will likely displace anywhere between 24 million den 700 million people as conditions becam increasingly unlivable.<ref name="IaC"/> Africa be de second driest continent insyd de world, plus millions of Africans still suffering from water shortages throughout de year.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |title=Water in Africa |url=https://studyres.com/doc/1079263/water-in-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=studyres.com}}</ref> These shortages are attributed to problems of uneven distribution, population growth den poor management of existing supplies. Sometimes there are smaller numbers of people residing where there be large amount of water. For example, 30 percent of de continent's water lies insyd de Congo Basin inhabited by only 10 percent of Africa's population.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last1=Gachanja |first1=Anthony |url=https://www.rsc.org/search-results/?q=Africa%27s%20Water%20Quality%3A%20A%20chemical%20Science%20Perspective |title=Africa's Water Quality: A Chemical Science Perspective |last2=Mastrangelo |first2=Pedro |last3=Mcguigan |first3=Kevin |last4=Naicker |first4=Presthantie |last5=Zewge |first5=Feleke |publisher=Pan Africa Chemistry Network, Royal Society of Chemistry |year=2010 |location=London |pages=8 |name-list-style=and}}</ref> There be significant variation insyd de rainfall patterns wey dey observe insyd different places den time. There be sanso high evaporation rates insyd some parts of de region resulting insyd lower percentages of precipitation insyd such places.<ref name=":92">{{Cite web |date=2012-03-19 |title=Water in Africa |url=https://www.ascleiden.nl/content/webdossiers/water-africa |access-date=2020-11-28 |website=African Studies Centre Leiden |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":82" /> However, there be very significant inter- den intra-annual variability of all climate den water resources characteristics, so while some regions have sufficient water,<ref name=":04">{{Cite book |title=The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016: Water and Jobs |publisher=UNESCO |year=2016 |isbn=978-92-3-100146-8 |location=Paris}} [[File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/igo/|Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO)]] license.</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa faces numerous water-related challenges dat constrain economic growth den threaten de livelihoods of its people.<ref name=":04" /> African Agriculture be mostly based on rain-fed farming, den less dan 10% of cultivated land insyd de continent be irritated.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Cooperation in International Waters in Africa (CIWA) |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/cooperation-in-international-waters-in-africa |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=worldbank.org}}</ref><ref name=":04" /> De impact of climate change den variability be thus very pronounced.<ref name=":04" /> === Regional variance === Northern Africa den Sub-Saharan Africa are progressing towards de Millennium Development Goal on water at different paces.<ref name="WFL"/> While Northern Africa get 92% safe water coverage, Sub-Saharan Africa remains at a low 60% of coverage—leaving 40% of de 783 million people insyd dat region without access to clean drinking water.<ref name="WFL"/> Some of these differences wey dey insyd clean water availability fit attribute to Africa's extreme climates. Although Sub-Saharan Africa has a plentiful supply of rainwater, e bi seasonal den unevenly distributed, leading to frequent floods den droughts.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, prevalent economic development den poverty issues, compounded plus rapid population growth den rural-urban migration dey render Sub-Saharan Africa as de world's poorest den least developed region.<ref name="WFL" /> Thus, dis poverty constrains deprive chaw cities insyd dis region from providing clean water den sanitation services as well as preventing de further deterioration of water quality even wen opportunities exist to address these water issues.<ref name="WFL" /> Additionally, de rapid population growth leads to an increased number of African settlements on flood-prone den high-risk land.<ref name="WFL" /> De latest report of de SDG goal 6 has mentioned various facts about water status insyd sub-Saharan Africa including de lack of hygiene den its impact on de nutritional status especially among children due to increased rate of infectious diseases. Sanso, almost 1/3 of de sub-Saharan population are insyd danger of hunger due to lack of access to food. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa lacks access to safe drinking water by 76% while only 6% of Europe den Northern America be not covered.<ref name="SDG" /> == Causes == === Physical den economic scarcity === == References == [[File:Oxfam East Africa - The Congo River is a lifeline, but also a huge threat.jpg|alt=Water challenges in Africa|thumb|Water challenges in Africa]] <references /> [[Category:Water insyd Africa]] [[Category:Water conservation]] [[Category:Water scarcity]] [[Category:Climate change insyd Africa]] [[Category:AWC2026]] jbmyejfl06urti82vvazn4vbdlwxk9p 14 27230 100164 2026-06-04T23:13:31Z DaSupremo 9 Fresh category 100164 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 27232 100227 2026-06-05T10:47:00Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Create a fresh article 100227 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph showing [[Instrumental temperature record|temperature change]] in Africa between 1901 and 2021, with red colour being warmer and blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 is taken as the reference point for these changes.)]] '''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events including droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. These changes dey threaten food den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> == References == jvqod0c16p4zwhobzm1n6ve7qeft6m3 100228 100227 2026-06-05T10:57:59Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100228 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph showing temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour being warmer den blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for these changes.)]] '''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events including droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. These changes dey threaten food den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Na Climate change dey intensifies existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref> den already live insyd poverty, heightening their exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases(such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}</ref> Resources scarcity contributes to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.<ref name=":02" /> == References == 6vbb4sor4nv801ofqmfl0amokfkhfxr 100229 100228 2026-06-05T11:05:16Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Improve am 100229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph showing temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour being warmer den blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for these changes.)]] '''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events including droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. These changes dey threaten food den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Na Climate change dey intensifies existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref> den already live insyd poverty, heightening their exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases(such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}</ref> Resources scarcity contributes to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.<ref name=":02" /> Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. These changes lower yields of staple crops, undermining food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonjong |first1=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |article-number=102912 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> == References == m64j7pn2ys4142gj4216hs9alxcr358 100230 100229 2026-06-05T11:06:04Z Tenaciuos Ntaawa 1645 Add databox 100230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|upright=1.33|Graph showing temperature change insyd Africa between 1901 den 2021, plus red colour being warmer den blue being colder than average (The average temperature during 1971–2000 be taken as de reference point for these changes.)]] '''Climate change in Africa''' be a serious threat as Africa be one of de most vulnerable regions to de effects of climate change, despite contributing de least to causing am. Climate change be causing increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, more frequent extreme weather events including droughts, [[Flood|floods]], den rising sea surface temperatures insyd Africa. These changes dey threaten food den water security, biodiversity, public health, den economic development.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |chapter=Africa |pages=1285–1456 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |first=UNEP |date=2017 |title=Responding to climate change |url=http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=UNEP – UN Environment Programme |language=en}}</ref> Africa be currently warming faster dan de rest of de world on average.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Meterological Organization |date=2024-09-02 |title=Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs |access-date=2025-09-16 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> Na Climate change dey intensifies existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities. Large segments of de African population depend on climate-sensitive livelihoods such as agriculture (55 - 62% of de workforce insyd sub-Saharan Africa)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book |title=Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-06-22 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-32584-4 |edition=1 |pages=1289 |chapter=Africa |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011}}</ref> den already live insyd poverty, heightening their exposure to shocks. Health outcomes worsen as heat stress, vector borne - diseases(such as [[malaria]] den [[Dengue fever|dengue]]), den [[malnutrition]] becam more prevalent. Over half (56%) of de over 2,000 recorded public health incidents insyd Africa between 2001 den 2021 dey connect to climate change.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Africa CDC |url=https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ |title=Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025 |date=7 July 2025 |pages=vii}}</ref> Resources scarcity contributes to displacement den conflict, particularly insyd fragile regions. Urban areas, often characterized by informal settlements, face heightened risks from flooding den extreme heat.<ref name=":02" /> Agriculture be one of de most vulnerable sectors, as most African farmers rely on rainfed crops. Reduced den unpredictable rainfall, combined plus higher temperatures, drives soil moisture loss, desertification (especially insyd de Sahara) den shifts suitable growing areas. These changes lower yields of staple crops, undermining food security den worsening hunger. Livestock health be increasingly compromised by heat stress den shifting disease patterns. Coastal den marine ecosystems face warming seas den rising levels, wich threaten fisheries den densely populated coastal settlements.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fonjong |first1=Lotsmart |last2=Matose |first2=Frank |last3=Sonnenfeld |first3=David A. |date=2024-12-01 |title=Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=89 |article-number=102912 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912 |bibcode=2024GEC....8902912F |issn=0959-3780}}</ref> == References == j8ora4ovu7uhx08whhqe25evtbf21wo 0 27233 100237 2026-06-05T11:31:56Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357545730|Victoria Falls]]" 100237 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Victoria Falls''' (Lozi: ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', "Thundering Smoke/Smoke that Rises"; Tonga: ''Shungu Namutitima'', "Boiling Water") be a waterfall on de [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], wey locate on de border between [[Zambia]] den [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name="nationalgeographic.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2019 |title=Soar Above One of the Most Awe-Inspiring Waterfalls on Earth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/2019/03/soar-above-one-most-awe-inspiring-waterfalls-earth |access-date=9 June 2020 |website=National Geographic |language=en}}</ref> E be one of de world ein largest waterfalls, plus a width of 1,708&nbsp;m (5,604&nbsp;ft). De region around am get a high degree of biodiversity insyd both plants den animals. Archaeology den oral history dey describe a long record of African knowledge of de site. Although known to sam European geographers before de 19th century, na dem introduce Scottish missionary [[David Livingstone]] to de falls insyd 1855, wey he name dem Victoria Falls after Queen Victoria. Since de mid-20th century, de site be a major tourist destination. Zambia den Zimbabwe both get national parks den tourism infrastructure at de site. Research insyd de late 2010s find say precipitation variability secof [[climate change]] likely be to alter de character of de falls. == Name origins == [[David Livingstone]] be de first European dem record to view de falls on 16 November 1855, from an island now be known as Livingstone Island, one of two land masses insyd de middle of de river, immediately upstream from de falls near de Zambian shore.<ref name="LTA">{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Tourism Association, Victoria Falls, Zambia |url=http://www.livingstonetourism.com/ |access-date=7 August 2018 |website=livingstonetourism.com}}</ref> Livingstone name ein sighting in honour of Queen Victoria, buh de Lozi language name, ''Mosi-oa-Tunya''—"The Smoke That Thunders"—continue in common usage. De World Heritage List officially dey recognise both names.<ref name="WW">{{Cite web |title=World Waterfalls & Water Filters for Filtration of Clean Water |url=http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073724/http://www.world-waterfalls.com/index.php |archive-date=14 July 2007 |access-date=11 March 2007}}</ref> Livingstone sanso cite an older name, ''Seongo'' anaa ''Chongwe'', wich dey mean "The Place of the Rainbow", as a result of de constant spray.<ref name="Wellington1955">{{Cite book |last=Wellington |first=John H. |url={{google books |id=mFoBAAAAMAAJ |page=392 |keywords=mosi-oa-yunya |plainurl=yes}} |title=Southern Africa: A Geographical Study |publisher=University Press |year=1955 |volume=1 |location=Cambridge |page=392}}</ref> De nearby national park insyd Zambia be named ''Mosi-oa-Tunya'', whereas de national park den town on de Zimbabwean shore both be named Victoria Falls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Medium Term Plan (MTP): January 2010 – December 2015 |url=http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195908/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/econ/goz_medium_term_plan_100706.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |publisher=Government of Zimbabwe}}</ref> == Size == Victoria Falls be classified as de largest based on ein combined width of 1,708 metres (5,604 ft)<ref>Southern Africa Places (2009).</ref> den height of 108 metres (354 ft),<ref name="WDL">{{Cite web |date=1890–1925 |title=Victoria Falls |url={{wdl|550}} |access-date=1 June 2013 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref> wey dey result in de world ein largest sheet of falling water. [[File:Victoria_Falls_2019_8.webm|thumb|Victoria Falls dem see from Zimbabwe insyd August, 2019.]] == Gorges == [[File:Cataratas_Victoria,_Zambia-Zimbabue,_2018-07-27,_DD_36-43_PAN.jpg|thumb|First Gorge, from de Zambian side]] De principal gorges be * First Gorge: de one de river dey fall into at Victoria Falls * Second Gorge: 250 m (820 ft) south of falls, 2.15 km (1.34 mi) long, dem span by de Victoria Falls Bridge * Third Gorge: 600 m (2,000 ft) south, 1.95 km (1.21 mi) long, wey dey contain de Victoria Falls Power Station * Fourth Gorge: 1.15 km (0.71 mi) south, 2.25 km (1.40 mi) long * Fifth Gorge: 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south, 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long * Songwe Gorge: 5.3 km (3.3 mi) south, 3.3 km (2.1 mi) dem long name after de small Songwe River wey dey cam from de north-east, den de deepest at 140 m (460 ft), de level of de river insyd dem dey vary by up to 20 m (66 ft) between wet den dry seasons.<ref name="Spectrum1996">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlUwAQAAIAAJ |title=Spectrum Guide to Zambia |publisher=Camerapix Publishers International |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-86872-012-5 |location=Nairobi |via=Struik Publishers}}</ref> == Formation == [[File:Victoria_Falls_National_Park_marker.jpg|thumb|Victoria Falls National Park marker]] De Upper Zambezi River originally drain south thru present day [[Botswana]] to join de Limpopo River.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Moore, A.E. |author2=Cotterill, F. P. D. |author3=Broderick, T. |author4=Plowes, D. |year=2009 |title=Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting |url=http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Moore2009_2.pdf |journal=South African Journal of Geology |publisher=Geological Society of South Africa |volume=112 |issue=1 |page=82 |bibcode=2009SAJG..112...65M |doi=10.2113/gssajg.112.1.65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spaliviero, M. |last2=De Dapper, M. |last3=Maló, S. |date=2014 |title=Flood analysis of the Limpopo River basin through past evolution reconstruction and a geomorphological approach |journal=Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=2027–2039 |bibcode=2014NHESS..14.2027S |doi=10.5194/nhess-14-2027-2014 |hdl=1854/LU-5684262 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> A general uplift of de land between Zimbabwe den de Kalahari Desert about 2 million years ago block dis drainage route, den a large paleolake dem know as Lake Makgadikgadi form between de Kalahari den de Batoka Basaltic Plateau of Zimbabwe den Zambia. Na dis lake originally be endorheic wey e get no natural outlet. Under wetter climate conditions about 20,000 years BP, e eventually overflow den begin to drain to de east, wey dey cut de Batoka Gorge thru de basalt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Makgadikgadi Salt Pans |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92394/makgadikgadi-salt-pans |access-date=16 August 2018 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Geological history – Botswana Travel Guide |url=http://www.botswana-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=1171 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Botswana-travel-guide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=A. |title=The Victoria Falls and gorges, in Africa's Top Geological Sites |date=2016 |publisher=Struik Nature |isbn=978-1-77584-448-8 |editor-last=Viljoen |editor-first=R. |location=Cape Town |pages=16–20 |editor-last2=Anhaeusser |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Viljoen |editor-first3=M.}}</ref> == References == [[Category:Articles wey dey contain video clips]] ti341fkbonp0k4e5fvm4mjqvidsa6wd 0 27234 100238 2026-06-05T11:50:39Z Ibnali1 62 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355947716|Lake Malawi]]" 100238 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lake Malawi''', dem sanso know as '''Lake Nyasa''' insyd [[Tanzania]] den '''Lago Niassa''' insyd [[Mozambique]], (Swahili: ''Ziwa Nyasa'') be an African Great Lake den de southernmost lake insyd de East African Rift system, dey locate between [[Malawi]], Mozambique den Tanzania. E be de fourth largest freshwater lake insyd de world by volume, de ninth largest lake insyd de world by area den de third largest den second deepest lake insyd Africa. Lake Malawi be home to more species of fish dan any other lake insyd de world,<ref name="unep2">{{Cite web |date=October 1995 |title=Protected Areas Programme |url=http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511101010/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/wh/lakemal.html |archive-date=2008-05-11 |access-date=2008-06-26 |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, UNESCO}}</ref> wey dey include at least 700 species of cichlids.<ref name="Turner20012">Turner, Seehausen, Knight, Allender, and Robinson (2001).</ref> Na de Mozambique portion of de lake officially be declared a reserve by de Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011,<ref name="panda2">WWF (10 June 2011).</ref> while insyd Malawi a portion of de lake be included insyd Lake Malawi National Park.<ref name="unep2" /> Lake Malawi be a meromictic lake, wey dey mean say ein water layers no dey mix. De permanent stratification of Lake Malawi ein water den de oxic-anoxic boundary be maintained by moderately small chemical den thermal gradients.<ref>Pilskaln, C. H. (2004).</ref> == Geography == Lake Malawi be between 560 kilometres (350 mi) den 580 kilometres (360 mi) long,<ref name="ceonline">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Lake_Nyasa.aspx#1-1E1:Nyasa-La-full|title=Lake Nyasa|access-date=2011-08-02|encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia|Columbia Encyclopedia Online]]|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]}}</ref> den about 75 kilometres (47 mi) wide at ein widest point. De lake get a total surface area of about 29,600 square kilometres (11,400 sq mi).<ref name="ceonline" /> De lake be 706 m (2,316 ft) at ein deepest point, wey locate insyd a major depression insyd de north-central part.<ref name="Konings2">[[Ad Konings|Konings, Ad]] (1990).</ref> Anoda smaller depression insyd de far north dey reach a depth of 528 m (1,732 ft).<ref name="Konings2" /> De southern half of de lake be shallower; less dan 400 m (1,300 ft) insyd de south-central part den less dan 200 m (660 ft) insyd de far south.<ref name="Konings2" /><gallery widths="180px"> File:Lake_Malawi00.jpg|Lake Malawi (1967) File:Mwaya_Beach,_Malawi.jpg|Mwaya Beach File:Monoxylon_beach_Lake_Malawi_1557.jpg|Beach at Cape Maclear near Monkey Bay </gallery> == References == c61b6x1p5lou7nrvm6ec2wpyo2dzl8s