Jakpa Palace

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    <title>Jakpa Palace</title>
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De '''Ndewura Jakpa Palace''' be de seat of de Yagbonwura, as well as ein official residence den meeting area.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dailyguidenetwork.com/bawumia-enskinned-unity-chief/ &quot;Bawumia Enskinned Unity Chief&quot;]. ''DailyGuide Network''. 2023-11-23. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt; Edey locate for [[Damongo]], de capital of de [[Savannah Region]] for [[Ghana]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://citinewsroom.com/2024/02/jakpa-palace-prepares-to-host-john-mahama-on-sunday/ &quot;Jakpa Palace prepares to host John Mahama on Sunday&quot;]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/ghana-month-series-the-tradition-of-jakpa-palace-at-damongo/ &quot;Ghana Month Series: The tradition of Jakpa Palace at Damongo - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 2021-03-31. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://citinewsroom.com/2023/03/new-yagbonwura-outdoored-at-jakpa-palace-in-damongo/ &quot;New Yagbonwura outdoored at Jakpa Palace in Damongo&quot;]. ''Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana''. 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240429013227/https://mcra.gov.gh/ministry-of-chieftaincy-and-religious-affairsc-mourns-with-gonja-kingdom/ &quot;MINISTRY OF CHIEFTAINCY AND RELIGIOUS AFFAIRSC MOURNS WITH GONJA KINGDOM – Ministry of Chieftaincy and Religious Affairs&quot;]. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
Na dem build one of de initial two palaces for de 1970s insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[https://www.myjoyonline.com/mahama-cuts-sod-for-construction-of-new-multipurpose-jakpa-palace-in-damongo/ &quot;Mahama cuts sod for construction of new multipurpose Jakpa palace in Damongo - MyJoyOnline&quot;]. ''www.myjoyonline.com''. 2024-04-27. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Architecture ==
De palace be of Malian architectural designs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Renovation ==
For April 2024 insyd, [[John Mahama]] cut de sod for de rebuild of de palace give de overlord of de Gonjas for Ghana insyd.&lt;ref&gt;Korankye, Kester Aburam (28 April 2024). [https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/mahama-cuts-sod-for-new-jakpa-palace-in-damongo.html &quot;Mahama cuts sod for new Jakpa palace in Damongo&quot;]. ''Graphic Online''. Retrieved 28 April 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Abedu-Kennedy, Dorcas (2024-04-27). [https://www.adomonline.com/mahama-cuts-sod-for-construction-of-jakpa-palace-photos/ &quot;Mahama cuts sod for construction of Jakpa Palace &amp;#x5B;Photos&amp;#x5D;&quot;]. ''Adomonline.com''. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/mahama-cuts/2024/ &quot;Mahama cuts sod for new Jakpa palace in Damongo&quot;]. 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-04-28.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Savannah Region (Ghana)]]
[[Category:Museums for Ghana insyd]]
[[Category:Palaces insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Palaces insyd Ghana]]
[[Category:1970s establishments insyd Ghana]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny</title>
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De '''Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny''' (INP-HB) be public polytechnic institute of higher education, research den production insyd Yamoussoukro wey dey [[Ivory Coast|Côte d'Ivoire]].

Dem name am after Félix Houphouët-Boigny, de country ein first presido.

== Components ==
De institute dey consist of dese écoles supérieures (schools for higher learning / advanced training):

* École Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA, ‘School for Advanced Training insyd Agronomy’).
* École Supérieure d’Industrie (ESI, ‘Industry’): for computer science, mechanics den chemistry.
* École Supérieure de Commerce et d’Administration des Entreprises (ESCAE, ‘Business Studies den Management’): sanso give marketing den insurance.
* École Supérieure des Mines et de Géologie (ESM, ‘Mining den Geology’): sanso give petroleum extraction/processing, den water treatment.
* École Supérieure des Travaux Publics (ESTP, ‘Public Works’): give civil engineering.

For addition, der be de:

* École de Formation Continue et de Perfectionnement des Cadres (EFCPC, ‘Continuing Education and Management Development School’), den
* École doctorale polytechnique (EDP), doctoral school

Dese be among de country ein ''grandes écoles''. For addition, der be ''classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles''. Der sanso be discipline-based departments wey dem connect to de schools.

== History ==

=== Founding ===
De institute be de result of de merger of de city ein four ''grandes écoles'' (''ex-grandes écoles de Yamoussoukro''):

* École Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics (ENSTP, ‘National School for Advanced Training insyd Public Works’) (1962, 1979–1996).
* École Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie (ENSA, ‘National School for Advanced Training insyd Agronomy’) (1965, 1989–1996).
* Institut Agricole de Bouaké (IAB, ‘Bouaké Institute of Agriculture’) (1977–1996). Despite de name, dem already move am from Bouaké go Yamoussoukro.&lt;ref&gt;FAO (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HAdXjEijxfAC&amp;pg=PA12 Aquaculture Development and Research in Sub-Saharan Africa]'' (insyd French). FAO. p.&amp;nbsp;12. ISBN&amp;nbsp;&lt;bdi&gt;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-003569-7|978-92-5-003569-7]]&lt;/bdi&gt;. &lt;q&gt;l'Institut Agricole de Bouaké (IAB, transféré à Yamoussokro) et l'École Forestière de Bouaké (EFB, transféré au Banco)&lt;/q&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Institut National Supérieur de l’Enseignement Technique (INSET, ‘National Advanced Technical Training Institute’) (1975, 1983–1996).

De successors of de agronomy den civil engineering schools drop de word &quot;national&quot; from dema official names.

=== Subsequent developments ===
Since 2011, de Ivorian state take matters for dema hand insyd wey dem appoint fresh INP-HB director-general, Koffi N'Guessan,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240528205413/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/440380/le-dg-koffi-nguessan-souhaite-une-revision-du-statut-de-linp-hb &quot;Le DG Koffi N'Guessan souhaite une révision du statut de l'INP-HB - Abidjan.net News&quot;]. ''news.abidjan.net'' (insyd French). Retrieved 2024-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; make he restore ein credentials. Dis team dem dey take steps make dem revitalize de institute. Debt-relief den development contracts,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240528142257/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/473402/ceremonie-de-signature-de-cinq-conventions-daffectation-du-c2d-discours-du-premier-ministre-daniel-kablan-duncan &quot;Cérémonie de signature de Cinq conventions d'affectation du C2D : discours du premier ministre Daniel Kablan Duncan - Abidjan.net News&quot;]. ''news.abidjan.net'' (insyd French). Retrieved 2024-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; France den sam African states sign am,&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250119143245/https://news.abidjan.net/articles/466905/yamoussoukro-lambassade-de-france-offre-une-trentaine-dordinateurs-a-linp-hb &quot;Yamoussoukro: L'ambassade de France offre une trentaine d'ordinateurs à l'INP-HB - Abidjan.net News&quot;]. ''news.abidjan.net'' (in French). Retrieved 2024-05-28.&lt;/ref&gt; dey allow INP-HB make e obtain sam support from France.

== Campuses ==
Der be three founding campuses: 

* South Campus (''site Sud''): originally de École Nationale Supérieure des Travaux Publics, now de civil engineering den mining schools. Dorms dey for dis campus.
* North Campus (''site Nord''): originally de Institut Agricole de Bouaké and École Nationale Supérieure d’Agronomie, now de agronomy, dey continue education, den doctoral schools.
* Central Campus (''site Centre''): originally de Institut National Supérieur de l’Enseignement Technique, now de industry den business schools.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==

* [http://inphb.ci/ Official website]

[[Category:Universities insyd Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Buildings den structures insyd Yamoussoukro]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1996]]
[[Category:1996 establishments insyd Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Federal College of Education (Technical), Potiskum</title>
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      <text bytes="4642" sha1="3idmg6jx17ctwepx7krwb4aurld7b4p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|item=Q108303831}}De '''Federal College of Education (Technical), Potiskum''' be federal government higher education institution, wey dey Potiskum, Yobe State, [[Nigeria]]. Na first ebe affiliate plus [[Federal University of Technology, Minna|Federal University of Technology Minna]] wey substitute plus [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University]] for ein degree programmes. De college start ey offer PGDE programmes for 2021 insyd. De current Provost of de college be Dr. Muhammad Madu Yunusa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210813213907/https://dailytrust.com/mohammed-reappointed-provost-fce-technical-potiskum &quot;Mohammed reappointed provost FCE (Technical) Potiskum&quot;]. ''Daily Trust''. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211214074743/https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ &quot;Muhammad Madu Yunusa Archives&quot;]. Archived from [https://aljazirahnews.com/tag/muhammad-madu-yunusa/ the original] on 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-14.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dema History ==
Dem establish Federal College of Education (Technical), Potiskum for 1991 insyd. Na originally be Federal Advanced Teachers’ College (FATC), Yola.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240607021154/https://atbu.edu.ng/faculty-of-technology-education/ &quot;ATBU Portal - Official Website&quot;]. ''www.atbu.edu.ng''. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dema Schools ==
De college get de following schools:

* School of Science Education
* School of Technical Education
* School of Business Education
* School of Vocational Education
* School of Education

== Dema Departments ==
'''School of Science Education get de following departments:'''

* Chemistry Complex
* Physics Complex
* Mathematics Complex
* Biology Complex
* Integrated Science Complex

'''School of Vocational Education get de following departments:'''

* Agricultural Science Complex
* Home Economics Complex
* Fine and Applied Art Complex

'''School of Technical Education get de following departments:'''

* Electrical Complex
* Automobile Complex
* Building Complex
* Woodwork Complex
* Metalwork Complex

'''School of Business Education get de following departments:'''

* Secretarial Complex
* Accounting Complex

'''School of Education get de following departments:'''

* Primary Education Complex
* Early Childhood Education Complex

== Dema Courses ==
De institution dey offer de following courses;&lt;ref&gt;[https://myschool.ng/classroom/institution-courses/federal-college-of-education-potiskum &quot;Official List of Courses Offered in Federal College Of Education, Potiskum (FCEPOTISKUM) - Myschool&quot;]. ''myschool.ng''. Retrieved 2021-08-13.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Education den physics
* Building technology education
* Woodwork technology education
* Education den integrated science
* Integrated science/physics
* Education den computer science
* Education den mathematics
* Home economics
* Computer education/chemistry
* Chemistry/integrated science
* Computer education/physics
* Electrical/electronics education
* Automobile technology education
* Education den chemistry
* Biology/integrated science
* Agricultural science den education
* Education den biology
* Business education
* Computer education/biology
* Computer science education/mathematics
* Agricultural science
* Early childhood care education
* Technical education
* Fine den applied arts
* Primary education studies
* Computer science/biology
* Metalwork technology education

== Dema Affiliation ==
De institution be affiliate plus de [[:en:Abubakar_Tafawa_Balewa_University|Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University]] wey dey offer programmes wey go lead go Bachelor of Education, (B.Ed.) for;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210813213913/https://www.academia.com.ng/list-of-degree-courses-offered-in-federal-college-of-education-technical-potiskum-fcetpotiskum/ &quot;LIST OF DEGREE COURSES&quot;]. ''ACADEMIA''. 2 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

* Education &amp; mathematics
* Metal work technology education
* Education den biology
* Wood work/education
* Automobile technology education
* Electrical/electronics education
* Education den chemistry
* Education &amp; computer science
* Education &amp; physics
* Building education
* Agricultural science den education

== Sana spy ==

* List of tertiary institutions in Yobe State

== References ==
[[Category:Federal colleges of education insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:1991 establishments insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1991]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Universities insyd West Africa]]
[[Category:Education insyd Nigeria]]
[[Category:Education insyd West Africa]]
[[Category:Education insyd Africa]]
[[Category:Yobe State]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nazi Boni University</title>
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      <text bytes="1655" sha1="lv3ejr5nnhm7boxaf9azl6nt7k543on" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
De '''Nazi Boni University''' ('''Université Nazi Boni''') be university insyd Bobo-Dioulasso, Houet Province, [[Burkina Faso]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090107145316/http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_67409.html &quot;Bobo-Dioulasso Polytechnic University - Burkina Faso&quot;]. ''www.afdevinfo.com''. Archived from [http://www.afdevinfo.com/htmlreports/org/org_67409.html the original] on 2009-01-07.&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe one of three public universities insyd [[Burkina Faso]] (de odas be de [[University of Koudougou]] den de [[University of Ouagadougou]]).

== History ==
The university opened in 1995, under the name of ''Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lefaso.net/spip.php?article65418 &quot;Université polytechnique de Bobo : 1 160 étudiants ont reçu leurs diplômes de fin d'études - leFaso.net&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2010/2011 e  around 2,600 students.&lt;ref&gt;Government of France, [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/BURKINA_18-5-11__2_.pdf MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO], (insyd French)&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd 2017, na dem rename am Nazi Boni University, for honor of Nazi Boni.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250222125517/http://news.aouaga.com/h/108223.html &quot;Bobo-Dioulasso: l'Université baptisée au nom de Nazi Boni&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Universities den colleges insyd Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Universities den colleges dem establish insyd 1995]]
[[Category:1995 establishments insyd Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Education insyd Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Educational institutions dem establish insyd 1995]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Translation Lesson */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="939" sha1="o6t3xg9aefixskm6dz81f1sqlpyiypv" xml:space="preserve">== afrocreative hashtag ==

kindly remeber to use the afrocreative hashtag when editing [[User:BA Ocansey|BA Ocansey]] ([[User talk:BA Ocansey|talk]]) 15:25, 11 September 2025 (GMT)

:Thanks, boss [[User:Emmanuel Anin|Emmanuel Anin]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Anin|talk]]) 02:59, 12 September 2025 (GMT)
::Hello Emmanuel, please, we do not have your contact details, so reaching out to you is really hard.
::Can you kindly share your contact details with us or can you quickly text me n whatsapp using this number 0549793896 [[User:BA Ocansey|BA Ocansey]] ([[User talk:BA Ocansey|talk]]) 09:41, 1 June 2026 (GMT)
:::Okay please.  [[User:Emmanuel Anin|Emmanuel Anin]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Anin|talk]]) 10:01, 1 June 2026 (GMT)

== Translation Lesson ==

Good evening, I noticed your translation skills, and I wanted to ask you how you translate, if my tools or manual [[User:Prempy|Prempy]] ([[User talk:Prempy|talk]]) 22:35, 6 June 2026 (GMT)</text>
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      <comment>/* Translation Lesson */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>100688</origin>
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      <text bytes="1083" sha1="o6bri6rh9xy4ecvupohpxuvxp72klbj" xml:space="preserve">== afrocreative hashtag ==

kindly remeber to use the afrocreative hashtag when editing [[User:BA Ocansey|BA Ocansey]] ([[User talk:BA Ocansey|talk]]) 15:25, 11 September 2025 (GMT)

:Thanks, boss [[User:Emmanuel Anin|Emmanuel Anin]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Anin|talk]]) 02:59, 12 September 2025 (GMT)
::Hello Emmanuel, please, we do not have your contact details, so reaching out to you is really hard.
::Can you kindly share your contact details with us or can you quickly text me n whatsapp using this number 0549793896 [[User:BA Ocansey|BA Ocansey]] ([[User talk:BA Ocansey|talk]]) 09:41, 1 June 2026 (GMT)
:::Okay please.  [[User:Emmanuel Anin|Emmanuel Anin]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Anin|talk]]) 10:01, 1 June 2026 (GMT)

== Translation Lesson ==

Good evening, I noticed your translation skills, and I wanted to ask you how you translate, if my tools or manual [[User:Prempy|Prempy]] ([[User talk:Prempy|talk]]) 22:35, 6 June 2026 (GMT)

:Let's text on WhatsApp, please. 
:0547490356 [[User:Emmanuel Anin|Emmanuel Anin]] ([[User talk:Emmanuel Anin|talk]]) 11:12, 7 June 2026 (GMT)</text>
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'''Impetigo''' be a contagious bacterial infection wey dey involve de superficial skin.&lt;ref name=Ib2015/&gt; De most common presentation be yellowish crusts on de face, arms, anaa legs.&lt;ref name=Ib2015/&gt; Less commonly der fi be large blisters wich dey affect de groin anaa armpits.&lt;ref name=Ib2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ibrahim F, Khan T, Pujalte GG | title = Bacterial Skin Infections | journal = Primary Care | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 485–499 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26612370 | doi = 10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.001 | s2cid = 29798971 }}&lt;/ref&gt; De lesions fi be painful anaa itchy.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP20142&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G |date=August 2014 |title=Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment |journal=American Family Physician |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=229–235 |pmid=25250996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fever be uncommon.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP20142&quot; /&gt;

E be typically secof either ''Staphylococcus aureus'' anaa ''Streptococcus pyogenes''.&lt;ref name=Jong2022&gt;{{cite book |last1=Stevens |first1=Daniel L. |editor1-last=Jong |editor1-first=Elaine C. |editor2-last=Stevens |editor2-first=Dennis L. |title=Netter's Infectious Diseases |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-71159-3 |pages=78–80 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA78 |language=en |chapter=18. Impetigo }}&lt;/ref&gt; Risk factors dey include attending day care, crowding, poor nutrition, diabetes mellitus, contact sports, den breaks insyd de skin such as from mosquito bites, eczema, [[scabies]], anaa herpes.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP20142&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=Adam2002&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Adams BB | title = Dermatologic disorders of the athlete | journal = Sports Medicine | volume = 32 | issue = 5 | pages = 309–321 | date = 2002 | pmid = 11929358 | doi = 10.2165/00007256-200232050-00003 | s2cid = 34948265 }}&lt;/ref&gt; With contact it can spread around or between people.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP20142&quot; /&gt; Diagnosis typically be based on de symptoms den appearance.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP20142&quot; /&gt;

Prevention be by hand washing, avoiding people wey be infected, den cleaning injuries.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt; Dem sam times dey use Ivermectin Mass Drug Administrations to prevent cases insyd high-prevalence settings such as Fiji, wer impetigo be commonly a scabies sequela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Middleton |first=Jo |date=May 2022 |title=Can ivermectin mass drug administrations to control scabies also reduce skin and soft tissue infections? Hospitalizations and primary care presentations lower after a large-scale trial in Fiji |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2666606522000694 |journal=The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific |language=en |volume=22 |article-number=100454 |doi=10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100454}}&lt;/ref&gt; Treatment typically be plus antibiotic creams such as mupirocin anaa fusidic acid.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=Kon2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Koning S, van der Sande R, Verhagen AP, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Morris AD, Butler CC, Berger M, van der Wouden JC | display-authors = 6 | title = Interventions for impetigo | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | article-number = CD003261 | date = January 2012 | issue = 1 | pmid = 22258953 | pmc = 7025440 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003261.pub3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Antibiotics by mouth, such as cefalexin, fi be used if large areas be affected.&lt;ref name=AFP2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hartman-Adams H, Banvard C, Juckett G | title = Impetigo: diagnosis and treatment | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 90 | issue = 4 | pages = 229–235 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 25250996 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Na dem find antibiotic-resistant forms.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt; Healing generally dey occur widout scarring.&lt;ref name=Jong2022/&gt;

Na impetigo affect about 140&amp;nbsp;million people (2% of de world population) insyd 2010.&lt;ref name=LancetEpi2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, etal | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–2196 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23245607 | pmc = 6350784 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2 }}&lt;/ref&gt; E fi occur at any age, buh e most common be insyd young kiddies aged two to five.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt; Insyd sam places de condition sanso be known as &quot;school sores&quot;.&lt;ref name=Vic2017&gt;{{cite web|title=Impetigo - school sores|url=https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/impetigo-school-sores|website=Bettel Health Channel|access-date=10 May 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705235520/https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/impetigo-school-sores|archive-date=5 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Widout treatment people typically get better within three weeks.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt; Recurring infections fi occur secof colonization of de nose by de bacteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2020-05-26|title=Impetigo symptoms and treatments|url=https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/infections-and-poisoning/impetigo|website=www.nhsinform.scot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2020-05-26|title=Impetigo and Ecthyma - Skin Disorders|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/skin-disorders/bacterial-skin-infections/impetigo-and-ecthyma|website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version}}&lt;/ref&gt; Complications fi include cellulitis or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.&lt;ref name=AFP2014/&gt; De name be from de Latin {{Lang|la|impetere}} wey dey mean &quot;attack&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= Concise English Dictionary|date=1993|publisher=Wordsworth Editions Limited |isbn=978-1-84022-497-9 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYHPuEwaBswC&amp;pg=PA452 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161003055957/https://books.google.ca/books?id=qYHPuEwaBswC&amp;pg=PA452 |archive-date=2016-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101102024504/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec10/ch119/ch119i.html Impetigo and Ecthyma] at ''The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy'' Professional Edition

[[Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Albert (Africa)</title>
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[[File:20230601 shrub Lake albert.jpg|thumb|'''20230601 shrub Lake albert''']]
'''Lake Albert''', wey dem originally know am '''Lake Mwitanzige''' by de Banyoro, '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur, den temporarily as '''Lake Mobutu Sese Seko''', be a lake wey dem locate for [[Uganda]] insyd den de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. E be Africa ein sixth-largest lake den de second biggest of Uganda ein Great Lakes.

== Geography ==
Dem locate Lake Albert for de border between Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo top. E be de northernmost of de chain of lakes for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift. 

E dey about {{convert|160|km|0}} long den {{convert|30|km|0}} across at ein widest, plus a maximum depth of {{convert|51|m|0}}, den a surface elevation of {{convert|619|m|0}} above sea level. 

[[File:Shoebill-Lake-Albert-1.jpg|thumb|'''Shoebill-Lake-Albert''']]Lake Albert dey part of de complicated system of de upper [[Nile]]. Ein main sources be de [[White Nile]], wey dey ultimately come from [[Lake Victoria]] to de southeast, den de Semliki River, wey dey issue from [[Lake Edward]] to de southwest. De water of de Victoria Nile dey much less saline dan dat of Lake Albert. De lake ein outlet, at ein northernmost tip, be de Albert Nile section of de [[White Nile]]. De river dey later becam known as de Mountain Nile wen ein course dey enter [[South Sudan]].

At de southern end of de lake, wey de Semliki dey come insyd, der be swamps. De Rwenzori Mountains dey to de south of de lake, den to de northwest be de Blue Mountains. De few settlements along de shore dey include Butiaba denPakwach.

== Water characteristics ==
[[File:Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327).jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert Channel, Uganda (15192094327)''']]Unlike de very deep [[Lake Malawi]], [[Lake Tanganyika]] den Lake Kivu, Lake Albert ein water temperature dey relatively stable thruout, typically around 27–29 °C (81–84 °F), den even ein deeper sections dey contain oxygen.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Green, J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=263–286 |chapter=Nilotic Lakes of the Western Rift}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lake Albert view from the shoreline in Buhuka, Kikuube District 01.jpg|thumb|'''Lake Albert view from de shoreline for Buhuka, Kikuube District insyd''']]De water get a pH of around anaa just below 9 den an electric conductivity of around 720–780 μS/cm. Dem be both very high give a freshwater lake but nevertheless lower dan Lake Edward.&lt;ref name=&quot;Talling2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Talling, J.F. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=367–394 |chapter=Physical and Chemical Water Characteristics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Animals ==
Lake Albert be home to chaw aquatic den semi-aquatic animals like hippopotamuses, Uganda kob antelopes, Nile crocodiles, Nile monitors, African softshell turtles, Central African mud turtles, Williams' mud turtles, various semi-aquatic snakes den various frogs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2009&quot; /&gt; Water birds dey numerous den dey include pelicans, herons den de rare shoebill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ramsar Sites |url=https://www.ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731054146/https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlife-a-conservation-2/conservation/ramsar-sites |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=ugandawildlife.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Fish den fishing ====
Der be 55 fish species for Lake Albert insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wandera2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Wandera, S.B. |author2=J.S. Balirwa |year=2010 |title=Fish species diversity and relative abundance in Lake Albert—Uganda |journal=Aquatic Ecosystem Health &amp; Management |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=284–293 |bibcode=2010AqEHM..13..284W |doi=10.1080/14634988.2010.507120 |s2cid=84735862}}&lt;/ref&gt; Except give Nile crocodiles, de largest predator for de lake insyd be de Nile perch (native; unlike for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd wey introduce den invasive). Oda large predatory fish dey include de elongate tigerfish, African tigerfish, marbled lungfish, cornish jack, ''Bagrus docmak'', African sharptooth catfish den vundu catfish.&lt;ref name=&quot;Green2009&quot; /&gt; In addition, der be important fisheries give de Nile tilapia, Niger barb, Albert lates, electric catfish den giraffe catfish dat dem use standard fishing methods catch'em,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wandera2011&quot; /&gt; den de small ''Brycinus nurse'' den ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' dat dem mainly use light fishing to catch'em.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |year=2009 |title=The Lake Albert light fishery |url=http://aquaticcommons.org/20316/ |access-date=21 September 2019 |publisher=National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (Uganda)}}&lt;/ref&gt; As much as 30% of de fish production for Uganda insyd be from Lake Albert.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wandera2011&quot; /&gt;    

Lake Albert get fewer [[:en:Endemism|endemics]] dan de oda [[African Great Lakes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Witte, F. |title=The Nile |author2=M.J.P. van Oijen |author3=F.A. Sibbing |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=647–676 |chapter=Fish Fauna of the Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although de Albert Nile–de section of de Nile dat dey leave Lake Albert—get several rapids for de Nimule region insyd,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dumont2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Dumont, H.J. |title=The Nile |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=1–21 |chapter=A Description of the Nile Basin, and a Synopsis of Its History, Ecology, Biogeography, Hydrology, and Natural Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt; dem no effectively isolate de lake from de main Nile sections.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2009&quot; /&gt; For contrast insyd, Lake Edward (den ultimately Lake George), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de rapids for de Semliki River top, while Lake Kyoga (den ultimately [[Lake Victoria]]), dem effectively isolate am from Lake Albert by de Murchison Falls for de Victoria Nile top.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dumont2009&quot; /&gt; As a consequence, most of Lake Albert ein fish dey widespread riverine species wey dem sanso find for de main Nile sections. Der be few haplochromine cichlids; a group wey be very diverse for oda Rift Valley lakes insyd. Of de six haplochromines for Lake Albert insyd, four be endemic (''Haplochromis albertianus'', ''H. avium'', ''H. bullatus'' den ''H. mahagiensis'') den dem sanso find two for de Nile insyd (''H. loati'' den ''Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor''). For comparison insyd, most of de more dan 60 haplochromines for Lake Edward–George insyd den most of de roughly 600 haplochromines for [[Lake Victoria]]–Kyoga insyd be endemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2009&quot; /&gt; De only oda endemic fish species for Lake Albert insyd be de small cyprinid ''Engraulicypris bredoi'' den de endangered Albert lates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Witte2009&quot; /&gt;

== History ==
De Banyoro den Batooro still know Lake Albert as '''Mwitanzige''', den '''Nam Ovoyo Bonyo''' by de Alur as well as oda pippoe wey inhabit de region give centuries before de colonial age. Dis name dey mean ‘locust killer’, from ''omwita'' ‘killer’ den ''enzige'' ‘locusts’ for de Runyoro language, den 'De Lake wey defeat de locusts' for de Alur language insyd, from ''Nam'', 'Lake', ''Ovoyo'', 'deafeat', ''Bonyo'', 'Locusts'. Dis be sekof a local legend wey dey tell how a plague of locusts destroy de crops of de pippoe wey dey live for de eastern shore of de lake top, but wen dem try to cross to de oda side dem never go der.   

For 1864 insyd, de explorers Samuel Baker den Flóra von Sass find de lake&lt;ref&gt;Dorothy Middleton (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/42346 &lt;nowiki&gt;&quot;Baker [née von Sass], Florence Barbara Maria, Lady Baker (1841–1916)&quot;&lt;/nowiki&gt;]. ''[[:en:Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography|Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' (online ed.). Oxford University Press. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/42346|10.1093/ref:odnb/42346]]. Retrieved 2015-09-11. (Subscription, [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/88/ Wikipedia Library] access or [https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public UK public library membership] required.)&lt;/ref&gt; den rename am after de recently deceased Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria. For de 20th century insyd, Zairian Presido Mobutu Sese Seko temporarily name de lake after einself.     

European colonialists operate shipping for de lake top. De British plan shipping for Lake Albert top as part of a network of railway, river steamer den lake steamer services wey e link British interests for [[Egypt]] insyd, east Africa den southern Africa. De John I. Thornycroft &amp; Company shipyard at Wools ton, Hampshire build de cargo den passenger ship ''SS Robert Coryndon'' give dis purpose for 1930 insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Jitze Couperus |date=2009-04-06 |title=Jitze Couperus |url=http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&amp;biog_id=856 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110910154718/http://www.biog.com/story.php?story_id=776&amp;biog_id=856 |archive-date=2011-09-10 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Biog: The World Biography Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem name am after de British Army officer Robert Thorne Corydon, wey be governor of Uganda 1918–22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insomniac&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2009-03-25 |title=Behold, a Dream Unfulfilled |url=https://ugandaninsomniac.wordpress.com/2009/03/25/behold-a-dream-unfulfilled/#more-2914 |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=Ugandan Insomniac; Want to sleep, can't sleep}}&lt;/ref&gt; Winston Churchill describe de ship as ''&quot;de best library afloat&quot;'' den Ernest Hemingway bell am ''&quot;magnificence on water&quot;''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Insomniac&quot; /&gt; Dem either scuttle am for 1962 insyd&lt;ref name=&quot;darbykj&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2007-12-09 |title=darbykj's photostream |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/7479977@N03/ |access-date=2011-05-18 |work=[[Flickr]] |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; anaa sink for 1964 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;darbykj&quot; /&gt; She dey remain unsalvaged den partly submerged for de lake insyd at Butyaba landing site. Dem fi still see am to date.          

Heritage Oil den Tullow Oil announce major oil finds for de Lake Albert basin insyd, plus estimates wey de multi-billion barrel field go prove to be de largest onshore field dem find for sub-Saharan Africa insyd give more dan twenty years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oil &amp; Gas {{!}} National Environment Management Authority |url=https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314231124/https://www.nema.go.ug/eias/oil-gas |archive-date=2023-03-14 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=www.nema.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;          

For March 2014 insyd, a boat wey dey carry Congolese refugees, e capsize for Lake Albert insyd, wey e kill more dan 250 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Uganda Lake Albert boat disaster 'killed 251 refugees'|date=March 27, 2014|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26774338|access-date=April 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;          

For 26 December 2016 top, a boat wey dey carry 45 members den fans of a local village football team capsize for Lake Albert insyd wey e kill at least 30 pippoe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=At least 30 drown in Uganda Christmas drama on Lake Albert |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227130141/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/at-least-30-drown-in-uganda-christmas-drama-on-lake-albert/ar-BBxAdou?ocid=ob-fb-enus-280 |archive-date=2016-12-27 |website=MSN}}&lt;/ref&gt;           

For 24 December 2020 top, 30 people die wen a boat capsize while e dey travel from Uganda to de Democratic Republic of the Congo. De passengers dey concern about travel restrictions wey dem relate to de [[COVID-19]] pandemic for Africa insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kamale|first=Jean-Yves|title=Boat capsizes between Uganda and Congo, killing more than 30|url=https://apnews.com/article/international-news-coronavirus-pandemic-uganda-b7f48d47dc32335e51070e442da98323|access-date=December 24, 2020|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=December 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;           

De [[:en:Kibiro|Kibiro]] settlement for Lake Albert top get cultural den archeological significance.&lt;ref name=&quot;kibirofinds&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Connah |first=Graham |date=March 1, 1997 |title=The cultural and chronological context of Kibiro, Uganda |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02968365 |journal=African Archaeological Review |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=25–67 |doi=10.1007/BF02968365 |s2cid=128430380 |url-access=subscription |via=Springer Link}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson; Garstin, William Edmund (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Albert_Nyanza|&quot;Albert Nyanza&quot;]]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). pp. 503–504.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 World Lakes Database entry for Lake Albert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173456/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Details/Lake/AFR-11 |date=2019-12-04 }}
*[http://www.mccrow.org.uk/eastafrica/eastafricanrailways/MarineDivision/EARLakes.htm &quot;East African Railways and Harbours, Marine Services&quot;]: photos of East African lake ferries including SS ''Robert Coryndon''
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albert}}
[[Category:Lake Albert (Africa)| ]]
[[Category:African Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Uganda]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda border]]
[[Category:Nile]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]</text>
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    <title>Lake Edward</title>
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'''Lake Edward''' (locally '''Rwitanzigye''' anaa '''Rweru''') be one of de smaller [[African Great Lakes]]. Dem locate am for de Albertine Rift insyd, de western branch of de East African Rift, for de border between de [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)]] den [[Uganda]] top, plus ein northern shore a few kilometres south of de equator.

== History ==
Welsh explorer Henry Morton Stanley first see de lake for 1888 insyd, during de Emin Pasha Relief Expedition. Dem name de lake for honour of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales insyd, son of then British monarch Queen Victoria, den e later becam King Edward VII.

For 1973 insyd, Uganda den de then Zaire (DRC) rename am '''Lake Idi Amin''' after Ugandan dictator [[Idi Amin]]. After dem overthrow am for 1979 insyd, e recover ein former name.

For 2014 insyd, de lake be de center of an oil dispute. SOCO International enter de premises of de Virunga National Park wey dem situate de lake to prospect give oil. Howeva, villagers den workers wey attempt to stop de oil company from entering de area, dem beat'em up den even dem kidnap den torture. Dem take plans to redraw de lines of Virunga ein boundaries den exclude de lake into consideration. Howeva, since de park be a world heritage site den de lake dey part of am, such plans naturally dey go against de World Heritage Convention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/16/world/oil-dispute-takes-a-page-from-congos-bloody-past.html|title=Oil Dispute Takes a Page From Congo's Bloody Past|last=Gettleman|first=Jeffrey|date=2014-11-15|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-12-21|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geography ==

=== Topography den drainage ===
Lake Edward dey lie at an elevation of {{convert|920|m|ft}}, be {{convert|77|km|mi}} long by {{convert|40|km|mi}} wide at ein maximum points, den dey cover a total surface area of {{convert|2,325|km2|mi2}}, wey e make am de 15th-largest for de continent top. De Nyamugasani River feed de lake, de Ishasha River, de Rutshuru River, de Ntungwe River, den de Rwindi River. Lake George to de northeast dey empty into am via de Kazinga Channel. Lake Edward dey empty to de north via de Semliki River into Lake Albert, wey e dey join de [[White Nile]], ultimately dey flow to de [[Nile]].   

De western escarpment of de Great Rift Valley dey tower up to {{convert|2000|m|ft}} above de western shore of de lake. De southern den eastern shores be flat lava plains. De Ruwenzori Mountains dey {{convert|20|km|mi}} north of de lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;Google Earth/Geographic Features/Volcanoes&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Lake Edward Drainage.jpg|thumb|Map of de Lake Edward drainage basin anaa watershed. Interactive map]]

==== Volcanism ====
De region dey show much evidence of volcanic activity ova de last 5000 years. De Katwe-Kikorongo den Bunyaruguru Volcanic Fields, plus extensive cones den craters, wey dey lie either side of de Kazinga Channel for de northwest shore of de lake top. Dem think say Lakes George den Edward use to be joined as one larger lake, but lava from dem fields flow insyd den divide am, wey e lef only de Kazinga Channel as de remnant of de past union. To de south dey lie de May-ya-Moto thermally active volcano {{convert|30|km|mi}} away, den de Nyamuragira volcano for de western Virunga Mountains insyd dey lie {{convert|80|km|mi}} south, but ein lava dey flow reach de lake for de past insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;     

De Katwe-Kikorongo field dey feature dozens of large craters den cones wey dey cover an area of {{convert|30|km|mi}} by {{convert|15|km|mi}} between lakes Edward den George, den dey include seven crater lakes. De largest of dem, de {{convert|2.5|km|mi}} long Lake Katwe, e occupy a crater {{convert|4|km|mi}} across den dem separate am from Lake Edward by just {{convert|300|m|ft}} of land. De crater dey about {{convert|100|m|ft}} deep, den Lake Katwe ein surface dey about {{convert|40|m|ft}} lower dan Lake Edward own. E dey remarkable dat de volcanic origin of dis area southeast of de Ruwenzoris wey dem no know am until G. F. Scott Elliot report am for 1894 insyd. Stanley visit Lake Katwe for 1889 insyd den note de deep depression, de salinity of de lake, den a spring of sulphurous water nearby, but e fail to connect dis to volcanism.&lt;ref&gt;Holmes, A. and Harwood, H.F. (1932) [http://jgslegacy.lyellcollection.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/1-4/370 &quot;Petrology of the Volcanic Fields East and South-East of Ruwenzori, Uganda&quot;], ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'', '''88''' (1-4), p. 370&amp;#x2013;442, {{doi|10.1144/GSL.JGS.1932.088.01-04.16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

High-resolution analyses of de elemental composition of calcite den biogenic silica (BSi) content for piston cores insyd from Lake Edward, equatorial Africa, document complex interactions between climate variability den lacustrine geochemistry ova de past 5400 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=James M. |last2=Johnson |first2=Thomas C. |date=July 2005 |title=A high-resolution geochemical record from Lake Edward, Uganda Congo and the timing and causes of tropical African drought during the late Holocene |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=12–13 |pages=1375–1389 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1375R |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.10.003 |issn=0277-3791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De similarly sized Bunyaruguru field for de oda side of de Kazinga Channel top dey contain about 30 crater lakes, sam of wey dey larger dan Lake Katwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The mysterious twin lakes of Rubirizi {{!}} Rubirizi District |url=https://rubirizi.go.ug/opportunites/mysterious-twin-lakes-rubirizi#:~:text=Rubirizi%20District%20formerly%20Bunyaruguru%20County,which%2032%20are%20crater%20lakes. |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=rubirizi.go.ug}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=Mystical 52 crater lakes, valley of the dead of Bunyaruguru |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/mystical-52-crater-lakes-valley-of-the-dead-of-bunyaruguru-1655932 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Monitor |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Settlements ====
[[File:Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Lake Edward from Mweya for Queen Elizabeth National Park insyd]]Lake Edward dey lie completely within de Virunga National Park (DRC) den de Queen Elizabeth National Park (Uganda) den no get extensive human habitation for ein shores top, except at Ishango (DRC) for de north insyd, home to a park ranger training facility. About two-thirds of ein waters dey for de DRC insyd den one third for Uganda insyd. Apart from Ishango, de main Congolese settlement for de south insyd be Vitshumbi, while de Ugandan settlements be Mweya den Katwe for de northeast insyd, near de crater lake of dat name, wey be de chief producer of salt give Uganda. De nearest cities be Kasese for Uganda insyd to de northeast den Butembo for de DRC insyd to de northwest, wey dey respectively about {{convert|50|km|mi}} den {{convert|150|km|mi}} wey road distant am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mich&quot;&gt;Carte Routière et Touristique Michelin (1996) ''Afrique Nord-Est et Arabie'', map scale 1:4&amp;nbsp;000&amp;nbsp;000, Paris : Pneu Michelin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecology ==
Lake Edward be home to many species of fish, wey dey include populations of ''Bagrus docmak'', ''Oreochromis niloticus'', ''Oreochromis leucostictus'', den ova 50 species of ''Haplochromis'' den oda haplochromine species, of wey dem formally describe only 25. Fishing be an important activity among local residents. Fauna living for de banks of de lake top &amp;#x2013; wey dey include chimpanzees, elephants, crocodiles, den lions &amp;#x2013; de national parks protect am. De area sanso be home to many perennial den migratory bird species.  

=== Decline of hippos den tilapia ===
[[File:Lake Edward Katwe landing site.jpg|thumb|Photo of Lake Edward Katwe Landing site]]For de 1970s insyd, Lake Edward hold a population of around 29,000 hippos insyd den around de area of de lake. But sekof an increase for poaching insyd ova de years, der be a 95% decline for de population insyd, plus de population plummeting to only a few hundred by de end of 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Schrank |first=Delphine |date=2009-06-01 |title=As Go the Hippos … |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/as-go-the-hippos/307426/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem conduct a terrestrial census for 2019 insyd wey e assess say de population dey rydee at 1,500 individuals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hippopotamus {{!}} Discover Wildlife at Virunga National Park |url=https://virunga.org/wildlife/mammals/hippopotamus/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Virunga National Park |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem often poach hippopotamus give ein large amount of meat as well as de ivory dem find for ein teeth insyd. Fueled by de high prices dat hippo meat den ivory fetch, poachers dey consistently hunt give dem animals, wey e dey cause a negative impact no only for de hippopotamus population top, but de Lake Edward ecosystem den de local fishermen dat dey depend for de lake top give survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-12-22 |title=Elite rangers take on rebels to end the slaughter of Congo's hippos |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2006/dec/22/congo.conservationandendangeredspecies |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De hippopotamus population dey extremely important to de ecosystem of Lake Edward sekof e dey be a keystone species. Hippos dey produce dung, wey feed tilapia, a once abundant fish species dem find for Lake Edward insyd. One hippo fi produce around 25 kilograms anaa 55 pounds of dung per day, wey fi feed thousands of tilapia within de ecosystem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-04-08 |title=Conservation Efforts to Save Hippos May End Ongoing Tilapia Shortage in DRC Lakes |url=https://globalpressjournal.com/africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/conservation-efforts-save-hippos-may-end-ongoing-tilapia-shortage-drc-lakes/ |access-date=2021-11-04 |website=Global Press Journal |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus de hippopotamus population wey dey decline sekof poaching, de food dem provide to de tilapia fish start to disappear as well. Dis cause an immense decline for de tilapia population insyd, as de hippo population wey dey decrease no fi support de same amount of de tilapia fish species as e do before, wey e cause a growing problem no only give de ecosystem, but de fishermen within de villages dat dey surround Lake Edward.        
[[File:Fishermen on Lake Edward.jpg|thumb|Fishermen on Lake Edward]]Being so close to Lake Edward, de villages dat dey within de area dey often rely for de fish top, specifically tilapia, to support demma families plus food den money. For de past insyd, Lake Edward fi support de fish demand give de entire eastern DRC. De lake get a production capacity of between 15,000 den 20,000 metric tons of tilapia annually, plus an estimate of around 700 fishing canoes for de lake top. Sekof de decline of hippos for de area insyd sekof poaching, dis impact de amount of tilapia for de lake insyd, wey cause de fishermen for de nearby villages insyd to suffer, as well as de rest of de eastern DRC. Many markets dey unable to sustain demma own fish, rydee dey get to import fish from oda areas to continue plus demma business.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;    

Though, de hippo populations wey dey decline no be de only threat to de tilapia for Lake Edward insyd. Sekof de decrease for tilapia populations insyd, wey dey spawn areas den fisheries give de fish dey off limits to fishermen. But sam rebel groups as well as robbers anaa illegal fishers dey try demma luck at dem areas, wey e often cause even more problems wen dey try to conserve den increase de tilapia population for de area insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Sekof dis, many villages around Lake Edward as well as de ecosystem of Lake Edward dey suffer.        

== 2018 Lake Edward Skirmish ==
For July 6, 2018 top, der be a naval skirmish between de two nations of Uganda den de Democratic Republic of the Congo for Lake Edward top. Dis skirmish begin as a result of Congolese naval vessels wey dem send to investigate reports of de Ugandan navy wey e apprehend several Congolese fishing vessels, den civilians. Dis clash result for de death of one person insyd, den de wounding of three odas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706150504/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1JW1A0-OZATP |archive-date=July 6, 2018 |website=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 7, 2018 |title=One killed, three wounded after clashes near Congo-Uganda border |url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/07/07/one-killed-three-wounded-after-clashes-near-congo-uganda-border/ |website=africanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Early reports by local Congolese officials dey claim say dem kill seven for de clash insyd, howeva, dis no back up by either national government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2018 |title=Uganda and DR Congo clash on Lake Edward |url=http://clubofmozambique.com/news/uganda-and-dr-congo-clash-on-lake-edward/ |website=Club of Mozambique |agency=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt; For July 9 top, North Kivu official Muhindo Kyakwa claim dat dem kill twelve Congolese fishermen for de clashes insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/uganda-and-congo-forces-clash-in-lake-edward-dispute/a-44594461|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|quote=&quot;The 12 bodies of our compatriots are still floating on Edward Lake,&quot; said Muhindo Kyakwa, a senior Congolese official of the province of North Kivu.|title=Uganda and Congo forces clash in Lake Edward dispute|date=July 10, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{commons}}
* Cana, Frank Richardson; Garstin, William Edmund (1911). [[wikisource:1911_Encyclopædia_Britannica/Albert_Edward_Nyanza|&quot;Albert Edward Nyanza&quot;]] . ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). p. 502.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314015746/http://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |date=2008-03-14 }}
* [https://wldb.ilec.or.jp/Lake/AFR-12 World Lake Database]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Edward}}
[[Category:Lake Edward| ]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Great Rift Valley]]
[[Category:Lakes of de Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Lakes of Uganda]]
[[Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Uganda border]]
[[Category:International lakes of Africa]]
[[Category:African Great Lakes]]</text>
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    <title>Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa</title>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the Sustainable Development Goals for 2015, unlike the Millennium Development Goals, dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the Sustainable Development Goals for 2015, unlike the Millennium Development Goals, dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water insyd Africa| Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Dinnani Hamdia</username>
        <id>3237</id>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation In Sub-Saharan Africa}}
[[Category:Sub-Saharan Africa]]
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[[Category:Water supply den sanitation by country|Sub-Saharan Africa]]</text>
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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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Although access to '''water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa''' be steadily improving over de last two decades, de region still dey lag behind all oda developing regions. Access to improved water supply increase from 49% insyd 1990 to 68% insyd 2015,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Millennium Development Goals Report 2015|url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/2015_MDG_Report/pdf/MDG%202015%20rev%20(July%201).pdf |website=United Nations }}&lt;/ref&gt; while access to improved sanitation only rise from 28% to 31% insyd dat same period. Sub-Saharan Africa no meet de Millennium Development Goals (MDGs, 1990–2015) of halving de share of de population widout access to safe drinking water den sanitation between 1990 den 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot;&gt;WHO/UNESCO (2010). Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-water: 2010 Update. Geneva: WHO press.[http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf JMP 2010 Update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124090651/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/1278061137-JMP_report_2010_en.pdf |date=2011-11-24 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Der still dey exist large disparities among sub-Saharan African countries, den between de urban den rural areas.

Usually, water be provided by utilities insyd urban areas den municipalities anaa community groups insyd rural areas. Sewerage networks no be common den wastewater treatment be even less common. Sanitation often be insyd de form of individual pit latrines anaa shared toilets. 70% of investments insyd water supply den sanitation insyd sub-Saharan Africa be financed internally den only 30% be financed externally (2001–2005 average). Chaw of de internal financing be household self-finance ($2.1bn), wich be primarily for on-site sanitation such as latrines. Public sector financing ($1.2bn) be almost as high as external financing (US$1.4bn). De contribution of private commercial financing be negligible at $10 million only.

== Water resources ==

[[File:Communal_tap_(standpost)_for_drinking_water_in_Soweto,_Johannesburg,_South_Africa_(2941729790).jpg|thumb|Communal tap (standpost) for drinking water in Soweto, Johannesburg, South Africa. May 2005]]
=== Groundwater === 
Groundwater dey do big work for how people for sub-Saharan Africa take get water and survive especially because e dey everywhere waa,generally e dey clean pass, and e get the power to hold body when drought come and weather dey change anyhow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yet the sources wey dey provide clean water to drink for Africa no plenty, one research wey dem do for 2007 show say more than 40% of Africans dey use groundwater as their main drinking water, especially for the North and Southern parts of Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[:en:Tap_water|Pipe water]] still be the biggest source of drinking water (39%) for town, but borehole dey become more important small small (24%).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; WHO (2006) talk say, for 2004, only 16% of people for sub-Saharan Africa get water for their house through pipe or tap wey dey inside or outside the house.Even when water dey for some of these places, e no easy to get clean drinking water because plenty things fit make the water dirty.Things like poor maintenance because money no dey, pollution and bad sanitation, sometimes also because money no dey.When dem build wells and water sanitation places, sometimes dem no dey test the water as often as dem suppose to, and the people wey dey use the water no get enough education about am.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Surface water ===

[[File:Congobasinmap.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Congo Basin is the world's second largest river basin covering over 12% of the African continent]]
World Health Organisation (WHO) for 2015 report say about 159 million people for the whole world dey fetch water wey no treat from lakes, ponds, rivers and streams.Surface water for Africa sometimes dey very dirty waa.Things like sewage wey dem pour anyhow, oil pollution, factory waste and other things like that.For example, one study wey dem do for Nigeria show say plenty dirty things dey inside the water around there, like chemicals from farm wey flow inside, waste from town, and dirty water from factories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;For another case study wey dem do for Madagascar, Uganda and Rwanda, the researchers find say there were important things wey dey pollute the water bodies across all the places.These dirty things include E. coli, nitrates, and heavy metals. All these things wey dem find inside the water cause big concern for the safety of the water wey the people for those areas dey drink.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Impacts of climate change ===

''Make you read more about am:'' [[Climate change in Africa]]

The way climate change dey affect how water move around go also affect how much water dey available for people to use for Africa.For example, the way rain dey fall, how much e fall, when and where e fall go change.

Climate change go make the problem of getting water for Africa worse, but this go be small small compared to other things like population growth, people moving to town, farming growing and how land dey be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Even though plenty things go affect water for Africa, climate change go cause water shortage for North Africa and Southern Africa. For North Africa alone, climate change fit be responsible for 22% of the total water shortage for that area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change and the way society and economy dey move also go make water scarcity worse for Southern Africa as temperature dey increase and rain no dey fall steady, the water wey dey flow inside rivers for that area go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Climate change fit also cause more extreme water problems like droughts, wey go last longer and happen more often for Southern Africa, and this go put plenty pressure on water supply.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

For East Africa, how water go change no clear at all, because the climate models for that area some dey say rain go increase and some dey say e go decrease.As temperature dey increase, e fit make water evaporate more and cause glaciers and ice to melt small small, and this fit put pressure on water resources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;But future projections show say the rain wey go fall go be more heavy, and this fit cause more water to flow inside rivers for places like the [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Lake Victoria Basin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This part na summary from [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#Temperature_and_weather_changes|Climate change in Africa § Temperature and weather changes''.'']]

The temperature wey dem measure for Africa don increase small small since late 19th century reach early 21st century by about 1°C, but for some places like the Sahel, the lowest temperature fit increase reach 3°C at the end of the dry season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-05 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Africa don dey get hotter faster, as the warming increase by +0.3°C from 1991 to 2021 compared to +0.2°C from 1961 to 1910.Dem estimate say by 2030, the people of Africa go face sea level rising because of how temperature dey increase.This go then cause farm production to go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The rain patterns wey dem observe show differences from place to place and time to time, just as dem expect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The changes wey dem see for temperature and rain dey different depending on which part of Africa you dey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The current climate models wey dem summarise for the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report dey predict say drought and heavy rain go happen more often and become more intense.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;They also predict say the normal amount of rain go reduce for almost everywhere for Africa, and dem get medium to high confidence for this.But the way rain dey fall for different local areas and how society and climate dey affect each other go show different patterns for different places.So the combined effects of climate change go be different across the whole continent.For the villages, the way rain dey fall dey affect how people dey use water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

One study for 2019 predict say the dry periods inside the rainy season go last longer and extreme heavy rain go increase for Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In other words, the two sides of Africa's bad weather go become more serious.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;The research find say most climate models no go fit capture how big these changes go be because their grid scales no be fine enough to allow convection.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

=== Water-related gender inequality ===
For [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|sub-Saharan Africa]], getting clean water still be big problem, and e dey affect women pass because dem be the ones wey dey go fetch water for the house. One study wey dem do for rural [[Zimbabwe]] find say women dey walk average of 4km every day just to fetch water.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;When drought come, these trips fit become even longer because water go be harder to find.Drought conditions don also be linked to more violence at water points, and this dey affect women more because dem be the majority of the ones wey dey go fetch water.To reduce the dangers wey come with walking long distances and violence at water points, dem don suggest say policymakers make dem invest in water infrastructure wey dey closer to where people dey live.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;One study wey dem do for Ghana find say when women no get easy access to water, their health no dey good and dem no get time to rest, because dem be the ones wey dey fetch water for most houses for Ghana and other places for Sub-Saharan Africa.The findings show say for every extra hour wey women spend fetching water, the number of women wey say dem dey feel healthy go reduce.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Access ==

=== General trends ===
[[Image:Access to Improved Water Sources and Sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa.png|thumb|550px|Access to improved water supply and sanitation, in 7 Sub-Saharan countries, from 1990 until 2008. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (2010)]]


For sub-Saharan Africa, access to water and sanitation don improve, but the region still dey behind all the other developing regions:access to clean drinking water increase from 49% for 1990 reach 60% for 2008, but for the same time, access to better sanitation only go up small small from 28% reach 31%.Sub-Saharan Africa no fit meet the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]] wey say dem suppose cut by half the number of people wey no get access to clean drinking water and sanitation between 1990 and 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;JMP&quot; /&gt;

These trends for water supply and sanitation dey show directly for people's health:the number of children wey dey die before they reach five years don reduce for the whole world, but [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]] dey show the slowest progress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The targets wey dem set under the [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goals|Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2015, unlike the [[:en:Millennium_Development_Goals|Millennium Development Goals]], dey report drinking water and sanitation separately -that is, targets for access to clean and affordable drinking water (target 6.1) and proper and fair sanitation and hygiene (target 6.2).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa - Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa#cite_note-Roche_et_al_2017-29 |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=en.wikipedia.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In particular, Sustainable Development Goal SDG6 dey focus on making sure water and sanitation dey available for everybody and dem manage am well for a long time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; The SDGs also include reporting on hygiene, which the MDGs no include before. Access to hygiene facilities in particular is a major barrier to achieving combined SDG access, reducing coverage in SSA from 19.7% to 4.4% (data from 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

For 2020, 65% of people for the whole world dey use pipe water (83% for town and 42% for village).&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Pipe water dey count as an improved water source:&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Overall, sub-Saharan Africa still dey behind, as only 35% of the people dey use pipe water (56% for town and 20% for village).Inside these numbers, the access to clean and safe drinking water dey different from place to place, whether na big city, medium town or small town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

For [[:en:WASH|WASH]] (water, sanitation and hygiene) for schools, data from 2019 show say for Africa, only 44% of schools get basic drinking water, 47% get basic sanitation and 26% get basic hygiene.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;In general, children wey dey go school for village get less access to good WASH services than children wey dey go school for town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.

When children no get enough access to clean water, e dey affect them for different ways.One case study for Ghana find say when children no get enough access to water, dem no dey go school as often as dem suppose to.On top of that, when children no get enough water and cooking fuel, e dey affect their school performance, as the study show say their test scores for subjects like mathematics and English go down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa |date=2026-06-05 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_sub-Saharan_Africa&amp;oldid=1357895707 |access-date=2026-06-06 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== National differences ===
The differences between countries for Sub-Saharan Africa dey very big. Access to clean drinking water dey range from 38% for Ethiopia reach 91% for South Africa, while access to better sanitation dey move from 11% for Burkina Faso reach 77% for South Africa.The situation for Ivory Coast dey better pass, as 82% of the people get access to improved drinking water source.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
== External links ==
* [https://www.ib-net.org The International Benchmarking Network for Water and Sanitation Utilities]
* [https://www.infrastructureafrica.org Africa Infrastructure Knowledge Program]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/private-operators-and-rural-water-supplies-desk-review-experience/ The World Bank on private water operations in rural communities] The World Bank, November 2010, pgs. 4–6.

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A '''flood''' be overflow of water (anaa sometimes oda fluids) wey cover land wey normally dey dry.&lt;ref&gt;MSN Encarta Dictionary, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 Flood] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204203836/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861612277 |date=2011-02-04 }}, Retrieved on 2006-12-28, on 2009-10-31&lt;/ref&gt; For de sense of &quot;flowing water&quot;, dem sanso fi use de word for de inflow of de tide. Floods be important issue for agriculture, civil engineering den public health.

Human activities wey dey change de environment often dey increase how severe floods go be den how often dem go happen. Examples of dese human changes include land use changes like deforestation den removal of wetlands, changes for waterways, anaa flood control measures such as levees. Global environmental problems too dey affect de causes of floods, especially [[climate change]], wey dey cause stronger water cycle activity den sea level rise.&lt;ref&gt;Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013.&lt;/ref&gt;

For example, [[climate change]] dey make extreme weather events happen more often den dem dey become stronger too.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |title=Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change |publisher=The National Academies Press |doi=10.17226/21852 |pages=127–136 |isbn=978-0-309-38094-2 |access-date=2020-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215232008/https://www.nap.edu/read/21852/chapter/7 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |url-status=live |year=2016 |place=Washington, DC|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis one dey lead to stronger floods den increase de risk of flooding.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Hirabayashi|first1=Yukiko|last2=Mahendran|first2=Roobavannan|last3=Koirala|first3=Sujan|last4=Konoshima|first4=Lisako|last5=Yamazaki|first5=Dai|last6=Watanabe|first6=Satoshi|last7=Kim|first7=Hyungjun|last8=Kanae|first8=Shinjiro|date=September 2013|title=Global flood risk under climate change|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate1911/|journal=Nature Climate Change|language=en|volume=3|issue=9|pages=816–821|doi=10.1038/nclimate1911|bibcode=2013NatCC...3..816H|issn=1758-6798|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=How climate change is making record-breaking floods the new normal|url=https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/how-climate-change-making-record-breaking-floods-new-normal|website=United Nations Environmental Program|date=3 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Natural types of floods include river flooding, groundwater flooding, coastal flooding den urban flooding, wey some people dey call flash flooding. Tidal flooding fit include elements of both river den coastal flooding processes for estuary areas. There be also intentional flooding of land wey otherwise for remain dry. Dis one fit happen for agricultural, military, or river management purposes. For example, agricultural flooding fit happen when dem dey prepare paddy fields for growing semi-aquatic rice for plenty countries.

Flooding fit happen when water overflow from water bodies such as rivers, lakes, seas, anaa oceans. For such cases, de water dey pass over anaa break levees, causing some of de water to escape from ein normal boundaries.&lt;ref&gt;Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000) [http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 Flood] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824054504/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=flood1 |date=2007-08-24 }}, Retrieved on 2009-01-09&lt;/ref&gt;

Flooding fit also happen because rainwater gather on ground wey already soak with water. Dem dey call dis kind flood ''areal flood''. De size of a lake or any oda water body naturally fit change because of seasonal changes for [[precipitation]] den melting snow. However, dem no dey consider dese changes in size as floods unless dem cause damage to property anaa drown domestic animals. Floods sanso fi happen for rivers when de amount of water wey dey flow pass de capacity of de river channel, especially for bends anaa meanders of de waterway. Floods often dey cause damage to houses den businesses if dem buildings dey inside de natural flood plains of rivers. People fit avoid river flooding damage if dem move go live far from rivers. However, for plenty countries, people traditionally dey live den work near rivers because de land for there usually dey flat den fertile. Besides, rivers dey provide easy transportation den access to trade den industry.

Flooding fit damage property den also cause secondary effects. For de short term, e fit increase de spread of waterborne diseases den vector-borne diseases, such as diseases wey mosquitoes dey transmit. Flooding fit also make residents leave dia homes for long periods of time or permanently.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Flooding and communicable diseases fact sheet|url=https://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231191549/http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/ems/flood_cds/en/|archive-date=December 31, 2004|access-date=2021-03-28|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Floods be one important area of study for hydrology den hydraulic engineering.

Large number of people for de world dey live close to major coastlines,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Neumann |first1=Barbara |last2=Vafeidis |first2=Athanasios T. |last3=Zimmermann |first3=Juliane |last4=Nicholls |first4=Robert J. |date=2015-03-11 |title=Future Coastal Population Growth and Exposure to Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Flooding - A Global Assessment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=3 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1018571N |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4367969 |pmid=25760037 |doi-access=free |article-number=e0118571}}&lt;/ref&gt; while plenty major cities den farming areas too dey near floodplains.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-24 |title=Flood Risk Management in Canada {{!}} Research report |url=https://www.genevaassociation.org/research-topics/climate-change-and-emerging-environmental-topics/flood-risk-management-canada |access-date=2021-10-29 |website=Geneva Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of changing climatic conditions, de risk of coastal den river flooding dey increase significantly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:42&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Dieperink |first1=C. |last2=Hegger |first2=D. L. T. |last3=Bakker |first3=M. H. N. |last4=Kundzewicz |first4=Z. W. |last5=Green |first5=C. |last6=Driessen |first6=P. P. J. |date=2016-10-01 |title=Recurrent Governance Challenges in the Implementation and Alignment of Flood Risk Management Strategies: a Review |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=30 |issue=13 |pages=4467–4481 |bibcode=2016WatRM..30.4467D |doi=10.1007/s11269-016-1491-7 |issn=1573-1650 |s2cid=54676896 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Types ==
[[File:Katrina-new-orleans-flooding3-2005.jpg|thumb|View of flooded New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina]]
[[File:Rapid_Creek_flooding_1.jpg|thumb|Flooding of a creek because of heavy monsoon rain den high tide for Darwin, Northern Territory, [[Australia]]]]
[[File:Jeddah_Flood_-_King_Abdullah_Street.jpg|thumb|Flood for [[Jeddah]], covering King Abdullah Street for [[Saudi Arabia]]]]
[[File:Overland_flooding_near_Georgetown,_Minnesota,_in_the_Red_River_Valley_of_the_North.jpg|thumb|Overland flooding near Georgetown, Minnesota, for de Red River Valley of de North]]

=== Areal flooding ===
[[File:House_surrounded_by_flood_Ilmajoki_Finland.jpg|thumb|For spring season, floods be common for Ostrobothnia, one flat area for [[Finland]]. House wey flood surround for Ilmajoki, South Ostrobothnia.]]
Floods fit happen for flat or low-lying areas when rainwater or melted snow dey come more quickly than de ground fit absorb am or than de water fit flow away. De extra water gather for one place, sometimes reaching dangerous levels. Surface soil fit become fully soaked with water, wey go stop further infiltration, especially for places where de water table dey near de surface, such as a floodplain, or during heavy rainfall from one storm or a series of storms.

Infiltration too dey very slow or almost impossible through frozen ground, rock, concrete, paved surfaces, or roofs. Areal flooding usually start for flat areas like floodplains den local depressions wey no connect to any stream channel, because de speed of overland flow depend on de slope of de land. Endorheic basins fit experience areal flooding during periods when rainfall pass evaporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Myrtle |title=Fact Sheet |date=2000 |chapter=Ground-water flooding in glacial terrain of southern Puget Sound, Washington |doi=10.3133/fs11100 |ref=MJones |access-date=2015-07-23 |chapter-url=https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/fs11100}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== River flooding ===
[[File:January 27 2019 Baron River Flooding, Cairns.jpg|thumb|left|January 27 Baron River flooding, Cairns]]

Flood fit happen for all types of river den stream channels, from small ephemeral streams for humid areas, to normally-dry channels for arid regions, go reach big rivers like de Amazon. When overland flow happen for farm land, e fit cause muddy flood where sediments dey carried plus de runoff as suspended material anaa bed load. Local flooding fit increase because of blockage for drainage, like landslides, ice, debris, anaa beaver dams.

Slow rising floods normally dey happen for big rivers wey get large catchment areas. De increase for water flow fit come from long rain, fast snowmelt, monsoon rains, anaa tropical cyclones. But big rivers too fit experience fast flooding if de area be dry climate, because dem fit get large basin but small river channel, den rainfall fit be very heavy for small part of de basin.

For very flat areas like de Red River Valley of the North for Minnesota, North Dakota, den Manitoba, mixed type of river den areal flooding fit happen, wey people dey call am &quot;overland flooding&quot;. Dis one different from &quot;overland flow&quot; wey mean surface runoff. De Red River Valley be former glacial lakebed wey Lake Agassiz create, den for 550 miles river course, e drop only 236 feet, meaning say de slope very small.

For dis kind flat land, spring snowmelt no dey happen same time everywhere. If snowfall heavy den snow melt fast, water fit push out from tributary rivers, move overland, then join another river far downstream anaa even enter another stream completely. Overland flooding fit be very dangerous because e no dey easy to predict, e fit happen suddenly, den e fit travel far distance for flat land.

Fast flooding events wey dey include flash floods dey happen more for small rivers, steep valleys, rivers wey flow over hard rock, anaa normally-dry channels. De cause fit be heavy thunderstorm rain anaa sudden release of water from dam, landslide, anaa glacier. For one case, flash flood kill eight people for waterfall area insyd narrow canyon wen water flow jump from about {{convert|50|to|1500|ft3/s|sigfig=2}} insyd just one minute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hjalmarson&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hjalmarson|first1=W. Hjalmar|date=December 1984|title=Flash Flood in Tanque Verde Creek, Tucson, Arizona|journal=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering|volume=110|issue=12|pages=1841–1852|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1984)110:12(1841)|bibcode=1984JHydE.110.1841H }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two more floods happen for same place within one week, but nobody dey there those days. De deadly flood come from thunderstorm wey happen for part of drainage basin, where steep bare rock slope dey den thin soil already full plus water.

Flash floods be very common for normally-dry channels inside arid areas, wey dem dey call arroyos for southwest [[United States]]. For dis kind place, first flood water wey arrive dey lose strength secof e dey soak into sandy river bed. So de front of de flood dey move slow pass de water behind. Secof dis, de flood become faster as e dey move downstream until soil soaking no matter again den flow rate become very strong.

Dis one dey help people take precautions den give warning ahead of time so dem fit prepare for flooding conditions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2013-04-30 |title=Flood Warnings |url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/58417.aspx |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Environment Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, farmers fit move dema animals comot from low-lying areas, den utility services fit arrange emergency plans to reroute services if e become necessary. Emergency services too fit make sure say dem get enough resources ready before time so dem fit respond quickly when emergencies happen. People sanso fi evacuate areas wey flood go affect.

To make flood forecast for waterways more accurate, e dey important to get long history data wey link stream flows to past rainfall events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Australia rainfall and river conditions |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/australia/flood |access-date=2013-06-17 |publisher=Bom.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; If you combine dis historical data plus real-time information about water levels in catchment areas—like space left insyd reservoirs, groundwater levels, den how much soil den underground water systems don already soak (saturation of aquifers)—then flood prediction go become more accurate.

Radar rainfall estimates den normal weather forecasting methods too be important part of good flood forecasting. For places wey good data dey available, dem fit predict how high flood go rise den wen e go reach certain places plus good accuracy den enough early warning. Flood forecast output usually show de maximum expected water level den de estimated time wey e go reach key points along de river.&lt;ref name=&quot;Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Connelly |first1=Brian A |last2=Braatz |first2=Dean T |last3=Halquist |first3=John B |last4=Deweese |first4=Michael M |last5=Larson |first5=Lee |last6=Ingram |first6=John J |year=1999 |title=Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=104 |issue=D16 |pages=19, 655 |bibcode=1999JGR...10419655C |doi=10.1029/1999JD900051 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; E sanso fit help calculate de statistical return period of flood.

For many developed countries, urban areas wey dey at risk of flooding dey protected against wat dem call 100-year flood—dat one mean flood wey get about 63% chance (1 − 0.99&lt;sup&gt;100&lt;/sup&gt;, anaa roughly 1 − 1/''e'') to happen insyd any 100-year period.

According to de U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) Northeast River Forecast Center (RFC) for Taunton, Massachusetts, one simple rule for urban flood forecasting be say e need at least {{convert|1|in|mm}} of rain within about one hour to cause serious water gathering on non-absorbent surfaces. Chaw NWS RFCs sanso dey issue Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance, wey show de amount of rain wey fit cause flash flooding anaa flooding for big water basins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flash Flood Guidance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=FFG |url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304094148/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rfcshare/ffg.php |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|flood}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Flood| ]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Meteorological phenomena]]
[[Category:Weather hazards]]
[[Category:Natural disasters]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lake Kivu</title>
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'''Lake Kivu''' be one of de [[:en:African_Great_Lakes|African Great Lakes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche |title=Natural Wonders of the World |publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-89577-087-5 |editor-last=Scheffel |editor-first=Richard L. |location=United States of America |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/206 206]–207 |editor-last2=Wernet |editor-first2=Susan J. |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dey lie for de border between de [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] den [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] top, den e dey for de [[:en:Albertine_Rift|Albertine Rift]] insyd, de western branch of de [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=H.-K. |last2=Herzen |first2=R. P. |date=1974-06-01 |title=A Geophysical Study of Lake Kivu, East Africa |journal=Geophysical Journal International |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=371–389 |bibcode=1974GeoJ...37..371W |doi=10.1111/j.1365-246x.1974.tb04091.x |issn=0956-540X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lake Kivu dey empty into de [[:en:Ruzizi_River|Ruzizi River]], wey dey flow southwards into [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 June 2020 |title=The Largest Lakes in Africa |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-lakes-in-africa.html |website=WorldAtlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 1894 insyd, German officer den colonial ruler [[:en:Gustav_Adolf_von_Götzen|Gustav Adolf von Götzen]] be de first European wey dem record to visit de lake. 
[[File:Gisenyi (6817417653).jpg|thumb|Kivu lake shoreline at [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], Rwanda]]For de past insyd, Lake Kivu drain toward de north, wey e contribute to de [[:en:White_Nile|White Nile]]. About 13,000 to 9,000 years ago, [[:en:Volcanism|volcanic activity]] block Lake Kivu ein outlet to de watershed of de Nile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Danley |first1=Patrick D. |last2=Husemann |first2=Martin |last3=Ding |first3=Baoqing |last4=Dipietro |first4=Lyndsay M. |last5=Beverly |first5=Emily J. |last6=Peppe |first6=Daniel J. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=The Impact of the Geologic History and Paleoclimate on the Diversification of East African Cichlids |journal=International Journal of Evolutionary Biology |volume=2012 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1155/2012/574851 |pmc=3408716 |pmid=22888465 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; De volcanism produce mountains, wey dey include de [[:en:Virunga_Mountains|Virungas]], wey rise between Lake Kivu den [[:en:Lake_Edward|Lake Edward]], to de north.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Clark |first=J. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_r08AAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA35 |title=Kalambo Falls Prehistoric Site, Volume 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1969 |location=London |page=34 |access-date=16 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem then force water from Lake Kivu south down de Ruzizi. Dis, for turn insyd, raise de level of [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]], wey ovaflow down de [[:en:Lukuga_River|Lukuga River]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Danley&quot; /&gt;

Lake Kivu be one of three lakes for de world insyd, along plus [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den[[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], dat dey undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)). De lake ein bottom dey sanso contain [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;). If a limnic eruption dey occur, de lives of de two million pippoe wey dey live nearby go be for danger insyd.  

== Geography ==
Lake Kivu dey approximately {{Convert|42|km|abbr=on}} long den {{Convert|50|km|abbr=on}} at ein widest.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Ein irregular shape dey make measuring ein precise surface area difficult; dem estimate am to cover a total surface area of sam {{convert|2700|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}, wey e make am Africa ein eighth largest lake.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; De surface of de lake dey sit at a height of {{convert|1460|m|ft|-1}} above sea level. Dis lake get a chance of suffering a [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruption]] every 1000 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; De lake get a maximum depth of {{convert|475|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} den a mean depth of {{convert|220|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}, wey e make am de world ein twentieth [[:en:List_of_lakes_by_depth|deepest lake]] by maximum depth, den de thirteenth deepest by mean depth.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;    

De lake bed dey sit upon a [[:en:Rift_valley|rift valley]] wey dem slowly pull am apart, wey e cause [[:en:Volcanic_activity|volcanic activity]] for de area insyd.        

De world ein tenth-largest [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|island]] [[:en:List_of_islands_in_lakes|for a lake insyd]], [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]], dey lie for Lake Kivu insyd        

==== Human geography ====
Sam {{convert|1,370|km2|0}} anaa 58 percent of de lake ein waters dey lie within [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_Congo|DRC]] borders.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Settlements for de lake ein shore top dey include [[:en:Bukavu|Bukavu]], [[:en:Kabare_Territory|Kabare]], [[:en:Kalehe_Territory|Kalehe]], [[:en:Sake,_DRC|Sake]] den [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de Democratic Republic of de Congo insyd, den [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]], [[:en:Kibuye,_Rwanda|Kibuye]], den [[:en:Cyangugu|Cyangugu]] for Rwanda insyd.

For early 2025 insyd, during de [[:en:M23_campaign_(2022–present)|M23 campaign]],  de [[:en:Rwandan_Defence_Force|Rwandan military]] occupy all settlements for de Congolese side of de lake ein shores insyd den de [[:en:March_23_Movement|M23 Movement]], plus provincial capital Goma wey dem capture for January insyd den all settlements wey dey under M23 control as of early March.&lt;ref name=&quot;:015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 March 2025 |title=RDC: sur les 8 territoires que compte le Sud-Kivu, 7 sont désormais sous occupation après l'arrivée sans combat des rebelles de l'AFC/M23 au territoire insulaire d'Idjwi |trans-title=DRC: Of the eight territories in South Kivu, seven are now under occupation following the arrival of AFC/M23 rebels in the island territory of Idjwi without a fight |url=https://actualite.cd/index.php/2025/03/14/rdc-sur-les-8-territoires-que-compte-le-sud-kivu-7-sont-desormais-sous-occupation-apres |access-date=14 March 2025 |website=[[Actualite.cd]] |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 12 March insyd, M23 land for Idjwi island top, wey e occupy am without resistance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Congo War Security Review, March 4, 2025 |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/briefs/congo-war-security-review/congo-war-security-review-march-4-2025 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Critical Threats}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Lake Kivu be a [[:en:Meromictic_lake|meromictic lake]] wey dey contain a [[:en:Fresh_water|freshwater]] surface layer dat dey becam more saline plus depth, plus a salinity wey dey approach 6 g/kg near de bottom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Tobias |last2=Schmid |first2=Martin |last3=Wüest |first3=Alfred |date=2019 |title=The role of double diffusion for the heat and salt balance in Lake Kivu |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/lno.11066 |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=650–660 |bibcode=2019LimOc..64..650S |doi=10.1002/lno.11066 |issn=1939-5590}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along plus Cameroonian [[:en:Lake_Nyos|Lake Nyos]] den [[:en:Lake_Monoun|Lake Monoun]], Lake Kivu be one of three dat dem know to undergo [[:en:Limnic_eruption|limnic eruptions]] (wey ovaturn of deepwater stratified layers dey release dissolved carbon dioxide). Around de lake, researchers find evidence of massive local extinctions about every thousand years, wey outgassing events presumably cause am. De trigger give lake ovaturns for Lake Kivu insyd, dem no know am, but volcanic activity den changes for climate insyd, dem suspect both.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fowkes |first1=Neville |url=https://www.wits.ac.za/media/wits-university/conferences/misgsa/documents/2018/LakeKivuReportRefereedFinal.pdf |title=Proceedings of the Mathematics in Industry Study Group: Emissions from Lake Kivu |last2=Mason |first2=David |last3=Hutchinson |first3=A.J. |date=2018 |publisher=University of the Witwatersrand |isbn=978-0-9870336-8-0 |pages=27–73 |access-date=11 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; De gaseous chemical composition of exploding lakes be unique to each lake. For Lake Kivu ein case, e dey include [[:en:Methane|methane]] (CH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) den [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;), as a result of lake water interaction plus volcanic hot springs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Wenz |first1=John |year=2020 |title=The danger lurking in an African lake |journal=Knowable Magazine |doi=10.1146/knowable-100720-1 |s2cid=225118318 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De amount of methane wey dem contain am at de bottom of de lake, dem estimate am to be {{convert|65|km3|0}}. If dem burn am for a modern [[:en:Combined_cycle_power_plant|combined-cycle generating plant]] insyd, dat amount of methane go generate around 40,000 [[:en:Megawatt|megawatts]] give an entire year, wey dey equivalent to de power output equivalent to six times dat of de [[:en:Grand_Coulee_Dam|Grand Coulee Dam]] at peak springtime power. De lake sanso dey hold an estimated {{convert|256|km3|0}} of carbon dioxide wey, if dem release am for an eruption event insyd, e fi suffocate all of de inhabitants of de lakeshore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Explosive Hazard Hiding in an African Lake |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/explosive-hazard-hiding-african-lake-180976024/ |work=Smithsonian Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; De water temperature be {{convert|24|C}}, den de [[:en:PH|pH]] dey about 7 for de anoxic region insyd, den around 9 for de oxygenated waters insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Njala University, Sierra Leone |last2=Olapade |first2=Oj |last3=Omitoyin |first3=Bo |last4=University of Ibadan, Nigeria |date=2012-08-03 |title=Anthropogenic pollution impact on physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Kivu, Rwanda |journal=African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development |volume=12 |issue=53 |pages=6517–6536 |doi=10.18697/ajfand.53.9840 |hdl=1807/55851 |s2cid=70874696 |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem report say microbial reduction of de volcanic produce methane (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nayar |first1=Anjali |year=2009 |title=A lakeful of trouble |journal=Nature |volume=460 |issue=7253 |pages=321–323 |doi=10.1038/460321a |pmid=19606123 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A future ovaturn den gas release from de deep waters of Lake Kivu go result for catastrophe insyd, wey dey dwarf de historically lake ovaturns dem document at de much smaller Lakes Nyos den Monoun. De lives of de approximately two million pippoe wey live for de lake basin area insyd, dem go threaten am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenz&quot; /&gt;

Cores from de Bukavu Bay area of de lake reveal dat de bottom get layered deposits of de rare mineral [[:en:Monohydrocalcite|monohydrocalcite]] wey dem interlay plus [[:en:Diatoms|diatoms]], for top of [[:en:Sapropel|sapropelic]] sediments plus high [[:en:Pyrite|pyrite]] content. Dem find'em at three different intervals. Dem believe de sapropelic layers to be related to hydrothermal discharge den de diatoms to a bloom wey reduce de carbon dioxide levels low enough to precipitate monohydrocalcite.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Stoffers, P., and Fischbeck, R. (1974) Monohydrocalcite in the sediments of Lake Kivu (East Africa) ''Sedimentology'', 21, 163–170.&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists hypothesize dat sufficient volcanic interaction plus de lake ein bottom water dat get high gas concentrations go heat water, force de methane out of de water, spark a methane explosion, den trigger a nearly simultaneous release of carbon dioxide, though de entry of 1 million cubic meters of lava during de January 2002 eruption get no effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Seach |first=John |date=January 17–25, 2002 |title=Archived Volcano News - John Seach |url=https://volcanolive.com/news16.html |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=volcanolive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;solidarites&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Halbwachs |display-authors=etal |date=2002-03-09 |title=Investigations in Lake Kivu (East Central Africa) after the Nyiragongo Eruption of January 2002: Specific study of the impact of the sub-water lava inflow on the lake stability |url=https://www.eawag.ch/forschung/surf/gruppen/kivu/publications/Halbwachs_2002_Investigations_in_Lake_Kivu.pdf |access-date=2012-12-21 |publisher=Solidarities}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040917101646/http://www.eawag.ch/research_e/apec/Scripts/Lorke_publication_lake_kivu_2002.pdf mirror]&lt;/ref&gt; De carbon dioxide go then suffocate large numbers of pippoe for de lake basin insyd as de gases roll off de lake surface. E sanso dey possible say de lake fi spawn [[:en:Tsunamis_in_lakes|lake tsunamis]] as gas dey explode out of am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=November 21, 2015 |title=Rwanda and DRC Sign Agreement Over L. Kivu Methane Gas Exploration |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/rwanda-and-drc-sign-agreement-over-l-kivu-methane-gas-exploration/ |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Killer Lakes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 4, 2002 |title=Killer Lakes - Transcript |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/killerlakestrans.shtml |access-date=2023-02-07 |website=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/ &quot;In the Shadow of Doom&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142857/http://walrusmagazine.ca/articles/2006.05-field-notes-in-the-shadow-of-doom/|date=2007-09-28}}, ''The Walrus'', May 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Dem begin to understand de risk wey Lake Kivu pose during de analysis of more recent events at Lake Nyos. Dem originally think Lake Kivu ein methane to be merely a cheap natural resource give export, den give de generation of cheap power. Once de mechanisms wey cause lake ovaturns begin to be understood, so do awareness of de risk de lake pose to de local population.  

Dem install an experimental vent pipe at Lake Nyos for 2001 insyd to remove gas from de deep water, but such a solution give de much larger Lake Kivu go dey considerably more expensive. De approximately {{convert|500|e6LT|e6MT|order=flip}} of carbon dioxide for de lake insyd be [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth's_atmosphere#Concentration|a little under 2 percent]] of de amount wey human fossil fuel burning release am annually. Therefore, de process of releasing am fi potentially get [[:en:Carbon_trade|costs]] beyond simply building den operating de system.    

Dis problem wey dem associate plus de prevalence of methane be dat of [[:en:Mazuku|mazuku]], de [[:en:Swahili_language|Swahili]] term &quot;evil wind&quot; give de outgassing of methane den carbon dioxide dat dey kill pippoe den animals, den fi even kill vegetation when for high enough concentration insyd.    

==== Methane extraction ====
[[File:Methane extraction platform at Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|A methane extraction platform, Gisenyi, Rwanda.]]Dem recently find Lake Kivu to contain approximately {{convert|55|e9m3|e12cuft|abbr=unit}} of dissolved [[:en:Biogas|biogas]] at a depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|-2}}. Until 2004, dem do extraction of de gas for a small scale top, plus dem use extracted gas to run boilers at de [[:en:Bralirwa|Bralirwa brewery]] for [[:en:Gisenyi|Gisenyi]] insyd.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm &quot;Case Studies : Recovery of Gas from Lake Kivu – The Goats of Rwanda&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060224004457/http://www.avec.co.za/casestudies/cs_08.htm|date=2006-02-24}}, Added Value Engineering Consultants, accessed 4 May 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;powerhouse&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6624395.stm|title=Rwanda's Underwater Powerhouse|date=May 4, 2007|access-date=2008-02-05|author=Adam Mynott|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; As far as large-scale exploitation of dis resource dey concern, de Rwandan government negotiate plus a number of parties to extract methane from de lake.  

== Biology den fisheries ==
[[File:Lake Kivu, boats.jpg|thumb|Fishing boats for Lake Kivu top, 2009]]
[[File:An aerial of Paradis Malahide island in Lake Kivu with the area of 2,700 km². Emmanuel Kwizera.jpg|thumb|Paradis Malahide Island within de lake]]
[[File:View of the sky and its reflection on Lake Kivu.jpg|thumb|De sky wey reflect for Lake Kivu top]]De fish fauna for Lake Kivu insyd be relatively poor plus 28 described species, wey dey include four [[:en:Introduced_species|introduced species]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Snoeks |first1=J |last2=De Vos |first2=L. |last3=Thys van den Audenaerde |first3=D. |date=1997 |title=The ichthyogeography of lake Kivu |journal=South African Journal of Science |volume=93 |pages=579–584}}&lt;/ref&gt; De natives be de [[:en:Lake_Rukwa_minnow|Lake Rukwa minnow]] (''Raiamas moorii''), four species of barb ([[:en:Ripon_barbel|ripon barbel]], ''Barbus altianalis'', [[:en:East_African_red-finned_barb|East African red-finned barb]], ''Enteromius apleurogramma'', [[:en:Redspot_barb|redspot barb]], ''E. kerstenii'' den [[:en:Pellegrin's_barb|Pellegrin's barb]], ''E. pellegrini''), an ''[[:en:Amphilius|Amphilius]]'' catfish, two ''[[:en:Clarias|Clarias]]'' catfish (''[[:en:Clarias_liocephalus|C. liocephalus]]'' den ''[[:en:Clarias_gariepinus|C. gariepinus]]''), [[:en:Nile_tilapia|Nile tilapia]] (''Oreochromis niloticus'') den 15 endemic ''[[:en:Haplochromis|Haplochromis]]'' cichlids.&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt; Another {{circa|20}} possibly [[:en:Undescribed_species|undescribed species]] of cichlids, dem know from de lake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J. |year=2013 |title=How many species are there in Lake Kivu? |url=https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_userprofiles/upload/walkerjo/Bachelor_Thesis_Jonas_Walker_August_2013_Lake_Kivu.pdf |publisher=University of Bern}}&lt;/ref&gt; De species dem introduce be three cichlids, de [[:en:Longfin_tilapia|longfin tilapia]] (''Oreochromis macrochir''), [[:en:Oreochromis_leucostictus|blue-spotted tilapia]] (''O. leucostictus'') den [[:en:Redbreast_tilapia|redbreast tilapia]] (''Coptodon rendalli''), den a clupeid, de [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika_sardine|Lake Tanganyika sardine]] (''Limnothrissa miodon'')&lt;ref name=&quot;FishSnoeks&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Collart |first=A. |date=1960 |title=L'introduction du 'Stolothrissa tanganicae' (Ndagala) au lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11887 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge |series=Hosted at Agricultural Research Archive for DRC, Rwanda and Burundi, 1885-1960 |language=French |volume=51 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capart |first=A. |date=1959 |title=A propos de l'introduction du Ndakala (Stolothrissa tanganikae) dans le lac Kivu |url=https://ineac.africamuseum.be./catalog/11546 |journal=Bulletin Agricole du Congo Belge et du Ruanda-Burundi |language=French |volume=50 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem refer sardine to locally as '[[:en:Ndagala|Ndagala]]' anaa 'Isambaza'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Collart |first=Alphonse |url=https://www.fao.org/3/AD174F/AD174F00.htm#TOC |title=Compte rendu du seminaire trente ans apres l'introduction de l'Isambaza au lac Kivu (RWA/87/012/DOC/TR/16) |date=June 1989 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations |place=Gisenyi, Rwanda |language=French |chapter=Introduction et acclimatation de l'Isambaza du lac Tanganyika au lac Kivu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De exploitable stock of de Lake Tanganyika sardine, dem estimate am at {{convert|2000|–|4000|MT|LT}} per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Marshall |first=B. E. |year=1991 |title=Seasonal and annual variations in the abundance of the clupeid Limnothrissa miodon in lake Kivu |journal=Journal of Fish Biology |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=641–648 |bibcode=1991JFBio..39..641M |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb04394.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem introduce am to Lake Kivu for late 1959 insyd by de Belgian agronomist Alphonse Collart.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Capart&quot; /&gt; An attempt to introduce de similar [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika_sprat|Lake Tanganyika sprat]] (''Stolothrissa tanganicae'') at de same time be unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;Collart 1989&quot; /&gt;     

At present, Lake Kivu be de sole natural lake for wey ''L. miodon'', a sardine dem originally restrict to Lake Tanganyika, dem introduce am initially to fill an empty niche. Prior to de introduction, no [[:en:Planktivorous|planktivorous]] fish dey present for de pelagic waters of Lake Kivu insyd. For de early 1990s insyd, de number of fishers for de lake top be 6,563, wey 3,027 dey associated plus de pelagic fishery den 3,536 plus de traditional fishery. De widespread armed conflict for de surrounding region insyd from de mid-1990s result for a decline for de fisheries harvest insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=January 2001 |title=INFORMATION ON FISHERIES MANAGEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO |url=https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060315065154/https://www.fao.org/fi/fcp/en/COD/BODY.HTM |archive-date=March 15, 2006 |access-date=June 26, 2023 |website=fao.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;        

Following dis introduction, de sardine gain substantial economic den nutritional importance give de lakeside human population but from an ecosystem standpoint, de introduction of planktivorous fish fi result for important modifications of plankton community structure insyd. Recent observations show de disappearance during de last decades of a large grazer, ''[[:en:Daphnia_curvirostris|Daphnia curvirostris]]'', den de dominance of mesozooplankton community by three species of cyclopoid copepod: ''[[:en:Thermocyclops_consimilis|Thermocyclops consimilis]]'', ''[[:en:Mesocyclops_aequatorialis|Mesocyclops aequatorialis]]'' den ''[[:en:Tropocyclops_confinis|Tropocyclops confinis]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Isumbisho |first=M |title=Zooplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-534-1 |location=Belgium}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Isumbisho |first1=M. |last2=Sarmento |first2=H. |last3=Kaningini |first3=B. |last4=Micha |first4=J.-C. |last5=Descy |first5=J.-P. |date=2006 |title=Zooplankton of Lake Kivu, East Africa, half a century after the Tanganyika sardine introduction |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=971–989 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl032 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312092135/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Isumbisho%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Zooplankton%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-12 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;         

Dem release first comprehensive [[:en:Phytoplankton|phytoplankton]] survey for 2006 insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sarmento |first=H. |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (Eastern Africa) |publisher=University of Namur |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-87037-532-7 |location=Belgium |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117042508/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Thesis_Sarmento_Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2016-01-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plus an annual average chlorophyll for de mixed layer insyd of 2.2&amp;#x20;mg m&lt;sup&gt;−3&lt;/sup&gt; den low nutrient levels for de euphotic zone insyd, de lake be clearly [[:en:Trophic_state_index|oligotrophic]]. Diatoms be de dominant group for de lake insyd, particularly during de dry season episodes of deep mixing. During de rainy season, de stratified water column, plus high light den lower nutrient availability, favour dominance of cyanobacteria plus high numbers of phototrophic picoplankton.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sarmento 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |author2=Isumbisho, M |author3=Descy, JP |year=2006 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Plankton Research |volume=28 |issue=9 |pages=815–829 |doi=10.1093/plankt/fbl017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032642/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202006_JPR_Phytoplankton%20ecology%20of%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=Abundance and distribution of picoplankton in tropical, oligotrophic Lake Kivu, eastern Africa |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202008_Freshwater%20Biol_Tropical%20picoplankton.pdf |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=756–771 |bibcode=2008FrBio..53..756S |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01939.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2007 |title=Species diversity of pelagic algae of Lake Kivu (East Africa) |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cryptogamie-Algologie |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=245:269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032655/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202007_Cryptogamie%20Algologie_Phyto%20diversity%20Lake%20Kivu.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; De actual primary production be 0.71&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; d&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; (≈ 260&amp;#x20;g C m&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt; a&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt;).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Sarmento |first=H. |display-authors=etal |year=2009 |title=Phytoplankton ecology of Lake Kivu (eastern Africa): biomass, production and elemental ratios |url=http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology, Vol 30, Pt 5, Proceedings |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=709–713 |bibcode=2009SILP...30..709S |doi=10.1080/03680770.2009.11902221 |hdl=2268/139009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032734/http://www.icm.csic.es/bio/projects/icmicrobis/fitxes/Personal_webs/Sarmento/pdf/Sarmento%20et%20al%202009_SIL.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |access-date=2011-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;            

A study of evolutionary genetics show dat de cichlids from lakes for northern Virunga insyd (e.g., [[:en:Lake_Edward|Edward]], [[:en:Lake_George_(Uganda)|George]], [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Victoria]]) go fi dey evolve for a &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot; insyd, much older dan intense volcanic activity (20,000-25,000 years ago) wey cut de connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Verheyen |first=E. |year=2003 |title=Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa |journal=Science |volume=300 |issue=5617 |pages=325–329 |bibcode=2003Sci...300..325V |citeseerx=10.1.1.584.2497 |doi=10.1126/science.1080699 |pmid=12649486 |s2cid=84478005}}&lt;/ref&gt; De elevation of de mountains west of de lake (wey currently be de [[:en:Kahuzi-Biega_National_Park|Kahuzi-Biega National Park]], one of de largest reserves of eastern lowland (anaa Grauer's) gorillas for de world insyd), wey dem combine plus de elevation of de eastern rift (wey dem locate for eastern Rwanda insyd) go dey responsible give de drainage of water from central Rwanda for de actual Lake Kivu insyd. Lack of consistent geological evidence challenge dis concept of &quot;proto-lake Kivu&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stager |first=J. C. |year=2003 |title=Comment on &quot;Origin of the Superflock of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Victoria, East Africa&quot; |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5673 |pages=963b |doi=10.1126/science.1091978 |pmid=15143263 |doi-access=}}&lt;/ref&gt;, although de cichlid ein molecular clock dey suggest de existence of a lake much older dan de commonly cited 15,000 years.              

Lake Kivu be de home of four species of [[:en:Freshwater_crab|freshwater crab]], wey dey include two non-endemics (''[[:en:Potamonautes_lirrangensis|Potamonautes lirrangensis]]'' den ''[[:en:Potamonautes_mutandensis|P. mutandensis]]'') den two endemics (''[[:en:Potamonautes_bourgaultae|P. bourgaultae]]'' den ''[[:en:Potamonautes_idjwiensis|P. idjwiensis]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot;&gt;Cumberlidge, N., and Meyer, K. S. (2011). ''[http://commons.nmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&amp;context=facwork_journalarticles A revision of the freshwater crabs of Lake Kivu, East Africa.]'' Journal Articles. Paper 30.&lt;/ref&gt; Among [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|Rift Valley lakes]], Lake Tanganyika den Lake Victoria be de only oda plus endemic freshwater crabs.&lt;ref name=&quot;crabs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Cumberlidge |first1=Neil |last2=Clark |first2=Paul F. |date=2017 |title=Description of three new species of Potamonautes MacLeay, 1838 from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Potamonautidae) |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |issue=371 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2017.371 |hdl=10141/622400 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Illegal fishing =====
For 2018 insyd, dem record ova 400 cases of potential illegal fishing for Lake Kivu top. According to de Animal Research den Technology Transfer at de Rwanda Agricultural Board, fish production for Kivu Lake insyd drop from 24,199 tonnes for de 2017–2018 fishing season insyd to 16,194 tonnes for 2019–2020 insyd,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2021 |title=Illicit fishing threatens biodiversity in Lake Kivu |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/183562/News/illicit-fishing-threatens-biodiversity-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2023-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey Deputy Director Solange Uwituze attribute to fishing methods dat dey affect fish reproduction. Between May den July 2020, Rwanda Police Marine Unit operations report 27 cases wey dey include 10 poachers dem arrest give illegal fishing for de lake top.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ENACTAfrica.org |date=2022-01-31 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ENACT Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ISSAfrica.org |date=2022-02-02 |title=Tipping the scales of illicit fishing in Lake Kivu |url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/tipping-the-scales-of-illicit-fishing-in-lake-kivu |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=ISS Africa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Islands ==

* [[:en:Idjwi|Idjwi]] (part of [[:en:Idjwi_Territory|Idjwi Territory]], [[:en:South_Kivu|South Kivu Province]])
* [[:en:Nyamunini|Nyamunini]] (dem sanso know am Napoleon Island)
* [[:en:Amahoro_Island|Amahoro]]
* [[:en:Iwawa|Iwawa]]

== Gallery ==
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;175&quot; heights=&quot;120&quot;&gt;
File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lake_Kivu_2021.jpg|Lake Kivu from Sake, Goma, D R Congo
File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goma,_Lake_Kivu,_DRC_(Zaire_-_Congo),_Photo_by_Sascha_Grabow.jpg|Lake Kivu plus [[:en:Goma|Goma]] for de background insyd, Congo
File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Img_Lake_Kivu100222_2.jpg|Lake Kivu dey separate Bukavu (For de foreground insyd) den Cyangugu (For de background insyd) as dem see from Tumbimbi.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Make you sanso see ==

* [[:en:Gasmeth_Energy_Gas_Works|Gasmeth Energy Gas Works]]
* [[:en:Limnic_eruption|Limnic eruption]]
* [[:en:Mazuku|Mazuku]]
* [[:en:Meromictic_lake|Meromictic lake]]
* [[:en:Nyamyumba_Hot_Springs|Nyamyumba Hot Springs]]

== References ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Great Kei River</title>
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De '''Great Kei River''' be a river insyd de Eastern Cape province of [[South Africa]]. E be formed by de confluence of de Black Kei River den White Kei River, northeast of Cathcart. E dey flow for 320 km (199 mi)&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html SA Estuarine Land-cover: Great Kei Catchment] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227041011/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/greatkei.html|date=2004-12-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; den dey end insyd de Great Kei Estuary at de Indian Ocean plus de small town Kei Mouth on de west bank. Historically de Great Kei River form de southwestern border of de Transkei region as na e be formerly known as de Nciba River.

== Course ==
[[File:Map_on_wall_at_Kei_Mouth.jpg|left|thumb|Map of Great Kei River from Kei Bridge to Kei Mouth]]
De Great Kei River be a meandering river course wey e be formed by de convergence of de Black Kei River den de White Kei River insyd Enoch Mgijima Local Municipality, north-east of Cathcart den southeast of Queenstown. De Great Kei river dey flow from de junction of de Black den White Kei rivers for approximately 225 kilometers (140 miles) southeastwards along winding courses to de Indian Ocean. E dey terminate at de Great Kei estuary by Kei Mouth, a coastal resort town. Ein longest tributary be de Tsomo insyd de north. De name get ein origins as far back as 1752 wey be based on a Khoisan word for de river wey dey mean 'sand'.

De Great Kei previously form de southwestern border of de Transkei region wich fi be accessed via de 'Pont', one of only two car-transporting river ferries insyd South Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Great Kei River |url=https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215024108/https://www.keimouth.co.za/activities/great-kei-river/ |archive-date=15 February 2018 |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.keimouth.co.za}}&lt;/ref&gt; De pont be currently operational den motorists be frequently ferried from de southwestern bank to de northeastern bank into de Wild Coast.
[[File:Eastern_Frontier,_Cape_of_Good_Hope,_ca_1835.png|right|thumb|Map of de Great Kei River during de Frontier wars]]

== Climate ==
De estuaries from de Great Kei river to southern [[Mozambique]] be classified as subtropical. Dese systems be characterized by warm waters of more dan 16 degrees Celsius. De climate be warm den humid almost year-round as a result. Minimum winter temperatures dey range from 12 – 14 degrees Celsius den de area dey receive rainfall thru out de year.&lt;ref&gt;Harrison T. D. (2002) Preliminary assessment of the biogeography of fishes in South African estuaries. Marine and Freshwater Research 53, 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF01121&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dams insyd de Great Kei basin ==

* Xonxa Dam insyd de White Kei River (Wit-Kei River).
* Wriggleswade Dam on de Kubusi River
* Bongolo Dam, insyd de Komani River, a tributary of de Klaas Smits River, einself a tributary of de Black Kei River

[[File:Old_road_bridge_on_Great_Kei_River.jpg|right|thumb|De Old road bridge on de Great Kei River]]

== Great Kei Pass ==
De N2 road dey pass thru Komga den Butterworth insyd an area be known as de Great Kei Pass anaa Kei Cuttings. E be a known for ein high prevalence of accidents secof mist den wandering cattle. Dis section of de N2 dey pass across de Great Kei River. De Kei Cuttings dey lie inland from de Kei Mouth, Morgans Bay den Chintsa West.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kei Cuttings in Butterworth, Eastern Cape |url=https://www.sa-venues.com/attractionsec/kei-cuttings.php |access-date=16 January 2018 |website=www.sa-venues.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==

== External links ==

* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA12MzimvubuKeiskamma.jpg Mizimbuvu to Keiskamma WMA 12]
* [http://www.wildcoast.co.za/node/112 Towns of historical interest in the 'kei]
* http://www.dwa.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/ecape_04/Kei_summer.pdf Archived 1 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine
* https://municipalities.co.za/overview/1005/great-kei-local-municipality</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lake Mweru</title>
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        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="1133" sha1="ab0nmw6qhdr762tkn2lynv80dysr9ez" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ab0nmw6qhdr762tkn2lynv80dysr9ez</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100448</id>
      <parentid>100447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:41:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1399" sha1="eetlrfmuj0hwbvvey3q2jilupkuqyfo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. 

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>eetlrfmuj0hwbvvey3q2jilupkuqyfo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100449</id>
      <parentid>100448</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:42:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1605" sha1="adlpwmqd2jg0p5ppdsez3wmxrsmguyp" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>adlpwmqd2jg0p5ppdsez3wmxrsmguyp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100450</id>
      <parentid>100449</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:43:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100450</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1811" sha1="9124pm05eogq3pfk5su7oz77hakwilw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9124pm05eogq3pfk5su7oz77hakwilw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100451</id>
      <parentid>100450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T12:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1832" sha1="bx0owuphv64jldybjp5x919iwr2dbyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;  

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bx0owuphv64jldybjp5x919iwr2dbyy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100452</id>
      <parentid>100451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1935" sha1="0yj6kndnx4d85a5szsl508b8snmxkxc" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake.   

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>0yj6kndnx4d85a5szsl508b8snmxkxc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100453</id>
      <parentid>100452</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:08:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100453</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2014" sha1="1f6mj1hkqkgsbvitfra1kwlgv7abyvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity.    

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1f6mj1hkqkgsbvitfra1kwlgv7abyvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100454</id>
      <parentid>100453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:09:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100454</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2130" sha1="85b1zp0s3qyaqxd2f45195jvhxl02pe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd.     

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>85b1zp0s3qyaqxd2f45195jvhxl02pe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100455</id>
      <parentid>100454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100455</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2253" sha1="9vtnt3k6n4xplopmzbq0ir3o6v95zmr" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.      

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>9vtnt3k6n4xplopmzbq0ir3o6v95zmr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100456</id>
      <parentid>100455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100456</origin>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.       

== References ==</text>
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      <id>100457</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:11:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="2649" sha1="40l5a9uqbm1mdkyjmbibsym4ia5coc3" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.       

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100458</id>
      <parentid>100457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:13:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="2801" sha1="fo7sexr2llmqj6b629und16pcu0cg6y" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest.        

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fo7sexr2llmqj6b629und16pcu0cg6y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100459</id>
      <parentid>100458</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
      <origin>100459</origin>
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      <text bytes="2893" sha1="cc9edp1bsw4l0tn2a8lhupjxzjynlqo" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).         

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cc9edp1bsw4l0tn2a8lhupjxzjynlqo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100460</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T13:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="3069" sha1="q54hwdao20fjff4p77iclplrpgxs65h" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].          

== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100461</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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      <text bytes="3350" sha1="iqtgypscdvwsk0blfeyx0jw15y69od6" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

== References ==</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuel Anin</username>
        <id>1692</id>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.          

== References ==</text>
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      <id>100463</id>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi.           

== References ==</text>
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      <comment>#AWC2026</comment>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd. Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am. A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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        <id>1692</id>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}). E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]]. De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.           

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Mweru''' (dem sanso spell am ''Mwelu'', ''Mwero'') (French: ''Lac Moero'', Swahili: ''Ziwa Mweru'') be a [[:en:Freshwater|freshwater]] [[:en:Lake|lake]] for de longest arm of [[:en:Africa|Africa]] ein second-longest river top, de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. Dem locate am for de border between [[:en:Zambia|Zambia]] den [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|de Congo]] top, e dey make up {{convert|110|km}} of de total length of de Congo, wey dey lie between ein [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] (upstream) den [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] (downstream) segments.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[[:en:Google_Earth|Google Earth]] accessed 29 March 2007. When in flood [[:en:Lake_Bangweulu|Lake Bangweulu]] and its swamps may temporarily have a larger area, but not a larger volume.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Mweru''' dey mean 'lake' for a number of [[:en:Bantu_languages|Bantu languages]], so dem often refer am as just 'Mweru'.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anderson&quot;&gt;The ''[[:en:Northern_Rhodesia_Journal|Northern Rhodesia Journal]]'' online at NZRAM.org: J B W Anderson: &quot;Kilwa Island and the Luapula.&quot; Vol II, No. 3 pp87–88 (1954)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Physical geography ==
De [[:en:Luapula_River|Luapula River]] mainly feed Mweru, wey dey come for thru swamps from de south insyd, den de [[:en:Kalungwishi_River|Kalungwishi River]] from de east. At ein north end de [[:en:Luvua_River|Luvua River]] drain de lake, wey dey flow for a northwesterly direction insyd to join de [[:en:Lualaba_River|Lualaba River]] den then to de [[:en:Congo_River|Congo]]. E be de second-largest lake for de Congo ein [[:en:Drainage_basin|drainage basin]] insyd den dem locate am {{convert|150|km}} west of de southern end of de largest, [[:en:Lake_Tanganyika|Lake Tanganyika]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt;

De Luapula dey form a swampy [[:en:River_delta|delta]] almost as wide as de southern end of de lake. For a number of respects, dem fi treat de lower river den lake as one entity. Give a lake for a region plus pronounced wet den dry seasons insyd, Mweru no change much for level den area insyd. De annual fluctuation for level insyd be {{convert|1.7|m}}, plis seasonal highs for May insyd den lows for January insyd.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=AR Bos, CK Kapasa and PAM van Zwieten |year=2006 |title=Update on the bathymetry of Lake Mweru (Zambia), with notes on water level fluctuations |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232322577 |journal=African Journal of Aquatic Science |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.2989/16085910609503882 |s2cid=86387950}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis be partly sekof de Luapula dey drain out of de [[:en:Bangweulu_Swamps|Bangweulu Swamps]] den floodplain wey dey tend to regulate de water flow, wey dey absorb de annual flood den dey release am slowly, den partly sekof Mweru ein outlet, de Luvua, dey drop quickly den dey flow swiftly, without vegetation to block am.&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; A rise for Mweru insyd be quickly offset by a faster flow down de Luvua.        

Mweru ein average length be {{convert|118|km}} den ein average width be {{convert|45|km}}, plus ein long axis oriented northeast–southwest. Ein elevation be {{convert|917|m}}, quite a bit higher dan Tanganyika ({{convert|763|m}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot; /&gt; E be a [[:en:Rift_Valley_lakes|rift valley lake]] lying in the Lake Mweru-Luapula [[:en:Graben|graben]], which is a branch of the [[:en:East_African_Rift|East African Rift]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Master&quot;&gt;[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/metsoc2001/pdf/5182.pdf P Master, P. Dumont and H. Ladmirant: &quot;Age Constraints On The Luizi Structure&quot;]. ''64th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting''. (2001). Accessed 30 March 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De western shore of de lake for DR Congo insyd dey exhibit de steep [[:en:Escarpment|escarpment]] typical of a rift valley lake, wey dey rise to de [[:en:Kundelungu_Mountains|Kundelungu Mountains]] beyond, but de rift valley escarpment be less pronounced for de eastern shore top.          

Mweru be shallow for de south insyd den deeper for de north insyd, plus two depressions for de north-eastern section insyd plus maximum depths of {{convert|20|and|27|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;BKZ&quot; /&gt;           

A smaller very marshy lake wey dem bell am [[:en:Lake_Mweru_Wantipa|Mweru Wantipa]] (wey dem sanso know am de Mweru Marshes) dey lie about {{convert|50|km}} to ein east, den north of de Kalungwishi. E be mostly [[:en:Endorheic|endorheic]] den actually dey take water from de Kalungwishi thru a [[:en:Dambo|dambo]] most of de time, but for times of high flood insyd e go fi ovaflow into de Kalungwishi den Lake Mweru.&lt;ref&gt;See the [[Lake Mweru Wantipa]] article for references.&lt;/ref&gt;           

== References ==</text>
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    <title>Athi-Galana-Sabaki River</title>
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      <text bytes="726" sha1="cwh3z3mg3yx6ubp4trj63mkg8mcexzu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Tsavo_national_park_map_en.png|thumb|Athi-Galana-Sabaki River system.]]
De '''Athi-Galana-Sabaki''' River be de second longest river insyde [[Kenya]] (after the [[Tana River (Kenya)|Tana River]]).  Ei get a total length of {{convert|390|km}} and drains an area of {{convert|58,639|km2}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=nick |date=2023-10-27 |title=Where two rivers meet: battling pollution in the Athi River |url=https://tsavotrust.org/where-two-rivers-meet-battling-pollution-in-the-athi-river/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Tsavo Trust |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river rises insyde Gatamaiyo Forest as de '''Athi River''' Dey enter  [[Indian Ocean]] as de '''Galana River''' (also known as the '''Sabaki River''').</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward through [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river bi like  1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for hin size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year bi 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for hin morf.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Limpopo bi de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;De '''Limpopo River''' (/lɪmˈpoʊpoʊ/) dey rise for [[South Africa]] wey edey flow generally eastward through [[Mozambique]] go de Indian Ocean. De river bi like  1,750 km (1,090 mi) long, wey eget drainage basin of like 415,000 km2 (160,000 mi2) for hin size insyd. De mean discharge dey measure over a year bi 170 m3/s (6,000 cu ft/s) to 313 m3/s (11,100 cu ft/s) for hin morf.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nakayama |first=Mikiyasu |title=International Waters in Southern Africa |publisher=United Nations University Press |year=2003 |isbn=92-808-1077-4 |pages=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Limpopo bi de second largest river for Africa wey dey drain go de Indian Ocean insyd after de [[Zambezi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Tingju |last2=Ringler |first2=Claudia |title=Climate change impact on water availability and use in the Limpopo river basin |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232271837 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=Researchgate.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De drainage area of de Limpopo really decrease over geological time. Up to Late Pliocene or Pleistocene times, de upper course of the Zambezi River drain go the Limpopo River insyd.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=A.S. |author-link=Andrew Goudie (geographer) |date=2005 |title=The drainage of Africa since the Cretaceous |journal=[[Geomorphology (journal)|Geomorphology]] |volume=67 |issue=3–4 |pages=437–456 |bibcode=2005Geomo..67..437G |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2004.11.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; De change of the drainage divide bi de result of epeirogenic movement wey uplift de surface north of present-day Limpopo River, diverting waters go de Zambezi River&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=A.E. |date=1999 |title=A reapprisal of epeirogenic flexure axes in southern Africa |journal=[[South African Journal of Geology]] |volume=102 |issue=4 |pages=363–376}}&lt;/ref&gt; insyd.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>River Sondu Miriu</title>
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      <text bytes="1165" sha1="juo12zuhnhl3uk7sldfkwhgd0uybeak" xml:space="preserve">'''River Sondu Miriu''' ebe an expansive river in [[Western Province (Kenya)|western Kenya]] wey dey flow insyd [[Lake Victoria]]. Edey contribute significantly to de region ein hydrology, energy generation, biodiversity, den cultural heritage. De river ein catchment basin dey encompass sections of [[Kericho County|Kericho]], [[Kisumu]], Nyando, den [[Homa Bay]] counties, wey dey make am important resource ein communities, agriculture, den national development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |issn=1687-9317 |doi-access=free |article-number=6485960}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mara River</title>
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      <text bytes="862" sha1="9iojxi9f89zlqzhph5985eb0980c6z0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Bridges-across-Mara-2012.JPG|thumb|Bridges way dey on de border of Kenya den Tanzania]]
[[File:Hipp04(js).jpg|thumb|Hippo with calf, Mara River, Kenya]]
The '''Mara River''' is a [[river]] that begins flowing from [[Narok County]] in [[Kenya]] and ends in [[Mara Region]] in [[Tanzania]]. It lies across the migration path of [[Ungulate|ungulates]] in the [[Maasai Mara]]/[[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]] ecosystem.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Serengeti Ecosystem {{!}} Management {{!}} Vancouver Island University {{!}} Canada |url=https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=management.viu.ca}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://management.viu.ca/landscape-level/serengeti-ecosystem &quot;The Serengeti Ecosystem | Management | Vancouver Island University | Canada&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description of the river's muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile the name Maputo refers to King Mabhudu Tembe, wh reigned during the XVIII century at that region.</text>
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{{databox}}
De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description of the river's muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile the name Maputo refers to King Mabhudu Tembe, wh reigned during the XVIII century at that region.</text>
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De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description for de river muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, whe reign during the XVIII century at that region.

De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, sa na flow easterly throu Eswatini, where e enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&amp;nbsp;km gorge wey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Inside de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb inn largest tributary, de Pongola River. e then meanders throu de Mozambican coastal plain den empty insyd southern Maputo Bay, some 85 kilometres downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description for de river muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, whe reign during the XVIII century at that region.

De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, sa na flow easterly throu Eswatini, where e enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&amp;nbsp;km gorge wey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Inside de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb inn largest tributary, de Pongola River. e then meanders throu de Mozambican coastal plain den empty insyd southern Maputo Bay, some 85 kilometres downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Eswatini, de river dey called de Great Usutu ana Lusutfu wey flow throu de towns for [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, den Big Bend. De town for Big Bend dey near a point where de river meanders abruptly. De Great Usutu be de biggest river insyd Eswatini, e be de site for Eswatini's lowest point (21 m higher than sea level), sanna be known for whitewater rafting. No large towns ever form along e banks secof e deep narrow valleys den dense forests. However,  ebe home for some golf courses, hotels, den nature reserves.

== Tributaries ==
From de origin to e mouth, in order, tributaries be de: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], den de Pongola Rivers.

== Dams on this river ==

* Westoe Dam
* [[Lubovane Dam]]

== See also ==

* List of rivers of South Africa

== References ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description for de river muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, whe reign during the XVIII century at that region.

De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, sa na flow easterly throu Eswatini, where e enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&amp;nbsp;km gorge wey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Inside de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb inn largest tributary, de Pongola River. e then meanders throu de Mozambican coastal plain den empty insyd southern Maputo Bay, some 85 kilometres downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Eswatini, de river dey called de Great Usutu ana Lusutfu wey flow throu de towns for [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, den Big Bend. De town for Big Bend dey near a point where de river meanders abruptly. De Great Usutu be de biggest river insyd Eswatini, e be de site for Eswatini's lowest point (21 m higher than sea level), sanna be known for whitewater rafting. No large towns ever form along e banks secof e deep narrow valleys den dense forests. However,  ebe home for some golf courses, hotels, den nature reserves.

== Tributaries ==
From de origin to e mouth, in order, tributaries be de: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], den de Pongola Rivers.

== Dams on this river ==

* Westoe Dam
* [[Lubovane Dam]]

== See also ==

* List of rivers of South Africa

== References ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002072531/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/riverbasin/97 Maputo River Basin - SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal]
{{Rivers of Mozambique}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;26°11′S 32°42′E﻿ / ﻿26.183°S 32.700°E﻿ / -26.183; 32.700</text>
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De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description for de river muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, whe reign during the XVIII century at that region.

De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, sa na flow easterly throu Eswatini, where e enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&amp;nbsp;km gorge wey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Inside de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb inn largest tributary, de Pongola River. e then meanders throu de Mozambican coastal plain den empty insyd southern Maputo Bay, some 85 kilometres downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Eswatini, de river dey called de Great Usutu ana Lusutfu wey flow throu de towns for [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, den Big Bend. De town for Big Bend dey near a point where de river meanders abruptly. De Great Usutu be de biggest river insyd Eswatini, e be de site for Eswatini's lowest point (21 m higher than sea level), sanna be known for whitewater rafting. No large towns ever form along e banks secof e deep narrow valleys den dense forests. However,  ebe home for some golf courses, hotels, den nature reserves.

== Tributaries ==
From de origin to e mouth, in order, tributaries be de: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], den de Pongola Rivers.

== Dams on this river ==

* Westoe Dam
* [[Lubovane Dam]]

== See also ==

* List of rivers of South Africa

== References ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002072531/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/riverbasin/97 Maputo River Basin - SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal]
{{Rivers of Mozambique}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;26°11′S 32°42′E﻿ / ﻿26.183°S 32.700°E﻿ / -26.183; 32.700</text>
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{{databox}}
De '''Maputo River''' (Portuguese: Rio Maputo), also called '''Great Usutu River''', '''Lusutfu River''', or '''Suthu River''', be river in [[South Africa]], [[Eswatini]], den [[Mozambique]]. De name ''Suthu'' refers to Basotho people who dey near de source of de river, but were attacked and displaced by de Swazis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Von Willig |first=G.R. |title=Langs die Lebombo |date=1925 |publisher=J.L. van Schaik, Pretoria |pages=175, 217}}&lt;/ref&gt; E also said to mean 'dark brown', a description for de river muddy water.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |title=South African place names |date=2004 |publisher=Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg and Cape Town |isbn=1-86842-190-2 |pages=387}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile de name Maputo de refer to King Mabhudu Tembe, whe reign during the XVIII century at that region.
{{}}
De river dey rise near Amsterdam, Mpumalanga, South Africa, sa na flow easterly throu Eswatini, where e enter de Lebombo Mountains. De 13&amp;nbsp;km gorge wey form de boundary between Eswatini den South Africa. For approximately twenty kilometres, e form de border between South Africa (province of KwaZulu-Natal) den Mozambique. Inside de Ndumo Game Reserve, e dey absorb inn largest tributary, de Pongola River. e then meanders throu de Mozambican coastal plain den empty insyd southern Maputo Bay, some 85 kilometres downstream.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rauken |first=T. |last2=Kelman |first2=I. |date=2010-10-19 |title=River flood vulnerability in Norway through the pressure and release model |journal=Journal of Flood Risk Management |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=314–322 |doi=10.1111/j.1753-318x.2010.01080.x |issn=1753-318X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd Eswatini, de river dey called de Great Usutu ana Lusutfu wey flow throu de towns for [[Bhunya]], Luyengo, Siphofaneni, den Big Bend. De town for Big Bend dey near a point where de river meanders abruptly. De Great Usutu be de biggest river insyd Eswatini, e be de site for Eswatini's lowest point (21 m higher than sea level), sanna be known for whitewater rafting. No large towns ever form along e banks secof e deep narrow valleys den dense forests. However,  ebe home for some golf courses, hotels, den nature reserves.

== Tributaries ==
From de origin to e mouth, in order, tributaries be de: [[Sihanahana River|Sihanahana]], [[Bonnie Brook River|Bonnie Brook]], [[Mpuluzi River|Mpuluzi]], [[Buhlungu River|Buhlungu]], [[Umvenvane River|Umvenvane]], [[Lusushwana River|Lusushwana]], [[Sidvokodvo River|Sidvokodvo]], Mkhondvo, [[Mhlamani River|Mhlamani]], [[Mzimneni River|Mzimneni]], [[Mzimphofu River|Mzimphofu]], [[Mhlathuzane River|Mhlathuzane]], [[Mtsindzekwa River|Mtsindzekwa]], [[Nyetane River|Nyetane]], [[Funuane River|Funuane]], den de Pongola Rivers.

== Dams on this river ==

* Westoe Dam
* [[Lubovane Dam]]

== See also ==

* List of rivers of South Africa

== References ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002072531/http://www.icp-confluence-sadc.org/riverbasin/97 Maputo River Basin - SADC Water Sector ICP Collaboration Portal]
{{Rivers of Mozambique}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;26°11′S 32°42′E﻿ / ﻿26.183°S 32.700°E﻿ / -26.183; 32.700</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bandama River</title>
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      <text bytes="956" sha1="fcy8cr0zb4md0jahjcnym5bld24tojy" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Côte_d'Ivoire_map.png|right|frame|Map of Côte d'Ivoire showing de Bandama River insyd de center of de country]]
De '''Bandama River''' be de longest river insyd  [[Ivory Coast]] plus de length den some 800 kilometers. De south-flowing river be fed by De [[Marahoué River|Marahoué]], [[Solomougou River|Solomougou]], [[Kan River|Kan]] Den [[Nzi River|Nzi]] rivers Den empties insyd De [[Tagba Lagoon]] den de [[Gulf of Guinea]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gulf of Guinea {{!}} Africa, Map, Location, &amp; Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Bandama flows through [[Lake Kossou]], de large artificial lake created insyd 1973 for de construction de ein [[Kossou Dam]] for  [[Kossou]].

[[Yamoussoukro]], de capital de [[Ivory Coast]], be located adjacent de de Bandama River. 

De  [[Rallye Côte d'Ivoire]] win often hosted de De Bandama.</text>
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    <title>Saint Paul River</title>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== History ==</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.

De river cam dey important insyd slave trade:Wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here.</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.

De river cam dey important insyd slave trade:Wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here.

Secof de soil wey dey around Monrovia,Na [[Liberia]] be poor  wey na de coastal areas cover insyd dense jungle, chao early African-American emigrants to Liberia insyd de 19th century move up go de nearby St. Paul River, where dem find land suitable give agriculture.</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.

De river cam dey important insyd slave trade:Wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here.

Secof de soil wey dey around Monrovia,Na [[Liberia]] be poor  wey na de coastal areas cover insyd dense jungle, chao early African-American emigrants to Liberia insyd de 19th century move up go de nearby St. Paul River, where dem find land suitable give agriculture.

Ebe der dem establish small settlements. American Lutheran missionaries sana set up de Muhlenberg Mission Station wey dey along de river, where dem teach Kidies various academics, technical/agricultural skills (lyk de cultivation insyd coffee), den catechism.Wey David A. Day introduce steam ship insyd river wey ein purpose for commerce den travel. Kidies wey dey for school build am.</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.

De river cam dey important insyd slave trade:Wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here.

Secof de soil wey dey around Monrovia,Na [[Liberia]] be poor  wey na de coastal areas cover insyd dense jungle, chao early African-American emigrants to Liberia insyd de 19th century move up go de nearby St. Paul River, where dem find land suitable give agriculture.

Ebe der dem establish small settlements. American Lutheran missionaries sana set up de Muhlenberg Mission Station wey dey along de river, where dem teach Kidies various academics, technical/agricultural skills (lyk de cultivation insyd coffee), den catechism.Wey David A. Day introduce steam ship insyd river wey ein purpose for commerce den travel. Kidies wey dey for school build am.

== Sana spy ==

* Mount Coffee Hydropower Project
* Saint Paul Bridge (Monrovia) [de]

'''General:'''

* List of rivers of Liberia

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064933/Saint-Paul-River Encyclopædia Britannica entry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100616065800/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=32&amp;filenum=2221 World River Discharge Database]</text>
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De '''Saint Paul River''' be river of western [[Africa]].  Ein headwaters dey southeastern [[Guinea]].  Ein upper portion wey dey Guinea be known as de '''Diani River''' anaa '''Niandi River''', wey edey form part of de boundary between Guinea den [[Liberia]]. De Gola people insyd Liberia dey bell am d'''e Du'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dunn |first=Elwood D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qt0_RrW8ghkC |title=Historical Dictionary of Liberia |last2=Beyan |first2=Amos J. |last3=Burrowes |first3=Carl Patrick |date=2000 |isbn= |location= |page=287 |language=English |trans-title=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river den dey enter Liberia about 50 km (31 mi) north of Gbarnga wey edey cross Liberia ein southwesterly direction der.  Edey empty go de [[Atlantic Ocean]] for Cape Mesurado insyd Monrovia wey dey near Bushrod Island, wey edey separate Monrovia from ein suburb Brewerville.

== Ein History ==
De Portuguese navigators name de river insyd de 15th century, wey first sight de river for St. Paul's feast day insyd.

De river cam dey important insyd slave trade:Wey Robert Bostock establish ein factory for here.

Secof de soil wey dey around Monrovia,Na [[Liberia]] be poor  wey na de coastal areas cover insyd dense jungle, chao early African-American emigrants to Liberia insyd de 19th century move up go de nearby St. Paul River, where dem find land suitable give agriculture.

Ebe der dem establish small settlements. American Lutheran missionaries sana set up de Muhlenberg Mission Station wey dey along de river, where dem teach Kidies various academics, technical/agricultural skills (lyk de cultivation insyd coffee), den catechism.Wey David A. Day introduce steam ship insyd river wey ein purpose for commerce den travel. Kidies wey dey for school build am.

== Sana spy ==

* Mount Coffee Hydropower Project
* Saint Paul Bridge (Monrovia) [de]

'''General:'''

* List of rivers of Liberia

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

* [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064933/Saint-Paul-River Encyclopædia Britannica entry]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100616065800/http://www.sage.wisc.edu/riverdata/scripts/station_table.php?qual=32&amp;filenum=2221 World River Discharge Database]

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;6°25′N 10°43′W﻿ / ﻿6.417°N 10.717°W﻿ / 6.417; -10.717
[[Category:Border rivers]]
[[Category:Guinea–Liberia border]]
[[Category:Rivers of Liberia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Guinea]]
[[Category:International rivers of Africa]]
[[Category:Saint Paul River]]</text>
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    <title>Ruvu River</title>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; |[[File:Ruvu_River_Basin.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot;&gt;Lower course and mouth of the Ruvu River, with the city of [[Bagamoyo]] to the right.&lt;/div&gt;
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|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Location
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Country
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Tanzania]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #CEDEFF;color: #202122;&quot; |Physical&amp;nbsp;characteristics
|- style=&quot;display:none;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Source
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ngerengere River, Uluguru Mountains
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Tanzania]]
|- style=&quot;display:none&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Mouth
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | 
|- style=&quot;padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;location&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Indian Ocean
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Basin size&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |11,789 square kilometres (4,552&amp;nbsp;sq&amp;nbsp;mi)
|}
De '''Ruvu River''' be river way dey kmt from eastern [[Tanzania]].

De Ruvu River dey originate from de southern Uluguru Mountains then flow from eastwards den empty  de Indian Ocean near Bagamoyo. Demma chief tributary be Ngerengere River, way dey rise from de northern Ulugurus then flow through de city of Morogoro den come join de Ruvu. De Ruvu dey drain  catchment of 11,789&amp;nbsp;km², way dey include part of Morogoro and Pwani regions. De Wami River dey channel to de north den west, den sanna dey channel to [[Rufiji River]] demma south area.

De Ruvu River be important household water, irrigated farms, den industries for communities way dey the river ein body. E sanna bei demma fav source of water for Dar es Salaam, Tanzania's big city, way dey lie for demma coast east of de Ruvu catchment. Edey suffer big levels of pollution from de release of  households way dem no treat den industrial wastewater for de river.
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <title>Nahal Paran</title>
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'''Nahal Paran''' (Hebrew: נחל פארן, lit. 'Paran Stream') beseasonal stream insufferable [[Egypt]]'s Sinai Peninsula den Israel's Negev Desert. With a length of 150 kilometers, ebe de third largest watercourse insyd Israel after de Jordan River denYarmouk River. Esana be de widest watercourse insyd Israel.

== Hydrology ==</text>
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'''Nahal Paran''' (Hebrew: נחל פארן, lit. 'Paran Stream') beseasonal stream insufferable [[Egypt]]'s Sinai Peninsula den Israel's Negev Desert. With a length of 150 kilometers, ebe de third largest watercourse insyd Israel after de Jordan River denYarmouk River. Esana be de widest watercourse insyd Israel.

== Hydrology ==
De origin of de river dey the Paran Desert of de Sinai Peninsula, den dey flow into de estuary of Nahal HaArava. Water flow only dey exist during flash floods.  Dis be de drainage  ein basin largest river, plus ein area of thousands of square kilometers, wey dey create broad planes wey Dey separate de Negev ein high north den deEilat mountains of de south.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Ascher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |year=1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Nahal Paran''' (Hebrew: נחל פארן, lit. 'Paran Stream') beseasonal stream insufferable [[Egypt]]'s Sinai Peninsula den Israel's Negev Desert. With a length of 150 kilometers, ebe de third largest watercourse insyd Israel after de Jordan River denYarmouk River. Esana be de widest watercourse insyd Israel.

== Hydrology ==
De origin of de river dey de Paran Desert of de Sinai Peninsula, den dey flow go de estuary of Nahal HaArava. Water flow only dey exist during flash floods.  Dis be de drainage  ein basin largest river, plus ein area of thousands of square kilometers, wey dey create broad planes wey dey separate de Negev ein high north den deEilat mountains of de south.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Wohl |first=Ellen E. |last2=Greenbaum |first2=Noam |last3=Schick |first3=Ascher P. |last4=Baker |first4=Victor R. |year=1994 |title=Controls on bedrock channel incision along nahal paran, Israel |journal=[[Earth Surface Processes and Landforms]] |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.1002/esp.3290190102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Insyd de past, during floods, like oda major rivers insyd de Negev, Nahal paran go flood de Arava Road (de main road wey dey go Eilat), till de construction of bridge ova de river. Na de stream  get de highest recorded flow insyd Israel of 1,150 cubic meters per second on 6 November 1970. Insyd 2014, de record break by flow of 1,280 cubic meters per second measured at Zin. For comparison, de average flow insyd de Jordan River be 16 cubic meters per second.</text>
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    <title>Aba River (Nigeria)</title>
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      <text bytes="1381" sha1="1rth3nbdzsos03koly53mjqmmrebjv0" xml:space="preserve">De '''Aba River''' ebi river wey dey  southern [[Nigeria]]. A tributary of [[Imo River|Imo]] [[river]] wey dey flow thru de city insyd [[Aba, Nigeria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Map of Aba, Southeast Nigeria showing the sampling stations of Aba River |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-Aba-Southeast-Nigeria-showing-the-sampling-stations-of-Aba-River_fig1_316862250}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe headwater wey dey Okpu-Umuobo area (Okpu-Umuobo, Isiala-Okpu and Mgboko-Umuette autonomous [[communities]]) [[Osisioma Ngwa]] LGA wey dey [[Ngwa]] heartland. Dis Aba River wey sanso known as Waterside.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/457093-special-report-govt-looks-away-as-companies-spew-waste-into-aba-river-endangering-lives.html?tztc=1|access-date=2023-07-10|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]|title=SPECIAL REPORT: Govt looks away as companies spew waste into Aba River endangering lives|date=Apr 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De river wey largely jie-eye despite its uniqueness den importance. Activities of local [[sand]] dredges wey dey source sharp sand for [[construction]] purposes  wey dey keep de river flowing.&lt;ref&gt;Izugbara, C. O.; Umoh, J. O. (2004). &quot;Indigenous Waste Management Practices among the Ngwa of Southeastern [[Nigeria]]: Some lessons and policy implications&quot;. The Environmentalist . 24 (2): 87–92. doi :10.1007/s10669-004-4799-4 &lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Desertification</title>
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      <text bytes="897" sha1="5szi3ruvwx0b18puwl16ciisoyc5tes" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification in Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities.  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2299" sha1="mfqq80momm8dolsmv8g13f44obkj6rv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification in Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2671" sha1="mffa6xah3mk6kinu2wlofrxdx9x3rcm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3142" sha1="468gpgymlupioza6ds0qxup2exqrbqh" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3318" sha1="nzt6cef6zc8s7cssnddjuo3eaf5vpzp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3551" sha1="isecprsbylthhwjy8eeo28jeq6w273w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3566" sha1="12kfekh5ek920fd21yffbqpium99td6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
== References ==</text>
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      <comment>Improve am</comment>
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      <text bytes="4349" sha1="ddoejkpte2co5ym7q89xo4ss0u9st8s" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of [[Drylands|dryland]] areas based on the [[aridity index]] computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by the [[hyper-arid]] category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="4642" sha1="lrinkn8bg3qr6r12plzsjhbebvn9zhi" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6265" sha1="03qyow43gw19y3f634rqtmaiczzgjiz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6758" sha1="rp04352h4mnykgq90c6hzx677dnv1zs" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6804" sha1="641he4qj6aenmyv4wxqmc2por0vd8io" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="6828" sha1="pl87l7e3zvrcmg7csc3xrsciysig7ga" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
== References ==</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100669</id>
      <parentid>100668</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Improve article</comment>
      <origin>100669</origin>
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      <text bytes="15018" sha1="gz9iqbsdh8hq22zk0p0plrij54snws8" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100670</id>
      <parentid>100669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T19:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tenaciuos Ntaawa</username>
        <id>1645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Dey add category</comment>
      <origin>100670</origin>
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      <text bytes="15062" sha1="7hit02uw99px3vr7f7n1l24hqnqsuwe" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Desertification]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Desertification]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Desertification]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]</text>
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[[File:Global distribution of dryland subtypes based on the aridity index.png|upright=1.4|thumb|Global distribution of dryland areas based on the aridity index computed over a 30-year average during 1981 to 2010. Typical deserts are indicated by de hyper-arid category (light yellow).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=European Commission. Joint Research Centre. |url=https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/9205 |title=World atlas of desertification :rethinking land degradation and sustainable land management. |date=2018 |publisher=Publications Office |location=LU |doi=10.2760/9205|isbn=978-92-79-75349-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[File:Somalia, Mudug, Dhinowda (02).jpg|thumb|right|234px|Extreme desertification insyd Somalia]]
'''Desertification''' be a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes den human activities. 

De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis dey cam by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of de soil, studies have shown dat, insyd chaw environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa are washed away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zeng L17401&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At least 90% of de inhabitants of dry lands live insyd developing countries, wey they sanso suffer from poor economic den social conditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; Dis situation be exacerbated by land degradation because of de reduction insyd productivity, de precariousness of living conditions den de difficulty of access to resources den opportunities.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;

Geographic areas wey get affected chaw dey locate insyd Africa (Sahel region), Asia (Gobi Desert den Mongolia) den parts of South America. Drylands occupy approximately 40–41% of Earth's land area den are home to more dan 2billion people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[https://unemg.org/2018/images/emgdocs/publications/Global_Drylands_Full_Report.pdf Global Drylands Report] unemg.org 2018&lt;/ref&gt; Effects of desertification include sand den dust storms, food insecurity den poverty.

Methods of mitigating anaa reversing desertification include improving soil quality, greening deserts, managing grazing, den tree-planting (reforestation den afforestation).

Throughout geological history, de development of deserts dey occur naturally over long intervals of time.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; De modern study of desertification emerge from de study of de 1980s drought insyd de Sahel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
==Definitions==
Desertification be a gradual process of increased soil aridity. Desertification has been defined insyd de text of de United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as &quot;land degradation insyd arid, semi-arid den dry sub-humid regions resulting from various factors, including climatic variations den human activities.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Hulme |first1=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Definition of Desert – dat area of de earth wey de sum of rain den snowfall be much less than oda areas, where de annual average rainfall be less than 25CM. Definition by UNO (1995) – Land degradation insyd barren, humid den sub-humid areas due to climate change den human activities be called desertification.

As of 2005, considerable controversy existed over de proper definition of de term ''desertification'' plus more than 100 formal definitions insyd existence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut
|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |date=1 October 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}&lt;/ref&gt; De most widely accepted of these be dat of de Princeton University Dictionary wich defined am as &quot;de process of fertile land ''transforming into desert'' typically as a result of deforestation, drought anaa improper/inappropriate agriculture&quot;.{{CN|date=March 2026}} Dis definition clearly demonstrated de interconnectedness of desertification den human activities, insyd particular land use den land management practices. E sanso highlight de economic, social den environmental implications of desertification. However, dis original understanding dat desertification involved de physical expansion of deserts has been rejected as de concept has further evolved since then.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia
| title = Desertification
| first1 = John P.
| last1 = Rafferty
| first2 = Stuart L.
| last2 = Pimm
| encyclopedia =[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]
| url = https://www.britannica.com/science/desertification
| access-date = 6 November 2019
| date = 26 January 2023
| quote = The concept does not refer to the physical expansion of existing deserts but rather to the various processes that threaten all dryland ecosystems.

}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There exists sanso controversy around de sub-grouping of types of desertification, including, for example, de validity den usefulness of such terms as &quot;man-made desert&quot; den &quot;non-pattern desert&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Geist |first1=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Causes==
{{See also|Deforestation#Causes}}
=== Immediate causes ===
De immediate cause of desertification be de loss of most vegetation. Dis be driven by a number of factors, alone anaa insyd combination, such as drought, climatic shifts, tillage for agriculture, overgrazing den deforestation for fuel anaa construction materials. Though vegetation plays a major role insyd determining de biological composition of soil, studies dey show dat, insyd many environments, de rate of erosion den runoff decreases exponentially plus increased vegetation cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Geeson, Nichola|title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|year=2002|isbn=978-0-470-84448-9|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|display-authors=etal|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&amp;pg=PA58|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unprotected, dry soil surfaces blow away plus de wind anaa dey wash away by flash floods, leaving infertile lower soil layers dat bake insyd de sun den becam an unproductive hardpan.
=== Influence of human activities ===
Early studies dey argue say one of de most common causes of desertification be overgrazing, over consumption of vegetation by cattle anaa oda livestock.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, de role of local overexploitation insyd driving desertification insyd de recent past be controversial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=The End of Desertification? |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |date=2016 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |editor2-last=Mortimore |editor2-first=Michael |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |s2cid=132424053 |issn=2197-9596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Drought insyd de Sahel region be now thought to be principally de result of seasonal variability insyd rainfall wey cause by large-scale sea surface temperature variations, largely driven by natural variability den anthropogenic emissions of aerosols (reflective sulphate particles) den greenhouse gases.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |article-number=e591 |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517|bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B }}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, changing ocean temperature den reductions insyd sulfate emissions dey cause a re-greening of de region.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Dis dey lead some scholars to argue dat agriculture-induced vegetation loss be a minor factor insyd desertification.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

Na Human population dynamics dey get a considerable impact on overgrazing, over-farming den deforestation, as previously acceptable techniques have becam unsustainable.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Epule|first1=Terence Epule|last2=Peng|first2=Changhui|last3=Lepage|first3=Laurent|date=February 2015|title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward|journal=GeoJournal|volume=80|issue=1|pages=79–92|doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z|bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |s2cid=154503204|issn=0343-2521}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There are multiple reasons farmers use intensive farming as opposed to extensive farming but de main reason be to maximize yields.&lt;ref name=&quot;:52&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By increasing productivity, they require a lot more fertilizer, pesticides, den labor to upkeep machinery. Dis continuous use of de land rapidly depletes de nutrients of de soil causing desertification to spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture|title=Intensive agriculture|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=19 November 2019|archive-date=24 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
=== Natural variations ===
Scientists agree dat de existence of a desert insyd de place wey de Sahara desert be now dey locate be due to natural variations insyd solar insolation due to orbital procession of de Earth.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Tierney |first1=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |article-number=e1601503 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such variations influence de strength of de West African Monsoon, inducing feedback insyd vegetation den dust emission dat amplify de cycle of wet den dry Sahara climate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Pausata |first1=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&amp;PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; There be sanso a suggestion de transition of de Sahara from savanna to desert during de mid-Holocene be partially due to overgrazing by de cattle of de local population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=K. Wright |first1=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Scientists have further studied critical regions, confirming dat human activities den soil health join meteorogical factors as main contributors towards desertification. Insyd de Mu Us Desert, soil health makes up 37% of desertification events while meteorological den human activities work to counteract dis phenomenon by 46% den 17%, respectively. Inner Mongolia desertification be characterize by 24% meteorological contributions den 34.7% soil benefits throughout dis environment.  Shaanxi be a counterexample insyd wich meteorological factors work against desertification den soil exacerbates am, demonstrating de various influences of natural factors throughout regions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi-access=free |issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Desertification]]
[[Category:Environmental soil science]]
[[Category:Paleoclimatology]]
[[Category:AWC2026]]</text>
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    <title>Ewaso Ng'iro</title>
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      <text bytes="4616" sha1="tkud27vwhapytlv114qx7pwnh4vk9ay" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kenya’s_Ewaso_Nyiro_River_Dries.jpg|thumb|De dry river bed be exposed for dis true-colour image.]]
'''Ewaso Ng'iro''', wey dem dey  call am  '''Ewaso Nyiro''', be river wey dey  [[Kenya]] wey dey rise for de west side of [[Mount Kenya]] wey dey flow north, den east den finally south-east, wey dey pass through [[Somalia]] wey dey  join de  [[Jubba River]].&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite map|publisher=Rough Guide|title=Rough Guide Map Kenya|edition=9|year=2006|cartography=World Mapping Project|scale=1:900,000|series=Rough Guide Map|isbn=1-84353-359-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; De river e name dey comot from de local community's [[Maasai language]], wey dey mean river wey brown anaa muddy water. Downstream, de intermittent stream wey dey Somalia wey also dem dey  call am '''Lagh Dera'''.

The upper basin of de Ewaso Ng'iro River be {{convert|15,200|km2|sqmi|adj=on|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Makali |first=Samuel |author2=Boniface Kiteme |date=September 2005 |title=The Upper Ewaso Ng’iro Basin, Kenya |url=http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524041456/http://www.netwas.org/newsletter/articles/2005/09/5 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2007-06-21 |publisher=Network for Water and Sanitation}}&lt;/ref&gt;  De river get a continuous water supply secof de [[Glacier|glaciers]] for [[Mount Kenya]]. Ewaso Ng'iro dey feed into Lake Ol Bolossat, de only lake for Nyandarua County den de larger Central Kenya,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mulli |first=Thorn |title=Discovering Central Kenya's only natural lake |url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000172240/discovering-central-kenya-s-only-natural-lake |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=A wreath for Ewaso Ng'iro |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223134934/https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/1190-156772-ghtyy1z/index.html |archive-date=2019-02-23 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Why lake that feeds Ewaso was declared protected area |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2018/02/20/why-lake-that-feeds-ewaso-was-declared-protected-area_c1708470 |access-date=2019-02-23 |website=The Star, Kenya |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; den crosses seven arid to semi-arid landscapes. Ebe characterized by vastly different physiographic features den species wey become a fundamental component for  de survival of the wildlife, as well as de expansion of de human population den socio-economic developments. Water, de limited land resource provided by de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed, be unevenly distributed throughout de higher den lower regions of de catchment secof  de large percentage necessary to maintain agricultural practices denclimatic changes.{{fact|date=May 2026}}&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|wey dey hia citation]]''&lt;/sup&gt; 

&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

[[File:EwasoNgiroRiverKenya.jpg|left|thumb|Ewaso Ng'iro in Shaba National Reserve, Kenya]]

De river draws wildlife in great numbers wey its banks, creating an oasis wey be green. [[Samburu National Reserve|Samburu]], [[Shaba National Reserve|Shaba]] den [[Buffalo Springs National Reserve|Buffalo Springs National Reserves]] ein Northern Kenya teem den wildlife ein an otherwise arid land, because wey de water wey dey de river. Below [[Saricho]], de river expand insyd de [[Lorian Swamp]], a large area wey dey wetlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=R. H. Hughes, J. S. Hughes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC&amp;pg=PA194 |title=A directory of African wetlands |publisher=IUCN |year=1992 |ISBN=2-88032-949-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; De ecological diversity throughout de catchment ebe unique to de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed specifically, as de originates from de high agriculturally potent lands of Mount Kenya, right at Thome Area of Nanyuki-Laikipia County, that means de exact start point of this river ebe at de Thome village where it is formed out of convergence of Naromoru River, sourcing water from Mt. Kenya, and Ngarinyiru River sourcing water from Aberdares and it flows over de following seven arid to semi-arid land districts of Meru, Laikipia, Samburu, Isiolo, Wajir, Marsabit, ein Garissa (Said et al. 14). Following de independence of Kenya, de stretches of land covered by de Ewaso Ng’iro watershed shifted ownership from de  colonial farmers to small-scale farmers.{{fact|date=May 2026}}</text>
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    <title>Moa River</title>
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      <text bytes="1561" sha1="m6lfv172ph1n96oexozse4levfh446z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox river|name=Moa|image=Tiwai Island River.jpg|image_size=250px|image_caption=Tiwai Island on the Moa River|map=Moa Basin OSM.svg|map_size=250px|map_caption=Map of the Moa River Basin|source1_location=[[Guinea Highlands]], [[Guinea]]|source1_elevation={{cvt|930|m|abbr=on}}|subdivision_type1=Countries|subdivision_name1={{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Liberia]]|[[Sierra Leone]]}}|length={{cvt|475|km|mi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;North Africa-West Coast&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=157&amp;catid=209&amp;Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129171753/https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=157&amp;catid=209&amp;Itemid=179|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|discharge1_location=Near mouth|discharge1_avg=(Period: 1979–2015) {{cvt|32.94|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;River Basins&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|mouth_location=[[Atlantic Ocean]]|mouth_coordinates=|river_system=Moa River|tributaries_left=Ouaou, Mauwa|tributaries_right=Mafissa, Meli, Male|basin_size={{cvt|19,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;River Basins&quot;/&gt;}}

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De '''Moa River''' ('''Makona River''') be river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey arise in de highlands for [[Guinea]] den flow southwest, forming parts for de Guinea–[[Liberia]] den de Guinea – [[Sierra Leone]] borders. Edey flow into de Southern Province for [[Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; Yenga, Tiwai Island den Sulima where dey Moa.

== Notes ==

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      <text bytes="1931" sha1="ifo47z3gt0sqb96xf5n6ii2hsgkqorl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox river|name=Moa|image=Tiwai Island River.jpg|image_size=250px|image_caption=Tiwai Island on the Moa River|map=Moa Basin OSM.svg|map_size=250px|map_caption=Map of the Moa River Basin|source1_location=[[Guinea Highlands]], [[Guinea]]|source1_elevation={{cvt|930|m|abbr=on}}|subdivision_type1=Countries|subdivision_name1={{hlist|[[Guinea]]|[[Liberia]]|[[Sierra Leone]]}}|length={{cvt|475|km|mi|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;North Africa-West Coast&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=157&amp;catid=209&amp;Itemid=179|title=North Africa-West Coast|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129171753/https://www.riversnetwork.org/V1/index.php/component/content/?view=article&amp;id=157&amp;catid=209&amp;Itemid=179|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|discharge1_location=Near mouth|discharge1_avg=(Period: 1979–2015) {{cvt|32.94|km3/year|m3/s|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;River Basins&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators|title=River Basins|access-date=2024-01-29|archive-date=2024-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117234333/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|mouth_location=[[Atlantic Ocean]]|mouth_coordinates=|river_system=Moa River|tributaries_left=Ouaou, Mauwa|tributaries_right=Mafissa, Meli, Male|basin_size={{cvt|19,560|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}&lt;ref name=&quot;River Basins&quot;/&gt;}}
De '''Moa River''' ('''Makona River''') be river insyd [[West Africa]]. E dey arise in de highlands for [[Guinea]] den flow southwest, forming parts for de Guinea–[[Liberia]] den de Guinea – [[Sierra Leone]] borders. Edey flow into de Southern Province for [[Sierra Leone]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EB1911&quot; /&gt; Yenga, Tiwai Island den Sulima where dey Moa.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fish River (Namibia)</title>
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      <text bytes="1428" sha1="b3q96h3z6lgmh819xtzkdwz1hqcgpsb" xml:space="preserve">De '''Fish River''' ('''Visrivier''' wey dey [[Afrikaans]], '''Fischfluss''' for [[German language|German]]) ebe [[river]] wey dey insyd [[Namibia]].  It is 650&amp;nbsp;km long, flowing from the [[Naukluft Mountains]]&lt;ref name=&quot;namtrav&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fish River Canyon |url=http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408093457/http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html |archive-date=2019-04-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408093457/http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html &quot;Fish River Canyon&quot;]. Archived from [http://www.namibia-travel.net/travelguide/southern-namibia/fish-river-canyon.html the original] on 2019-04-08.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 150&amp;nbsp;km to the [[Hardap Dam]] near [[Mariental, Namibia|Mariental]]. From there de flow wey be entirely Dey block dem all further flow downstream wey dey comot from tributaries downstream from de dam.  The flow of the river is seasonal; in winter the river can dry up completely. De river be de site wey the spectacular [[Fish River Canyon]], Africa's largest canyon, wey be 160&amp;nbsp;km long, den at points as much as 550 m deep. 

De outflow of de Fish River joins de [[Orange River]] wey de de border with [[South Africa]] be 100&amp;nbsp;km from de [[Atlantic Ocean]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vaal River</title>
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      <text bytes="2860" sha1="gm87u21dc0tglheno5fmm3x99mt4nqi" xml:space="preserve">The '''Vaal River''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɑː|l}} {{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}}{{IPA|af|ˈfɑːl}};  [[Khoemana]]: {{lang|kqz|'''ǀHaiǃarib'''|italic=no}}) be de largest tributary of de [[Orange River]] insyd [[South Africa]]. De  river get ein source near [[Breyten]] insyd [[Mpumalanga]] province, east den [[Johannesburg]] and about {{convert|30|km|mi}} north of [[Ermelo, Mpumalanga|Ermelo]] den only about {{convert|240|km|mi}} from de [[Indian Ocean]].&lt;ref&gt;Times Comprehensive Atlas, 12th ed. Times Books, London, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; E den  flow westwards den e [[confluence]] den de Orange River southwest of [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] insyd de [[Northern Cape]]. Ebe  {{convert|1458|km|mi}} long, den forms de border between Mpumalanga, [[Gauteng]] den [[North West Province (South Africa)|North West Province]] Wey Dey for  north bank, den de [[Free State (South African province)|Free State]] for  ein south.

Ebe  de third largest river insyd [[South Africa]] after de [[Orange River]] (2200&amp;nbsp;km long) ein de [[Limpopo River]] (1750&amp;nbsp;km long) ein was established as de main source of water for de great Witswatersrand area after [[Witwatersrand Gold Rush|the 19th century gold rush]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Longest rivers&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=9 longest rivers. SA9. Accessed 2 April 2018. |url=http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918163332/http://www.sa9.co.za/category/9-longest-rivers/ |archive-date=18 September 2019 |access-date=30 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; De [[Vaal Dam]] lies for  De Vaal River ein [[Deneysville]] just south for de border between [[Gauteng]] and de Free State. De Vaal River be de longest river wholly within de borders for South Africa.

''Vaal'' be de [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name (later [[Afrikaans]]), translated den de [[Griqua people|Griquas]] or [[Boers]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=G. |title=Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa I |publisher=Henry Colburn, London |year=1827 |pages=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; for de earlier Kora [[Khoekhoe]] or [[Khoemana|!Orakobab]] name, sometimes spelled for ''Tky-Gariep'' (in [[Khoekhoegowab]] orthography Ebe de ''ǀHai!garib'', drab river).&lt;ref name=&quot;OB&quot;&gt;
{{cite book |last=du Plessis |first=E.J. |title=Suid-Afrikaanse berg- en riviername |publisher=Tafelberg-uitgewers, Cape Town |year=1973 |isbn=0-624-00273-X |pages=326, 221}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Both Vaal den ''Tky'' (insyd modern orthography '''ǀHai''') mean &quot;drab&quot; or &quot;dull&quot;, which alludes for de colour den de waters, especially noticeable during flood season when de river ein laden den silt. Insyd de upper reaches de river e for named ''iLigwa'' ([[Northern Ndebele language|Sindebele]]), ''Ikwa or Igwa'' ([[isiZulu]]), ''ilikwa'' ([[Swati language|siSwati]]), ''lekwa'' ([[Sesotho]]), or ''cuoa'' by de Khoekhoe, all referring for de plain ein traverses.&lt;ref name=&quot;OB&quot; /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caledon River</title>
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      <text bytes="671" sha1="4hf8c4r06w9dpwmvaifn9iilqs6q1q5" xml:space="preserve">'''De Caledon River''' ({{langx|st|Mohokare}}) wey be major river wey dey locate insyd central South Africa. Ein total length wey be {{cvt|642|km}}, rising insyd de [[Drakensberg]] Mountains for de [[Lesotho]] border, flowing southwestward wey den westward before joining de [[Orange River]] near [[Bethulie]] insyd de southern [[Free State (province)|Free State]]. De river wey originally be ''Prinses Wilhelminas Rivier'' insyd 1777, by Colonel R J Gordon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Raper |first=P.E. |url=https://languagecentre.sun.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/SaPlaceNamesDictionary1987.pdf |title=Dictionary of South African Place Names |date=1987 |pages=105}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Draa River</title>
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      <text bytes="808" sha1="dupmmpxa2jehp9q8nlzei74alvm4a5l" xml:space="preserve">De '''Draa''' (Arabic: وادي درعة, romanized: wādī dar'a; also spelled '''Dra''' or '''Drâa''', for demma old source, at times be '''Darha''' or '''Dara''')  [[Morocco]] demma biggest river, at 1,100 kilometres (680 mi). Dem form am plus de confluence of de Dadès River den Imini River. Edey flow from de High Atlas mountains, back den south-eastward to Tagounite, den from Tagounite most at times westwards to demma mouth in the Atlantic Ocean somewhere north of Tan-Tan. In 1971, de (El) Mansour Eddahabi dam, dem construct to service demma regional capital of Ouarzazate dem come do to regulate demma flow of de Draa. Most of demma year as at dat time, part of de Draa after Tagounite come make dry.
[[Category:Short description matches Wikidata]]
[[Category:Articles with short description]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yobe River</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

De '''Yobe River''', sanso be de '''Komadougou Yobe''' wey dem saanso dry spell am '''Komadugu''' or de '''Komadougou-Yobe''' (French: Komadougou Yobé), be river insyd [[West Africa]] wey dey flow go de [[Lake Chad]] insyd through [[Nigeria]] den [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;h812&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |archive-date=2023-07-07 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Ein tributaries  dey include deHadejia River, de Jama'are River, den de Komadugu Gana River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  De river dey form small part of de international border between [[Niger]] den[[Nigeria]] plus 95 miles (150&amp;nbsp;km) wey den flow a total of 200 miles (320&amp;nbsp;km).&lt;ref name=&quot;h812&quot; /&gt;
[[Category:Yobe State]]</text>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

De '''Yobe River''', sanso be de '''Komadougou Yobe''' wey dem saanso dry spell am '''Komadugu''' or de '''Komadougou-Yobe''' (French: Komadougou Yobé), be river insyd [[West Africa]] wey dey flow go de [[Lake Chad]] insyd through [[Nigeria]] den [[Niger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;h812&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Komadugu Yobe River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162049/https://www.britannica.com/place/Komadugu-Yobe-River |archive-date=2023-07-07 |access-date=2023-09-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Ein tributaries  dey include deHadejia River, de Jama'are River, den de Komadugu Gana River.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Best River in Yobe reviews |url=https://ng.africabz.com/yobe/river |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=ng.africabz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  De river dey form small part of de international border between [[Niger]] den[[Nigeria]] plus 95 miles (150&amp;nbsp;km) wey den flow a total of 200 miles (320&amp;nbsp;km).&lt;ref name=&quot;h812&quot; /&gt;

Concerns dey about de changes insyd de river flow, economy den  ecology sekof upstream dams, de largest at present wey be de Tiga Dam insyd Kano State, plus plans wey dem Dey  discuss for de Kafin Zaki Dam in syd Bauchi State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kole Ahmed Shettima |title=Dam Politics in Northern Nigeria: The Case of the Kafin Zaki Dam |url=http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110073645/http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21922/20591 |archive-date=2013-01-10 |access-date=2009-10-01 |publisher=York University, Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Yobe State]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shangani River</title>
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[[File:Gwayi_Basin_OSM.svg|right|thumb|300x300px|Shangani River in the Gwayi River catchment (center)]]
De '''Shangani''' bi river wey edey [[Zimbabwe]]. Ede start near Gweru, Gweru River bi one of ein main tributaries, wey ede pass thru Midlands den Matabeleland North area wey ede enter the Gwayi River insyd.

Den de Shangani River be the place wey the Shangani Patrol battle wey ehappen on 4th December 1893 happen. Ebi ein wey de Matabele warriors kill Major Allan Wilson den 31 men for British South Africa Company. Ebi only two Americans wey elef. Dem be Frederick Russell Burnham den Pete Ingram, den one Australian, W.L. Gooding.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osun River</title>
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      <text bytes="4785" sha1="fluepxpn6mc6astowi0esugbhp45wae" xml:space="preserve">The ''' Oṣun River''' (sometimes spelt Oshun, [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: Odò Ọ̀ṣun), is a [[river]] of [[Yorubaland]] that rises in [[Ekiti State]] and flows westwards into [[Osun State]] before turning southwestwards at its confluence with the [[Erinle River]] near the town of Ede and then heading south at the Asejire reservoir flowing though the rest of the state and [[Ogun State]] in Southwestern [[Nigeria]] before eventually discharging into the [[Lekki Lagoon]] and the Atlantic at the [[Gulf of Guinea]]. 

de river is named after the deity [[Oṣun]], one of de most popular and venerated [[Orisha|Orishas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Murrell2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Murrell |first1=Nathaniel Samuel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9h5KDRfZ-JgC&amp;q=oshun+&amp;pg=PA35 |title=Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions |date=2009 |publisher=Temple University Press |isbn=9781439901755}}&lt;/ref&gt; The annual traditional worship at the [[Osun-Osogbo|Ọs&amp;#x323;un Shrine]] near the Ọṣun River at [[Osogbo]] has become a popular [[pilgrimage]] and important [[tourist]] [[Tourist attraction|attraction]], drawing people from all over Nigeria and abroad to the annual [[festival]] in August.

Oṣun be one of de [[List of water deities|river goddesses]] insyde Yorubaland, she is noted for providing for de  needs of depeople. As a mortal, she was reputedly one of the wives of [[Shango|&amp;#x323;Ṣango]], the [[Alaafin of Oyo]] and the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] god of thunder. Osun is said to have been a native of Igede-Ekiti, headquarters of Irepodun/Ifelodun local government area, [[Ekiti State|Ekiti state]], Nigeria hence her main source is situated at Igede-Ekiti. Osun, third child of the marriage between Ake (a hunter and prince from [[Ile-Ife]]) and Erindo (Ake's wife) that would also gave birth to fifteen more children including the popular Rivers Ogbese and Elemi. While Ogbese be de brand legend of de old Afrikola, Elemi river continues to adorn the beauty of our land. Osun, de second wife of Alaafin Ṣango, turned to a river after she lost in the contest of who succeeds their father, Ake.{{efn|Across multiple versions of the story, there are different reasons why Oṣun turned into a river.}} In the olden days during war times, incantation was considered the most potent form of weapon. Hence, de smartest and de very vast one carries de day. &quot;Igede&quot; was a derivative of &quot;Ogede&quot;- meaning incantation and finally became &quot;Igede&quot; by nominalisation. So, &quot;Ilè Ògèdè or Igede means de land of [[incantation]]. Igede-Ekiti is home to more than sixteen rivers, and it hasn't been proven otherwise by anyone or any documents that no river flows into Igede-Ekiti from anywhere. Instead, rivers flow from Igede-Ekiti to other towns and places. It is an old belief that de river goddess has been able to give babies to de barren women and change de lives of many people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Katen Tate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7KbLLjzuRgC&amp;q=Osun+River+Goddess&amp;pg=PA132 |title=Sacred Places of Goddess: 108 Destinations |publisher=CCC Publishing |year=2005 |isbn=9781888729177 |page=132}}&lt;/ref&gt; There have also been many fictional stories about goddess Oṣun, including ''Shegun Coker and the Cursed Temple'' by Kolawole Michael, 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Joseph M. Murphy, Mei-Mei Sanford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XIx0TjQb8yEC&amp;q=Osun+River&amp;pg=PA10 |title=Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780253108630 |page=10}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFJoseph_M._Murphy,_Mei-Mei_Sanford2001&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;Joseph M. Murphy, Mei-Mei Sanford (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XIx0TjQb8yEC&amp;q=Osun+River&amp;pg=PA10 ''Osun across the Waters: A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and the Americas'']. Indiana University Press. p.&amp;nbsp;10. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780253108630|&lt;bdi&gt;9780253108630&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018, de river suddenly began to change color and investigation by Urban Alert (a civic-tech [[nonprofit organization]]) revealed that illegal and unregulated licensed gold mining activities at de[[River source|headwaters]] upper course be de root cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-06-20|title=INVESTIGATION: How illegal mining fuels poverty, river pollution, sacred grove desecration in Osun|url=https://www.thecable.ng/investigation-how-illegal-mining-fuels-poverty-river-pollution-sacred-grove-desecration-in-osun|access-date=2022-06-24|newspaper=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; De activities of these miners have contaminated de river with heavy metals, thereby threatening de river and de [[Osun-Osogbo|Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove]].</text>
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    <title>Oba River</title>
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      <text bytes="361" sha1="9l231r9p3nogik9ckgy0zudhmrnoj8x" xml:space="preserve">De '''Oba River''' ([[Yoruba language|Yoruba]]: '''Odo Ọba''') ebe river wey dey [[Oyo State|Oyo]] den [[Osun State|Osun]] States wey dey Nigeria. Ebe de main tributary wey be  [[Osun River]]. De landscape wey dey varies from wooded savanna insyd de north to rain forest insyd de south.  chaw people wey dey live along ein length practice farming den fishing.</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Gbe_languages.png|right|thumb|Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people]]</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Gbe_languages.png|right|thumb|Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people]]
Dis Lagoon got ien name den prominence from the settlement for [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]]- Ewes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People |url=http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044100/http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |archive-date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Africa Imports}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh more especially for the town Keta den dey put for use. De inhabitants for de area surrounding de lagoon  be de descendants for Anlo Ewe  groups who dey sett for Anlo land. Dem ancestors migrated from Notsie insyd central [[Togo]] in de mid –seventeenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History |url=http://www.dancedrummer.com/history.html |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=dancedrummer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem settled at Anloga den established several small settlements around de shores of de Keta Lagoon. Some of de towns dey show below with demma 2010 populations.</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over the years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Gbe_languages.png|right|thumb|Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people]]
Dis Lagoon got ein name den prominence from the settlement for [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]]- Ewes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People |url=http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044100/http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |archive-date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Africa Imports}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh more especially for de town Keta den dey put for use. De inhabitants for de area surrounding de lagoon  be de descendants for Anlo Ewe  groups who dey settle for Anlo land. Dem ancestors migrated from Notsie insyd central [[Togo]] in de mid –seventeenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History |url=http://www.dancedrummer.com/history.html |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=dancedrummer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem settled at Anloga den established several small settlements around de shores of de Keta Lagoon. Some of de towns dey show below with demma 2010 populations.</text>
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'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over de years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Gbe_languages.png|right|thumb|Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people]]
Dis Lagoon got ein name den prominence from the settlement for [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]]- Ewes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People |url=http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044100/http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |archive-date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Africa Imports}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh more especially for de town Keta den dey put for use. De inhabitants for de area surrounding de lagoon  be de descendants for Anlo Ewe  groups who dey settle for Anlo land. Dem ancestors migrated from Notsie insyd central [[Togo]] in de mid –seventeenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History |url=http://www.dancedrummer.com/history.html |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=dancedrummer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem settled at Anloga den established several small settlements around de shores of de Keta Lagoon. Some of de towns dey show below with demma 2010 populations.</text>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339924058|Keta Lagoon]]&quot;</comment>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Keta Lagoon''', sa na called '''Anlo-Keta lagoon''', be de largest for over 90 lagoons&lt;ref name=&quot;oceandocs1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Management Issues for the Sustainable Use of Lagoon Fish Resources |url=http://www.oceandocs.net/bitstream/1834/699/1/ICLARM2427.pdf |access-date=2014-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; wey cover 550&amp;nbsp;km stretch for de coastline for Ghana. Dis lagoon be 126.13&amp;nbsp;km for length. Edey located insyd de eastern coast for Ghana den separated from de Gulf of Guinea&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Gulf of Guinea (gulf, Atlantic Ocean) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/248843/Gulf-of-Guinea |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; by a narrow strip of sandbar.  Dis open salty water dey surrounded by flood plains den mangrove swamps. Together dem form de Keta Lagoon Ramsar site&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Clearing House mechanism of Ghana - Convention on Biological Diversity |url=http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140307234545/http://gh.chm-cbd.net/biodiversity/faunal./ramsar-sites/keta-lagoon-complex |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=2 February 2022 |website=gh.chm-cbd.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; where cover 1200&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;

Seasonal inflow for sea water dey occur during high tide from de [[Gulf of Guinea]] den regular inflow of rivers. De rivers which dey drain into de lagoon include de Aka, de Tordzi River  den Belikpa stream&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=Belikpa (stream) |url=http://gh.geoview.info/belikpa,2303213 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Gh.geoview.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; where dey enter de lagoon from de north. De lagoon dey surrounded by many settlements. De towns include Anloga, Woe, Keta den Kedzi to de south, Aborlove Nolopi, Anyako den Anlo Afiadenyigba to de north, Kodzi, Alakple den Tregui to de west den Denu den Adina to de east.

Over de years population growth, extensive human activities den climate change all contributed to reduce de volume of water insyd de lagoon which dey appear to be drying up. De lagoon became part of de daily existence for de people  insyd [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]] land. In 1992 de Keta Lagoon be place on de list of Wetlands for International Importance by de Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, den in 1999 work dey began on measures to limit more erosion den to control flooding of de coastal region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=Keta (Ghana) - Encyclopædia Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/315645/Keta |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Britannica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Gbe_languages.png|right|thumb|Keta Lagoon is in the south-western end of the region settled by the Ewe people]]
Dis Lagoon got ein name den prominence from the settlement for [[Anlo Ewe|Anlo]]- Ewes &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Culture - The Anlo-Ewe People |url=http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308044100/http://africaimports.com/anlo-ewe-people-group.asp |archive-date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=Africa Imports}}&lt;/ref&gt; buh more especially for de town Keta den dey put for use. De inhabitants for de area surrounding de lagoon  be de descendants for Anlo Ewe  groups who dey settle for Anlo land. Dem ancestors migrated from Notsie insyd central [[Togo]] in de mid –seventeenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date= |title=African Drumming - dancedrummer.com - Anlo-Ewe History |url=http://www.dancedrummer.com/history.html |access-date=2014-03-07 |publisher=dancedrummer.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dem settled at Anloga den established several small settlements around de shores of de Keta Lagoon. Some of de towns dey show below with demma 2010 populations.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Name of Town
!2010 Population figure
|-
|Keta
|8,101
|-
|Anloga
|29,748
|-
|Anyako
|6,780
|-
|Anlo Afiadenyigba
|9,680
|-
|Tegbi
|10,056
|-
|Kedzi
|129
|-
|Kodzi
|185
|-
|Asadame
|1,410
|-
|Woe
|558
|-
|Tregui
|786
|-
|Wuti
|2,340
|-
|Atiteti
|978
|-
|Dzato
|879
|-
|Yenui
|667
|-
|Alakple
|529
|-
|Srogboe
|640
|-
|Dzita
|3531
|-
|Blekusu
|897
|-
|Adina
|758
|-
|Anyanui
|1,783
|-
|Havedzi
|897
|-
|Vodza
|769
|-
|Dzelukope
|10,409
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''92,510'''
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Waseges River</title>
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        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Di Waseges River, wey people dey call am Sandai River too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="199" sha1="tenolj3r3r85kymrm5v07zqd744wd4q" xml:space="preserve">Di Waseges River, wey people dey call am Sandai River too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T15:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="212" sha1="4hd2d2a3skevb4cta0hy2rrat3pk10y" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:00:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="259" sha1="8ylgvrd30qpe4ukqr4fo4nuy28vdv8y" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria.For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area</text>
      <sha1>8ylgvrd30qpe4ukqr4fo4nuy28vdv8y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100545</id>
      <parentid>100540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:03:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="384" sha1="ticegb7avtpx5y1dmutu60v41hv5bsa" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <parentid>100545</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:03:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="401" sha1="6w6z0kytv5vmr6omnnx3x222a040n57" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey Kenya. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100548</id>
      <parentid>100546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:04:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="405" sha1="2gozosixl3gspvvtl1fzlpcbl1r3usv" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di Aberdare Range, den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100550</id>
      <parentid>100548</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:05:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>100550</origin>
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      <text bytes="428" sha1="4wy60p8mfs5fig28openyijs0shlbk8" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside Lake Bogoria. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100551</id>
      <parentid>100550</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:05:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <origin>100551</origin>
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      <text bytes="449" sha1="kxinvadlxanz306q0h2texms0fa8so4" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>kxinvadlxanz306q0h2texms0fa8so4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100557</id>
      <parentid>100551</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:10:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100557</origin>
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      <text bytes="596" sha1="biba3y82hx63094hi6h3zaisc0o40jw" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter Lake Bogoria for Great Rift Valley from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100559</id>
      <parentid>100557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:11:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="617" sha1="bxw8vmj2lsmoole6ppa8u9d5p5tewvu" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for Great Rift Valley from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>bxw8vmj2lsmoole6ppa8u9d5p5tewvu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100560</id>
      <parentid>100559</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="650" sha1="2fnd2z09a2k0euefwmp2mlcr92f7imp" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="663" sha1="eo4dref774yoz5l7mxlxxkrz5l8mm1l" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.

== Reference ==</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100563</id>
      <parentid>100562</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
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      <text bytes="748" sha1="od0jqzp8i7k4edsrn912tjdxo87x2pu" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>od0jqzp8i7k4edsrn912tjdxo87x2pu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100569</id>
      <parentid>100563</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="838" sha1="s4sdqydkv02iuh3g782fng2rsqfqksk" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reference ==</text>
      <sha1>s4sdqydkv02iuh3g782fng2rsqfqksk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100570</id>
      <parentid>100569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:19:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100570</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="839" sha1="m9dzhctcw93ncjntdnzpxvb5vl3zd6c" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>m9dzhctcw93ncjntdnzpxvb5vl3zd6c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100579</id>
      <parentid>100570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:24:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1269" sha1="7d6hq6wj6ur0l3ituj278mhw655hmob" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>7d6hq6wj6ur0l3ituj278mhw655hmob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100582</id>
      <parentid>100579</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:26:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1271" sha1="suo06xl7yeh279fz8qpajjdz9k26y5s" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>suo06xl7yeh279fz8qpajjdz9k26y5s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100584</id>
      <parentid>100582</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:30:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1350" sha1="t5d90cdea3xshs2ozjiuejnv1c9z6a5" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>t5d90cdea3xshs2ozjiuejnv1c9z6a5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100588</id>
      <parentid>100584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:32:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1432" sha1="l57al2tatwareezechgo73mv3ybdp3q" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>l57al2tatwareezechgo73mv3ybdp3q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100591</id>
      <parentid>100588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:35:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1514" sha1="2r9v0krclxk9fj3fzhpl86q3tw4gnie" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2r9v0krclxk9fj3fzhpl86q3tw4gnie</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100595</id>
      <parentid>100591</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1570" sha1="ja687ky2sdsb6njtwdjkxvbcduqu7pr" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;Dis water pH na 8, e mean say e get small alkaline level

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>ja687ky2sdsb6njtwdjkxvbcduqu7pr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100598</id>
      <parentid>100595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:40:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1573" sha1="1y33dxils6q82c1463omr8e5sd4d6p7" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dis water pH na 8, e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1y33dxils6q82c1463omr8e5sd4d6p7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100599</id>
      <parentid>100598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:41:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1589" sha1="6v2g3vhenhjsdmvkeihn09zu1p4z6oq" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water pH na 8, e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6v2g3vhenhjsdmvkeihn09zu1p4z6oq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100601</id>
      <parentid>100599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:42:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1679" sha1="knsbwtsmoqqaqmpd3xec2d490cesper" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water pH na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>knsbwtsmoqqaqmpd3xec2d490cesper</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100602</id>
      <parentid>100601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1690" sha1="6m4vrb42hb5x5ni6tvkkbs9f0abevhy" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>6m4vrb42hb5x5ni6tvkkbs9f0abevhy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100605</id>
      <parentid>100602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:46:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2268" sha1="bxgky2sp35m237ahn8upga0l2378t5r" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di Tugen people for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di Camus people, use water from di river. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>bxgky2sp35m237ahn8upga0l2378t5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100607</id>
      <parentid>100605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:47:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2294" sha1="fvw6xjpw1ac7tsv2hwg93i2ji5r0t1i" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di Tugen people for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di Camus people, use water from di river. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>fvw6xjpw1ac7tsv2hwg93i2ji5r0t1i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100610</id>
      <parentid>100607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:47:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2295" sha1="2o6ecc6vfxbco1t0l2cuwh3v1dn8swp" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di Tugen people for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di Camus people, use water from di river. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>2o6ecc6vfxbco1t0l2cuwh3v1dn8swp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100612</id>
      <parentid>100610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:50:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2316" sha1="889o0pvxicxcxb765burtp38wplxvd6" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di Camus people, use water from di river. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>889o0pvxicxcxb765burtp38wplxvd6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100613</id>
      <parentid>100612</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:51:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2337" sha1="m4qzmof3xvwuiaygn01agz311v6cl6j" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>m4qzmof3xvwuiaygn01agz311v6cl6j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100614</id>
      <parentid>100613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:52:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2408" sha1="4rhrkepd3qu9hvqlr6lem7rqt7jk52s" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>4rhrkepd3qu9hvqlr6lem7rqt7jk52s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100615</id>
      <parentid>100614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:54:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2483" sha1="poyld9tqfcmh50m3zwzf2kzbtu33qk8" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>poyld9tqfcmh50m3zwzf2kzbtu33qk8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100616</id>
      <parentid>100615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3017" sha1="cskq2ivszroiqgie7g0o8hokagtfwrl" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;One irrigation plan wey Baringo District Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>cskq2ivszroiqgie7g0o8hokagtfwrl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100617</id>
      <parentid>100616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:56:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3020" sha1="1au39gb8jg861ahbuli71qc7f9r169b" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey Baringo District Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>1au39gb8jg861ahbuli71qc7f9r169b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100619</id>
      <parentid>100617</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:56:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3094" sha1="f5l7dzq4cyyqqad9loimlsejjfqbvro" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey Baringo District Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>f5l7dzq4cyyqqad9loimlsejjfqbvro</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100620</id>
      <parentid>100619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:57:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3119" sha1="dppog5mkszk8zdfo1xf32v00rhgk53x" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey [[:en:Baringo_District|Baringo District]] Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dppog5mkszk8zdfo1xf32v00rhgk53x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100621</id>
      <parentid>100620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3448" sha1="dflzyqvi4p9lnt03daxxmkbqatdffk6" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey [[:en:Baringo_District|Baringo District]] Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;Before 2003, dem divert di river illegal for irrigation upstream inside Subukia area, and e make di river dry for downstream during drought time. For 2003, di Ministry of Water Management and Development propose say make dem set up river basin catchment committees and water user associations to manage how people go use di river

== References ==</text>
      <sha1>dflzyqvi4p9lnt03daxxmkbqatdffk6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100622</id>
      <parentid>100621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:58:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Emmanuella Ackon</username>
        <id>2562</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3451" sha1="cehp5671n1kxc41m6rvxefl7b6skcpu" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey [[:en:Baringo_District|Baringo District]] Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;

Before 2003, dem divert di river illegal for irrigation upstream inside Subukia area, and e make di river dry for downstream during drought time. For 2003, di Ministry of Water Management and Development propose say make dem set up river basin catchment committees and water user associations to manage how people go use di river.

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="3520" sha1="adokznybgjftmfcfcdcsw4264wgjbc7" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey [[:en:Baringo_District|Baringo District]] Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;

Before 2003, dem divert di river illegal for irrigation upstream inside Subukia area, and e make di river dry for downstream during drought time. For 2003, di Ministry of Water Management and Development propose say make dem set up river basin catchment committees and water user associations to manage how people go use di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFKarua2003|Karua 2003]], p. 1335&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==</text>
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Di '''Waseges River''', wey people dey call am '''Sandai River''' too, na one river wey dey [[Kenya]]. E dey start for di slopes of Nyandarua Plateau under di [[:en:Aberdare_Range|Aberdare Range]], den e go end im waka inside [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]]. 

For 2002 dem find rubies for Waseges River area.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://shoprmcgems.com/blogs/news/an-overview-of-ruby An overview of ruby]&quot;. RMC Gems. Retrieved 2012-01-01&lt;/ref&gt;

== Course ==
Di river dey flow go north, then e turn west and south before e enter [[:en:Lake_Bogoria|Lake Bogoria]] for [[:en:Great_Rift_Valley,_Kenya|Great Rift Valley]] from di north after e pass Kesubo swamp.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFHughesHughes1992|Hughes &amp; Hughes]] 1992, p. 189&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;

For di upper side, Waseges dey flow pass area wey dem dey plant coffee plenty, and dem dey use chemical fertilizer and pesticide heavy. As e dey go down, e dey pass bush and scrub wey people dey use for graze animals, then e pass very dry bush before e enter di lake for di north end&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLake_Bogoria_UNESCO|Lake Bogoria UNESCO]]&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river na seasonal, and na di main tributary wey dey feed di lake&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 177.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di way di river dey flow fit cause counter-clockwise current inside di lake.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFRenautOwen1991|Renaut &amp; Owen 1991]], p. 183.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Chemistry ==
Dis water [[:en:PH|pH]] na 8,&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFOwenRenautHoverAshley2004|Owen et al. 2004]], p. 66.&lt;/ref&gt; e mean say e get small alkaline level.

== Irrigation Scheme ==
Di Waseges na one big source wey dem dey take irrigate farm. As people plenty dey increase, by 1985 di [[:en:Tugen_people|Tugen people]] for Sandai sometimes no gree make their neighbors, di [[:en:Camus_people|Camus people]], use water from di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;. Di Sandai farmers dey used to plant two or three out of six farm areas every year. One area go dey farm for three or four years, then dem go leave am rest for up to four years. All di farm areas dey get water from canals wey dey come from di Waseges, but half of di canals go block at any time. To use di irrigated farm areas, Tugen and Camus people dey make agreements.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168.&lt;/ref&gt;

One irrigation plan wey [[:en:Baringo_District|Baringo District]] Provincial Irrigation Unit (PIU) carry out, wey Dutch Aid fund and support with technical help, bin dey aim to make better use of di river water. Di plan na to build one big concrete canal wey go supply only one area. Dem schedule am to start for 1983, but delay come happen because local people protest, so di project no finish until di 1987/1988 season. Di project bring one system wey no too flexible, e cause wahala between Tugen and Camus people, and even wahala among di Tugen themselves.&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFLittle1992|Little 1992]], p. 167-168&lt;/ref&gt;

Before 2003, dem divert di river illegal for irrigation upstream inside Subukia area, and e make di river dry for downstream during drought time. For 2003, di Ministry of Water Management and Development propose say make dem set up river basin catchment committees and water user associations to manage how people go use di river&lt;ref&gt;[[:en:Waseges_River#CITEREFKarua2003|Karua 2003]], p. 1335&lt;/ref&gt;.

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Turkana''' (/tɜːrˈkɑːnə, -ˈkæn-/) be a saline lake insyd de Kenyan Rift Valley, predominantly insyd northern Kenya; de far northern end dey cross into Ethiopia.&lt;ref&gt;The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf|date=18 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; E be de world ein largest permanent desert lake den de world ein largest alkaline lake. By volume e be de world ein fourth-largest salt lake&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea |url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.kenyasafari.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; after de Caspian Sea, Issyk-Kul, den Lake Van (wey dey pass de shrinking South Aral Sea), den among all lakes e dey rank 22nd.

Lake Turkana now be threatened by de construction of de Gilgel Gibe III Dam insyd Ethiopia secof de damming of de Omo River wich dey supply chaw of de lake ein water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moran20172&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Moran, B.|date=23 May 2017|title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks|url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks|publisher=The New Humanitarian|access-date=8 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Although de lake commonly be—den to sam degree still be—dem use for drinking water, ein salinity (slightly brackish) den very high levels of fluoride (much higher dan insyd fluoridated water) generally make am unsuitable give drinking; e sanso be a source of diseases wey contaminated water spread. Increasingly, communities around de lake dey rely on underground springs for drinking water.&lt;ref name=&quot;Serem20122&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Serem, B.|date=29 November 2012|title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing|url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=8 November 2019|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; De same characteristics wey dey make am unsuitable for drinking limit ein use for irrigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Johnson, T.C. |title=The Nile |last2=J.O. Malala |publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 |editor-last=H.J. Dumont |series=Monographiae Biologicae |volume=89 |pages=287–306 |chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile}}&lt;/ref&gt; De climate be hot den very dry.

De rocks of de surrounding area predominantly be volcanic. Central Island be an active volcano, wey dey emit vapour. Outcrops den rocky shores be found on de east den southern shores of de lake, while dunes, spits den flats be on de west den north, at a lower elevation.

On-shore den off-shore winds fi be extremely strong, as de lake warms den cools more slowly dan de land. Sudden, violent storms be frequent. Three rivers (de Omo, Turkwel den Kerio) flow into de lake, buh lacking outflow, ein only water loss be by evaporation. Lake volume den dimensions vary. For example, de level fell by 10 metres (33 ft) between 1975 den 1993.&lt;ref&gt;Historic lake levels are graphed in the [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html|date=18 January 2006}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Despite de lack of outflow, insyd ecology e be often regarded as a part of — anaa at least associated plus — de [[Nile]] basin secof ein prehistoric connection to dis system den de similarities insyd dema aquatic faunas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson2009&quot; /&gt;

== References ==</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>858l7aahe6kyuld1795ad86e6eweyhq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100567</id>
      <parentid>100565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:17:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>69locf3bwm09fmwaw36psbsdpat7ino</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100571</id>
      <parentid>100567</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:20:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyde for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>p90ldrduke50ya6r52km0piaxmvjukr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100572</id>
      <parentid>100571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:21:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100572</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100573</id>
      <parentid>100572</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:21:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem lenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>5v4z153npqqp4uamw3lumc8ta6h28s4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100574</id>
      <parentid>100573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100574</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get lenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ksgxgp18cth04zpr7uknw2b71vewrtn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100575</id>
      <parentid>100574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>hk4fdopd64ar8rywx5ibrl7sgvlh2u6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100576</id>
      <parentid>100575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:23:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>p9qpddbz0iru4j794a52sivyzbzohr2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100577</id>
      <parentid>100576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:24:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100577</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likedey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>ai2crfitwu2ktaar5vamb6v6ovzqqfl</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100578</id>
      <parentid>100577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:24:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>2cslxqw1pvtcm65gtf01wwqiyl5aiwo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100580</id>
      <parentid>100578</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:24:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100580</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit de place. Right dyee, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>kwrkgyvg7ae07lqhr47uq4wi8qt81b9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100581</id>
      <parentid>100580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:25:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit de place. Right dyee, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey insyd the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>hin3es0qcz7s373smgrf98u7yt9w3ay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100583</id>
      <parentid>100581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100583</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit de place. Right dyee, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey insyd de pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>7zmwp3ngmrs4q3vcizkuu7xu62mvtci</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>100585</id>
      <parentid>100583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T16:30:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100585</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit de place. Right dyee, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey insyd de pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim insiyd the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for Paga insyd, de Upper East Region of Ghana. Dem get plenty West African crocodiles for insyd. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, sake of that, plenty tourists likes to dey visit de place. Right dyee, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey insyd de pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim for insiyd the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles at Paga face an increasing number of challenges that undermine their existence. First, climate change poses a severe predicament to their existence. A growing number of the water bodies dry up in the dry season, leaving the crocs to travel between water bodies all year round. Second, with increasing income levels, urbanization and infrastructural development along the dams, the crocs now have few private spaces. Encroachment of the surrounding dams places a limit on the crocodiles' existence in relation to breeding. Third, hunger poses a menace because the food sources are dwindling. Crocodiles naturally hunt for food in the wild. However, the climate change-induced droughts means their food diversity is reducing. The crocodiles at the Paga Ponds are competing with humans for the remaining fish in the water. In the main pond, they rely mainly on chicken brought by tourists. Moreover, the crocodiles at the countryside do not get the same treatment, thereby leaving them to their fate. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
The locally-told origin of the pond was that a crocodile brought a dying man to the pond to drink, who, after surviving, declared the pond to be sacred and that no harm should come to the crocodiles. This legend of the crocodiles is claimed to date back to about 600 years. The crocodiles are considered to be totems for these local people.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Another story states that a man was trapped against the water's edge by a lion, when he bargained with a crocodile that none of his children would harm his kind if he would kill the lion. It is believed that the souls of the people of Paga reside in these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; It is an offence to kill crocodiles in Paga, or eat crocodile meat.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger&quot;]. GhanaWeb. 9 September 2009&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 November&lt;/span&gt; 2016&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ &quot;Visit Ghana | Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''Visit Ghana''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ &quot;Paga Crocodile Pond&quot;]. ''touringghana.com''. 2016-03-21&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-08-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==</text>
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten their survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water.

Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably.

Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==</text>
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga too dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten their survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water.

Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably.

Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==</text>
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga too dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten dama survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water.

Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably.

Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==</text>
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga too dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten dama survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water. Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably.

Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga too dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten dama survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water. Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably. Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water. For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga too dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten dama survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water. Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably. Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water. For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago. For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles at Paga are very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors can sit, touch and take photographs with the crocodiles. The crocodiles roam freely throughout the pond, and are brought to the shore when the guides whistle loudly. Tourists can then take photographs while holding the crocodile's tails, after the guide has fed them a chicken. There are concerns that the pond is now too reliant on tourism, with caretaker Salifu Awewozem saying in 2009 that the elderly crocodiles require specialist care, and the only time additional food is provided to the reptiles is when tourists pay for the chickens when they pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists use Paga as an opportunity to see preserved slave camps. They also enjoy village tours and evening drumming and dancing by any local cultural group that can be arranged for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[Pikworo Slave camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] is located in Paga-Nania. It was created purposely for holding slaves that are brought down from the north. Slaves were forced to walk about 150&amp;nbsp;km to the south to the slave market at Salaga. They are then taken to the coast for shipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mystery dam of Kayoro called Kukula and the Nasaga Game Reserve about 8&amp;nbsp;km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==

== References ==
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 {{Reflist|30em}}'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for  Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9q0aagv8dk552b64hxxtw5b0cx4e7w2</sha1>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for Upper East Region of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:06:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty West African crocodiles dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6jpzfqi309b7j7ms4rtgbaqn6bm47y8</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100630</id>
      <parentid>100628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:07:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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      <origin>100630</origin>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey Paga for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nkgwxqoe7fqlke7a57xpvkrv4q8mrkk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>100631</id>
      <parentid>100630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:08:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>100631</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for Upper East Region of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from Bolgatanga, wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d7exzjce7jrmsreex27d9nnwpy5452b</sha1>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:09:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild West African crocodiles dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jifpdphfoogfc8k9ewr7t8wg6pe6vql</sha1>
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      <id>100634</id>
      <parentid>100633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:10:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the Burkina Faso border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jukl0kkz2ucfqsrqdpu9mrzhunahl8y</sha1>
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      <parentid>100634</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:11:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yakubu Philemon Mbalabna</username>
        <id>5061</id>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the Gulf of Guinea.

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey threaten their survival. First, climate change be one big problem. Every year, more ponds and dams dey dry up during the dry season, forcing the crocodiles to move from one water body to another in search of water. Secondly, because of urbanization, development, and increasing human activities around the dams, the crocodiles now get less space for themselves. People dey encroach on the areas around the ponds, making it difficult for the crocodiles to breed and live comfortably. Thirdly, lack of food too be serious challenge. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food in the wild, but the droughts caused by climate change dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit feed on. The crocodiles for the Paga ponds now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, the crocodiles depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey the smaller ponds and surrounding communities no dey get the same support, so many of dem dey struggle to survive on their own.

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oxkhbpv4top8xzrm0z385om02kota04</sha1>
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      <id>100640</id>
      <parentid>100638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:17:54Z</timestamp>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one lion near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop crocodile meat for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i2ua2pvk9o38gvqxwqrl44tu7ysfe3g</sha1>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The Pikworo Slave Camp dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach Salaga slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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'''Paga Crocodile Pond''' be one sacred pond wey dey for [[Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]]. Plenty [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside. These crocodiles no dey too aggressive; dem dey friendly to people, and because of that, plenty tourists dey visit the place. Right now, tourism be one important thing wey dey help keep the crocodiles fed and healthy. People dey also call the pond Chief's Pond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Description ==
The pond dey [[:en:Paga|Paga]] for [[:en:Upper_East_Region|Upper East Region]] of Ghana, about 44 kilometres from [[:en:Bolgatanga|Bolgatanga]], wey be the regional capital. Wild [[:en:West_African_crocodile|West African crocodiles]] dey inside the pond, and some of dem don reach about 90 years old. The crocodiles dey very calm and friendly, so local pikin dem fit even swim inside the pond with dem and nothing bad no go happen.

Paga too be one old trading town wey people don dey use for business plenty years. The town dey close to the [[:en:Burkina_Faso|Burkina Faso]] border. During the slave trade period for the mid-1800s, the white people use Paga as one important route from the north go the [[:en:Gulf_of_Guinea|Gulf of Guinea]].

Even though the Paga crocodiles dey friendly and calm, sometimes dem fit mistake human being for animal. But despite that, no serious injury or death never happen because of such incidents throughout the history of the pond 
Apart from the main crocodile pond wey dey the center of Paga town, plenty other crocodile ponds too dey for the surrounding communities and outskirts of the town.

== Migration ==
Most of the dams for Paga get at least ten crocodiles inside. Plenty of these crocodiles fit move come from nearby communities. 
The crocodiles mostly dey move from one pond to another during the rainy season, especially from July to August, when the grass and vegetation grow thick. This cover helps dem hide from people so that nobody no go fit spy
dem easily.

Just like other wild crocodiles, mother crocodiles for Paga dey carry their newly hatched babies for inside their mouths from the sandy riverbanks enter the water. After that, the mother crocodiles dey protect and take care of the young ones, keeping dem safe from danger until dem grow enough and fit find food and hunt on their own.

== Threats to their existence ==
The crocodiles for Paga dey face plenty challenges wey dey affect their survival. First, climate change be big problem for dem. Many water bodies dey dry up during the dry season, so the crocodiles dey forced to move from one water source go another throughout the year. Second, as income levels dey rise and towns dey develop, plenty construction and human activities dey happen near the dams. Because of this, the crocodiles no get enough private space again. People dey encroach on their areas, which dey affect how dem dey live and breed. Third, hunger too dey be serious issue because their food dey reduce. Normally, crocodiles dey hunt for food for the wild, but the droughts wey climate change dey cause dey reduce the number and variety of animals and fish wey dem fit eat. For the Paga ponds, the crocodiles now dey compete with humans for the few fish wey remain inside the water.

For the main pond, dem dey depend mostly on chickens wey tourists bring come feed dem. However, the crocodiles wey dey rural areas no dey get the same care or support, so dem dey struggle to survive on their own

== History ==
[[File:Tapping_of_crocodile_at_Paga_crocodile_pond.jpg|thumb|225x225px|A man tapping on a crocodile at Paga crocodile pond ]]
According to the local story wey people for Paga dey tell, long time ago one crocodile help one man wey dey almost die by leading am go one pond make e drink water. After the man recover, e declare say the pond be sacred place and nobody for harm any crocodile. People believe say this story start about 600 years ago.

For the people of Paga, crocodiles be special animals and dem dey treat dem like sacred totems.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another story too talk say one man get trapped by one [[:en:Lion|lion]] near the water side. To save ein life, e beg one crocodile say if e help kill the lion, none of ein descendants go ever harm crocodiles. The crocodile help am, and since then the promise still dey stand.. The people of Paga also believe say the souls of their ancestors and loved ones dey live inside these crocodiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;joynews&quot; /&gt; Because of this belief, e be serious offence for anybody to kill a crocodile or chop [[:en:Crocodile_meat|crocodile meat]] for Paga&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourism ==
[[File:Friendly_crocodiles_at_Zenga,Paga.jpg|thumb|'''Friendly crocodiles at Zenga,Paga''']]
The crocodiles wey dey for Paga be very friendly.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Visitors fit sit, touch, and take pictures with the crocodiles. The crocodiles dey move freely inside the pond, and when the guides whistle loud, dem dey come go near the shore. After the guide don feed dem chicken, tourists fit then take pictures while dem dey hold the crocodiles’ tails. There be concerns say the pond don rely too much on tourism. According to caretaker Salifu Awewozem in 2009, the old crocodiles dey need special care. But the only time dem dey give extra food to the crocodiles be when tourists pay for chickens while dem dey pose for photographs.&lt;ref name=&quot;danger&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 September 2009 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond In Danger |url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Paga-Crocodile-Pond-In-Danger-168335 |access-date=1 November 2016 |publisher=GhanaWeb}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tourists dey use Paga as one chance to go see the preserved slave camps. Dem too dey enjoy village tours, and in the evening, dem fit watch drumming and dancing performances wey local cultural groups fit organize for dem&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tourists Site in Paga ==
[[File:Pikworo_slave_camp_6.jpg|thumb|Pikworo Slave Camp]]
The [[:en:Pikworo_Slave_camp|Pikworo Slave Camp]] dey for Paga-Nania. E be place wey dem build specially to keep slaves wey dem dey bring from the northern areas.

Back then, dem dey force the slaves to walk about 150 km go south reach [[:en:Salaga|Salaga]] slave market. From there, dem dey carry dem go the coast, where dem go ship dem go outside the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Visit Ghana {{!}} Zenga (Paga) Crocodile Pond |url=https://visitghana.com/directories/paga-crocodile-pond-slave-camp/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=Visit Ghana |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The mysterious dam for Kayoro wey dem dey call Kukula, and the Nasaga Game Reserve dey about 8 km from Burkina Faso and Paga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2016-03-21 |title=Paga Crocodile Pond |url=https://touringghana.com/paga-crocodile-pond/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=touringghana.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gallery ==


== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bahr el Zeraf</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1271223241|Bahr el Zeraf]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1290" sha1="nphpv2hd7gzef9vbnmpgdub5jv9fs6p" xml:space="preserve">De '''Bahr el Zeraf''': Dem san de call am de '''Giraffe''' or '''Phow River''' for Ble insyd, ibi one syd of de [[White Nile]] for de Sudd area wey edey [[South Sudan]]. Idey insyd de South Sudanese state wey dem de call Jonglei. Ein name be de Arabic name for &quot;Giraffe River&quot;.

== Course ==
De Bahr el Zeraf de form for de southern Sudd water-area. Ibe one syd of de [[White Nile|Bahr al Jabal]] (&quot;Mountain Nile&quot;) part of de White Nile. A pair of man-made water-way wey we de call Zeraf Cuts. Dem dig am 1910 den 1913 so say igo connect de two rivers at 7°46′05″N 30°34′01″E﻿ / ﻿7.768°N 30.567°E﻿ / 7.768; 30.567.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hughes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=R. H. |url=http://ramsar.wetlands.org/ToolsforParties/WetlandDirectories/ADirectoryofAfricaWetlands/tabid/824/Default.aspx |title=A directory of African wetlands |last2=Hughes, J. S. |publisher=IUCN [u.a.] |year=1992 |isbn=2880329493 |edition=[Pbk. ed.]. |location=Glan [u.a.]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dis water-way de move away som of de Jabal ein flow, wey idey more dan double de Zeraf ein volume, with de mind say igo speed de flow go Egypt den de evaporation den transpiration go reduce de water for de swampy area.
[[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Di Voi River (wey people also dey call am Goshi River) na one river wey dey Coast Province for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of Voi, enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="379" sha1="75qdq1ml4g3b8zssw0uxeqisjse6rwh" xml:space="preserve">Di Voi River (wey people also dey call am Goshi River) na one river wey dey Coast Province for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of Voi, enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside</text>
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      <text bytes="392" sha1="hxymwrfpygbu364ez1rqfwxru5k63p2" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey Coast Province for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of Voi, enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.</text>
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      <text bytes="415" sha1="s8x8n8gqmchbm9f5cmvc2fhdhp6t2qj" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of Voi, enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.</text>
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      <text bytes="427" sha1="jtb49f1cmxhkyglyznhujnu5zfijapm" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>100654</id>
      <parentid>100646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-06T17:25:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="818" sha1="sttegyk91791x6w3km9aqc87ua602cb" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.</text>
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      <id>100655</id>
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      <text bytes="835" sha1="gmcjkiy0vgf9lcp09otde0i27bv1m1u" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter Tsavo East National Park before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="868" sha1="9w0g5fk2y646xzlnheezebdk4g6k66i" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for Kilifi&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="883" sha1="ds4toffi5qqy58210m2yjj7nj30agu8" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1036" sha1="532l64uek8dh9yyonqasierwulqz5n2" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one reservoir. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.

== Reference ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1054" sha1="r5sp8j5ggyb4k01fcxq1bcurqxpzett" xml:space="preserve">Di '''Voi River''' (wey people also dey call am '''Goshi River''') na one river wey dey [[:en:Coast_Province|Coast Province]] for Kenya, East Africa. E dey start from di Taita Hills, flow pass di town of [[:en:Voi|Voi]], enter [[:en:Tsavo_East_National_Park|Tsavo National Park East]] before e go empty inside sea for [[:en:Kilifi|Kilifi]]&lt;ref&gt;Muslim, F. &quot;Kenya National Report&quot;. ''[http://iwlearn.net/publications/regional-seas-reports/unep-regional-seas-reports-and-studies-no-49/view Legal aspects of protecting and managing the marine and coastal environment of the East African region: National Reports]''. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No. 49. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). pp. 31–57, page 52&lt;/ref&gt;. Di river length na about 210 kilometres (130 miles). But for dry season, na only di last eighty kilometres wey still get water inside.

== Aruba Dam ==
Aruba Dam wey dem build for 1952 across di Voi River create one reservoir. Di reservoir dey attract plenty animals and water birds come gather around am.

== Reference ==</text>
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    <title>Lake Bangweulu</title>
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'''Lake Bangweulu''' ('wer de water dey meet de sky'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.zambia.travel}}&lt;/ref&gt;) be a freshwater lake insyd northern [[Zambia]]. Bangweulu be one of de world ein great wetland systems, wey dey comprise '''Lake Bangweulu''', de Bangweulu Wetlands den de Bangweulu flats anaa floodplain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot;&gt;Camerapix: ''Spectrum Guide to Zambia.''&lt;/ref&gt; Dem situate insyd de upper [[Congo River]] basin insyd Zambia, de Bangweulu system dey cover an almost completely flat area roughly de size of Connecticut anaa East Anglia, at an elevation of 1,140&amp;nbsp;m straddling Zambia ein Luapula Province den Northern Province. E be crucial to de economy den biodiversity of northern Zambia, den to de birdlife of a much larger region, den dey face [[Stress (biology)|environmental stress]] den conservation issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar2&quot;&gt;Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus a long axis of 75&amp;nbsp;km den a width of up to 40&amp;nbsp;km, Lake Bangweulu ein permanent open water surface be about 3,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, wich dey expand wen ein swamps den floodplains be insyd flood at de end of de rainy season insyd May. De combined area of de lake den wetlands dey reach 15,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De lake get an average depth of only 4&amp;nbsp;m,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google2&quot;&gt;Google Earth (http://earth.google.com) accessed 31 January 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILEC2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014508/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr021.html ILEC Data Summary: Lake Bangweulu.]&lt;/ref&gt; den a maximum depth of 10 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;LakeNet2&quot;&gt;{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20040326163313/http://www.worldlakes.org/lakedetails.asp?lakeid=8572 Lake Profile: Bangweulu.]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Bangweulu system be fed by about seventeen rivers of wich de Chambeshi (de source of de Congo River) be de largest, wey be drained by de Luapula River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== European exploration ===
De lake be known to Europeans from reports by chiefs such as Kazembe den from Swahili traders, wey sam times dem refer to as 'Lake Bemba' from de name of de dominant tribe. Insyd 1868 explorer den missionary [[David Livingstone]] be de first European to see de lake at de north end of de Lake Chifunabuli section. Dem take am by canoe as far as Mbabala Island. Ein last expedition a few years later founder insyd de swamps den dema maze of shifting channels as he struggle to discover de rivers wey dey drain insyd den out of de lake. He die insyd 1873 insyd Chief Chitambo ein village on de edge of de southern flood plain, about 100&amp;nbsp;km from de lake einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Livingstone2&quot;&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''.&lt;/ref&gt; De spot be marked by de Livingstone Memorial (see map). De lake partially be surveyed insyd 1883 by de French traveller, Victor Giraud, den first circumnavigated by Poulett Weatherley insyd 1896.&lt;ref&gt;{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bangweulu|volume=3|page=318}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Human settlement ==
De area of de lake be inhabited by de Bisa insyd Chilubi den Mpika, de Bemba insyd Luwingu, de Unga insyd Lunga, de Kabende insyd Samfya, de Ngumbo insyd Lubwe, de BenaMukulu insyd Chungu den affiliated tribes wey all speak Chibemba. De Bemba heartland of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu dey lie to de north-east, around Kasama.

=== Fishery ===
De lake dey support a seasonal fishing industry den de population fi increase markedly during de season. Insyd 1989 na de average annual catch be estimated at 11,900 tonnes, wey 10,300 people catch dey use 5305 dugout canoes, 114 plank den fibreglass boats, den 54 outboard motors per. Insyd 2000 na de catch be 13,500&amp;nbsp;t.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e0c.htm Jul-Larsen, E. et al.: &quot;Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sections of Lake Bangweulu ==
[[File:Samfya_beach,Lake_Bangweulu_before_covid_19_pandemic.jpg|left|thumb|Samfya beach.]]
[[File:Bangweulu_NASA_satellite_photo.PNG|right|thumb|440x440px|Satellite photograph of Lake Bangweulu (upper left) den de Bangweulu Swamps (centre). Water dey show as dark green. Key: 1 Lake Chifunabuli, 2 Ifunge Peninsula, 3 Mbabala Island, 4 Lake Walilupe, 5 Chishi Island, 6 Chilubi Island, 7 Ifunge Mwenzi Island, 8 Nsumbu Island, 9 Lake Kampolombo, 10 Kapata Peninsula, 11 Lake Kangwena, 12 Lake Chali, 13 Lake Chaya, 14 Lake Wumba, 15 Pook Lagoon, 16 Lupososhi Estuary, 17 Luena Estuary, 18 Lukuto Estuary, 19 Chambeshi Estuary, 20 Luansenshi River, 21 Grassy floodplains, 22 Chichile Island, 23 Kasansa Island, 24 Panyo Island, 25 Nsalushi Island, 26 Ncheta Island, 27 Lunga Bank, 28 Kasenga, 29 Kataba, 30 Lubwe, 31 Kasaba, 32 Twingi, 33 Chaba, 34 Congo Pedicle.]]

== Islands ==
Der be numerous inhabited islands insyd de Bangweulu system.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCS2&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/Bangweulu/Bangweulu.jpg NRZAM.org ''Map of Bangweulu Swamps'' (1952)], [[Directorate of Colonial Surveys]], Accessed 24 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''On de lake dem be:'''

* ''Chilubi Island (6)'', de largest, partly insyd de lake den mainly insyd de swamps
* ''Mbabala Island (3)'', a sand spit wey dey divide off de Lake Walilupe section
* ''Chishi Island (5)'', insyd de middle of de northern part of de lake
* ''Lifunge Mwenzi Island (7)'', wey dey divide off de northern part of Lake Chifunabuli
* Small Islands: ''Chindo'' den ''Ibula Islands'' near de north-west shore, den ''Chibwe Ngombe Island'', a tiny sliver north-west of ''Chilubi Island'', Minswa Island den Ngwishi Island

== References ==</text>
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'''Lake Bangweulu''' ('wer de water dey meet de sky'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.zambia.travel}}&lt;/ref&gt;) be a freshwater lake insyd northern [[Zambia]]. Bangweulu be one of de world ein great wetland systems, wey dey comprise '''Lake Bangweulu''', de Bangweulu Wetlands den de Bangweulu flats anaa floodplain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot;&gt;Camerapix: ''Spectrum Guide to Zambia.''&lt;/ref&gt; Dem situate insyd de upper [[Congo River]] basin insyd Zambia, de Bangweulu system dey cover an almost completely flat area roughly de size of Connecticut anaa East Anglia, at an elevation of 1,140&amp;nbsp;m straddling Zambia ein Luapula Province den Northern Province. E be crucial to de economy den biodiversity of northern Zambia, den to de birdlife of a much larger region, den dey face [[Stress (biology)|environmental stress]] den conservation issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar2&quot;&gt;Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus a long axis of 75&amp;nbsp;km den a width of up to 40&amp;nbsp;km, Lake Bangweulu ein permanent open water surface be about 3,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, wich dey expand wen ein swamps den floodplains be insyd flood at de end of de rainy season insyd May. De combined area of de lake den wetlands dey reach 15,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De lake get an average depth of only 4&amp;nbsp;m,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://earth.google.com/web/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=earth.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILEC2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014508/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr021.html ILEC Data Summary: Lake Bangweulu.]&lt;/ref&gt; den a maximum depth of 10 m.

De Bangweulu system be fed by about seventeen rivers of wich de Chambeshi (de source of de Congo River) be de largest, wey be drained by de Luapula River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== European exploration ===
De lake be known to Europeans from reports by chiefs such as Kazembe den from Swahili traders, wey sam times dem refer to as 'Lake Bemba' from de name of de dominant tribe. Insyd 1868 explorer den missionary [[David Livingstone]] be de first European to see de lake at de north end of de Lake Chifunabuli section. Dem take am by canoe as far as Mbabala Island. Ein last expedition a few years later founder insyd de swamps den dema maze of shifting channels as he struggle to discover de rivers wey dey drain insyd den out of de lake. He die insyd 1873 insyd Chief Chitambo ein village on de edge of de southern flood plain, about 100&amp;nbsp;km from de lake einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Livingstone2&quot;&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''.&lt;/ref&gt; De spot be marked by de Livingstone Memorial (see map). De lake partially be surveyed insyd 1883 by de French traveller, Victor Giraud, den first circumnavigated by Poulett Weatherley insyd 1896.

== Human settlement ==
De area of de lake be inhabited by de Bisa insyd Chilubi den Mpika, de Bemba insyd Luwingu, de Unga insyd Lunga, de Kabende insyd Samfya, de Ngumbo insyd Lubwe, de BenaMukulu insyd Chungu den affiliated tribes wey all speak Chibemba. De Bemba heartland of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu dey lie to de north-east, around Kasama.

=== Fishery ===
De lake dey support a seasonal fishing industry den de population fi increase markedly during de season. Insyd 1989 na de average annual catch be estimated at 11,900 tonnes, wey 10,300 people catch dey use 5305 dugout canoes, 114 plank den fibreglass boats, den 54 outboard motors per. Insyd 2000 na de catch be 13,500&amp;nbsp;t.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e0c.htm Jul-Larsen, E. et al.: &quot;Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sections of Lake Bangweulu ==
[[File:Samfya_beach,Lake_Bangweulu_before_covid_19_pandemic.jpg|left|thumb|Samfya beach.]]
[[File:Bangweulu_NASA_satellite_photo.PNG|right|thumb|440x440px|Satellite photograph of Lake Bangweulu (upper left) den de Bangweulu Swamps (centre). Water dey show as dark green. Key: 1 Lake Chifunabuli, 2 Ifunge Peninsula, 3 Mbabala Island, 4 Lake Walilupe, 5 Chishi Island, 6 Chilubi Island, 7 Ifunge Mwenzi Island, 8 Nsumbu Island, 9 Lake Kampolombo, 10 Kapata Peninsula, 11 Lake Kangwena, 12 Lake Chali, 13 Lake Chaya, 14 Lake Wumba, 15 Pook Lagoon, 16 Lupososhi Estuary, 17 Luena Estuary, 18 Lukuto Estuary, 19 Chambeshi Estuary, 20 Luansenshi River, 21 Grassy floodplains, 22 Chichile Island, 23 Kasansa Island, 24 Panyo Island, 25 Nsalushi Island, 26 Ncheta Island, 27 Lunga Bank, 28 Kasenga, 29 Kataba, 30 Lubwe, 31 Kasaba, 32 Twingi, 33 Chaba, 34 Congo Pedicle.]]

== Islands ==
Der be numerous inhabited islands insyd de Bangweulu system.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCS2&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/Bangweulu/Bangweulu.jpg NRZAM.org ''Map of Bangweulu Swamps'' (1952)], [[Directorate of Colonial Surveys]], Accessed 24 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''On de lake dem be:'''

* ''Chilubi Island (6)'', de largest, partly insyd de lake den mainly insyd de swamps
* ''Mbabala Island (3)'', a sand spit wey dey divide off de Lake Walilupe section
* ''Chishi Island (5)'', insyd de middle of de northern part of de lake
* ''Lifunge Mwenzi Island (7)'', wey dey divide off de northern part of Lake Chifunabuli
* Small Islands: ''Chindo'' den ''Ibula Islands'' near de north-west shore, den ''Chibwe Ngombe Island'', a tiny sliver north-west of ''Chilubi Island'', Minswa Island den Ngwishi Island
'''Insyd de swamps:'''

* ''Nsumbu Island (8)'' east of Chilubi Island
* Insyd de eastern swamps: ''Chisale Island'', ''Panyo Island (24)'', ''Nsalushi Island (25)'', ''Nsumpa Island'', ''Matongo Island'' den ''Kabulu Island''
* Near de Chambeshi River wer e dey enter de eastern swamps: ''Mutwamina Island'' den ''Munyanga Island''
* Insyd de southern swamps: ''Ncheta Island (26)'' (plus de village of ''Bwalya Mponda''), den ''Mbo'', east of de Luapula ein exit from de swamps
* ''Kasoma'' village [de seat of de new Lunga District] on de south-east edge of de Lunga Bank
* ''Kalimakonde'' village on de banks of de Churchill Channel

'''Flood season islands:''' on de edge of de swamps, dem connect to de mainland insyd de dry season:

* Insyd de north-east: ''Kasansa Island (23)'', ''Chichile Island (22)'', ''Luangwa Island'', ''Mbishi Island'', den ''Munkanta'' at de edge of Lake Chaya, wer de Lulingila River dey enter de eastern swamps.
* Insyd de south: ''Kasenga (28)'', close to de outlet of Lake Kangwena, ''Kataba (29)'', den ''Yongolo'', den ''Itulo'' at de edge of south-east swamps.

=== Oda settlements ===

* ''Lubwe (30)'' on Lake Chifunabuli get a Catholic mission den hospital
* ''Kasaba (31)'', a Catholic mission insyd de north-west
* ''Santa Maria'', a mission on Chilubi Island
* ''Mpanta'', east of Samfya on de channel wey dey drain out of Lake Walilupe
* ''Twingi (32)'', plus a mission, at de south end of de Kapata Peninsula
* ''Chaba (33)'', insyd de north-east
* ''Mofu'', insyd de north-east.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==</text>
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'''Lake Bangweulu''' ('wer de water dey meet de sky'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://www.zambia.travel/bangweulu.html |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=www.zambia.travel}}&lt;/ref&gt;) be a freshwater lake insyd northern [[Zambia]]. Bangweulu be one of de world ein great wetland systems, wey dey comprise '''Lake Bangweulu''', de Bangweulu Wetlands den de Bangweulu flats anaa floodplain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot;&gt;Camerapix: ''Spectrum Guide to Zambia.''&lt;/ref&gt; Dem situate insyd de upper [[Congo River]] basin insyd Zambia, de Bangweulu system dey cover an almost completely flat area roughly de size of Connecticut anaa East Anglia, at an elevation of 1,140&amp;nbsp;m straddling Zambia ein Luapula Province den Northern Province. E be crucial to de economy den biodiversity of northern Zambia, den to de birdlife of a much larger region, den dey face [[Stress (biology)|environmental stress]] den conservation issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar2&quot;&gt;Halls, A.J. (ed.), 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

Plus a long axis of 75&amp;nbsp;km den a width of up to 40&amp;nbsp;km, Lake Bangweulu ein permanent open water surface be about 3,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, wich dey expand wen ein swamps den floodplains be insyd flood at de end of de rainy season insyd May. De combined area of de lake den wetlands dey reach 15,000&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. De lake get an average depth of only 4&amp;nbsp;m,&lt;ref name=&quot;Google2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Lake Bangweulu |url=https://earth.google.com/web/ |access-date=2026-06-06 |website=earth.google.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ILEC2&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014508/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/dsafr021.html ILEC Data Summary: Lake Bangweulu.]&lt;/ref&gt; den a maximum depth of 10 m.

De Bangweulu system be fed by about seventeen rivers of wich de Chambeshi (de source of de Congo River) be de largest, wey be drained by de Luapula River.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spectrum2&quot; /&gt;

== History ==

=== European exploration ===
De lake be known to Europeans from reports by chiefs such as Kazembe den from Swahili traders, wey sam times dem refer to as 'Lake Bemba' from de name of de dominant tribe. Insyd 1868 explorer den missionary [[David Livingstone]] be de first European to see de lake at de north end of de Lake Chifunabuli section. Dem take am by canoe as far as Mbabala Island. Ein last expedition a few years later founder insyd de swamps den dema maze of shifting channels as he struggle to discover de rivers wey dey drain insyd den out of de lake. He die insyd 1873 insyd Chief Chitambo ein village on de edge of de southern flood plain, about 100&amp;nbsp;km from de lake einself.&lt;ref name=&quot;Livingstone2&quot;&gt;[[David Livingstone]] and [[Horace Waller (activist)|Horace Waller]] (ed.): ''The Last Journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his Death''.&lt;/ref&gt; De spot be marked by de Livingstone Memorial (see map). De lake partially be surveyed insyd 1883 by de French traveller, Victor Giraud, den first circumnavigated by Poulett Weatherley insyd 1896.

== Human settlement ==
De area of de lake be inhabited by de Bisa insyd Chilubi den Mpika, de Bemba insyd Luwingu, de Unga insyd Lunga, de Kabende insyd Samfya, de Ngumbo insyd Lubwe, de BenaMukulu insyd Chungu den affiliated tribes wey all speak Chibemba. De Bemba heartland of Paramount Chief Chitimukulu dey lie to de north-east, around Kasama.

=== Fishery ===
De lake dey support a seasonal fishing industry den de population fi increase markedly during de season. Insyd 1989 na de average annual catch be estimated at 11,900 tonnes, wey 10,300 people catch dey use 5305 dugout canoes, 114 plank den fibreglass boats, den 54 outboard motors per. Insyd 2000 na de catch be 13,500&amp;nbsp;t.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5056e/y5056e0c.htm Jul-Larsen, E. et al.: &quot;Management, co-management or no management? Major dilemmas in southern African freshwater fisheries. Part 2: Case studies&quot;.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sections of Lake Bangweulu ==
[[File:Samfya_beach,Lake_Bangweulu_before_covid_19_pandemic.jpg|left|thumb|Samfya beach.]]
[[File:Bangweulu_NASA_satellite_photo.PNG|right|thumb|440x440px|Satellite photograph of Lake Bangweulu (upper left) den de Bangweulu Swamps (centre). Water dey show as dark green. Key: 1 Lake Chifunabuli, 2 Ifunge Peninsula, 3 Mbabala Island, 4 Lake Walilupe, 5 Chishi Island, 6 Chilubi Island, 7 Ifunge Mwenzi Island, 8 Nsumbu Island, 9 Lake Kampolombo, 10 Kapata Peninsula, 11 Lake Kangwena, 12 Lake Chali, 13 Lake Chaya, 14 Lake Wumba, 15 Pook Lagoon, 16 Lupososhi Estuary, 17 Luena Estuary, 18 Lukuto Estuary, 19 Chambeshi Estuary, 20 Luansenshi River, 21 Grassy floodplains, 22 Chichile Island, 23 Kasansa Island, 24 Panyo Island, 25 Nsalushi Island, 26 Ncheta Island, 27 Lunga Bank, 28 Kasenga, 29 Kataba, 30 Lubwe, 31 Kasaba, 32 Twingi, 33 Chaba, 34 Congo Pedicle.]]

== Islands ==
Der be numerous inhabited islands insyd de Bangweulu system.&lt;ref name=&quot;DCS2&quot;&gt;[http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/Bangweulu/Bangweulu.jpg NRZAM.org ''Map of Bangweulu Swamps'' (1952)], [[Directorate of Colonial Surveys]], Accessed 24 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''On de lake dem be:'''

* ''Chilubi Island (6)'', de largest, partly insyd de lake den mainly insyd de swamps
* ''Mbabala Island (3)'', a sand spit wey dey divide off de Lake Walilupe section
* ''Chishi Island (5)'', insyd de middle of de northern part of de lake
* ''Lifunge Mwenzi Island (7)'', wey dey divide off de northern part of Lake Chifunabuli
* Small Islands: ''Chindo'' den ''Ibula Islands'' near de north-west shore, den ''Chibwe Ngombe Island'', a tiny sliver north-west of ''Chilubi Island'', Minswa Island den Ngwishi Island
'''Insyd de swamps:'''

* ''Nsumbu Island (8)'' east of Chilubi Island
* Insyd de eastern swamps: ''Chisale Island'', ''Panyo Island (24)'', ''Nsalushi Island (25)'', ''Nsumpa Island'', ''Matongo Island'' den ''Kabulu Island''
* Near de Chambeshi River wer e dey enter de eastern swamps: ''Mutwamina Island'' den ''Munyanga Island''
* Insyd de southern swamps: ''Ncheta Island (26)'' (plus de village of ''Bwalya Mponda''), den ''Mbo'', east of de Luapula ein exit from de swamps
* ''Kasoma'' village [de seat of de new Lunga District] on de south-east edge of de Lunga Bank
* ''Kalimakonde'' village on de banks of de Churchill Channel

'''Flood season islands:''' on de edge of de swamps, dem connect to de mainland insyd de dry season:

* Insyd de north-east: ''Kasansa Island (23)'', ''Chichile Island (22)'', ''Luangwa Island'', ''Mbishi Island'', den ''Munkanta'' at de edge of Lake Chaya, wer de Lulingila River dey enter de eastern swamps.
* Insyd de south: ''Kasenga (28)'', close to de outlet of Lake Kangwena, ''Kataba (29)'', den ''Yongolo'', den ''Itulo'' at de edge of south-east swamps.

=== Oda settlements ===

* ''Lubwe (30)'' on Lake Chifunabuli get a Catholic mission den hospital
* ''Kasaba (31)'', a Catholic mission insyd de north-west
* ''Santa Maria'', a mission on Chilubi Island
* ''Mpanta'', east of Samfya on de channel wey dey drain out of Lake Walilupe
* ''Twingi (32)'', plus a mission, at de south end of de Kapata Peninsula
* ''Chaba (33)'', insyd de north-east
* ''Mofu'', insyd de north-east.

== References ==

&lt;references /&gt;

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* {{cite book |last=Hughes |first= J.E.|date=1933 |title=Eighteen Years on Lake Bangweulu |location=London |publisher=The Field }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lake Bangweulu| ]]
[[Category:Lakes of Zambia|Bangweulu]]
[[Category:Geography of Luapula Province]]
[[Category:Geography of Northern Province, Zambia]]
[[Category:Luapula River]]
[[Category:Miombo]]
[[Category:Floodplains of Africa]]
[[Category:Swamps of Africa]]
[[Category:Wetlands of Zambia]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Africa]]
[[Category:Flooded grasslands den savannas]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites insyd Zambia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="887" sha1="ea129shc1x73364u7jbelv911u81532" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="903" sha1="cg3fh1ukp101bdkvkcbx9yfo7d66jrf" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
== References ==</text>
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      <text bytes="1613" sha1="g3xrsqvttw1o2324ly0q69zqv5c6atu" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Flood-control canal in Cocody, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire}}
De Cocody Flood Canal (French: ''Canal de drainage de Cocody'') be a stormwater drainage infrastructure located insyd de Cocody commune of Abidjan, [[Ivory Coast]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-12-06 |title=Côte d'Ivoire {{!}} AFD - Agence Française de Développement |url=https://www.afd.fr/en/countries-regions/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=www.afd.fr |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; E forms part of de city's broader flood management system designed to mitigate recurrent flooding insyd low-lying urban areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |url=https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P167877 |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=World Bank |language=en}}{{dead link|date=June 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
== Background ==
Cocody be one of de largest den most populous communes of Abidjan, situated on de northern side of de Ébrié Lagoon. De area experiences heavy seasonal rainfall, plus annual precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm, making flood management a critical urban infrastructure concern.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Cote d'Ivoire - Country Overview {{!}} Climate Change Knowledge Portal |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/cote-divoire |access-date=2026-05-31 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Abidjan |date=2026-05-15 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abidjan&amp;oldid=1354283212 |access-date=2026-05-31 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== References ==</text>
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